Advanced programming

Janne Mntykoski
Janne.Mantykoski@metropolia.fi
Room B501
18.07.2012

Janne Mntykoski

Course focus
C++ programming
Advanced C programming
Focus is on programming a microcontroller
(mbed, LPC1768)

18.07.2012

Janne Mntykoski

Main contents
C++
- Class - objects
- Derived class base class inheritance
- Polymorfism easier function naming
C and C++
- Strings
- Pointers
- Structure
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WWW-sites and books

Wikipedia: C++ ja Olio-ohjelmointi
Mureakuha: cpp.mureakuha.com
Rintala ja Jokinen: Olioiden ohjelmointi C++:lla,
Talentum Vaatii C-kielen osaamisen pohjalle
Pivi Hietanen: C++ ja olio-ohjelmointi - Kattava
C++ teos
Overland: C++ Without Fear 2/E
Osa kalvojen esimerkeist suoraan Wikipediasta
tai Mureakuhasta Janne Mntykoski
06.01.2008
4

Free programming environments

Code:blocks supports both C and C++ languages
www.codeblocks.org
Dev-C++ supports both C and C++ languages
www.bloodshed.net

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Embedded programming
environment
Online C++ compiler for mbed module,
ARM Cortex-M3 LPC1768 microcontroller,
Cortex-M0 module also available
A lot of libraries for devices for mbed
www.mbed.org

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Why C++?
C++ - language is very popular
It supports modern coding technics like
object oriented programming
SystemC hardware description language
is based on C++
The powerful mbed module supports C++,
ARM Cortex-M3
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Introduction to C++
Development sterted in 1979
Main designer Bjarne Stroustrup
Expands the C language with modern
coding technics like object oriented
programming
Object oriented programming is very
useful in big coding projects
First ANSI standard in 1998, ANSI
C++, ISO
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C++ programming
C++ source files, extension .cpp

C++ header files, extension .h or .hpp

Precompiler, #-directives

Compiler, creates .obj files

Linker, combines .obj files and

adds startup code

Executable program, extension .exe or .bin

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C and C++ comparison

C style
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
printf ("Hello World!\n");
}
C++
#include <iostream>

New include files

int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

std:: needed to find cout

int main() {
cout << "Hello, world!\n";
return 0;
}

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Objects cout and cin
void main(void)
To find cout and cin
{
char c;
Like printf in C
cout << Give characters, stop at X\n";
do {
Cout=standard output (stdout in C)
cout << ": ";
Cin=standard input (stdin in C)
cin >> c;
printf(\n , c); in C
cout << "\n " << c;
} while ( c != 'x' );
}
printf and scanf functions still exist in C++
<< Printing operator
>> Input operator

I/O operators

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Simple object example, circle

Object interface
New Ray value

Functions

ray

Surface Area
GiveSurfac
eArea
GiveKeh

The Ray value

variable

Keh

Variables and functions have been

combined into an object (encapsulation)
Class is the type of the object
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const double pi = 3.141;
Constant PI
class Ball
Begin class declaration
Public inteface
{
private :
New Ray value
Not inheritable,
// Place for variables and functions
Invisible to the outside
The Ray value
public:
External interface
float ray_v;
float GiveSurfaceArea()
{ return pi*ray*ray; };
Definition of
ray_v
float GiveCF()
Class functions
{ return 2.0*pi*ray; };
};
End class declaration
GiveSurface
int main()
Area
{
Object ball1 created
Ball ball1;
Object variable
GiveKeh

Class Circle.hpp file

Object function call

ball1.ray_v = 3;
cout << The ray of ball1 is " << ball1.ray_v;
cout << " Surface area is " << ball1.GiveSurfaceArea();
cout << " Circumference is << ball1.GiveCF() << endl;

Keh

Surface
Area

Public variable

return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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Object example, ball

