Howden GlobalMining Australia

www.howden.
com
ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE
ULTIMATE RELIABILITY
GLOBAL SOLUTIONS FOR MINING AND PRIMARY PROCESSING
HOWDEN, A GLOBAL SUPPLIER

TO THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY
HOWDENS VENTILATION, COOLING, GAS CLEANING EQUIPMENT AND OTHER KNOW-HOW
ARE USED TO HELP WREST AND PROCESS PRECIOUS AND BASE METALS, COAL ENERGY AND
MINERALS FROM THE WORLDS MOST DEMANDING MINING ENVIRONMENTS.
We engineer and construct large turnkey
ventilation, refrigeration and gas cleaning
systems, integrate equipment into existing plant,
or supply stand-alone units for user-defined
duties. With nearly 160 years experience it is
little wonder that the worlds major commodities
producers trust us to design, build, install and
commission engineered solutions that offer the
user exceptional performance and dependability,
even in the harshest operating conditions.
Our success follows from our professional
engineers enduring quest to design the optimum
solution for each customer, supported by a shared
worldwide institutional knowledge base that is the
envy of our competitors. We use sophisticated

computer software and our international
experience to examine multiple solutions for the
customers application. The best option is selected
for each mining or processing requirement, and
then designed using sophisticated Computer
Aided Design (CAD) programs. Tests with flow
modelling software ensure the performance and
efficiency of the design is optimised for the task.
Howden products are manufactured in
world-class facilities under quality assurance
management systems certified to international
standards. Our artisans have years of experience
in fabricating hardware that has stood the test of
time at site, where it matters most.
The equipment is installed and commissioned

by site service staff led by experienced project
managers, and serviced and supported by
skilled maintenance engineers. Howden
understands the production, efficiency and
system availability priorities of the resources
industry; we have the intellectual capital to
match these requirements, the capacity to
build and supply them world-wide and the
commitment and passion to support them
throughout their extended operational lives.
CONTENTS
APPLICATIONS
Hard Rock Mining
PRODUCTS
4
Heavy Duty Centrifugal Fans
Coal Mining
Copper Processing
SERVICES
30
Howden Legacy Brands
Medium Duty Centrifugal Fans
32
Howden Mining Products Capabilities
70
Adjustable Pitch Axial Flow Fans
34
Turnkey Installations
72
10
Auto Variable Pitch Axial Flow Fans
36
Lifetime Maintenance
74
Mineral Sands
12
Heavy Duty Mixed Flow Fans
38
Nickel Processing
14
Auxiliary and Portable Fans
40
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
Alumina Production
16
Cooling Fans
42
Content for Knowledge and Information Section
Uranium Processing
18
Electrical, Instrumentation and Control Systems 44
Fan Blades
31
Base Metals Refining
20
Compressors
46
Fan Design
33
Platinum Extraction and Concentration
22
Attenuators
48
Fan Laws
35
Gold Concentrating and Refining
24
Centrifugal Blowers
50
Fan Power & Speed
37
Potash and Fertiliser
26
Hard Ice Plants & Thermal Ice Storage
52
Fan Choices
39
Dust Collection and Flue Gas Cleaning
54
Fan Stall
41
Iron Pelletising
68
Chillers
56
Fan Noise Levels
43
Portable Cooling Plant
58
Fan Systems
45
Furnaces and Industrial Combustion
60
Compressors
47
Furnace Off-gas Recovery Plant
61
Acoustics
49
Rotary Heat Exchangers
62
Compressor Assessment
51
Dust Scrubbers
64
Fan Bids
53
Fan Maintenance
55
Fan Increasing Output
57
Fan Pressure
59
Rotary Air Heater Bids
60
Rotary Air Heaters
63
Rotary Air Heater Elements
65
APPLICATION OF PRODUCTS
FOR ALL MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING
IN THIS SECTION
Hard Rock Mining
Coal Mining
Copper Processing
Iron Pelletising
10
Mineral Sands
12
Nickel Processing
14
Alumina Production
16
Uranium Processing
18
Base Metals Refining
20
Platinum Extraction and Concentration
22
Gold Concentrating and Refining
24
Potash and Fertiliser
26
HARD ROCK MINING
HARD ROCK MINING PRESENTS ONE OF THE HOTTEST AND MOST

DIFFICULT WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE WORLD. HOWDEN
TRANSFERS COOLED, FRESH AIR KILOMETRES BENEATH THE
SURFACE OF DEEP-LEVEL MINES SO THAT MINING OPERATIONS
CAN BE MAINTAINED AND INVESTMENT RETURNS MAXIMISED.
OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

Turnkey design, fabrication and installation
of main surface fans
Design and installation of underground
booster fans
Auxiliary fans
Turnkey mine cooling plant
Cooling fans for heat exchangers
Electrical instrumentation and control systems
Fan noise attenuation
Methane gas abatement

Low pressure, high volume rock fans
5
COAL MINING
HOWDEN HAS A RANGE OF SOLUTIONS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGNED

SPECIFICALLY FOR COAL MINERS. A RELIABLE SUPPLY OF FRESH AIR IS
SUPPLIED UNDERGROUND AND COAL DUST IS REMOVED FROM THE
ATMOSPHERE TO IMPROVE SAFETY AND HEALTH.

Turnkey design, fabrication and installation
of main surface fans
Design and installation of underground
booster fans
Auxiliary fans
Dust scrubbers
Dust collectors supplied on a turnkey basis

Methane gas abatement
Underground Coal Gasification
(UCG) Processes
7
COPPER PROCESSING
SPECIALISED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ARE DESIGNED FOR

THE COPPER RECOVERY PROCESS, AND ARE SUPPLIED EITHER
ON A TURNKEY BASIS OR AS STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS ENGINEERED
TO INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS.

Turnkey axial fan installations
Turnkey wet dust scrubbing and dry dust collecting
Efficient, two-stage centrifugal flotation blowers
Turnkey flue gas cleaning for furnaces
Turbo and multi-stage centrifugal blowers
Electrical control and instrumentation systems
Cooling Plant
Preheaters
9
10
IRON PELLETISING
HOWDEN ENGINEERS SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE

EMPLOYED IN THE PROCESSES TO PRODUCE IRON ORE PELLETS, USING
TRAVELLING GRATE OR GRATE-KILN PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES. OUR
INVOLVEMENT STARTS AT THE CRUSHING AND MILLING STAGE, AND
INCLUDES TURNKEY SOLUTIONS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGNED AND
MANUFACTURED TO CLIENT SPECIFICATION.

Design and installation of windbox and
recuperator fans, and updraught drying
and cooling air fans
Design and installation of hood and windbox
exhaust fans
Turnkey flue gas cleaning

Turnkey fan installations for boiler houses
Electrical control and instrumentation systems
Grate drying and grate pre-heat gas fans
Furnaces
Gas to mill drying fans
Furnace off-gas recovery plant
Turnkey wet dust scrubbing and dry

dust collecting
11
12
MINERAL SANDS
FOR MINERALS SANDS PROCESS PLANTS HOWDEN ENGINEERS

CUSTOMER-SPECIFIED FANS AND ANCILLARY SYSTEMS.

Fluidising and combustion air fans
Calcining kiln induced draft fans
Multi-stage centrifugal blowers
Turnkey furnace off-gas recovery plant
13
14
NICKEL PROCESSING
SEVERAL DIFFERENT PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS ARE SUPPLIED

FOR USE THROUGHOUT THE NICKEL SMELTING PROCESS.
THESE ARE ENGINEERED EITHER ON A TURNKEY BASIS, OR
SUPPLIED ACCORDING TO THE UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS
OF EACH CUSTOMER.

Design and installation of hot gas fans
Efficient, two-stage centrifugal flotation blowers
dust collecting
15
16
ALUMINA PRODUCTION
HOWDEN IS EXPERIENCED IN DESIGNING SYSTEMS USED BY THE WORLDS

LEADING ALUMINIUM PRODUCERS WHERE ITS EQUIPMENT IS USED
EXTENSIVELY IN THE PROCESS TO CONVERT BAUXITE TO ALUMINA.

Design and installation of calciner forced and
induced draft fans
Design and installation of liquor burning induced
draft fans
dust collecting
Packaged air heater solutions

17
18
URANIUM PROCESSING
URANIUM PROCESSING IS SUPPORTED THROUGH THE SUPPLY OF

SYSTEMS AND CUSTOMER-SPECIFIED EQUIPMENT, STARTING AT
CRUSHING AND MILLING AND EXTENDING TO THE PRODUCTION
OF YELLOW CAKE.

dust collecting
Design and installation of calciner fans
Flotation blowers
19
20
BASE METALS REFINING
A SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT IS SUPPLIED FOR USE ON BASE METALS

PROCESSING PLANTS SUCH AS THOSE FOR CHROMIUM, COBALT,
LEAD, MAGNESIUM, TIN AND ZINC. ALL SYSTEMS ARE ENGINEERED
ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATIONS AND OFFERED
WITH LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND ENGINEERING SUPPORT.

Turnkey axial fan installations
Design and installation of hot gas fans
Furnaces
21
22
PLATINUM EXTRACTION
AND CONCENTRATION
HOWDEN HAS AN ESTABLISHED REPUTATION FOR

SUPPLYING A RANGE OF RELIABLE EQUIPMENT USED
DURING THE EXTRACTION AND CONCENTRATION
STAGES OF THE PLATINUM RECOVERY PROCESS.

Efficient, multi-stage centrifugal flotation blowers
Air blowers
Furnace off-gas recovery
23
24
GOLD CONCENTRATING AND REFINING
HOWDEN HAS A LONG HISTORY IN GOLD CONCENTRATING AND

REFINING, AND IS ABLE TO ADAPT ITS EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
INTO A RANGE OF FIT-FOR-PURPOSE SOLUTIONS FOR USE IN
DIFFERENT GOLD EXTRACTION PROCESSES.

dust collecting
Efficient, multi-stage centrifugal flotation blowers
Electrical control and instrumentation
Gold room ventilation and gas cleaning
25
26
POTASH AND FERTILISER
HOWDEN SUPPLIES SEVERAL SYSTEMS TO THE POTASH

AND FERTILISER INDUSTRIES FOR USE DURING RECOVERY
AND PROCESSING. ALL SYSTEMS ARE SUPPLIED TO
CUSTOMER SPECIFICATION.

Dust scrubbers and dust collectors supplied
on a turnkey basis
Furnaces
Combustion air fans
Design and installation of calciner fans
Electrical control and instrumentation
Airheaters
Rotary air-preheaters
27
28
29
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
AN EXTENSIVE RANGE AND A GLOBAL REACH
IN THIS SECTION
Heavy Duty Centrifugal Fans
30
Medium Duty Centrifugal Fans
32
Adjustable Pitch Axial Flow Fans
34
Auto Variable Pitch Axial Flow Fans
36
Heavy Duty Mixed Flow Fans
38
Auxiliary and Portable Fans
40
Cooling Fans
42
Electrical, Instrumentation and Control Systems 44

Compressors
46
Attenuators
48
Centrifugal Blowers
50
Hard Ice Plants & Thermal Ice Storage
52
Dust Collection and Flue Gas Cleaning
54
Chillers
56
58
Furnaces and Industrial Combustion
60
Furnace Off-gas Recovery Plant
61
Rotary Heat Exchangers
62
Dust Scrubbers
64
HOWDEN KNOW HOW

Content for Knowledge and Information Section
Fan Blades
31
Fan Design
33
Fan Laws
35
Fan Power & Speed
37
Fan Choices
39
Fan Stall
41
Fan Noise Levels
43
Fan Systems
45
Compressors
47
Acoustics
49
Compressor Assessment
51
Fan Bids
53
Fan Maintenance
55
Fan Increasing Output
57
Fan Pressure
59
Rotary Air Heater Bids
60
Rotary Air Heaters
63
Rotary Air Heater Elements
65
30
HEAVY DUTY
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
HOWDEN OFFERS A WIDE RANGE OF CUSTOM DESIGNED CENTRIFUGAL FANS TO PRECISELY MEET THE
APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE MOST DEMANDING SPECIFICATIONS, INCLUDING MAIN SURFACE
FANS FOR MINES.
Our scope of supply can extend to complete turnkey
installations that comprise civil works, high voltage
equipment, electrical panels, acoustic components,
instrumentation and telemetry.
Various output control methods are offered to
provide our customers with flexible and efficient
performance. These output control methods
include inlet radial vanes, inlet louvre dampers
and variable speed drives. In the instances where
variable speed drives are required, we can provide
a complete fatigue analysis and life estimate.
Proprietary Howden rotor dynamics software
allows for the precise calculation of forward whirl
and reverse whirl critical speed margins, taking into
account the stiffness of every single element in
the rotor support system.
In addition to conventional bearing types, we

can offer specialised bearing designs such as
multi-lobed sleeve or pressure fed sleeve bearings.
This enables our designers to optimise the bearing
selection for every application. Shaft seals are
custom designed to accommodate the most
demanding requirements for seal effectiveness,
and can include double carbon ring types with
air or inert gas sealing and purging. Mechanical
type and gas tight water seals can also be provided
for hazardous fluid applications.
Impeller designs offered include radial, radial tip,
laminar backward curved or inclined, and a range
of aerofoil blade types. All blade designs can be
fitted with wear protection to suit the application
requirements.
Howden centrifugal fans are manufactured using

the latest technology and materials to ensure
structural integrity and strength, fatigue, corrosion
and erosion resistance. All fans are constructed in
accordance with the Howden design rules which
we have evolved and refined over many decades
of industry experience.
Materials ranging from high tensile steel to titanium
and duplex stainless steels and composites can be
used. Specialised coatings and hardening processes
result in fans that are rugged, reliable and efficient.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
31
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN BLADES
CENTRIFUGAL FAN BLADE TYPES
Virtually all Howden centrifugal fans have backward inclined blades as this is inherently the most efficient
aerodynamic design. Some are flat and others are curved and the suitability of a particular shape is defined
first by the aerodynamic duty and then by the application.
BACKWARD CURVED BLADES

