KPR CompositeMechanics August2013

Mechanics of Laminated
Composites
Dr. V. Sivakumar
Associate Professor
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
Coimbatore. 641112
Composite Material
Two inherently different materials that when
combined together produce a material with
properties that exceed the constituent materials.
Some of the properties that can be improved by

forming a composite material
Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University
Classification of Composite Materials
Fibers
(Specific strength and modulus)
Whiskers
Matrix
Fibers and whiskers are a little use unless they are bonded
together to take the form of a structural element that can carry
loads.
The bonding material is called Matrix.

Purpose of matrix: manifold, support to fibers, protection to
fibers, stress transfer between broken fibers and whiskers.
Matrix considerably lower density, stiffness, and strength than
fibers.
Matrix materials: polymers, metals, ceramics or carbon.
Basic terminology of Laminated Fiber Reinforced

Composites
Laminae
Effect of Fiber Breakage
10
Laminate
A laminate is a bonded stock of laminae with various
orientations of principal material directions in the
laminae.
The layers of a laminate are usually bonded together by
the same matrix material that is used in the individual
laminae.
A laminated circular cylindrical shell can be constructed
by winding resin0coated fibers on a removal core
structure (Mandrel) first with one orientation to the shell
axis then another and so on until the desired thickness is
achieved.
11
Laminated Composites
Laminated Composites:
Laminated composites can be thought of as sheets of
continuous fiber composites laminated such that each layer has the
fiber oriented in a given direction.
12
(a) Model of a fiber-reinforced composite material showing direction in

which elastic modulus is being estimated by the rule of mixtures
(b) Stress-strain relationships for the composite material and its
constituents. The fiber is stiff but brittle, while the matrix (commonly
a polymer) is soft but ductile.
13
Classifications
Composites
Particle-reinforced
Largeparticle
Dispersionstrengthened
Fiber-reinforced
Continuous
(aligned)
Discontinuous
(short)
Aligned
Sandwich panels
Structural
Randomly
oriented
-- low density, honeycomb core

-- benefit: light weight, large bending stiffness
face sheet
adhesive layer
honeycomb
Laminates
Sandwich
panels
Classification
Reinforcement geometry
15
Types of Fibers
Fiber Glass
Graphite Fiber
Kevlar Fiber
Kevlar/Carbon Hybrid
16
Characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites
Typical material properties [Hashin et al 1997]
g/cm3
E1
GPa
E2
G12
GPa GPa
T1
MPa
T2
MPa
E1/
T1 /
E-Glass*
1.94
45
12
4 1000
34
23
515
Kevlar 49*
1.30
76
2 1380
28
58
1062
Carbon
T-300*
1.47 132
10
7 1240
45
90
844
Aluminum
2.80
71
28
544 530
25
194
Steel
7.84 207 207
83
655 655
26
84
Titanium
4.50 110
24
222
71
- 1000
* UD composites, Fiber volume fraction = 0.6

17
Application of Composites
Advantages of Composite Materials

High resistance to fatigue and corrosion degradation.
High strength or stiffness to weight ratio. As enumerated above,
weight savings are significant ranging from 25-45% of the weight of
conventional metallic designs.
Directional tailoring capabilities to meet the design requirements.
The fiber pattern can be laid in a manner that will tailor the
structure to efficiently sustain the applied loads.
It is easier to achieve smooth aerodynamic profiles for drag
reduction. Complex double-curvature parts with a smooth surface
finish can be made in one manufacturing operation.
19
Advantages of Composite Materials .

Composites offer improved torsional stiffness. This implies high
whirling speeds, reduced number of intermediate bearings and
supporting structural elements. The overall part count and
manufacturing & assembly costs are thus reduced.
Manufacture and assembly are simplified because of part
integration (joint/fastener reduction) thereby reducing cost.
Material is reduced because composite parts and structures are
frequently built to shape rather than machined to the required
configuration, as is common with metals.
20
Disadvantages
High cost of raw materials and fabrication.
Composites are more brittle than wrought metals and thus are
more easily damaged.
Transverse properties may be weak.
Matrix is weak, therefore, low toughness.
Reuse and disposal may be difficult.
Difficult to attach.
21
Hybrid Composites
The incorporation of two or more fibers within a single
matrix is known as hybridization, and a resulting material
is generally referred to as hybrid composite.
Boron and graphite widely used in many aerospace application. It
got exceptional modulus and weight ratio but poor impact strength
compared to steel, aluminum alloys and glass fiber based
composites.
Adding small percentage of low-modulus high strength fiber
(usually glass fibers) , which results in higher impact performance.
22
Two types of hybridization:

1. Different types of fibers are mixed throughout the
resin and casting
2. Only one type of fiber is placed in a single layer, and
then the different fiber plies are dispersed through
the lamination.
Analysis of hybrid composites as like the other
conventional composites.
Analysis of type 1 hybrid based on Fracture mechanics
techniques by calculating the elastic strain energies
at max. impact load and compared with measured
fracture initiation energies.
23
Micro Mechanics:
Micro mechanics is the study of composite material behavior
wherin the interaction of the constituent materials is examined on
a microscopic scale.
Macro Mechanics:
Macro mechanics is the study of the composite material
behavior wherein the material is persumed homogeneous and
the effects of the constituent materials are detected only as
averaged apparent properties of the composite.
24
Isotropic:
Orthotropic:
Anisotropic:
25
Mechanical behavior of various materials
26
Stress Strain relationship
27
Stress on an element
28
Anisotropic stress-strain relation
Reduction from 36 to 21
independent constants
29
Orthotropic Material :
9 constants are required

