9:45 AM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Warehousing costs
Loss in damages
Consider 3 companies A,B,C. Each of them enters the trading business with an investment of 100 Crores.
Company A buys stocks worth 100 Crores and sell it for 110 crores. It retained the 10 crores with itself
and again buys stocks worth 100 crores. They keep repeating the same process. Each cycle takes 3
months.
Company B buys stocks worth 100 Crores and sell it for 102 crores. It retained the 2 crores with itself
and again buys stocks worth 100 crores. They keep repeating the same process. Each cycle takes 1 week.
Company B buys stocks worth 100 Crores and sell it for 105 crores. It retained the 5 crores with itself
and again buys stocks worth 100 crores. They keep repeating the same process. Each cycle takes 1.5
months.
Company
Buys
Sells
Profits
400
440
40
5200
5304
104
800
840
40
Identify 5 initiatives of how a company can increase the profit margins and five initiatives to improve the
capital turnover.
Consider two companies A & B . The annual sales for both is 1 lakh units each. The average cost per unit
is Rs.1000/-. Average inventory in number of days for A = 60 for B = 30. annual interest rate 10% for
both A & B. ware house space heir is for A 5000 sqft. For B 3000 sqft. Warehouse rentals Rs 30/month
for both. Ware house operating cost which includes manpower utilities etc Rs.20/Sqft per month for
both A & B. Calculate the annual warehousing cost and the annual inventory carrying costs for both the
companies.
Company
Annual Sales
100000 units
100000 units
Rs. 1000
Rs. 1000
Average Inventory
60 days
30 days
10%
10%
Warehouse Space
5000 sqft
3000 sqft
Warehouse rentals
Rs. 30/Sqft/month
Rs. 30/Sqft/month
Rs. 20/sqft/month
Rs. 20/sqft/month
1500/12=125
100000 units
100000 units
Average Inventory
10000 units
10000 units
150000
300000
Average Inventory
20000 units
20000 units
365/100000*10000=36.5 days
Company(B)
365/100000*10000=36.5 days
Or
Or
Inventories impact both profit margin and the capital turn over
All the three objectives are contradictory to each other or inversely related.
Assume that you have joined a summer internship in a company. The project is to reduce the
supply chain cost. Currently the supply chain cost is 100 crores of which transportation cost 30
crores, inventory carrying cost 50 crores, warehousing cost 10 crores and others 10 crores. Your
project objectives is to identify the initiatives to reduce the supply chain cost. How will you go
about this project. What data you will collect? What analysis you will do and how will you identify
the cost reduction opportunities?
Demand supply match
Mode of transportation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material costs
6.
Stock outs
A company currently has the manufacturing plant in Pune and they have four warehouses across the
country in Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta and Bangalore. The company transfers the products from its
manufacturing plants to each of the four ware houses. Each warehouse cater to the demand of that
particular region for eg. Delhi warehouse will cater to the demands of northern region. The annual total
sales of all region put together is 1 lakh units. The average inventory of all units put together is 10000
units. The company want to increase the number of ware houses from 4 to 30 one in each state. The
products would be transferred from the plants to each of the 30 warehouses which will cater to the
demand of the particular states. What will happen to the sales and the inventory. Assume the product
availability is constant in both the cases.
.
Current
Proposed
Annual sales
100000
Warehouses
30
Average inventory
10000
Average inventory
days
36.5
Inventory
turnaround
10
Product availability
95%
95% (constant)
W1
W2
W3
W4
Forecast
100
100
100
100
Actual
68
129
72
141
Error=
32%
29%
38%
41%
What will happen to the transportation cost with the reduction in the number of warehouses.
Transportation cost is inversely related to the number of ware houses.
The decision to have more or less ware houses depends on two factors.
1.
The value of the item
2.
Nature of the demand
Value of the item
If the value of the item is high the company should have less number of warehouses as the focus
would be to reduce the inventory carrying cost and vice-versa.
The demand in each of the other regions is low. 0.5 truck loads per week and unpredictable. For
which region you will suggest a warehouse and for which region you wont
If the nature of demand is high, regular and predictable its better to have a ware house. If its low
and predictable then there is no point in having a warehouse in that particular location.
WHAT will happen to the supply chain if the number of variants or the number of models increases?