A highly efficient shape, which is inherently strong
and can carry liners if required.
BACKWARD INCLINED BLADES

An efficient and strong shape, which is simpler
to manufacture than the backward curved blade,
particularly when linered.
AEROFOIL BLADES
A highly-efficient design, used primarily for wide
impellers with large inlets.
RADIAL BLADES
A relatively low efficiency, mechanically-strong
design used in high dust environments. The radial
blades can carry heavy liners and dust cannot
become trapped on the underside of the blade.
BACKWARD INCLINED FORWARD

CURVED BLADES
This design combines good efficiency with a
resistance to dust fouling the underside of the blade.
32
MEDIUM DUTY
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
HOWDEN OFFERS A WIDE RANGE OF CUSTOM ENGINEERED CENTRIFUGAL FANS TO SATISFY THE NEEDS
OF A DIVERSE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS.
These fans differ from the heavy duty range in that,
being smaller and lighter, they can be pre-engineered,
and as such are a more cost effective solution for
many mining applications. Our scope of supply can
extend to complete turnkey installations that include
civil works, high-voltage equipment, electrical panels,
acoustic components, instrumentation and telemetry.
Bearings are normally rolling element type.

Shaft seals are custom designed to accommodate
the most demanding requirements for seal
effectiveness, and can include double carbon
ring types with air or inert gas sealing and purging.
Mechanical type and gas tight water seals can
also be provided for hazardous fluid applications.
Various output control methods are available to

achieve flexible and efficient performance. These
output control methods include inlet radial vanes,
inlet louvre dampers and variable speed fans. For
variable speed drives, we can provide a complete
fatigue analysis and life assessment.
Impeller designs offered include radial, radial tip,

laminar backward curved or inclined, and a range
of aerofoil blade types.
Howden centrifugal fans are manufactured using the
latest technology and materials to ensure structural
integrity and strength, and resistance to fatigue,
corrosion and erosion. All fans are constructed in
accordance with our design rules, which have
evolved over many decades of industry experience.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
33
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN DESIGN
UPGRADING FANS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
All fans are designed, manufactured and tested to a
standard that achieves the customers specification
in terms of pressure, volume, absorbed power etc.
However during the lifetime of the fan the
requirements sometimes change. To upgrade
fans, the following is relevant:
EROSION
Consider change to liner or hard-surfacing if
erosion is excessive
CORROSION
An alternative impeller material will improve
availability if corrosion is excessive
FOULING
Excessive fouling will unbalance the impeller leading
to excessive vibration. Different blade shapes and
impeller types offer a solution to fouling.
BEARINGS
Considering a change to sleeve bearings is worth
noting if there is excessive maintenance on existing
roller element bearings.
UPGRADING FANS
REDUCING NOISE
Identifying the source of noise is a complex task in
a real plant environment. Measurements may be
affected by other noise sources or by reflections
from nearby surfaces. Experience counts a great
deal in making noise measurements. If a fan has
been identified as the source of high sound levels
then the next step is to identify where the noise
is coming from.
INLET/DISCHARGE
Silencers can be fitted in the inlet or discharge
ducting, and are effective at reducing noise
emissions. There is however a penalty to pay in
the fan power associated with the pressure drop
only suited for clean applications. If there is a
significant amount of dust or moisture in the gas
stream then dust may accumulate in the plate
perforations and absorptive material and result
in a rapid deterioration of attenuation. In that case
a reactive silencer is the more suitable option.
FAN CASING
Insulating the fan with absorptive material can
reduce noise emanating from the fan casing.
SHAFT SEAL
What may at first appear to be noise transmitted
through the casing could in fact be escaping
through the seal between the fan shaft and casing.
Repairing the seal or fitting a more effective one can
reduce noise round the fan significantly.
FLEXIBLE JOINTS
The flexible joints between the fan casing and
ducting can be an acoustic weak point. Noise can
be reduced either by fitting new joints made of a
material which has better attenuation properties.
The most effective joints incorporate a flow liner,
bolster and a flexible fabric as the outer layer.
STANDARD FAN RANGE OR

CUSTOM ENGINEERED FAN?
Many medium industrial fans available today are
selected from standard ranges of pre-engineered
designs and sizes. The manufacturing process
economies resulting from the limited engineering
and design requirements for standard fans are
substantial, and allow the cost of manufacture
and delivery period to be greatly reduced.
The concept of a pre-engineered standard fan range
may lead to technical compromise in the interests of
maintaining a standard product. Applications that
are unusual, or are critical to plant operation, should
be subjected to careful examination.
The compromises that have been built into the
pre-engineered fan can include high power
consumption, mechanical unreliability, excessive
noise and sensitivity to out of balance forces that
will result in frequent and costly nuisance trips. A
custom engineered fan ensures that every element
of the unit is precisely designed and optimized to
meet detailed specifications for stress, corrosion,
erosion, equipment life requirements, safety and
material properties.
The design of fan shafts takes into account the
stiffness of all elements of the rotor support system,
including the clients foundations. This ensures that
the rotor is not sensitive to out of balance forces.
A detailed impeller stress analysis is carried out
to ensure that safety considerations are satisfied.
This includes fatigue analysis to ensure adequate
stop/start cycles for the proposed operating
regime. Material selections and weld procedures
appropriate for the application. Bearings are
selected to suit the exact requirements for
each application.
34
ADJUSTABLE PITCH
AXIAL FLOW FANS
A FIXED OR ADJUSTABLE PITCH AXIAL FLOW FAN OFFERS A COST EFFECTIVE LOW-MAINTENANCE
SOLUTION IN APPLICATIONS WHERE FREQUENT FLOW CONTROL IS NOT REQUIRED. TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE MINE VENTILATION AND FUME EXHAUST FANS.
Howden fixed pitch axial flow fans combine the
proven technology of high efficiency Howden
blade designs with aerodynamically optimised
inlet and discharge geometry to give exceptionally
high operating efficiencies.
Blade pitch can be adjusted when the fan is stopped
to take account of changing process conditions.
It is vitally important in the purchase of a manually
adjustable axial fan that the range of possible
operating conditions is considered carefully. We
understand that it is especially important to decide
on the maximum operating point so that the fans
motor size is selected to cover all operating
conditions up to that point.
Our fans are designed individually to meet each

specification and are supplied as a complete
package with all necessary accessories including:
Shaft top connector or portal connecter
(for mine ventilation)
Drive including motor and controls
Parallel fan system, including adaptor
to vent shaft
Flow measurement system
Stall warning and/or prevention systems
Vibration, temperature and pressure
measurement
Silencers and insulation.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
35
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN LAWS
THE FAN LAWS
The performance of a series of geometrically similar

fans (ones which have all major dimensions in the
same proportions) is related by a simple series
of equations.
Flow is proportional to diameter cubed and
to speed
Q D3 N
Pressure is proportional to density, diameter
squared and to speed squared
P D2 N 2
Power is proportional to the combination
of these two
For example, if the initial flow rate is 6m3/second at

a pressure of 3kPa and it is required to double this
flow rate to 12m3/second:
((
((
((
P1
Q1
=
P2 = Q 2
P2 = P1
Q2
Q1
12 2
i.e. P2 = 3
= 12kPa
6
This is true only for a fixed system and a constant air

density. Should the system be altered (for example
by closure of a damper), the above laws do not
apply directly.
W D5 N3
These laws are used to predict the performance
of a full size fan from a set of model test results.
They can also be used sometimes as a rough
guide to estimate the performance resulting
from a modification to a fan on site.
SYSTEM RESISTANCE LAWS
When air is moved through a ducted system, the
energy transferred to air by the fan is progressively
lost by:
Friction of the air against the duct walls
Turbulence at bends, dampers and changes
of duct section
Friction of the air through heaters, filters or
other items of equipment in the system.
The loss of pressure due to all these sources, which
is known as the system resistance, is for all practical
purposes proportional to the square of the velocity
at the point of the loss. Therefore, for a fixed system,
it may be said that the pressure (P) required to
pass a given volume of air (Q) through the system
will vary as the square of the volume flow rate,
i.e. P Q 2. This means that, for a fixed system,
the greater the airflow, the more pressure is
required. Hence, to double the airflow, pressure
from the fan has to be increased by a factor of four.
FAN SHAPE/OUTPUT
Aerodynamically, any impeller type (shape) can be
designed to perform any duty. However, mechanical
considerations will dictate that each fan type is most
suited for a particular combination of flow and
pressure. Centrifugal impellers are most suited to
low specific speed duties i.e. lower flow to pressure
ratio. A narrow impeller is an inherently strong
impeller design, which can run at very high speeds
producing the greatest pressure rise. Wider
impellers can produce more flow but mechanical
stresses limit the speed and thus the pressure rise.
Axial fans tend to be suited to higher flow relative
to pressure i.e. higher specific speed duties. Mixed
flow is historically selected for an intermediate
range, but there is a considerable area of overlap.
36
AUTO VARIABLE
PITCH AXIAL FLOW FANS
A VARIABLE PITCH AXIAL FLOW FAN OPERATES AT HIGH EFFICIENCY OVER A WIDE RANGE OF DUTIES
PROVIDING A COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION IN APPLICATIONS WHERE THE FAN OUTPUT MUST BE
CHANGED FREQUENTLY TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PROCESS.
Howden introduced the first variable pitch axial
flow fan for power generation in 1951. Since then
the company has manufactured more than 2500 VP
axials ranging from 100 to 12000 kW and from
1000mm to 5300mm diameter. Extensive model
testing in the Howden internationally accredited
laboratory, backed up by years of testing in the field
have enabled Howden to develop the most efficient
fans on the market. Modern high-pressure blade
profiles have significantly reduced the size of the
fan needed to satisfy a given duty and can be
retrofitted to existing fans to increase output.
Blades can be supplied in a variety of materials,
to suit the operating conditions, in particular the
temperature and the type and quantity of dust
in the gas.
A hydraulic control system provides virtually

hysteresis free flow control and is fail-safe the
blades will remain in position if loss of hydraulic
power occurs. Howden axial fans are designed to
minimise maintenance. All impeller components
can be serviced or replaced in-situ without
removing the rotor from the fan. Each blade is
balanced individually and can be replaced on site
without rebalancing the complete rotor. A patented
counter rotating blade support bearing distributes
wear evenly over the full circumference of the race,
greatly increasing the life of this key component.
The outlet casing can be rolled away from the fan
to allow access to the bearing assembly.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
37
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN POWER & SPEED

UPGRADING FANS:
UPGRADING FANS
REDUCING POWER CONSUMPTION

For many reasons, a fan may be absorbing more
power than it needs to perform the required duty.
The fan may be an inefficient design, it may not be
matched to the system or it may not have the most
appropriate method of flow control.
VARYING OUTPUT
In most applications it is necessary to vary the
output of the fan on a regular, or even continuous
basis, as the needs of the process change. There
are a number of ways to do this.
MORE EFFICIENT IMPELLER

