Rekayasa Radio

TTG4B3
SEMESTER GANJIL 2015 2016

E1
First use was for telephony (voice) in 1960s with PCM and
TDM of 30 digital PCM voice channels which called E1
E1 is known as PCM-30 also
E1 was developed slightly after T1 (1.55 Mbps) was developed
in America (hence T1 is slower)
T1 is the North America implementation of PCM and TDM
T1 is PCM-24 system

E1 Frame
30 time division multiplexed (TDM) voice channels, each running at 64Kbps
(known as E1)
E1 rate is 2.048 Mbps containing thirty two 64 kbps time slots,
30 for voice,
One for Signaling (TS16)
One for Frame Synchronization (TS0)

E1 (2M) Frame rate is the same PCM sampling rate = 8kHz, Frame duration is 1/8
kHz = 125 s (Every 125 us a new frame is sent)
Time slot Duration is 125 s/32 = 3.9 s
One time slot contains 8 bits
A timeslot can be thought of as a link running at 8000 X 8 = 64 kbps
E1 Rate:
64 X 32 = 2048000 bits/second

GSM coding and TDM in terrestrial E1

As we know PCM channel is 64Kb/s
Bit rate for one voice GSM channel is 16Kb/s between BTS and BSC
(terrestrial)
One GSM E1 is 120 GSM voice channels
The PCM-to-GSM TRAU (transcoder) reduces no of E1s by 4

Each GSM radio carries 8 TCHs in the air, this equivalent to

8x16Kb/s=2x64Kb/s between BTS and BSC.
Each GSM radio has 2 time slots in the GSM E1.
Example: 3/3/3 site require 9x2=18 E1 time slots for traffic and time
slot(s) for radio signaling links

PDH Multiplexing
Based on a 2.048Mbit/s (E1) bearer
Increasing traffic demands that more and more of these
basic E1 bearers be multiplexed together to provide
increased capacity
Once multiplexed, there is no simple way an individual E1
bearer can be identified in a PDH hierarchy

European PDH Multiplexing Structure

Higher order multiplexing
4 x 34
16 x E1
4 x E1

139,264 kbps
1

1 E1

34,368 kbps
8448 kbps

30

2048 kbps

European PDH Multiplexing Structure-used

1st order
2.048 Mbps
E1

MUX
DEMUX

VF

Primary PCM
Multiplexing

MUX
DEMUX

Data

Data
Multiplexing

MUX
DEMUX

mobile

2nd order
8.228 Mbps
E2

BTS
Multiplexing

MUX
DEMUX

MUX
DEMUX

3rd order
34.368 Mbps
E3

PDH Problems

Inflexible and expensive because of asynchronous multiplexing

Limited network management and maintenance support capabilities
High capacity growth
Sensitive to network failure
Difficulty in verifying network status
Increased cost for O&M

SDH
Synchronous and based on byte interleaving
provides the capability to send data at multi-gigabit rates over
fiber-optics links.
SDH is based on an STM-1 (155.52Mbit/s) rate
SDH supports the transmission of all PDH payloads, other than
8Mbit/s

SDH Bit Rates

STM-64

9.995328 Gbit/s

STM-16

2.48832 Gbit/s

STM-4

622.08 Mbit/s
4

STM-1

155.52 Mbit/s

STM-0

51.84 Mbit/s

From 2 Mbps to STM-1

(Justification)

2 Mbits

+ POH

SOH: Section Overhead

POH: Path Overhead
VC: Virtual Container

STM-1

VC-4

VC-12

SDH
MUX

+ POH

+ SOH

SDH Benefits over PDH

SDH transmission systems have many benefits over PDH:
Software Control
allows extensive use of intelligent network management software for high flexibility, fast
and easy re-configurability, and efficient network management.

Survivability
With SDH, ring networks become practicable and their use enables automatic
reconfiguration and traffic rerouting when a link is damaged. End-to-end monitoring will
allow full management and maintenance of the whole network.

Efficient drop and insert

SDH allows simple and efficient cross-connect without full hierarchical multiplexing or demultiplexing. A single E1 2.048Mbit/s tail can be dropped or inserted with relative ease
even on Gbit/s links.

SDH Benefits over PDH

Standardization
enables the interconnection of equipment from different suppliers through
support of common digital and optical standards and interfaces.
Robustness and resilience of installed networks is increased.
Equipment size and operating costs
reduced by removing the need for banks of multiplexers and demultiplexers. Follow-on maintenance costs are also reduced.
Backwards compatibly
will enable SDH links to support PDH traffic.

Sistem Modulasi

Sistem Modulasi

Sistem Modulasi

Sistem Modulasi

Contoh Hubungnan Modulasi dan Capacity

Contoh Hubungnan Modulasi dan Capacity

Frequency Range

6 GHz to 38 GHz, 80 Ghz

Modulation schemes

4 QAM /16 QAM /32 QAM /64 QAM /128 QAM /256 QAM

Interfaces

10/100/1000 Ethernet, E1, ATM

Throughput

Up to 350 Mb/s per radio carrier

Channel Spacing

7 MHz, 14 MHz, 28 MHz, 56 Mhz

Configurations

1+0, 1+1 HSB, Frequency Diversity, Space Diversity,

Nodal configurations up to 6 radio paths per shelf

9500 MPR Full IP Microwave

Jika Masing2 BTS pada lokasi Site/Tower memerlukan 3E1.

Tentukan link transmisi dan kapasitas transmisinya.

B
F

G sebagai Hub Site/ Collector Site

D LOS hanya ke C
A LOS ke C dan B
F LOS ke A, C dan B
C LOS ke E dan G
B LOS ke C, E dan G
E LOS ke G

Radio MW yg disediakan:
2E1
4E1
8E1
16E1