A
Annual sales
1 Lakh units
1 lakh units
Number of variants
25
Inventory
Low
High
Increase in variety increases the supply chain complications which means higher inventories, higher
forecasting error higher stock outs and overall reduction in the supply chain performance.
Maruti currently manufactures 500 units of swift crank shaft before moving to SX4 crank shaft. Cost per
setup is Rs.1 lakh. They want to now produce 50 units per setup. What would be the cost implications.
Current scenario
Changed scenario
Setup cost
100000
100000
Units
500
50
200
2000
If the batch quantity is increased from 500 to 5000 the unit cost will come down but the inventory will
go up.
Consider 2 companies C1 & C2. C1 produces 4 models m1-m4. the average sales per month for each
model is 500 units. Company 2 produces 10 models. M1-M10. the average sales per month for each
model is 200 units. The minimum batch quantity is 500 units for both the units . The companies
marketing department give the requirement to the production department. The production
department will start producing only of the quantity is more than the minimum batch quantity. What
would be the average inventory for each model of company 1 and company 2.
.
Company 1
Compnay 2
Models
M1-M4
M1-M10
Average sales
500/model
200/model
Average invenory
250
250
30/500*250=15
30/200*250=37.5
500/30=16.6667
How can companies provide high variety to the market and at the same time have high levels of
operational efficiency?
Consider two companies Asian paints and nerolac. Following are the process details for nerolac.
Nerolac Paints
Process Steps
Duration
1 Week
2 weeks
1 week
2 weeks
Asian Paints
Duration
Process Steps
1 Week
1 week
4 weeks
2 weeks
Both companies manufacture 26 colors of paints from p1-p26 from 5 base colors. Each of them
forecasted a demand of 10 units for each color of paints. They had also procured the raw material
accordingly. But the actual demand turned out to be 20 units p1-p13 and zero units for p14-p26
1.
Draw the process of the two companies in the form of line graph. x-axis time in weeks, y-axis
number of variants.
2.
Calculate the sales, loss of sales and excess stock for both the companies.
Nerolac
Asian Paints
Postponement means keeping the number of variants low as long as possible and adding customization
as late as possible.
An auto component supplier has two customer segments for his components.
1.
OEM
2.
After sales service
The supplier has got 4 OEM customers located in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, and Pune. The supplier
also supplies to the after market. If the component fails in the field the supplier had to directly replace
it. Should the supplier has the same supply chain for both the segment or should the supply chain be
different. If its different then how.
OEM
ASS
Demand fluctuations
Low
High
Unpredictability
Low
High
No of delivery locations
Low
High
High
Low
High
Low
Variance
Low
High
Emergencies
Low
High
A business is said to have high IDU if the supply chain planning is difficult for that business.
The following could increase the IDU of a business.
Demand fluctuations
Unpredictability
Higher variety
Frequent emergencies
Responsive supply chain can manage the business with high implied demand uncertainties. i.e. they can
manage
Demand fluctuations
Unpredictability
Higher variety
Frequent emergencies
Efficient supply chain cant manage IDU business. They are efficient because of their low cost
High IDU business should have a responsive supply chain. Low IDU business should have an efficient
supply chain
How 7 Eleven configure different elements of supply chain effectively
How 7 Eleven manage to keep the inventory low
Big Bazzar operates two distribution centers. One in Bombay another in Kolhapur. Bombay distribution
center caters to 40 stores. Kolhapur distributes to 5 stores. Hul will sell a minimum batch of 200
shampoos. The average sales per day per store is 5 units. Which of these 2 DC's can manage without
inventory?
7 elevens elements of supply chain
If there are not many stores in one area then combine distribution system is not possible.
3000 cases
100$ per case
By air
Transport Fair
Mode
Delivery Quantity
Time
Total Cost
Margin
Rail
7 days
1500*2.5=3750
1500*100*20%=30000 30000-
$2.5/case
1500
Profit
3750=2625
Truck
$6.00/Case
4 Days
Air
$10.35/Case 2 Days
1500+3000*3*5%=1950 1950*6=11700
1950*100*20%=39000 3900011700=273
Week- 19970
1
17470
11316
26192
20263
2158
20633
23370
24100
Day-3
Day-5
Day-7
Week- 19970
1
17470+11316=28786
26192+20263=46455
8381+25377=33758
Cost
100+.01*19970=299.7
Week- 39171
2
2158+20633=22791
23370+24100=47470
100+.01*17470=274.7
120000*120=14400000 rupees
120000*10=1200000 kg
365/240=1.5208
4/1.5*500=1,333.3333 1,333.3333/4=333.3333
Golden carriers
120000/500=240
500*10*.08*240=96,000.0 cost of transportation
225*20%*120*4=21,600 inventory carrying cost
Total cost= 1600+21600=23200
Indian Railway
2000*10*.065*60=78000.0
1000*20%*120=24000
100+.01*26192=361.92
19603+18442=38045
100+.01*38045=480.45
Safety inventory
The annual demand is 120000 the transit time is 3 days. The company is considering two scenarios.