Object interface

New Ray value

Functions

Unnecessary
but
recommended

SetRay
ray

GiveSurfac
eArea
GiveVolume

GiveRay
The Ray value

Surface Area

variable

Volume

Variables and functions have been

combined into an object (encapsulation)
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Benefits from object oriented programming

C code

C++ code

The code has been divided into clear subprograms with objects:
- Easier to design
- Easier to understand
- Easier to reuse
- Easier to modify
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Ways to manage the code

Use state machines to organise the code
Use objects to combine variables and
functions into understandable subprograms
When to use objects?: Definitely when the
code size starts to increase
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Object oriented programming

Three new things:
- encapsulation -> objects and classes (type of object)
- inheritance -> class reuse
- polymorfism -> function name overloading
By encapsulation we are hiding part of the complexity of
the code -> object interface is simpler than the object
Inheritance means less coding and more code reuse
Polymorphism simplifies naming functions and their use

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Class Ball.hpp file

Public inteface
const double pi = 3.141;
Constant PI
class Ball
Begin class declaration
New Ray value
{
protected :
Inheritable,
The Ray value
float ray_v;
Invisible to the outside
// Place for Protected functions
SetRay
public:
External interface
// Place for Public variables, not recommended
Ball();
GiveRay
Class creators
Ball(float ray);
ray_v
Class destructor
~Ball() {};
GiveSurface
void SetRay(float raysade);
Area
float GiveRay();
Declaration of
float GiveSurfaceArea();
Class functions
GiveVolume
float GiveVolume();
};
End class declaration

Class is the type of the

object
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Volume

Surface
Area

Protected variable
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#include <iostream>
#include Ball.hpp"
Ball::Ball();
Ball::SetRay(1.0);
};
Ball::Ball(float ray)
{
Ball::SetRay(ray);
}
void Ball::SetRay(float ray)
{
ray_m = ray;
}
float Ball::GiveRay()
{
return ray_v;
}
float Ball::GiveSurfaceArea()
{
return 4*pi*ray*ray;
}
float Ball::GiveVolume()
{
return 4.0/3.0*pi*ray*ray*ray;
}

Class Ball.cpp file

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#include <iostream>
#include Ball.hpp"

Class constructor with parameter

Notice
New Ray value

Definitions
of
Class
functions

ray_v

SetRay

The Ray value

ray_v

GiveRay

ray_v

GiveSurface
Area

Surface
Area

ray_v

GiveVolume

Volume

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Test program for class Ball

using namespace std;

int main()
{
Ball ball1(2);
Ball ball2;

Class constructor, no parameters,

default ray=1.0

To find cout

Object ball1 created, calls class constructor with parameter

Object ball2 created, calls class constructor without parameter
Object function call

cout << The ray of ball1 is " << ball1.GiveRay();

cout << " Surface area is " << ball1.GiveSurfaceArea();
cout << " Volume is << ball1.GiveVolume() << endl;
cout << The ray of ball2 is " << ball2.GiveRay();
cout << " Surface area is " << ball2.GiveSurfaceArea();
cout << " Volume is << ball2.GiveVolume() << endl;

Test class functions

ball2.SetRay(5.4);
cout << The ray of ball2 is " << ball2.GiveRay();
cout << " Surface area is " << ball2.GiveSurfaceArea();
cout << " Volume is << ball2.GiveVolume() << endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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Class constructors and destructor

Constructor

Object creation

Initialization

Ball();

Ball ball2;

Default value(s)

Ball(float ray);

Ball ball1(2);

Parameter value(s)

Constructor is called when object is created

Destructor

Action

~Ball() {};

Free any reserved dynamic

memory

Destructor is called when object is deleted or

in the end of the program
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Complex objects
Class constants: the same for class
objects
Class wide variable: the same for class
objects
Object copying possible
Object pointers

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Program pause
C style (DOS command)

C++

system(PAUSE);

cin.get();