An inefficient impeller can be replaced by a higher
efficiency design, producing the same output with
a lower power consumption. Some modifications
to the fan inlet casing may be required.
MATCHING FAN AND SYSTEM
If a fan is oversized and is running with inlet vanes
partially closed, a new impeller, providing the
flow that the system needs, will reduce power
consumption.
CHANGE FAN SPEED
Similarly, it may be possible to reduce the fan speed
and still provide the flow required when the inlet
vanes are opened up.
REDUCE IMPELLER DIAMETER
(CENTRIFUGAL FANS)
In some cases it will be possible to modify the
existing impeller, eg by shortening the blades, to
reduce its output. This can be carried out without
significantly affecting the basic fan efficiency,
therefore the fan can run with vanes fully open,
at peak efficiency.
MODIFY THE SYSTEM
Reducing the pressure drop in the system will
reduce the fan power consumption. A thorough
survey of the system (the ducting and other
components such as dampers and silencers)
can in many instances identify improvements
which will reduce the overall resistance in the
system. Ductwork bends in particular are a prime
source of pressure drop, and techniques such as
smoothing the curves, installing a set of specially
designed vanes or altering the layout can produce
useful results.
CHANGE FLOW CONTROL
If the fan duty varies regularly then it may be
economically viable to fit a variable speed control
to the fan, though in many cases the capital cost
will outweigh the power savings.
The simplest way to vary output is to use a damper

somewhere in the system. This however is an
extremely inefficient means of output control as
the pressure drop across the damper wastes power.
There is also a risk that the fan could be forced
into stall operation.
SPEED VARIATION
Speed variation is a very effective means of
reducing power consumption at lower loads.
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE
A variable speed motor or turbine allows the fan to
operate at high efficiency at all duties, however the
capital cost is high compared to other alternatives.
HYDRAULIC COUPLING
A variable speed hydraulic coupling allows the fan
speed to change while being driven by a constant speed
driver. However as the fan speed drops slip losses in the
coupling become greater and overall efficiency is lower
than when using a variable speed driver.
BLADE PITCH VARIATION (AXIAL FANS)
Varying the blade pitch of an axial flow fan is also a
very effective way of varying fan output. At lower
loads it is not quite as efficient as variable speed
but it is significantly cheaper on large fans.
INLET VANE CONTROL (CENTRIFUGAL
AND MIXED FLOW FANS)
This is a relatively low cost method of varying output,
but the power consumed is higher that the variable
speed alternative. This method can vary flow over a
wide range but cannot reduce it to zero due to leakage
through the vanes. At high turndown the inlet vane
controls on larger fans will excite high levels of vibration
in the impeller structure that may result in fatigue
damage to the impeller. It is not suitable for applications
with high quantities of erosive dust as the high velocities
over the vanes result in a high rate of wear.
INLET LOUVRE DAMPERS (CENTRIFUGAL FANS)
These work in a similar way to inlet vane control, but
are situated in the inlet box rather than the fan inlet.
Inlet louvre dampers are less effective than inlet radial
vane controls but are better suited to applications that
involve high levels of erosive dust as gas velocities are
much lower than radial vane controls.
38
HEAVY DUTY
MIXED FLOW FANS
THE MIXED FLOW (OR AXIAL IMPULSE) FAN IS A COST-EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO AN AXIAL FLOW
FAN IN SITUATIONS WHERE CAPITAL COST AND RESISTANCE TO EROSION ARE AS IMPORTANT AS
POWER CONSUMPTION.
The impeller consists of curved steel plate blades,
which are welded to a conical hub. This simple
robust impeller is ideal for handling dust-laden
gases at elevated temperatures. Impulse bladed
mixed flow fans are controlled by inlet radial vane
controls similar to those used with centrifugal fans.
This form of control is extremely effective, and
allows rapid changes in fan output in response to
process demands. The inherently low velocities
within the impeller result in low wear rates in dusty
environments. As the aerodynamic performance of
the fan is not sensitive to wear on the blade profile,
the fan output is not noticeably degraded by
erosion or corrosion, and the fan will maintain high
operational efficiencies over a long period of time
without the need to replace the blades.
If required, the fan can be supplied with a passive
stabilizing chamber which modifies the fan
performance characteristic, and eliminates the

stall characteristic. The aerodynamic design of the
stabilising chamber can be adjusted to allow the
available pressure at low flow to be controlled to
suit specific process requirements. Howden has
supplied a large number of mixed flow fans; up
to 5000mm diameter, with motor powers ranging
from 350kW to over 9000kW.
The main applications for mixed flow fans are:
Boiler draught: In situations where dust in the flue
gas precludes the use of an axial fan and where the
flows are too high for a double inlet centrifugal fan.
Mine ventilation, where its compact, robust design
can be the most technically effective for primary
ventilation and underground booster applications.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
39
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN CHOICES
AXIAL, CENTRIFUGAL
OR MIXED FLOW FAN
The choice of fan type for any particular duty has
necessarily to address issues beyond those of impeller
type as the operating range of centrifugal fans by
example, largely envelops axial and mixed flow.
CENTRIFUGAL
Centrifugal fans can handle a wide range of volume
and pressures. As volume increases pressure
decreases due to mechanical design limitations of
the impeller (larger diameter, wide fans, have lower
maximum tip speeds). Fan geometry is flexible
allowing for double inlet with wide impellers and
aerofoil blades to maximise efficiency. Where larger
pressure rises are needed narrow impellers with
longer blades are available. Generally a fan should
be selected at as fast a speed as possible to reduce
size and capital cost, however centrifugal fans
running at a slower speed may give a better
efficiency. Where erosion of the fan blades due
to dust burden is a problem the slower running
centrifugal fan is best.
AXIAL
Axial fans are able to handle large gas volumes at
lower pressures. Maximum rotational speeds higher
than centrifugal fans and only limited by centrifugal
load on the blade support bearings. Generally larger
volumes have the largest hubs and each hub size
can be fitted with various lengths of blades. The hub
speed sets the pressure rise and the blade length
determines the volume flow. Two stage axial fans
develop higher pressures but at an increased capital
cost. Aerofoil blades and auto-variable pitch control
enable performance over a wide range of duties
at high efficiency. Best suited to clean gas
environments, but will operate in moderate
dust environments if fitted with steel blades.
Not suited to dirty gases.
MIXED FLOW
As the name suggests combines the features of an
axial and a centrifugal fan, although the impeller
looks more like fixed bladed axial type. Efficiency
can match other types of fan, within its optimum
operating envelope. Impeller design is robust and
the plate blades are ideal for handling dust laden
gases at elevated temperatures. Fan performance
is less degraded by erosion or corrosion, and the
blades are easily weld repaired.
100
Pressure
(kPa)
Centrifugal
Axial
10
Mixed Flow
10
100
Flow
m3/sec
1000
40
AUXILIARY AND
PORTABLE FANS
AS PART OF OUR COMPREHENSIVE FAN OFFERING TO THE MINING INDUSTRY, HOWDEN HAS A RANGE
OF LOW AND MEDIUM PRESSURE/VOLUME MINE AUXILIARY AND IN-LINE JET FANS FOR TAKING FRESH
AIR WHERE IT IS NEEDED MOST ON A MINE, THE WORKFACE.
ORKFACE.
Our auxiliary fans are designed to convey air at flow
rates of up to 26m3 per second, and are available in
two, and four-pole design configurations.
Four-pole fan technology has been employed to
develop a hard-wearing, robust fan that overcomes
the drawbacks of traditional auxiliary mine fans.
Howden auxiliary fans therefore offer increased
bearing life and lubrication intervals and better
maintenance performance, lowering fan operating
costs and reduced fan inventories result. As
standard supply, noise levels are reduced to
within 16dB(A) SPL, without the need for
silencing equipment. Depending on the customer
requirement, our auxiliary and jet fans can be
mounted on skids for excellent portability.
Applications:
Return air ducting
Brattice wall boosting
Cooling car forced draught.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
41
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN STALL
STALL PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

All high efficiency fans exhibit an aerodynamic
stall. As the fan is throttled back i.e. as the system
resistance increases a point will be reached where
flow separates from the blades and stall occurs.
When a fan is in stall, the blades are shaken.
Axial fan blades are only supported at one end,
so are inherently flexible, resulting in excessive
blade vibration and eventual blade failure at the
blade root.
For centrifugal fans the blades are much stiffer and
stronger, due to being supported at both ends, so
stall is not as severe a problem. The main exception
is paddle bladed fans, which, like mixed flow and
axial fans, have the blade only supported at one
end, so will more readily fail in stall. Regardless of
the integrity of the impeller, stall will induce high
duct vibration increased noise. It has been known to
lead to duct and silencer failure due to weld fatigue.
Stall prevention starts at the fan selection stage:

Avoid selecting too large a fan for the application
as may result in operation in the undesirable part
of the fan curve where stall and surge can occur.
Better select a higher class of fan that can be run
at a higher speed should the system resistance
calculation be in error. On variable pitch axial flow
fans, reducing the blade angle and increasing the
speed can help avoid stall. An anti-stall impeller
casing can be fitted to axial fans on the suction
side of the impeller in order to absorb and turn
the turbulent airflows produced at the tips of the
blades when the fan is operating in the stall area.
Alternatively, stall monitoring devices can be fitted
close to the blade inlet to register the pressure
difference in the airflow. These can be used to send
an alarm signal to a control room before the fan stalls
or activate a control device which, in connection
with variable blades, will automatically get the fan
out of the stalling condition.
42
COOLING FANS
HOWDENS COOLING TOWER AND DRY COOLING FANS ARE SUITABLE FOR USE ON LARGE BOILER
HOUSES AT MINES AND ON PROCESS PLANTS.
Whether they are used for wet or dry applications,
our well-specified and engineered fans produce a
combination of performance and efficiency for the
lifetime of project for which they are designed.
Howden cooling fans provide the highest flow
of air, and also maximise energy efficiency.
Modern fan selection software is employed to help
determine the correct shape and rotational speed of the
fan blades necessary to produce more pressure, and
therefore a better flow of air, be it for dry or wet cooling.
All fan systems are matched to individual
applications. Where Howden cooling fans are
prescribed for use in wet or hostile environments
in which blades are exposed to aggressive attack
by fluorine compounds, a low-porosity material
is applied to blade surfaces to improve their
durability. These fans have significant advantages
over alternative materials used for fan blades,
for instance aluminium, which corrodes and pits
in environments with exposure to acid water.
Each of our fan types has its own unique

characteristics in terms of efficiency, noise
levels and areas of use.
Aerotip and the radius-cut inboard edge; have

been designed for a high power recovery, providing
excellent aerodynamic performance.
E-SERIES
This is a classic straight aerofoil fan with a highlyefficient impeller and/or low noise. This is the most
widely-used fan in the range and it is available in
three different blade profiles:
SX SERIES
Howden SX axial cooling fans are among the best
low-noise fans available for use in evaporative cooling
systems and ventilation systems where strict fan noise
levels apply. Their specially-shaped aerofoil shape is
designed for ultra-low noise applications for clockwise
rotation in the horizontal or vertical positions.
ENF low noise

ELF extra low noise
ELFA designed for clockwise rotation
in the horizontal or vertical planes.
K SERIES
K Series axial fans are designed for use in factoryassembled cooling towers and air-cooled heat
exchangers, with superior performance at lowest
power consumption and with time-saving features.
Fan blades with the innovative Howden-patented
Z SERIES
Z Series axial cooling fans are the latest in axial
fan development, being specifically designed to
operate at peak efficiency at the most common
duty points in field erected cooling towers and
air-cooled steam condensers. They include
Howdens innovative, patented Aerotip blades
which enhance the aerodynamic performance
and significantly reduce the pressure pulse
transmitted to the fan ring.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
43
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN NOISE LEVELS