Whether to order in a lot size of 120000 or in a lot size of 10000 units. Calculate the in transit inventory
without applying the formula.
120000*
=986.3014
10000*
*12=986.3014
Consider two warehouses Mumbai and Bangalore. Each warehouse receives 100 T/ day from the local
suppliers. Mumbai warehouse receives 100T through 20 consignments. Bangalore warehouse receives
100Tonnes through 200 Consignments. Each of them are planning to implement the milk run system.
They are looking at 3 options.
1.
A 10 T truck which can pick up 5 consignments a day, the cost is 1.5 Lakhs/month.
2.
A 5 Tonne truck which can pick up 5 consignments a day the cost is 1 Lakh/month.
3.
2.5 T truck which can pick up 5 consignments a day cost being 75000/month.
Which option is suitable for each of the warehouses.
4.
5.
6.
Options
Mumbai
Bangalore
2*1.5=3
2*1.5=3
4*1=4
.75*8=6.0
Mumbai
Bangalore
10
10
40
10
40
Cost
10*1.5=15
40*1.5=60
If the lower is taken then 4 trucks would be chosen for Mumbai then only 40 Tons can be
delivered.
Options-2
Mumbai
Bangalore
20
20
40
20
40
Cost
20*1=20
40*1=40
Options-3
Mumbai
Bangalore
40
40
40
10
40
Cost
40*.75=30
40*.75=30
So option 1 is cheaper for Mumbai (15 Lakhs) and option 3 is cheaper for Bangalore(30 Lakhs)
39
Monthly merchandise
950 tons
Local vendors
950*50%=475
450*1000*1.35=607500
25*1000*4.5=112500
20 Ton
Number of Shipments
35/day
Local Suppliers
200
5% consignment/month
200*8%=16
3-5 Consignment/Month
200*20%=40
1-2 Consignments/Month
200*72%=144
50000
4000/125=32
607500+112500=720000
Rate per kg
720000/475000=1.5158
20/4.5=5 trucks/day
Step-2: By consignment
35/5=7 trucks/day
7*50000=350000
So the cost
7*50000=350000
Carrying capacity
7*4.5*25=787.5
Capacity used
4.
5.
Problem-2
Packaging Costs
Real
Estimated
July-Nov
1.1
.5
70% 1.1*70%=0.77
80000-120000 units
New Cartons
30000-40000 units
Cost/Carton
55
30000*55=1650000 to
40000*55=2200000
400
500
10
14 Crore/ 3 Years
14 Crore/55 =2544000
Number of Cartons/month
2544000/36=70666.6667
70666/10=7066.6
21500
21500*7066.6=151931900
For road the inventory norm at each warehouses which includes cycle inventory and factory inventory is
6 weeks. In case of rail rake it is 10 weeks and in case of rail wagons its 20 weeks.
Roads
Karads
Khakarvadi
Pune
Kalyan
Total
6 Weeks
6 Weeks
6 Weeks
6 Weeks
6 Weeks
Total cost
Inventory
Cycle inventory +
Safety inventory
Cycle inventory +
Safety inventory (Units)
In transit inventory (Units)
Total Inventory (Units)
Inventory Caring Cost
Ware House Space
Available
Additional Cost
Handling Cost
Inventory
Distribution
Warehouse and cross docking
Planning
Channels
Network design
Inventory storage
Inventory co-ordination
Creating a distribution center helps in reducing the number of transactions.
600*25=15,000
300*2=600
Assignment
Supply Chain improvement in an organization
You have to look at two companies that have undertaken any supply chain improvement initiative in the
recent past. This could be in the areas of transportation, inventory, forecasting etc.