#include <stdio.h>

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Int main(void) {
printf ("Hello!\n");
system(PAUSE);
return 0;
}

int main() {
cout << "Hello!\n";
cin.get();
return 0;
}

Program will wait for ENTER to be

pressed
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Strings
C functions

C++

Include
library

string.h

string

Define
string

char stringC[30];
// capacity is 30 characters

string stringCpp;
// class

Compare

int strcmp(const char *stringC1,

const char *stringC2);

stringCpp2 < stringCpp1

stringCpp2 == stringCpp1

Copy

char *strcpy(char *copy,

const char *original);

stringCpp2= stringCpp1

Length

int strlen(char *stringC);

stringCpp.size

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Strings
C

C++

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main () {
string str1 = Hi!, str2;

int main(void) {
char str1[30] = Hi!, str2[30];
strcpy(str2, str1);
if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0)
printf(They are equal\n);

str2 = str1;
if (str1 == str2)
cout << They are equal\n;

printf(Length: %d, strlen(str2););

cout << Length: " << str2.size();

return 0;

return 0;
}

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Class String
#include <iostream>
Class string
#include <string>
To find objects cout, cin and class string
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
string str1, str2;
cout << "\nEnter a string";
cin >> str1;
Copies a string, not possible in C
str2 = str1;
cout << "\nCopy of string 1 is : " << str2;
cout << "\nEnter a string";
cin >> str2;
Required strcmp function in C
if (str1 < str2)
cout << str1 << "is less than" << str2 ;
else
cout << str2 << "is > or equal to" << str1 ;
cout << "\nThe capasity of the str2 is " << str2.capacity();
Amount of character
cout << "\nThe size (length) of the str2 is " << str2.size();
return 0;
}
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Inheritance example, ColoredBall

New Ray value

Inherited,
Base class
Ball
The Ray value

Functions

Surface Area
GiveSurface
Area

SetRay
GiveRay

ray

SetColor

color

GiveVolume

Volume

GiveColor

New Color value

The Color value
variables

Object interface

Inheritance is an easy way to reuse code

ColoredBall is called derived class
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Derived class ColoredBall.hpp file

#include Ball.hpp"

class Ball

New Ray value

class ColoredBall : public Ball

Inherit class Ball
{
private :
Not inheritable,
int color_v;
Invisible to the outside
// Private functions
public:
External interface
ColoredBall();
Class creators
ColoredBall(float ray, int color);
~ ColoredBall() {};
Class destructor
void SetColor(int color);
Declaration of
int GiveColor(void);
Class functions
};

The Ray value

SetRay

Surface
Area

GiveRay
ray_v
GiveSurface
Area

Volume

GiveVolume
color_v

GiveColor

Base class Ball

SetColor

Private variable
New Color value
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The Color value

Public inteface
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Derived class ColoredBall.cpp file

#include <iostream>
#include ColoredBall.hpp"

Class ColoredBall

ColoredBall () {
ColoredBall::SetColor(1);
};

Class constructor, no parameters,

default Color=1.0
Notice

ColoredBall::ColoredBall (float ray, int color)

{
Ball::SetRay(ray);
ColoredBall::SetColor(color);
}
void ColoredBall::SetColor(int color)
{
color_v = color;
}

Class constructor with parameters

New Color value

SetColor

color_v

Definitions of Class functions

int ColoredBall::GiveColor(void)
{
return color_v;
}
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color_v

The Color value

GiveColor

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Test program for derived class ColoredBall

#include <iostream>
#include ColoredBall.hpp"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ColoredBall ball1(3.0,2);
ColoredBall ball2;

Class ColoredBall
To find cout
Object ball1 created with parameters
Object ball2 created

cout
cout
cout
cout

<< The ray of ball1 is " << ball1.GiveRay();

<< " Surface area is " << ball1.GiveSurfaceArea();
<< " Volume is << ball1.GiveVolume();
<< " Color is " << ball1.GiveColor() << endl;

cout
cout
cout
cout

<< The ray of ball2 is " << ball2.GiveRay();