NOISE LEVELS AND MEASUREMENT
At noise levels in excess of 75dB, noise significantly
impedes communication, causes stress and can
cause permanent measurable hearing damage.
However, the acceptable noise level is a
compromise between the effect of the noise
and the cost of reducing it. Currently in industrial
environments 85dBA is seen as the maximum
acceptable noise level.
Noise is seen to act over time, so 85dBA is the
maximum for an eight-hour day. For shorter times,
higher noise levels are acceptable, each halving
of the time increasing the acceptable level by 3dB.
For a two-hour period an acceptable level would
be 91dBA. This can be referred to as 85dBAeq.
The location for measuring industrial noise is
1m from a machine surface. This should be where
people are expected to work.
For environmental noise the acceptable levels are
much lower. Higher noise is acceptable during the
day because the overall background noise is higher
and people, being more active, pay less attention
to noise. In addition to dBAeq, which is the average
over the sampling time, the time variation of
environmental noise is important. This is expressed
in terms of the percentage of the time the noise
is above a certain level. For example dBA10 is
the level the noise is above for 10% of the time.
The location for measuring environmental noise
is the plant boundary.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
For machinery the predicted sound pressure levels
are with the machine placed in an open environment.
This is referred to as free field. It is required because
the machine supplier does not know the environment
in which the machine would be placed.
The effect of the environment is very important on
the sound pressure level. It can affect the sound
pressure level by over 10dB. This means that for a
fan with a predicted casing breakout sound pressure
level of 85dBA the on-site level may be in excess of
95dBA. This is because of:
LOCAL EFFECTS
Against a wall, the noise has 50% of the original area
to escape through giving a 3dB increase in sound
pressure. Against a corner, the noise has only 25%
of the original area to escape through, giving a 6dB
increase in sound pressure.
GLOBAL EFFECTS
This depends on the size of the machine relative to
the room it is in and on the sound absorption in the
room. A large machine in a small room with hard
walls would have a much higher sound pressure
level at 1m than the same machine in free field
conditions.
Some end users get round this problem by assuming
an environmental factor of 5dB, requesting that
equipment meets 80dBA free field. In addition to
the manner sound propagates in the environment,
there are other noise sources. A typical installation
has two of the same machines located side by side.
This gives a 3dB increase in the sound pressure. Of
greater importance to fans is duct breakout noise.
Due to the large area of duct in typical applications,
this can be the dominant noise source and can give
high noise at areas remote from the fan.
MEASURING NOISE
There are two types of instruments for measuring
machinery noise. Standard microphones measure
sound pressure and are good where the machines
direct noise is dominant (i.e. no more than 3dB
below the total noise). Sound intensity microphones
measure the amplitude and direction of sound
pressure and are good where the machines direct
noise is at least significant (i.e. no more than 10dB
below the total noise).
The bigger the machine and the more accurate
the result required, the longer the test will take.
Environmental noise is normally measured at
one location with the sound meter left running
for between one hour and eight hours to get
a statistical measure of the noise.
44
ELECTRICAL, INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
HOWDEN OFFERS TURNKEY ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND AUTOMATION PRODUCTS THAT ARE
ENGINEERED FOR THE CUSTOMERS PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS. WE MANAGE THE COMPLETE
AUTOMATION OF LARGE PROJECTS, FROM THE TENDER STAGE, THROUGH TO FINAL COMMISSIONING.
Besides automatic electrical control and
instrumentation systems for new plants, these
systems can also be retrofitted to existing plants,
or existing systems can be upgraded.
Howden has extensive experience covering
combustion systems, fans, fabric filter plants, dust
control, scrubber plants, waste gas extraction
systems, automated wire patenting lines, (including
lead treatment and galvanising baths) automated
aluminium solution treatment and age hardening
furnaces, combustion systems for sinter plants,
carbon baking furnaces and incinerators.
All electrical and instrumentation projects are
executed with a personal touch, regardless of
size and value.
MOTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Supply, install and engineer Motor Control
Equipment (MCCs) for all types and equipment.
Capabilities include MV and LV turnkey systems.
Containerised systems for remote locations are
engineered and supplied as per customer needs.
FIELD CABLING
Supply, install and engineer electrical and
instrumentation cabling to local electrical
standards, and certificates of compliance testing
are submitted by Howden for all installations.
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
SYSTEMS
Howdens in-house programmers design
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) software
for the major types and brands of PLC and SCADA

systems. PLC panels, complete with PLC systems,
are supplied and designed.
FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
Fit-for-purpose instrumentation is designed,
supplied and installed on all projects as per
customer requirement.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
45
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN SYSTEMS
MATCHING THE FAN TO
THE SYSTEM
Fan Static Pressure kPa
Fan performance, which is defined as the possible

combinations of flow and pressure that a given fan
can produce can be graphed, conventionally with
flow on the horizontal and pressure on the vertical
axis. The characteristic of the system, which in most
cases takes the form of a parabola where pressure is
proportional to the square of the flow, can also be
drawn on this graph. The point where these two
curves intersect is the only one at which the fan can
operate with this system. To vary to flow of gas in
the system, either the fan characteristic or the
system characteristic must be altered.
The fan characteristic can be changed by

techniques such as:
Varying the speed,
Using an inlet control device such as inlet vane
control or by
Varying the blade angle (axial flow fans).
System changes are most commonly carried out
by adjusting dampers or by changing a feature of
a system. If the system resistance changes over
time, or has been incorrectly calculated then the
performance of the fan will change. A higher
resistance will result in lower flow, and if high
enough could put the fan into stall. A lower
resistance will result in greater flow and
increased shaft power.
Fan Operating Point

4
Fan Output
Characteristic
at 100% Speed
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Volume Flow m3/s
46
COMPRESSORS
HOWDEN HAS A DIVERSE RANGE OF TOP-QUALITY COMPRESSOR PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS WHICH
HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO CATER TO DIFFERENT INDUSTRY AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS.
We are therefore well-placed to support several
mine-focused practices, including Underground
Coal Gasification (UCG) processes. Here our
multi-stage high flow axial compressors are
engineered and manufactured to deliver
combustion air to injection wells prior to
the gasification process.
Howden has also developed a methane gas abatement
solution for coal mines, and some gold mines, where
we supply gas compressors to return collected high
concentration methane gas to the surface at pressures
suitable for fuelling internal combustion engines, or
for heating and cooling applications.
TURBO COMPRESSORS
The Howden Donkin range of integrally geared,
high efficiency single stage turbo compressors
has been developed for use in a broad range
of process applications.
The integration of overhung high efficiency impeller,
precision gears and high stability bearings result in
smooth, minimum power loss transmission.

Pressurised oil lubrication with high integrity
protection systems ensures maximum availability
of equipment.
LOW PRESSURE GAS BOOSTERS
The robust V Series of pressure gas boosters is
designed for fuel gases such as landfill gas, coke
oven gas, natural gas and propane/air mixtures.
These reliable units have a virtually infinite life span.
PISTON GAS COMPRESSORS
Howden offers a full range of piston compressors
custom designed to process applications. The
Burton Corblin range provides pressures up to
350bar, flows to 22,000 sm3/hr and powers to
2.5 MW. These small to medium size compressors
have a number of additional features including
complete separation of the product from the
crankcase, purged packing and double distance
pieces for leakage prevention, and lined cylinders
for longevity and corrosion resistance.
Thomassen supply large piston compressors with

drives up to 25MW for special applications. These
compressors can be provided with additional
patented features such as the Free Floating piston
technology which considerably increases the life
of piston rider and compression rings.
ROTARY COMPRESSORS
The Periflow gas compressor is a rotary
regenerative compressor that offers the same
performance as low-flow-rate centrifugal
compressors, but at a much lower speed and with
surge-free operation. It is ideal for applications
calling for high pressure and relatively low flow rates.
DIAPHRAGM GAS COMPRESSORS
Burton Corblin diaphragm compressors maintain
gas purity during compression with no leakage.
All gases can be handled, including light or heavy,
high purity, rare, toxic, flammable, corrosive,
explosive, and radioactive.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
47
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
COMPRESSORS
TWIN SCREW COMPRESSORS
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Compression is achieved by the intermeshing of
two helical rotors contained in a suitable casing.
Figures 14 give details of the compression cycle.
The Howden twin screw compressor is a positive
displacement rotary design. As such it has the
characteristics and stability of reciprocating
compressors but in addition offers particular
advantages:
FEATURES AND BENEFITS

Positive displacement
Cannot surge. High compression ratios per stage.
Rotary action
Vibration free running.
Extreme reliability & on-line availability.
Smooth gas flow, low pulsation.
Lightweight foundations.
Fewer moving parts
Stiff action rotors

Ability to withstand high pressure differences.
Low vibration
No inlet or outlet valves
Extended operating life cycle.
Lower maintenance costs.
OPTIONS
Our compressors have a range of design options.
Compact size & light weight

Minimal space and foundation requirement,
resulting in low installation costs.
Reduced physical size
Typical ones are:

Twin wall construction with sleeve bearings
Single wall construction with roller bearings
Slide valve capacity control from 100% to
10% nominal
Inverter speed control
Variable volume ratio
Superfeed
Oil cooling
Liquid refrigeration injection
Specialist sealing systems.
Designed for long periods of continuous running

Maximum on-line availability.
Minimal service requirements.
48
ATTENUATORS
THE HOWDEN FAMILY OF ATTENUATORS OR REACTIVE SILENCERS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY
FOR APPLICATIONS WHERE DUST OR MOISTURE AFFECT THE ATTENUATION PROPERTIES OF
CONVENTIONAL ABSORPTIVE SILENCERS.
This can lead to the accumulation of dust in the
plate perforations and absorptive material, resulting
in a rapid deterioration of attenuation performance.
REACTIVE ATTENUATORS
Our pure reactive attenuators, based on the
Helmholtz resonator principle, are ideally suited for
operation in contaminated air and gases, especially
where moisture carry-over is a problem.
Within a specifically tuned acoustic chamber, sound
waves corresponding to the tuned frequency are
reflected out-of-phase with the incoming sound
waves, and therefore have a cancelling effect on
each other, reducing noise levels.
With its reactive-dissipative attenuators Howden
has extended this concept to produce a silencer
that attenuates over a wider range of frequencies
that have previously restricted the use of these
types of silencers.
A series of resonator cavities, tuned to the specific

application, attenuates noise over a range of
frequencies. Special materials are available for
corrosive or high-temperature applications.
Compared to an absorptive silencer, life is
extended and maintenance is minimised due
to the lack of light gauge perforated plates and
absorptive material.
REACTIVE-DISSIPATIVE ATTENUATORS
Howden reactive dissipative attenuators extend
the concept further by incorporating absorptive
fill material within the acoustic chambers to widen
the attenuation range of each cell. The fibreglass
fill is situated out of the air stream, shielding it
from contamination by particulate matter.
Contamination of the fibreglass with dust or
moisture can be tolerated with only a minimal
change in acoustic performance.
PURE REACTIVE ATTENUATORS

Features
Long service life
Non-fouling design
Minimum maintenance
Easy cleaning
Low pressure drop
Flexibility of design
Suitable for high temperatures
Broad attenuation range
Available in various materials
Applications
Mine ventilation
Induced draught fan systems
Contaminated gas streams
Saturated gas streams
Corrosive gas streams
High temperatures
Steam vent systems
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
49
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
ACOUSTICS
BASIC ACOUSTICS
Sound power level is the acoustic energy emitted by
a source such as a fan and is typically measured in
Watts (W). Sound pressure level is the pressure the
acoustic wave generates at a particular point and is
typically measured in Pascals (Pa or N/m2). Sound
pressure level is a function of the sound power level,
distance from the source and of the attenuation
between source and measuring point
The human ear is an extremely sensitive instrument
and can detect sound pressure levels ranging from
0.0002Pa to 60Pa. The decibel scale has been
devised to make the numbers more manageable.
Firstly a reference level, W0, is chosen for sound
power (10 -12W). Any other sound power level is
ratioed to the reference value, and to reduce the
range of numbers the logarithm to the base 10 is
calculated. As this unit, the Bel, is rather large, it
is subdivided into tenths, ie decibels, (dB):
Lw = 10 log (W/W0) dB
The sound power generated by a fan (Lw) is
proportional to diameter, speed and density
as indicated by the following formula:
Lw 70 log D + 50 log N + 20 log
If a sound source doubles in power the decibel level
will increase by 3dB. Similarly, the reference level
P0 for sound pressure is 2x10 -5Pa and in this case
the formula is:
Lp = 20 log (P/P0) dB
If a noise measurement doubles in pressure the
decibel level will increase by 6dB.
OCTAVE BANDS
A fan generates noise over a wide range of
frequencies. It is important to know how the power
or pressure level is spread over the range to predict
accurately the sound propagation. By convention
the frequencies are divided into a specified range
of octave bands and the power or pressure in each
of the bands is measured or calculated separately.
A total sound or pressure level can then be obtained
by logarithmically adding together the values in
each of the octave bands. Two fans generating the
same total power will sound entirely different to a
listener if the energy is spread differently over the
octave bands. The A weighted scale has been
devised to simulate the sensitivity of the human ear.
Corrections to each octave band are applied and
then the resultant levels are totaled logarithmically
to give and A weighted total in dBA.
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
REDUCTION
The propagation of noise from mine ventilation fans
and exhaust stacks to nearby residential dwellings
will be affected by local meteorological conditions.
The intrusive noise level at the noise sensitive
receiver will fluctuate due to wind direction and
atmospheric temperature gradients. These effects
account for significant noise level fluctuations at the
receiver. Excursions in predicted noise levels can be
in the order of +10dB (over neutral meteorological
conditions). Additionally, the acoustic character
of tonal noise sources such as vent fans and stacks
creates greater annoyance at residences. These
tones are related to the Fan Blade Pass frequency
and are a focus for efficient silencer design.
Performance testing on absorptive silencers fitted
on coal-fired boilers has shown a reduction in
attenuation of around 60% after 15,000 hours
of operation. Even following costly cleaning,
these silencers seldom return to their original
performance. A reactive dissipative stack silencer
can provide an effective long term performance
solution in the contaminated gas stream and
can be tuned to focus attenuation on the blade
passing tones.
The main section of a reactive dissipative stack
silencer are the splitters which comprise
a number of chambers, the depth of which are
approximately one quarter of the wavelength of
the frequency the chamber is designed to attenuate.
Sound waves entering these chambers are reflected
with a phase change of 180 which partially cancel
the entering waves.
Absorptive material is fitted to the downstream
faces of the elements to broaden the attenuation
characteristics. A pure reactive section at the
rear of the splitters, designed on the Helmholtz
resonator principle, consists of a number of tuned
cavities to enhance attenuation at frequencies
below 125Hz. With this type of device blade
passing tones can be reduced by 30dB.
50
CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS
HOWDEN SINGLE AND MULTI-STAGE CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS SUPPLY LOW VOLUMES OF AIR AT HIGH
PRESSURE, PROVIDING A COST EFFECTIVE, HIGHLY RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT, LOW NOISE ALTERNATIVE
TO A COMPRESSOR.
TYPE RRO CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS
Type RRO single and two stage blowers are
machined from solid forgings, and the casings are
manufactured from heavy castings to give a strong
rigid construction. They are supplied in a wide range
of corrosion, abrasion and temperature resistant
materials to satisfy specific process conditions, and
can also be supplied to API Standards if required.
High efficiency open type radial bladed or backward
curved blade impeller designs are available.
Blowers are fitted with inlet inducer vanes, inlet
radial vane controls and optional variable vane
diffuser controls to operate at very high efficiency
over an extremely wider flow range.
The rotor and integral gearbox are engineered
together to ensure that all bearing, stress and
rotor dynamic considerations are satisfied.
Depending on application requirements, antifriction bearings or advanced technology tilting pad