30
Transversely Isotropic:
(5 constants)
A ply has the strongest properties in the longitudinal axis. The behavior
of the material in the other two directions is approximately the same
the ply can be considered to be transversely isotropic.
31
Isotropic Material: (3 constants)
32
Engineering Constants :
Isotropic material :
Lames Constants
33
Engineering constants for Orthotropic Material:
34
35
Restriction on Engineering Constants
36
37
Determination of E1
Assumptions:
Uniform properties, Uniform diameter, continuous fiber, parallel,
perfect bonding
Strain in fiber = strain in matrix = strain in composite
38
Resultant force on the representative volume composite element is

Put the values of stresses in the above eqn. and divide by A on
both sides
39
40
Determination of E2
41
Determination of
42
43
Strain in 3 direction is present but the stress is zero

44
The Stress- Stain relation
Where,
45
2D Isotropic Material Under Plane Stress
46
Stress- Strain Relation for A Lamina of Arbitrary

Orientation
47
48
Where,
49
Invariant Properties of an Orthotropic Lamina

Transformation of previous eqn. is very complicated.
Matching up the highest E of E1 and E2 with laminate direction
requiring highest stiffness is easy.
If the design situations includes requirements for various
stiffness's in several directions, we need a rationale procedure.
Obviously, we must understand how an individual lamina
changes stiffness as it is reoriented at different angles to the
reference directions.
Tsai and Pagana recasting of the stiffness transformation eqn.
The advantages of this eqn. is invariant under rotations about zaxis.
50
Where,
51
Find the stresses in the L and T directions and strains in the X and Y
directions. Lamina has the following elastic constants
52
53
Failure Criteria of Orthotropic Lamina

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maximum Stress Theory

Maximum Strain Theory
Tsai-Hill Theory
Tsai-Wu Tensor Theory
Hoffman Failure Criterion
54
Maximum Stress Failure Criterion:
Stresses in the principal material direction are
55
Maximum Strain Failure Criterion
56
The maximum strain criterion for uni-axial off axis loading can be
written as
57
Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion
58
Hoffman Failure Criterion
59
60
Tsai-Wu Tensor Failure Criterion
61
Strain and Stress variation in Laminate
62
Deformation of the laminate
63
64
Writing in Matrix form
Where middle surface strains and surface curvatures are
65
Putting the strain in to stress eqn.
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Determination of stresses and strains
75
Given three ply laminate subjected to the forces Nx = 1000 N/mm,

Ny = 200 N/mm, and Nxy =0 as shown in the figure. Calculate the
stresses and strains in the individual plies.
76
77
Lamina stresses in X-Y co-ordinate
78
Lamina stresses and strains in reference axes
79
80
For 45 degree lamina
81
Lamina stresses and strains along L and T axes
82
Thermal stresses in laminates

A
change in temperature of a body causes a change in its

dimensions proportional to the change in temperature and its
initial dimensions
Thermal strains develop due to temperature change
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Calculate the residual stresses in the two-ply laminate with the ply
orientation of 0 and 45 degree with the laminate axes. The bottom
lamina is 0 degree thick 5mm and 45 deg top lamina 3 mm thick.
The laminate is fabricated at 125 degree C and cooled to room temp
25 deg C.
90
Thermal forces and moments calculated by using following eqns.
91
92
93
94
Fully inverted matrix
95
The mechanical strains that causes residual strains are
96
97
98
99
100
101
Residual stresses in Reference and local axes

102
References:
1. Mechanics of Composite Materials by Robert M. Jones, Taylor
and Francis publisher.
2. Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites by Bhagwan
D. Agarwal and Lawrence J. Broutman, John Wiley & Sons
publisher, New York.
103
Thank you
104

KPR CompositeMechanics August2013

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Mechanics of Laminated

Some of the properties that can be improved by

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Classification of Composite Materials

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

(Specific strength and modulus)

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

The bonding material is called Matrix.

Basic terminology of Laminated Fiber Reinforced

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Effect of Fiber Breakage

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

(a) Model of a fiber-reinforced composite material showing direction in

-- low density, honeycomb core

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites

Typical material properties [Hashin et al 1997]

7.84 207 207

* UD composites, Fiber volume fraction = 0.6

Advantages of Composite Materials

Advantages of Composite Materials .

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Two types of hybridization:

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Mechanical behavior of various materials

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Stress Strain relationship

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Anisotropic stress-strain relation

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

9 constants are required

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Isotropic Material: (3 constants)

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Engineering constants for Orthotropic Material:

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Restriction on Engineering Constants

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Resultant force on the representative volume composite element is

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Strain in 3 direction is present but the stress is zero

The Stress- Stain relation

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

2D Isotropic Material Under Plane Stress

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Stress- Strain Relation for A Lamina of Arbitrary

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Dr. V. Sivakumar, Amrita University

Invariant Properties of an Orthotropic Lamina