<< " Surface area is " << ball2.GiveSurfaceArea();
<< " Volume is << ball2.GiveVolume();
<< " Color is " << ball2.GiveColor() << endl;

Test class functions

ball2.SetColor(5);
cout << " The color of ball2 is " << ball2.GiveColor() << endl;

Object function call

return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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Function overloading is polymorfism

C

C++

int abs(int);

int abs(int);

long labs(long);

long abs(long);

double fabs(double);

double abs(double);

There has to difference in parameter types

Return type difference is not enough
Polymorfism (=many forms) -> same
function name, many different functions
Operator overloading is also possible
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Polymorfism example, function abs

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Int abs( int n);
double abs( double n );

Polymorfic function declarations

int main( )
{
cout << Absolute of -10 is " << abs( -10 ) << "\n";
cout << Absolute of -10.01 is " << abs( -10.01 ) << "\n";
return 0;
}
int abs( int n )
{
return n < 0 ? -n : n ;
}

Test functions

If (n<0) then -n else n

Define functions

double abs( double n )

{
return n < 0 ? -n : n ;
}
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C and C++ comparison

C style
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i, j=1;
printf(Give integer: );
scanf(%d, &i);
printf(i is %d, j is %d\n, i. j);
}

Variables here in C style

C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i;
cout << Give integer: ";
cin >> i;
int j = 1;
cout << i is << i << , j is << j << endl;
}
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Void not needed in C++ style

Variables are anywhere in C++ style

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Reference vs. pointers

C style
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int intN = 5;
int* intNpointer = &intN;

intNpointer has the memory address

printf(%d = %d\n, intN. *intNpointer);

}

*intNpointer gives the value of it

C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int intN = 5;
int &intNRef = intN;

Copy the memory address

cout << intN << = << intNRef << endl;

Both have the same memory address

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17

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funktio(int &intM, float &intM);
int main()
{
int intN = 5;
float floatN = 6.12;

Reference-operator

cout << Integer is " << intN << float is << floatN << endl;

&intM=&intN, &floatM=&floatN
funktio(intN, floatM);
cout << Integer is " << intN << float is << floatN << endl;
return 0;
}

Memory address parameters

void funktio(int &intM, float &floatM)

{
intM = 6;
floatM = 5.12;
}
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intN=intM=6
floatN=floatM=5.12
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Defaults for function parameters

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void function(int intM, float floatN = 1.12);

Parameter floatN has default value

int main()
{
int intN = 5;
float floatN = 6.12;
function(intN, floatN);
function(intN);

The same as function(intN, 1.12);

}
void function(int intM, float floatN)
{
cout << intN=" << intM << , floatN=" << floatN << endl;
}
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Advanced C programming

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String pointers
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
Array name=stringC=address of the member 0 of array
char stringC[11] = String";
char *string_pointer;
Pointer to a memory location which contains character(s)

Add 6*(size of character= 1 byte)

string_pointer = stringC + 6;
printf(stringC = %s, stringC + 6 = %s\n", stringC, string_pointer);
printf(Member?(alkio) 6 of stringC = %c\n", *string_pointer);
stringC[3] = '\0
printf(stringC = %s\n", stringC);
stringC = stringC + 1;

'\0'-characters is the end of string

Therefore here is Str printed
INCORRECT! stringC is constant

system(PAUSE);
}
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19

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 5;
int *ptr;
float array[2] = {3.14, 0.07};
float *ptr2;

Pointers
Pointer to a memory location which contains an integer
Pointer to a memory location which contains a float

ptr = &i;
printf(Value of i: %d, Value in address ptr: %d.\n", i, *ptr);
printf(Address of i: %p, value of pointer ptr %p.\n", &i, ptr);