thrust bearings and tilting pad journal bearings are
supplied for the high-speed rotor. The complete unit
is composed of blower, gearbox, control panel, drive
motor and integral lubrication unit are skid mounted
for ease of transport and installation.
TYPE RRC CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS
Type RRC multi stage centrifugal blowers are used
in the mineral processing and chemical industries.
Typical applications include flotation cells, waste
water treatment, fluidising blowers and combustion
air blowers. Directly coupled to two pole induction
motors, they provide a cheaper, more efficient and
quieter alternative to positive displacement blowers.
The blowers incorporate fully-fabricated impellers

and casings. This allows for an extremely wide
range of readily welded materials to be considered
for construction.
The impeller inlets and stationary inlet cones
are machined to ensure optimum aerodynamic
performance, and each impeller stage is provided
with a set of inlet control vanes that provide high
efficiencies over a wide operating range.
The complete blower assembly and drive motor are
carried on a single integral base unit which simplifies
transport and installation.
Maintenance is simplified. These units do not
require any special skills other than those normally
associated with fan maintenance and service.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
51
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
COMPRESSOR ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT OF PLANT
The assessment of compliance of process screw
chillers, ice plants and turbo blowers with specification
can be difficult. Asking some relevant questions, or
considering certain design aspects within an offer,
will assist with the assessment process.
Checklist for Process Screw Chiller Technologies
Is the evaporator and condenser material
compatible with the quality of water to be used,
and has adequate allowance been made for
fouling factors likely in the relevant application?
Are the pressure vessels manufactured in
accordance with recognised codes?
Does the chiller comply with local refrigeration
plant standards?
Does the compressor have sleeve bearings and
a double-wall casing for long service life and
low noise levels?
Does the oil tank have both demisters
and coalescing cartridges for optimum
oil separation?
Does the package include dual lube oil systems
that permit standby capacity for emergencies
or allow for on-line servicing?
Checklist for Ice Plant Technologies
Ice mass fraction to be specified, which is
dependent on the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
in the feed water, and the concentration in
the sump.
Sump blowdown rate will determine the build-up
of TDS and chlorides in the sump.
Materials of construction for the ice plates will
depend on the corrosiveness of the feed water
especially the chloride concentrations.
Cycle time will depend on the defrost system

employed and the mass of material in the
ice-making plates.
Refrigeration compressors absorbed power can
be reduced by employing refrigerant sub-coolers
and/or economisers.
The ice plant performance coefficient should
include the total system, since looking at system
components only will reflect misleading
efficiencies.
Is the ice plant contained within an insulated
building to reduce heat gain?
Is the refrigerant used in the system
environmentally friendly?
HOWDEN DONKIN TURBO BLOWERS
What is the duty turndown capacity of the blower
to achieve optimum efficiency over the entire
operating range?
Does the gearbox incorporate a split casing
design to allow easy access to gears and bearings?
What fail-safe features are incorporated into the
blower lube oil system design?
Is the blower equipped with a dual oil filter system
for on-line servicing?
Does the blower design guarantee oil free process
gas delivery, if required by the application?
Does the blower come with a fully-automatic
PLC based control incorporating anti-surge
features and simultaneous multi-blower
installation control?
52
HARD ICE PLANTS &

THERMAL ICE STORAGE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEEP-LEVEL MINES TO BEYOND 2000M BELOW THE SHAFT COLLAR, AND
A GROWING PRE-OCCUPATION WITH THE COST OF MINE ENERGY, HAS GIVEN IMPETUS TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HOWDENS TURNKEY HARD ICE AND THERMAL ICE STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES.
HARD ICE
Howdens efforts to provide cooling to deep mines
where the efficiency of traditional chillers and bulk
air coolers is compromised has seen us emerge as
the global market leader in the design, build and
installation of hard ice plants.
The scope of work typically includes all civil work,
ammonia compressor plant, ice makers, cooling
towers, ice conveyors and the electrical and control
system to deliver hard ice to the mine shaft.
Our plate ice technology can be used with normal
mine service water to produce ice with an Ice Mass
Fraction (IMF) of up to 98%. Howden oil injected
screw compressors are used with environmentallyfriendly ammonia refrigerant to provide the ice
freezing capacity, and a de-superheated hot gas
defrost cycle is used to release the hard ice.
The ice is transported underground in HDPE pipes
and is utilised in underground melting dams, with
the very cold water being distributed to the various
cooling stations with resulting enhanced thermal
performance of underground Bulk Air Coolers

(BACs) and spot coolers.
The overall cooling system energy efficiency of a
hard ice plant exceeds that of a chilled service water
cooling system; primarily due to the saving in return
water pumping energy (hard ice has a cooling
capacity four times greater than water, resulting in
a large reduction in return water to be pumped back
to the surface). The reduction in required pumping
capacity also reduces distribution infrastructure
and shaft space requirements.
THERMAL ICE STORAGE
Howden can supply ice-making technology with
which either ice water or solid ice is produced
as required during any specific 24-hour period,
making major power and demand savings possible
when it is used in combination with good water
management systems.
The water management philosophy, including ice
melting, storage, and ice and ice water blending,
can be structured to allow the entire mine
refrigeration plant (excluding the pumping of the

chilled water) to be stopped during a power peak
demand period per week.
Our plant will run at maximum load at all times
thus delivering complete efficiency. As the system
is designed as a standalone operation, it will not
reduce dam storage volumes, and can operate
even if the main cooling plant is out of operation.
Minimal additional pumping costs are required.
Safety is an integral part to the design. All the
icemakers are above water level and can be
individually isolated, thus ensuring the system
is safe. Icemakers are also grouped in modules
which can be isolated if necessary, for both
safety and service reasons.
Our plant typically consists of an ammonia screw
compressor and modular ice water maker, but
could also include submerged coils for hard ice
production. A typical modular size plant is
designed to deliver about 5MWR per unit.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
53
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN BIDS
FAN BID ASSESSMENT

Bids received from a number of suppliers can seem,
at first sight, to be indistinguishable. Asking a
number of simple questions can help to ensure that
the fan bids all comply with the specification.
LAYOUT
Does the fan inlet and discharge cross-section
match the ductwork, or must a transition piece
be supplied?
If there is a bend in the ductwork close to the
fan discharge it may significantly affect the fan
performance. Has that been factored in?
DUTY AND PERFORMANCE
The upstream ducting layout may affect the
fan performance. Has this been assessed?
Has the same definition of fan pressure been
used? Fan total pressure, fan static pressure and
static pressure rise are all different quantities.
What is the margin between motor name-plate
rating and fan absorbed power? If it is too small
there may be insufficient safety margin. If it is too
large it may indicate that the supplier is unsure of
the fans performance.
There are a number of different ways in which fan
efficiency can be specified, so it is better to assess
fans on the basis of shaft power.
Is there enough reserve between the operating
point and the fan peak pressure point to allow
some increases in fan system resistance?
Is the fan operating in parallel with another one
or more? If so can the fans start up with all the
others running?
Is the performance based on an international
standard?
FAN SELECTION
Is the blade shape suitable for the application?
Does the erosion protection, if used, match the
dust type and quantity in the air or gas stream.
Inlet control Are the vanes in the eye of the fan,
where they control flow more efficiently, or in the
inlet box where they will wear less if there is a
significant amount of dust in the air or gas stream.
Has the manufacturer supplied a fan of this size
and speed before?
Fans which operate at very high temperatures
may require special materials with acceptable
creep rupture properties.
Has the predicted number of stop/starts been
factored into the mechanical design?
Fan speed. In dusty conditions too high a speed
may reduce fan life considerably.
What is the margin between running and first
critical speed of the impeller
Has the support and foundation stiffness been
factored into the critical speed calculation?
54
DUST COLLECTION AND

FLUE GAS CLEANING
HOWDEN BOASTS A SELECTION OF DRY DUST COLLECTION AND SCRUBBER TECHNOLOGIES WHICH
CAN BE EMPLOYED AS SPECIFIED BY THE CUSTOMER.
Most of our gas cleaning systems are supplied
on a turnkey basis, and include design and detail
engineering, supply and manufacture, electrical
control and instrumentation, plant erection,
commissioning and handover to the customer.
Howdens engineers also provide technical advice
and support on the technologies and systems
needed for individual applications. Whichever
solution is selected, our gas cleaning systems are
designed to meet the most stringent requirements:
Compliance with relevant environmental legislation
Cost effective, efficient solutions
Minimal space requirements
Low maintenance
Energy efficient
Minimal water requirements.
DRY DUST COLLECTORS
Howden can supply mechanical dust collectors or
fabric filter solutions, depending on the application
requirement.
MECHANICAL DUST COLLECTORS
Mechanical cyclone collectors represent the
most simple and economical method of dry
dust collection, and we can offer the mechanical
collector best suited to the customers operation.
Howden mechanical cyclones and multi-cyclones
are designed to deliver high and medium efficiencies,
depending on the application for which they

are employed.
In step with modern outlet emission requirements,
our mechanical collectors are used primarily as
pre-collectors before secondary collectors, for
instance electrostatic precipitators, or before
fans in forced draught systems.
FABRIC FILTER PLANT
Our fabric filter plant is suitable for application
requirements where emissions below 10mg/m3 are
required. Two bag filter technologies are offered,
either high pressure reverse pulse jet, or low
pressure reverse flow.
Reverse pulse filter technology is particularly
appropriate to applications where space for the
plant is limited, for instance installations between
the boiler and outlet stack of an existing plant.
Cleaning of our reverse flow designs is by means of
a high-volume pulse through a rotating manifold,
which enables a better release of the dust cake,
for lower cleaning frequency and longer bag life.
The reverse pulse jet filter offers high performance
and a low operating cost, making it a popular choice
in many demanding industrial applications.
SCRUBBERS
Howdens wet, dry, and semi-dry scrubbing
solutions are proven options for gaseous emission
and particulate control, and are suitable for use on
high-temperature applications.
A choice of wet scrubbers is available the

highly-efficient Venturi design, and the lower
energy Cyclonic scrubber.
VENTURI SCRUBBERS
Venturi scrubbers have a particulate collection
efficiency of up to 99%. They are suitable for
high-temperature processes and applications
with a pressure drop of up to 30kPa.
Howdens Venturi scrubbers are especially good
for simultaneous gaseous and particulate pollutant
removal when scaling is a problem, and where there
is a high concentration of dust in the inlet stream.
CYCLONIC SCRUBBERS
These scrubbers have a lower power requirement
for removing particulates and gases from the flue
gas stream. They are suitable for pressure drops
of up to 2.5kPa.
DRY SCRUBBING
Dry injection in conjunction with fabric filtration is
an economical, reliable choice for removing low
levels of SO2 and tars in suspension.
GAS COOLING
Howden also offers a range of gas cooling solutions,
including dilution air, high temperature quench,
radiant and forced draught cooling. These are
supplied as turnkey solutions to customer
specification.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
55
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN MAINTENANCE
BASIC FAN DESIGN AND EFFICIENCY
MINIMISING MAINTENANCE
Fan design is both an art and a science. Our skilled

and experienced engineers are dedicated to
carefully analysing and solving each industrys
specialised needs. When designing efficient
impellers, most manufacturers start out by testing
a series of impellers with the aim of producing a
set of aerodynamic shapes that:
Maintenance is required for fans, even if they are

balanced and operating faultlessly, maintenance is
required. For all larger fans this will include
assessing the impeller structural integrity
(inspection for cracks, excessive erosion or
corrosion), checking and changing the oil.
Cover the required pressure/volume envelope