Report should have 3 sections
1.
The supply chain problems faced by the company before the initiatives
2.
The description or explanation about the initiative
3.
The impact and benefit of the impact
Toyota
Wall mart
Dell
Current sales
Revenue
Profit
Impact of poor distribution
Stock outs
Loss units
What are the reasons for this problem and what can be done to irradiate the problem?
If the product is of short self life and the forecasting is difficult then the company should follow a shorter
planning and replenishment process. This will improve the forecasting accuracy and would also rectify
the forecasting errors sooner than later.
What to find
Quantity to be shipped from one location to another.
Constraints
Xij = Dj ( J=1,2,3,..m)
Xij:
=Dj(J=1,2,)
=<Ki*Yi
Constraints
Xij = Dj ( J=1,2,3,..m)
Xij:
Objective function
Min (FC+VC)
Demand Region:
Production &
Transportation
Cost per
1000000 Units
Supply
Region
N. America
S.
Europe
America
N.
America
81
92
S.
America
117
77
Asia
Africa
Fixed
Cost
Low
Capacity
Fixed
Cost
High
Capacity
101
130
115
6000
10
9000
20
108
98
100
4500
10
6750
20
Europe
102
105
95
119
111
6500
10
9750
20
Asia
115
125
90
59
74
4100
10
6150
20
Africa
142
100
103
105
71
4100
10
6000
20
Demand
12
14
16
Supply Region
N. America
S. America
Europe
Asia
Africa
N. America
S. America
Europe
Asia
Africa
Demand
Demand
Area
Revenue
Spot
Profit
Present
Values
Lease
Profit
Present
Values
Year-1
100000 100000 $
122,000
$
120,000
$
2,000
$
2,000
$
100,000
$
22,000
$
22,000
Year-2
100000 100000 $
122,000
$
120,000
$
2,000
$
1,818
$
100,000
$
22,000
$
20,000
Year-3
100000 100000 $
122,000
$
120,000
$
2,000
$
1,653
$
100,000
$
22,000
$
18,182
Net
Profit
$
5,471
Net
Profit
$
60,182
Year-0
100000
Year-2
50000
1.22
1.
Distribution Structure
Impact
Pre 1972
1972-79
1979-87
1987-91
Post 1991
2.
3.
Whether the change of 1991 helped the company or didnt help the company
Should they continue with the current structure of KRP or should they make any
changes to the
structure?
PRE 1972
1972-1979
Consumers
Branches
If KPL had not removed the sole selling agent could they have been in a better position in 1979 to
manage the raw material price increase
Pre 1991
Post 1991
A/R
70-90
Inventory
40-55
20-22
Establishment Cost
600
200
They should retain the KRDs. The distributers should be services directly from the factories. KRDs are
required only for servicing the institutional buyers.
Consider the interest rata was 15% per annum in 1990-91 and 24% per annum in 1992-93. what would
have been the increase in the inventory carrying cost in terms of percentage.
Sales per month
314
480
Average inventory
652
1190
652*.15=97.8
1190*.24=285.6
If LTCL's annual net profit was 3% in 1990-91 what would be its net profit in 1992-93. assume all costs
other than the inventory carrying cost were in the same proportion between 1991 and 1993
1990-91
Annual sales = 314*12=3,768
Net Profit @ 3% :- 3768*3%=113.04
Total Cost :- 3768-113.04=3654.96
Other costs (except ICC) = 3654.96-97.8=3557.16
1991-92
Cost Proportion 480/314*3557.16=5437.6968
Annual sales 480*12=5,760
Profit :- 5760-5437-285.6=37.4
Profit percentage:- 37.4/5760*100=0.6493
What would be the overall reduction in the inventory if LTCL reduced the inventory of remaining 150
articles by 50%
Calculate the lead time for the regions in two scenarios
1.
The inventory as a plant is kept as raw cotton
It will take 45-50 days for the inventory to get cleared up
2.
The inventory as the plant is kept as grey thread
It will take 10-15 days for the inventory to get cleared up
Steps to be taken to reduce the cost and improve profit and efficiency.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reduce the idle time between regions placing the order and then plants starting the production.
Shorten the planning cycle from one month to 15 days.
Reduce the number of warehouses.
Inter ware house transfers.
Combined transportation.
Improve forecasting accuracy.