& is address operator

i=*ptr, * is contents operator
&i=ptr

i=*ptr, * is contents operator

ptr2= array;
printf(Address of member 0 of array: %p, ptr2: %p.\n", array, ptr2);
The same address
printf(Value of member 0 of array: %f. ptr2[0]: %f.\n", *array, ptr2[0]);
*array=array[0]
ptr2 = ptr2 + 1;
Add size of float= 4 bytes
printf(Address of member 1 of array: %p, ptr2: %p.\n", array+1, ptr2);
printf(Value of member 1 of array: %f. ptr2[0]: %f.\n", array[1], ptr2[0]); array[1]=ptr2[0]
}
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Pointer calculations
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 5;
int *ptr;
int array[3] = {3, 2, 1};
int *ptr2;
*ptr++
(*ptr)++

kasvattaa osoittimen arvoa kahdella

kasvattaa osoittimen osoittaman muistipaikan sislt yhdell
sallitut operaatiot ovat +, ++, - ja

x = *ptr;
ptr++;
}

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OR! x = *ptr++;

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#include <stdio.h>
struct personStruct {
char name[30];
int age;
};

Structure
Structure type personType contains
fields name and age

int main(void)
{
struct personStruct person;
int j;
printf(Give name: ");
fgets(person.name, 30, stdin);
printf(Give age: ");
scanf("%d", &(person.age));
for (j=0; j < 30; j++)
if (person.name[j] == '\n')
person.name[j] = '\0';

Read into field name in structure person

Read into field age in structure person

Remove newline \n from the end of string

}
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#include <stdio.h>
typedef struct personStruct {
char name[30];
int age;
} personType;

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Array of structures
Type definition
Could be omitted, default=size of initialization

int main(void)
{
personType persons[2] = {{"Untamo",1},{"Juusto", 0}};
personType *personsPtr;

Initialize
Structure pointer

personsPtr = persons;
printf(Member 0: name: %s, age: %d\n", persons[0].name, persons[0].age);
printf(Member 0: name: %s, age: %d\n", personsPtr->name, personsPtr->age);
personsPtr++;
Move to the next structure
printf(Member 1: name: %s, age: %d\n", personsPtr[0].name, personsPtr[0].age);
printf(Member 1: name: %s, age: %d\n", personsPtr->name, personsPtr->age);
}
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 #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
Function strcmp
{
char *words[3][2]= {{"sana","word"},{"peli","game"},{"talo","house"}};
char word[30];
int i;

2-dimensional array

[rows][columns], 3 rows, 2 columns

printf(Give word: ");

fgets(word, 30, stdin);
for (i=0; i < 30; i++)
if (word[i] == '\n')
word[i] = '\0';

Read into string word

Remove newline \n from the end of string

for (i=0; i <3; i++) {

if (strcmp(word, words[i][0]) == 0)
printf("%s(suomi) -> %s(english)\n", words[i][0], words[i][1]);
if (strcmp(word, words[i][1]) == 0)
printf("%s(english) -> %s(suomi)\n", words[i][1], words[i][0]);
}

Finnish word?
English word?

}
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?Input file
C

C++

#include <stdio.h>
???

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
FILE *inputfile;
inputfile=fopen(input.txt,r);
if (inputfile == NULL) {
printf(File open failed!);
return 1;
}

int main(void)
{
ifstream inputfile(input.txt");
if (!inputfile) {
cout << File open failed!";
return 1;
}
char lineC[80];

char lineC[80];
while (fgets(lineC, 80, inputfile)
!= EOF) {
printf(%s, lineC);
}
fclose(inputfile);
}
06.01.2008

while (!inputfile.eof()) {
inputfile.getline(lineC, 80);
cout << lineC << endl;
}
inputfile.close();
}
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?Output file
C

C++

#include <stdio.h>
???