Develop a good efficiency across as wide a zone
as possible
Are not sensitive to small geometrical changes
Preferably have a non-overloading power curve
(where the impeller design permits)
Are relatively easy to manufacture with a
minimum cost (probably the most important
to the manufacturer).
Although it is relatively easy to design an impeller
to satisfy a particular pressure/volume duty, it is
difficult to achieve this with a high efficiency while
making it cost-effective to manufacture. This means
that one manufacturers fan may satisfy the duty
requirements with a much higher efficiency than
another manufacturers. The way to save energy
when using fans appears simple use more efficient
fans. However, it is not that straightforward.
Modern higher efficiency motors have a relatively
flat efficiency curve with load, and improving the
motor efficiency means improving the efficiency
over the whole operating field. The same does not
apply to fans the efficiency curve is far from
constant and there can be a difference of 30%
between peak and low efficiency in the fans
working range. In addition, the energy use of similar
fans performing the same duty, but from different
manufacturers, can vary by up to 30%. It is therefore
important to select a fan that is operating as near to
its peak efficiency as possible.
Fan specifications should stipulate the use of both
a high efficiency fan and a higher efficiency motor
to achieve maximum energy savings during the
operational life of the equipment. When selecting
a fan and specifying a fan installation, it is also
important to consider whole life costs. These consist
of the initial cost of the fan, energy costs, plant life
expectancy, the cost of maintenance and other
operational issues, and disposal costs.
AXIAL AUTO VARIABLE PITCH

Inspection of impeller, bearings, shaft seals and
control system. Refurbish as necessary.
Replacement of main bearings, blade support
bearings, hydraulic actuator and AVP thrust blocks.
This will not be required at every outage as the
operating life of each of these components will vary
depending on the fan speed and duty. The Variax
Axial Fan has a number of features to minimise
outage time for maintenance and to allow extended
operation. Each individual blade is balanced and the
blades can be replaced on site without rebalancing
of the complete rotor. The diffuser is mounted on
travel rails and is displaceable. Blade replacement is
possible through an inspection cover in the impeller
casing, and impeller overhauls can be made without
dismantling the fan casing.
The blade bearings use oversize balls to create a
larger contact surface and the greater load-carrying
capability extends bearing life.
CENTRIFUGAL
MIXED FLOW
For providing easy access when inspecting the
impeller and main bearing assembly. The impeller
can be inspected from inside the fan, and there is an
access door to the inner tube of the fan diffuser end.
Service intervals can be increased to between 4 and
6 years.
56
CHILLERS
HOWDEN OFFERS TURNKEY AMMONIA CHILLER PLANT INSTALLATIONS, INCLUDING CIVILS WORK,
PERIPHERAL PLANT, AND ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL SYSTEMS, FOR MINE COOLING REQUIREMENTS.
Our chiller plants are custom designed to the
specifications of each client and can be adapted
to the requirements of individual country or
jurisdictional requirements.
Howden chillers are based on the Howden WRV
range of screw compressors, of which more than
20 000 are in service worldwide. They are employed
in conjunction with proven type heat exchangers,
pressure vessels and cooling towers. All pressure
components are built and certified to relevant
statutory and industry codes.
Output control is typically Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) based and integrated with the
overall mine cooling requirement to optimise
system efficiencies.
Howden chiller plants are designed and developed
in-house, and packaged units are based on simplified
refrigeration processes, thereby eliminating the
need for economisers or gearboxes for duties up
to 9,5MW(R). No refrigerant pumps or refrigerant
pump-out facilities are required and the refrigeration

process design eliminates the possibility of the
corrosion of the internal components of the plant.
Typical ammonia water chiller performance data for
mine cooling applications, based on an evaporating
temperature of -1,5C and a condensing temperature
of 30C, are:
Ammonia is an efficient natural refrigerant with
zero Global Warming Potential (GWP) and
long-term availability.
For enhanced safety, Howden ammonia chiller plants
are built to strict industry and statutory codes to
ensure plant safety. Plant design is such that safety
relief valves should not discharge under any
condition, except possibly fire. The ammonia leakage
detection and emergency shut-down process is
automated, and each plant is sectionalised so that
only part of the ammonia charge is safely released
via scrubbers in the event of catastrophic failure.
BULK AIR COOLERS

Howden can supply large horizontal bulk air
coolers (BACs), with capacities of up to 15MWR,
for pre-cooling mine downcast air. Our unique
counter-flow design results in a higher thermal
efficiency and smaller footprint than conventional
cross-flow designs.
Refrigeration
Cap kW(R)
Absorbed
Power kW(E)
321/193
4900
850
321/220
5800
990
365/165
6100
1110
365/193
7200
1300
510/165
8500
1430
510/193
9500
1600
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
57
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN INCREASING OUTPUT

UPGRADING FANS:
INCREASING OUTPUT
Throughout the life of a plant it is possible that a
fan will be required to compensate for a change in
operating conditions, perhaps because of a need
to increase process output (greater flow) or due to
changes in the plant layout (greater pressure drop).
Increased output will mean increased absorbed
power and unless the original driver has substantial
design margins built in, it may have to be replaced
with a higher rated machine. Noise generated by the
uprated fan will also increase, roughly in proportion
the increase in shaft power.
INCREASE THE FAN SPEED
Increasing fan speed is a very effective way of
improving fan output. It is however only possible to
increase output in this way if the impeller can accept
the higher stresses. Finite Element Analysis will be
able to assess the basic strength of the impeller and
its residual life operating under the new conditions.
GEARBOX/BELT DRIVE
If the fan already has a gearbox or belt drive
installed, then it is a relatively simple matter to
replace the gearbox internals, or the pulleys with
a ratio which produces the desired fan speed.
Otherwise a gearbox or belt drive will need to be
installed, provided sufficient space is available.
HIGHER SPEED MOTOR
A new electric motor running at one pole-speed
higher than the existing one will provide a step in
output. This will probably be excessive. However
the fan can be throttled back by the fan control
system to provide the desired output.
MODIFY THE SYSTEM
Reducing the pressure drop in the system could
balance the addition of extra pressure drop
elsewhere or allow a fan to produce a compensatory
increase in flow. A particularly important area is the

ducting immediately upstream of the fan inlet. A
layout which induces spin in the gas flow, or biases
the flow to one side of the inlet can reduce the fan
output considerably.
TIP THE BLADES (CENTRIFUGAL FANS ONLY)
A modification to the blade tips can increase the
pressure generated by a centrifugal fan. This can be
achieved either by increasing the length of the blade
(tipping) or by changing the shape of the blade at
the fan outer diameter (wedging). As impeller
stresses will be increased due to the extra load,
a thorough inspection of the fan and analysis
of its strength must be carried out before any
modifications are made.
REPLACE THE ROTOR (CENTRIFUGAL FANS)
Replacing the rotor with a new one designed for the
new operating conditions can be a cost effective
method of changing output. There is a limit imposed
by the casing on the maximum size of impeller
which can be accepted. Modifications to the casing
cut-off and to the inlet cones will almost certainly
be required.
REPLACE THE ROTOR (AXIAL FANS)
Within the bounds of the fan tip diameter, a new
impeller can be fitted to an axial fan with a different
size of hub. A larger hub will increase the pressure
that the fan generates.
INSTALL A NEW FAN
In instances involving a substantial increase in
output a new fan may be the only option. Whilst
expensive, the through life cost analysis will indicate
if the benefits are worthwhile. The space available
may dictate that a centrifugal fan can only be
replaced by a centrifugal fan. Although it may be
possible to replace an axial fan with a mixed flow
fan and vice versa.
58
PORTABLE COOLING PLANT
HOWDEN OFFERS CUSTOM-DESIGNED MINE AIR COOLING PACKAGES READY FOR INSTALLATION,
EITHER AS UNDERGROUND OR SURFACE UNITS.
Each Howden screw compressor is supplied as a
skid-mounted package, precisely tailored to the
requirements of each customer and application,
and including a compressor, compressor driver,
oil separator, condenser and evaporator.
Plant configurations allow for many variations in
design, including single or multiple compressors,
electric motor or gas engine drivers, air or
water-cooled condensers and plate, kettle, shell
and tube, or shell and plate evaporators. The
process chosen will optimise the capital and
power cost within the design parameters.
Howdens mine air cooling packages are equipped
with the required components and systems, ready
for rapid connection on site.
A complete turnkey service is offered, starting with
initial consultation, commissioning and extending
to full aftermarket care.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
59
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
FAN PRESSURE
FAN PRESSURES
VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
The pressure rise across a fan can be defined in

a number of ways.
Fan vibration can be measured using either:
The most useful definition is Fan Total Pressure

which is the difference between the total pressure
at the fan outlet and the total pressure at the fan
inlet. This is Fan Pressure as defined in ISO 5801
for the conditions found in most systems
applications (M<0.15).
Fan Static Pressure is also used. This is the Fan Total
Pressure less the fan discharge velocity pressure.
Historically this has been used when the fan is the
last component in the system and the fan supplier
will control the velocity pressure discharged.
The fan pressure can also be defined as Static
Pressure Rise. This is the difference between the
static pressure at the fan discharge and the static
pressure at the fan inlet. For this definition to be of
any use the system designer must know what these
areas are as different fan suppliers offer different
geometries for fan inlet and discharge ductwork.
The required Static Pressure Rise will need
adjustment to compensate for any mismatch
between the fan inlet and discharge areas and the
proposed system ductwork.
The total pressure at any point in a flow system is
the sum of the static and velocity pressures. This fact
must be kept in mind whenever static pressures are
specified as any change in flow area will affect the
velocity and hence the static pressure component.
For this reason the use of Fan Static Pressure or Static
Pressure Rise should be discouraged as both are
dependent on the flow passage areas and can lead to
misunderstandings regarding the required fan duty.
SEISMIC INSTRUMENTS
These are instruments that measure the vibration
relative to the ground. They are the accelerometers
and velocity transducers among others, and can be
seen attached to bearing housings, or
PROXIMITY PROBES
These are used for measuring the shaft vibration
relative to the housing. Vibration levels for new
machines, alarm and trip can be obtained from the
manufacturer, and all alarm and trip levels should
not be more than the standards specify.
Eddy current probes are being applied to fans and
are applied to blowers. They are the only means of
correctly monitoring machines where the bearing oil
film is much softer than the support. Hence they are
predominantly used for machines operating above
3000rpm. In addition, such probes are sensitive to
local shaft effects such as out of roundness or even
different electrical properties. These effects are
known as mechanical or electrical run-out and
must be taken into account by the vibration systems
electronic system in an attempt to cancel their
influence. As such shaft proximity vibration probes
should be treated with caution when applied to fans
running below 1500rpm.
60
FURNACES AND
INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION
HOWDEN MARKETS A WIDE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL FURNACES AND BURNERS WHICH ARE SUPPLIED
AS TURNKEY PACKAGES DESIGNED TO THE CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENT.
INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
Our industrial furnaces can be supported by all
types of firing gas, oil or electricity and can be
supplied as complete systems for general plant
requirements, dependent on the application
and customer specification.
INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION
Burners suitable for different customer-specified
applications are produced. These include:
Kiln Burners these systems number among the
most fuelefficient burners of their type available,
and can be designed to fire oil, coal, gas, wood
waste, producer gas or combination fuel.
Producer Gas/Solid Fuel Burner Systems low

calorific value gas or any combustible fines can be
used to replace more traditional fuels. We engineer
total systems for producer gas, blast furnace gas,
agricultural waste fines and sawdust, as well as
pulverised coal.
Air Heaters Hot gas generation systems for thermal
driers or any application requiring process heat.
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
ROTARY AIR HEATER BIDS

ASSESSING HEATER BIDS
When assessing heater bids there are key items that need
to be addressed: layout, duty, selection, performance.
LAYOUT
Ensure that the inlet and exit flow profiles maximise
heater performance and ensure good mixing of outlet
gas. A vertical shaft arrangement is preferred in order
to reduce cyclic stress. Give consideration to the need
for more frequent replacement of cold end elements.
Horizontal replacement eliminates the need to remove
intermediate and hot-end baskets.
DUTY
There must always be a reasonable temperature
difference between hot and cold streams for
heat transfer to take place, thus the maximum
temperature of the air leaving the preheater is
limited by the temperatures of the air and gas
entering it. Typically there should be about 20-25C

difference between gas in and air out temperatures.
SELECTION
Howden has a large number of element profiles,
with different characteristics, available for use in
air preheaters. The most appropriate elements
are selected from an optimised range for each
and every application.
Generally it is necessary to control the primary air
temperature to suit varying coals and to control the
metal temperature at the cold end of the preheater to
keep corrosion and fouling within acceptable limits.
PERFORMANCE
Air leakage can be calculated from either the
difference in gas mass flow entering and leaving the
preheater, or from the difference between diluted
and undiluted gas temperatures. Many air preheater
designs develop leakage drift, where air leakage

increases substantially over a period of time. Margins
have to be added to the draught fan duties to account
for this. The advanced VN sealing system supplied
by Howden does not exhibit leakage drift, resulting
in lower fan margins and reduced capital cost.
ROTATING HOOD AIR PREHEATERS
The rotary hood air heater is an alternative to the
Ljungstrm design. The rotor (stator) is stationary
and the ducts (hoods) rotate to create the alternative
air and gas flows. This requires a multitude of sealing
and movable parts that are prone to wear and
damage unlike the Ljungstrm design does not need
contact seals between the rotating and stationary
parts, resulting in lower leakage and maintenance.
The rotary design can maintain low leakage but
requires short, frequent skilled maintenance
and replacement spares. Howden companies
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
61
FURNACE OFF-GAS
RECOVERY PLANT
HOWDEN SUPPLY TURNKEY FURNACE OFF-GAS RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES OF ENERGY
RECOVERY AND GAS SYSTEM PRESSURE BOOSTING.
The main purpose of an off-gas recovery and
distribution system is to capture off-gas from
smelter furnaces and to distribute the off-gas to
various users on the plant. The gas from the furnace
is collected at low pressure and boosted for supply
to the various users at their specified required flows
and pressures.
Our off-gas distribution system utilises liquid

ring compressors to increase the pressure to the
desired user requirement, where it is used as an
alternative to fuel gas and electric power, thereby
reducing operating costs. User burners are
equipped to accommodate either fuel gas or
furnace off-gas. Typical applications are the
pre-heaters at each furnace, slag treatment plant
burners, metal treatment burners, or any other

plant burners equipped with dual gas burners.
manufactured several dozen of these large rotating

hood heaters, and if a total replacement to a modern
Howden Ljungstrm air preheater is impossible
Howden has the skills and expertise do actively
service, supply spares, upgrade and provide all
solutions engineering.
seriously and plans made to replace the baskets

at the next outage window, even if there might
be some extra operation hours left.
blockage, fouling and uneven material loss areas.
WHEN TO REPLACE ELEMENTS

The decision to replace elements is generally based
on a visual inspection, which involves identifying:
Relaxation of elements
Decrease in thickness
Overall corrosion and surface loss.
However, as most plants have limited access
to inspect the heater element condition, once
evidence of material loss is seen, accelerating
deterioration will follow, this should be taken
Deterioration of the elements generally follows

the following pattern:
Firstly the element plates reduce in material
thickness. Thereafter the profile loses its structural
strength that in turn allows deformation of the
element profile and consequently loosens the
original basket compression. The loose plates
vibrate continuously, due to air and gas passing
and soot blowing, which then causes fatigue and
consequently breakouts of large element plate
pieces. The breakout process continuously
accelerates which causes more severe vibration
to the point of total basket disintegration.
In addition, cold end baskets often suffer severe
corrosion, which causes, material thinning, cold spot
Due to the potential hazards associated with

carbon monoxide (CO gas), plant design and
control philosophies include safety devices and
operational checks and procedures recommended
for safe plant operation.
The subsequently uneven flow and heat exchange

causes reduced thermal efficiency and high flow
volume through low-pressure resistant areas and low
flow volume through high-pressure resistant areas.
Consequently upper element layers and the
surrounding rotor housing and seals experience
premature accelerated high spot erosion and
vibration damage and other upper layer areas
suffer from accelerated cold spot corrosion which
creeps upwards.
In general, boiler operation can adapt to gradual
heater thermal efficiency changes within some
limits with the consequence of efficiency reduction.
However, accelerated hot-end damage rapidly
exceeds the limits.
62
ROTARY HEAT EXCHANGERS
HOWDEN IS ABLE TO APPLY MORE THAN 80 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN AIR PREHEATER DESIGN
AND MANUFACTURE TO BOILER APPLICATIONS RANGING FROM LARGE 500 TON UNITS TO SMALL
5 TON PACKAGES.
This enables us to customise air preheater solutions
for mines and process plant needing to generate
their own power. The result is a compact,
cost-effective and reliable solution for heat
recovery and, where necessary, flue gas
desulphurisation systems.
The design principle of the Howden rotary air
preheater is to allow hot gas to pass through a matrix
composed of multiple metals plates (elements). The
hot gas, usually at a temperature of 350C, passes
across the surface of the metallic elements, raising
the temperature very rapidly. As the rotor turns
slowly, typically at one revolution per minute, the
heated elements are transferred into the airside.
Here cold air flows between the spaces formed by
the element plates, extracting significant amounts
of heat and raising the air temperature to 300C.
The vast quantity of heat transfer elements required

is of a special form which promotes turbulence in the
gas and air streams to maximise heat transfer without
encouraging pressure drop in the air and gas stream.
We have developed a large range of elements, with
differing thermal and pressure drop characteristics
to match the application. Proprietary Howden
sealing elements are used to separate the air and
gas streams.
When handling large quantities of hot gas and cold
air, this type of heat exchanger is the most efficient
and compact available. The reason is that both
surfaces of the element plates are used for heat
transfer simultaneously, with the same plates, or
heat transfer surfaces, being used in both the gas
and air side of the rotary air preheater, which
improves boiler efficiency by up to 10%.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
63
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
ROTARY AIR HEATERS

ROTARY REGENERATIVE VS RECUPERATIVE
There are two main types of preheaters in boilers and steam generators recuperative and regenerative.
For power plants and similar applications, a rotary
regenerative heater will always be significantly
smaller and lighter than a recuperator. The reason
for this is simple. With a rotary regenerative type,
both sides of the heat-transfer plates are used for
active heat-transfer (either heat in or out), and the
same plates are used in both sides of the heater.
With a recuperator, only one side of the tube
surface is used for the heat input, with the other side
only being used for heat output. This means that a
recuperator requires significantly more surface area
than a rotary heater.
Hot Air
Hot Gas
In addition, a rotary regenerative type, where the

thermal energy is stored within the mass of the
heat-transfer plates, build-up of dust on the surfaces
will have a minimal effect on the heaters thermal
performance. This is due to the fact that the dust
has mass and will also store thermal energy in much
the same way that the metal in the heat-transfer
plate will store energy.
With a tubular recuperator, the heat transfer is by
conduction from the outside of the tube to the
inside. That means that the heat transfer will take
place through any dust layer before it can flow
across the tube wall. In this type of heater the dust
will be an additional resistance to heat transfer.
Hot Air
Hot Gas
Heating Element
physically moved
from air to gas
Heat
Transfer
Heat
Transfer
Heating element
physically moved
from gas to air
Cold Air
Cooled Gas
Regenerative
EXAMPLES OF PACKAGE HEATERS
Cold Air
Cooled Gas
Recuperative
64
DUST SCRUBBERS
ENGART DUST SCRUBBERS NUMBER AMONG THE LEADING DUST COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN THE
COAL MINING INDUSTRY AND IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTS WHERE AIRBORNE DUST IS A RISK TO
HEALTH AND SAFETY.
The range offers an excellent combination of compact,
robust design and economy. Engart can be mounted
on a continuous miner underground, or in a ducted
system on the surface for controlling dust at transfer
points, coal silos or railcar tipping points.
Dust-laden air is drawn into the dust extractor
and mixed with water at the impeller and in the
chamber. The dust/air/water mixture is then drawn
around the motor and then caught in a steel woven
mesh which is continually washed by a multi-nozzle
spray bank. The sludge is pumped away and
dust-free air is exhausted.
Our products are sold and supported by experienced
sales engineers who understand their products and
are qualified to specify, install and service our Engart
systems at site.
Whatever the task, Engart dust scrubbers attain

unsurpassed levels of performance levels. Dust
capture and scrubbing efficiencies of 99% of total
dust are achieved.
Engart dust scrubbers have:
High collection efficiencies
Energy efficiency
Low maintenance costs
Robust construction
Ease of operation
A safe, flame-proof electric motor
out of the air stream
An anti-spark impeller track.
HOWDEN PRODUCTS
65
HOWDEN KNOW HOW
ROTARY AIR HEATER ELEMENTS

SELECTING THE CORRECT ELEMENT
The satisfactory performance of both rotary air heaters
and gas heaters is greatly dependent upon the selection
and use of the most appropriate design profile of heat
transfer element for the chosen application.
Any particular element profile may appear to have an
excellent combination of performance parameters.
However the mechanical and dimensional integrity of
the element pack must be maintained at the required
level during manufacture, installation and subsequent
operation. Otherwise, any element looseness would
result in rapid fatigue damage to the pack, while
uneven element spacing may compromise the
element fouling characteristics.
Thermal and pressure drop performance have similar
levels of importance. On-going element development
activities invariably involve a continuous search for an
element profile that produces either:
The same thermal performance for a lower
pressure drop or
A better thermal performance for the same
pressure drop and/or
The achievement of either of the above objectives
while using less total surface (i.e. at minimum
weight and hence cost).
both by means of conventional soot blowing and

high pressure water washing.
With regards to thermal performance, the factor
of primary importance is inevitably the ability to
achieve the required thermal performance using
the selected element profiles.
While original equipment might readily be designed
to meet a given thermal performance with any
selected combination of elements simply by making
the heater deeper or larger, with retrofits in an
existing heater, it can be even more important to try
to achieve the maximum thermal performance
within the existing volume of the heater. This is why
the maximum thermal performance (for a given
volume) is the next selection criterion. While this is a
parameter or requirement that inevitably must be
considered in any selection of original equipment or
retrofit, in many cases, the retrofit of a combination
of higher performance elements in an older unit can
make this requirement slightly less stringent.
Equally in many installations it is also important that
there is a suitable element metal temperature
distribution through the depth of the rotor to
minimise any dew point condensation phenomena
straddling across two tiers of elements.
Minimum weight represents the least considered
technical requirement, but from a commercial
viewpoint, the element weight has a direct impact
on cost, and must therefore always be considered.
Such detailed differences between element

geometries have been thoroughly researched
and applied by Howden.
It is paramount to minimise the clean plate pressure
drop in order to achieve either the lowest fan power
(for new installations), or the maximum fan margin
(for retrofits on existing installations). The next most
important pressure drop parameter is the fouling
resistance of the element. This may be considered
to be the rate at which fouling and pressure drop
drift might be expected to occur for any given set
of adverse operating conditions. The final most
important factor is the ease of cleaning of the profile
Howden offers unrivalled advice in element

selection, particularly where operating conditions
have changed since the original elements were
supplied, and can recommend alternatives to assist
in optimising plant operation.
It is important to note that copied and wrongly
manufactured element plates may very inefficient
and/or and sensitive to blockage and fouling.
THERMAL
Maximum Thermal
Performance
(For given volume)
Optimised
Element
Profile
Suitable
Element Metal
Temperature
Distribution
Fouling
Resistance
Ease of
Cleaning
Minimum
Weight
(Cost)
PRESSURE DROP
Minimum
Pressure Drop
(Clean Plate)
Required
Thermal
Performance
Factors of decreasing importance
Factors of decreasing importance
Mechanical &
Dimensional
Integrity
66
67
INDIVIDUALLY TAILORED SERVICES

LIFETIME SUPPORT FOR ALL PRODUCTS
IN THIS SECTION
Howden Legacy Brands
68
Howden Mining Products Capabilities
70
Turnkey Installations
72
Lifetime Maintenance
74
68
HOWDEN LEGACY BRANDS

CARTER FANS
VENTILATEURS NEU FANS
TURBOWERKE MEISSEN FANS
MAJAX FANS PHOENIX FANS

DAVIDSON FANS PITSTOCK FANS
VENTILATOREN SIROCCO FANS JOY FANS
DONKIN BLOWERS HOWDEN

BURTON CORBLIN
COMPRESSORS
AEREX COMPR
FANS HOWDEN SIROCCO
AERODYNE FANS GODFREY

BUFFALO FANS
VARIAX FANS
VOITH
FANS
BERRY FANS
WESTINGH
ENGART FANS HOWDEN

JAMES HOWDEN (BELOW) WAS NOT ONLY AN INNOVATOR AND INVENTOR WHO REVOLUTIONISED
THE WAY THE WORLD THOUGHT ABOUT GENERATING POWER, HE WAS ALSO AN INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESSMAN WHO FORGED NEW RELATIONSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS WITH LIKE MINDED ENGINEERS
AND BUSINESSMEN AROUND THE WORLD.
As early as the 1920s his negotiations with A/B
Ljungstrms Angeturbin (ALA) resulted in the
formation of a joint venture company Howden
Ljungstrm Preheaters (Land) Limited based
in Glasgow and Wellsville.
This international vision has been part of Howdens

strength over the last 160 years and throughout this
time we have created, partnered, developed and
acquired many well-known technologies, companies
and/or brands in air & gas handling.
This company developed and manufactured the

rotary air preheater which remains a prevalent
technology in air and gas handling, and a key
product in the Howden portfolio. James Howden
& Co Ltd also licensed the screw compressor from
SRM in Sweden and became the first company
to commercialise the technology.
Customers who own legacy branded products can

rely on Howden to provide comprehensive and
professional sales and service support throughout
the life of the equipment.