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
FILE *outputfile;
outputfile=fopen(output.txt,w); //a?
if (outputfile == NULL) {
printf(File open failed!);
return 2;
}

int main(void)
{
ofstream outputfile(output.txt");
if (!outputfile) {
cout << File open failed!";
return 2;
}

char stringC[80];

char stringC[30];

printf(Give string: ");

fgets(stringC, 30, stdin);
fputs(stringC, outputfile);
fputs(Hi, outputfile);
fclose(outputfile);

printf(Give string: ");

fgets(stringC, 30, stdin);
outputfile << stringC << "Hi" << endl;
outputfile.close();
}

}
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Janne Mntykoski

#include <stdio.h>
union bytes {
unsigned int uintN;
unsigned char charArray[sizeof(int)];
};

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?Union
Both fields uintN and charArray
share the same memory

int main(void)
{
union bytes y;
y.uintN = 64000;
printf(%d is in hex %X\n, y.uintN, y.uintN);
printf(Highest byte is %X, y.uintN >> (8*(sizeof(int)-1)));
printf(Highest byte is %X, y.charArray[sizeof(int)-1]);

The same output

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Bit fields
In struct ja union you can define the number of
bits used
Field has to be of type int or unsigned
struct bit_card {
unsigned nro:4;
/* 4 bits */
unsigned country:2;
/* 2 bits */
unsigned color:1;
/* 1 bit */
};

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Enumerated type

#include <stdio.h>

typedef enum {START, SUCCESS} state_t;

START=0, SUCCESS=1
Int main()
{
int c;
State variables
state_t current_state = START, next_state = START;
while(1) {
switch(current_state){
case START :
next_state = SUCCESS;
break;
case SUCCESS :
printf(Program terminated.\n");
getch();
return;
}
current_state=next_state;
}

State machine
STATE_START
STATE_SUCCESS

}
20.07.2012

Janne Mntykoski

48

24

Dynamic memory allocation

Memory is allocated and freed during runtime
Function malloc() reserves memory
Function free() releases the reserved
memory
They are in stdlib.h library

13.01.2006

Janne Mntykoski

49

Other additions to C++

06.01.2008

Janne Mntykoski

50

25

Other additions to C++

Classes: (Simula67)
Operator overloading
Others:
Type bool. Has two values: false and true.
Dynamic type conversions of the variables
Inline functions
Dynamic memory allocation (new, delete)

06.01.2008

Janne Mntykoski

51

Advanced I/O
C++ code
#include <iostream.h>
main()
{
// muutetaan formaattia
cout << 88 << '\n';
cout.setf( ios::hex | ios::uppercase | ios::showbase );
cout << 88 << '\n';
cout.unsetf( ios::uppercase );
cout << 88 << '\n';
return 0;
}

Change output format

Default is lowercase

Output
88
0X58
0x58

19.07.2012

Janne Mntykoski

52

26

?Output format
C

C++

Output

printf(%f\n,123.234567);
printf(%s\n, "hello);

cout << 123.234567 << '\n'; 123.234500

cout << "hello" << '\n';
hello

printf(%10f\n,123.23456
7);
printf(%10s\n, "hello);

cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello" << '\n';

printf(%f\n,123.234567);
printf(%s\n, "hello);

cout.fill('%');
cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello" << '\n';

?left?printf(%10s\n,
"hello);

cout.setf( ios::left );
cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello" << '\n';

printf(%10.3f\n,123.2345 cout.width( 10 );
67);
cout.precision(3);
cout << 123.234567 << '\n';
19.07.2012

123.234500
hello

123.235

hexJanne Mntykoski

53

?I/O manipulators
C++
cout <<
123.234567 <<
'\n';
cout << "hello"
<< '\n';
cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello"
<< '\n';
cout.fill('%');
cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello"
<< '\n';

I/O
manipulators

Output
123.234500
hello

cout << setw( 9 ) 123.234500

<< "x";
hello
cout <<
setfill('X') <<
setw(10) << 100
<< " hi " << endl;

cout.setf(
ios::left );
cout.width( 10 );
cout << "hello"
<< '\n';
cout.width( 10 );
cout.se
123.235
cout.precision(3) tf( ios::right );
;
coutJanne
<< Mntykoski
19.07.2012
cout <<
setprecision(3);
123.234567 <<
cout <<

#includ
e
<ioman
ip.h>

54

27