69
SIROCCO FANS
SHELDON FANS WOLF FANS
AMERICAN BLOWER DONKIN FANS
MEISSEN FANS
STURTEVANT FANS
POWERMAX FANS
FANTECNIC FANS
BUFFALO
FORGE
PROCESS NEU FANS JAMES HOWDEN FANS

ESSORS CANADIAN AIRTECH
FANS & HEATERS
BLOWER
FANS
BLOWERS JOY GREEN FANS

TAILARES SANCHEZ LUENGO (TSL) ELEMENTS
OUSE FANS
FANS
GREEN
FANS
WHEELER FANS
Howden is a registered trademark of Howden Group Ltd. All rights reserved.

Variax is a registered trademark of Howden Denmark. All rights reserved.
Sturtevant, Green Fans, Buffalo Fans, Davidson, Sirocco, Buffalo Forge, Aerex,
and American Blower are registered trademarks of Howden North America Inc.
All rights reserved.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
70
HOWDEN MINING PRODUCTS CAPABILITIES
HOWDEN HAS A WORLDWIDE FOOTPRINT THAT ENABLES THE COMPANY TO SUPPORT MINING
CUSTOMERS WHEREVER THEY ARE LOCATED ON THE GLOBE.
All aspects of the value chain are catered for in
a well-balanced mix starting at the engineering
concept and stretching to the supply and support
of the finished product.
Our core research and consultancy arm is based
at our headquarters in Renfrew in the United
Kingdom. These facilities are staffed by specialists
in disciplines such as creep analysis, advanced
acoustics and Computational Flow Dynamics
(CFD). Efficient, modern communication brings this
sophisticated technical consultancy service to other
Howden companies, and to Howden customers,
ensuring they always have access to optimised,
efficient, durable equipment and solutions for
the mining and mine-related industries.
We have companies in 17 countries on six

continents; providing superior engineering and
manufacturing, backed by a comprehensive
network of operational, sales and service
personnel, all in close proximity to virtually all
the worlds major metals and minerals deposits.
Through these companies our customers are able
to access our market-leading technologies, and
comprehensive local knowledge and insight
from our experienced engineers and site service
personnel. Wherever a new mine or plant is
located, Howden invariably delivers the best
possible solution to site, no matter how remote
the location. Rapid local support is also available
for sophisticated solutions on which 24/7
production schedules are dependent.
This worldwide network ensures that multi-national

resources companies can be confident that Howden
will remain their single, consistent and reliable global
supplier of mine and mine-related engineered
solutions; anywhere in the world their operations
are located.
Howdens global reach and applications experience
over a wide range of products enable us to provide
packaged solutions for any mission critical customer
specification.

71
Howden has engineers with extensive expertise

of local customer requirements in each of the key
global mining markets:
Australia and South East Asia
China
HOWDENS MINING FOCUSED BUSINESS LOCATIONS
Howden UK (Group headquaters)

Renfrew, Glasgow
Europe/Russia (FSU)
India, Central Asia and Middle East
Howden North America Inc.
Howden LLC
Moscow
Howden Ventilatoren
Heidenheim
New Philadelphia
North America
Howden Hua
Beijing
Howden Air & Gas India Pvt. Ltd
Haryana
South America
Africa.
Howden South America

Sao Paulo
Howden Africa Holdings

Johannesburg
Howden Australia
Sydney
72
TURNKEY INSTALLATIONS
HOWDENS PROJECTS INVOLVEMENT STRETCHES BEYOND THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF

WORLD-CLASS PLANT AND EQUIPMENT. WE OFFER A TURNKEY SERVICE THAT TAKES A PROJECT FROM
CONCEPTUALISATION, THROUGH DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE, TO INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING.
The comprehensive Howden package includes
customised engineering, manufacture, project
management, supply, service solution engineering
and site management service, to the satisfaction
of the customer and local regulatory authorities.
ENGINEERING
Sophisticated computer programs are used to
examine multiple solutions for each application.
Where required, feasibility studies, including
commercial evaluations, are completed. Howdens
experienced professional mechanical and structural
engineers use modern design techniques and
systems such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA),
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) that ensure that all our products
perform to the highest specifications. The end result

is custom-engineered products for each application,
tested at specialised facilities using either full-size
systems or scale models. We also have equipment
for stress, acoustic and vibration measurement, and
on-site performance testing can be conducted to
internationally recognised standards.
MANUFACTURING
Howden equipment is manufactured to world class
standards in its own factories, or at third party
supplier facilities. Our factories are staffed by
experienced teams with access to a decades-long
institutional knowledge base that provides us with
the capability to produce products with a proven
track record. Procedures developed specifically to
suit the Howden product range are used to optimise

efficiency and performance.
Established suppliers with proven quality records
are registered on the Howden approved vendor list
and their performance is regularly reviewed. Our
sub-contractors are selected on the basis of their
ability to deliver a quality product or service on time.
PROJECT CAPABILITY
The Howden project capability includes the supply
of complete end-to-end solutions. This includes civil
works and associated buildings, ductwork, main drive
motors, electrical switchboards and control panels,
instrumentation and condition monitoring. Major
rehabilitation works are engineered and managed.

73
OUR TURNKEY SERVICE INCLUDES:

Site surveys, inspection and plant evaluation
Planning and scheduling using the latest computer techniques
Engineering, design, and drafting
Procurement
Negotiation and control of sub-contracts
Manufacture, testing and supply of equipment
Where appropriate, re-work of existing equipment
Site management and supervision of erection and commissioning
Plant noise level evaluations and solutions
Performance testing and upgrading
Failure investigation
Fan system variable speed conversion evaluation and design
Improvement in fan and blower reliability.
74
LIFETIME MAINTENANCE
OUR COMMITMENT TO SUSTAINABLE CUSTOMER SERVICE
EXCELLENCE HAS BECOME PART OF OUR CORPORATE CULTURE.
THIS EXTENDS TO SUPPORT FOR OUR EQUIPMENT THROUGHOUT
ITS LIFETIME AT SITE AND REPRESENTS MORE THAN ONCE-OFF
MAINTENANCE; EXTENDING TO INCORPORATE TOTAL PLANT
MAINTENANCE OWNERSHIP AND, WHERE NECESSARY, ON-LINE
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE WHERE DEDICATED TEAMS ARE
PERMANENTLY PLACED ON SITE.
LIFETIME MAINTENANCE
Planned routine and preventative maintenance
Monthly check and cleaning/adjusting
Minor overhauls
Major overhauls (every five years)
UNPLANNED MAINTENANCE
Emergency breakdown with a 24 hour
response availability
Overhaul at longer off-load periods on
an 24 hour/round the clock basis
Dynamic balance and laser alignment
Off-site maintenance
Overhaul equipment
SITE SERVICES
All Howden equipment and systems have operating
lives of between 20 and 40 years, and beyond.
Equipment in service for extended periods of time
gets worn out, requiring refurbishment. In addition,
over time systems and requirements change,
meaning that existing equipment often needs
to be made more efficient and productive.
We recognise this need, and constantly endeavour
to upgrade our installed base of equipment to keep
pace with evolving customer requirements and
specifications. We offer our customers the option of:
Re-builds to original specification and upgrade
of any air and gas movement equipment to the
equivalent of the latest technology
Upgrade for different output and changed
gas medium
Performance upgrades
SPARES SUPPLY
Supply of all planned (routine or preventative)
fan spares
Supply of emergency spares
Stock management of spares off or/and on site
Turnkey supply of design, material, site

management, site installation
Site surveys, inspection and plant evaluation
Performance and function tests and the relevant
problem solution/implementation.

75
www.howden.com
ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE WORLDWIDE

Focusing on its global expertise in mining and primary processing plant,
Howden delivers first class technology, project management and customer
support. Wherever our customers are located, a Howden office is close at
hand. With engineering, manufacturing and sales offices throughout the
world, we understand and satisfy local market needs.
MINING FOCUSED BUSINESSES

Howden Australia
Unit 23, 38-46 South Street
Rydalmere
NSW 2116
Australia
Tel: + 61 2 8844 9100
Fax: + 61 2 8844 9101
E-mail: sales@howden.com.au
Howden Ventilatoren
Stubentalstrae 44
D-89518 Heidenheim
Germany
Tel: +49 7321 3520
Fax: +49 7321 35230
Email: sales@howden-ventilatoren.de
Howden LLC
127030 Russia,
Moscow,
Novoslobodskaya Str., 21
Tel: +7 495 933 70 79
Fax: + 7 495 933 70 79
Email: info@howden.ru
Howden North America Inc.

New Philadelphia Division
338 South Broadway St.
New Philadelphia, OH 44663
Tel: +1 330-308-7000
Toll Free: +1 800-431-4880
Fax: +1 330-339-8210
Email: sales@howdenbuffalo.com
Howden Africa
1a Booysens Road
Booysens 2091
PO Box 9501
Johannesburg 2000
South Africa
Tel: +27 11 240 4000
Fax: +27 11 493 0545
Email: enquiries@howden.co.za
Howden Hua
Suite 12B01 Jinyu Mansion
No. 129 Xuanwumen Xidajie
Xicheng District
Beijing 100031, China
Tel: +86 10 66419988
Fax: +86 10 66410071
Email: sales@howden.com.cn
Howden Air & Gas India Pvt. Ltd

201 Centrum Plaza Building,
Golf Course Road,
Sector 53,
Gurgaon, Haryana
122002
India
Tel: + 91 124 424 1901
Fax: + 91 124 4241902
Email: info.india@howden.com
Howden South America

Av. Osvaldo Berto, 475
CEP 13255-405
Distrito Industrial Alfredo Rela
Itatiba - SP - Brasil
Tel: +55 11 4487-6250
E-mail: howden@howden.com.br
Howden Group Limited. All rights reserved. 2013

Howden and the flying H logo are registered trade marks belonging to Howden Group Limited.

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www.howden.

HOWDEN, A GLOBAL SUPPLIER

envy of our competitors. We use sophisticated

The equipment is installed and commissioned

Heavy Duty Centrifugal Fans

Howden Legacy Brands

Medium Duty Centrifugal Fans

Howden Mining Products Capabilities

Adjustable Pitch Axial Flow Fans

Auto Variable Pitch Axial Flow Fans

Heavy Duty Mixed Flow Fans

Auxiliary and Portable Fans

HOWDEN KNOW HOW

Content for Knowledge and Information Section

Electrical, Instrumentation and Control Systems 44

Base Metals Refining

Platinum Extraction and Concentration

Gold Concentrating and Refining

Fan Power & Speed

Potash and Fertiliser

Hard Ice Plants & Thermal Ice Storage

Dust Collection and Flue Gas Cleaning

Fan Noise Levels

Portable Cooling Plant

Furnaces and Industrial Combustion

Furnace Off-gas Recovery Plant

Rotary Heat Exchangers

Fan Increasing Output

Rotary Air Heater Bids

Rotary Air Heaters

Rotary Air Heater Elements

Base Metals Refining

Platinum Extraction and Concentration

Gold Concentrating and Refining

Potash and Fertiliser

HARD ROCK MINING

HARD ROCK MINING PRESENTS ONE OF THE HOTTEST AND MOST

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

Methane gas abatement

HOWDEN HAS A RANGE OF SOLUTIONS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGNED

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

Portable Cooling Plant

SPECIALISED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ARE DESIGNED FOR

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

HOWDEN ENGINEERS SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

Turnkey flue gas cleaning

Grate drying and grate pre-heat gas fans

Gas to mill drying fans

Furnace off-gas recovery plant

Turnkey wet dust scrubbing and dry

FOR MINERALS SANDS PROCESS PLANTS HOWDEN ENGINEERS

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

SEVERAL DIFFERENT PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS ARE SUPPLIED

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

HOWDEN IS EXPERIENCED IN DESIGNING SYSTEMS USED BY THE WORLDS

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

Packaged air heater solutions

URANIUM PROCESSING IS SUPPORTED THROUGH THE SUPPLY OF

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

BASE METALS REFINING

A SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT IS SUPPLIED FOR USE ON BASE METALS

OUR EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES INCLUDE

HOWDEN HAS AN ESTABLISHED REPUTATION FOR