Civi454-Chapt1and Chap2 2016

Instructor: Dr.
Lucia Tirca
CIVI 454
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Source: www.tourcanada.com
PEIs Confederation Bridge,

12.9Km, 62 piers, 11m wide, 1997
Source: www.torontoist.com/2007
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Space Frame Structure

Imperial War Museum, England
Course Instructor:
Lucia Tirca, PhD., ing. (OIQ)
Department of Building, Civil, &
Environmental Engineering
Concordia University
tirca@encs.concordia.ca
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Winter 2016
Source: http://classes.uleth.ca/
Design of Steel Structures
Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)
CIVI 454
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
OUTLINE
Introduction
Loads on Structures (NBCC 2010)
Wind Load Calculation Procedure for Multi-Storey Buildings
Equivalent Static Force Procedure for Structures Subjected to
Seismic Loading; Structural Irregularities
Roof and Floor Systems
Gravity Columns
Methods of Frame Analysis
Lateral Force Resisting Systems
Seismic Design: Concentrically Braced Frames
Seismic Design: Eccentrically Braced Frames
Seismic Design: Moment Resisting Frames
Introduction to Steel-Bridge Design
Winter 2016
Instructor: Dr. Lucia Tirca
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structural Engineering Project and Structural Engineering Science
1.3 Limit States
Winter 2016
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Canadian Standard Association (CSA)

CSA S16-09: Design of Steel Structures
1. Scope and application
provides rules and requirements for the design, fabrication, and erection
of steel structures;
design is based on limit states;
steel structures such as: bridges, antenna towers, offshore structures, and
cold-formed steel structural members are not cover in this standard.
Structural members made of cold formed steel shall conform to CSA

S136: Cold Formed Steel Structural Members;
Structural members made of aluminum shall conform to CAN3-S157-M:

Strength Design in Aluminum.
Winter 2016
(Source: CSA S16-09, Part 1)
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction (continued)
National Building Canadian Code NBCC 2010
Part 4.1 Structural Loads and Procedures

Users Guide-NBCC 2010 Structural Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B)
help code users to understand and to apply NBCC 2010 requirements.
contains 12 structural commentaries and among them are mentioned

those referring to the estimation of snow loads, rain loads, wind loads,
and earthquake loads.
Winter 2016
CIVI 454
1. Introduction

NBC of Canada 2010
Source:http://www.nationalcodes.ca/nbc/index_e.shtml
Winter 2016
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
User's Guide - NBCC 2010, Structural

Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B)
Commentary A: Limit States Design
Commentary B: Structural Integrity
Commentary C: Structural Integrity of Firewalls
Commentary D: Detection and Vibration Criteria for
Serviceability and Fatigue Limit States
Commentary E: Effects of Deformations in Building
Components
Commentary F: Live Loads
Commentary G: Snow Loads
Commentary H: Rain Loads
Commentary I: Wind Load and Effects
Commentary J: Design for Seismic Effects
Commentary K: Foundations
Commentary L: Application of NBC Part 4 of Division B for
the Structural Evaluation and Upgrading of Existing Buildings
(Source:
Winter 2016
https://commerce-irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/nrcb2c/catalog/setCurrentItem
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
1.2 Structural Engineering Projects and Structural Engineering Science

OWNER
Design/ Build
Contractor
Architect
Structural
Engineer
Geotechnical
Consultant
Mechanical
Engineer
Specialty
Engineer
Electrical
Engineer
Cost
estimation
Common Organization Chart for Design/ Build Contract

Winter 2016
8
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1. Introduction
1.2 Structural Engineering Projects and Structural Engineering Science

Structural
Engineer
Preliminary
structural design
Estimation of loads
Build computer model
Structural analysis
Structural design
Coordination
and approval
Yes
Are the
requirements of
the design code
satisfied?
No
Revised
structural
design
Verification of loads
Check building computer model
Final structural
design
Are the
requirements of
the design code
satisfied?
Structural analysis
Structural design
Construction phase
Yes
No
Revised
structural
design
Winter 2016
CIVI 454
1. Introduction
1.3 Design Requirements
GENERAL
i) Limit states define various types of collapse and associated
deformations. Two limit states are defined in the code:
Serviceability limit states: referrer to serviceability (conditions that

restrict the intended use and occupancy of the structure) and include
deflection, vibration, and permanent deformation.
Ultimate limit states: referrer to safety and include strength,

overturning, sliding, and fracture.
ii) Structural integrity: the general arrangement of the structural
system and the connection of its members shall provide resistance and
stability under applied loading, while avoiding local failure.
Winter 2016
(Source: CSA S16-09, Part 6)
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2. Loads on Structures (NBCC 2010)
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Importance categories for buildings

Dead Loads, D
Live Loads, L
Snow Loads, S
Wind Loads, W
Earthquake Loads, E
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2.1

Importance categories for buildings
Importance categories for Buildings (Table 4.1.2.1)
Dead load, DL
Live load, LL
Environmental loads:
- snow, SL ),
1)
- wind, WL ),
- earthquake, E ).
Other specified loads: lateral

earth pressure including
groundwater, H; thermal, T.
)For determining: S, W, and E loads,

building shall be assigned an
Importance categories.
Winter 2016
2)
1)
- Elementary and secondary schools;

- Community centers.
2)
- Hospitals, blood banks;

- Power stations and electrical substations;
- Public water treatment and storage
facilities;
- Police and Firefighters stations;
- Radio, television stations;
- Telephone exchanges buildings.
12
(Source: NBCC 2010)
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2.1
Introduction (continued)
Importance Factors (Table A-2)
Importance Earthquake, IE
Category
ULS SLS
Wind, IW
Snow, IS
ULS
SLS
ULS
SLS
Low
0.8
0.8
0.75
0.8
0.9
Normal
1.0
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.9
High
1.3
1.15
0.75
1.15
0.9
1.25
0.75
1.25
0.9
Postdisaster
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1.5
See
Commentary J.
13
(Source: Users Guide NBCC 2010)
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2.1
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Introduction (continued)
Load combination (Table 4.1.3.2A)
14

(Source: NBCC 2010)
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Load combination (cont.)
7) The companion-load factor 0.5 for live load L in Table 4.1.3.2.A shall be
increased to 1.0 for storage occupancies, and equipment areas and service
rooms in Table 4.1.5.3.
8) Except as provided in Sentence (8), the load factor 1.25 for dead load D
for soil, superimposed earth, plants and trees in Table 4.1.3.2.A shall be
increased to 1.5, except that when the soil depth exceeds 1.2 m, the factor
may be reduced to 1+0.6/hs, but not less than 1.25, where hs is the depth of soil
in meters supported by the structure.
9) A principal load factor of 1.5 shall be applied to the weight of saturated
soil used in load combination (1) of Table 4.1.3.2.A.
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15

(Source: NBCC 2010)
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2.2
Dead Load, DL
Total DL = Specified dead load + superimposed dead load

Specified dead load: the weight of structural members of the system (columns,
beams, braces, slabs, interiors and exteriors walls, roof, etc)
Superimposed dead load:
- the weight of partition walls (if it is not specified, consider 1kPa over the
area of floor being considered);
- the weight of permanent equipment (heating & air conditioning systems,
plumbing, electrical systems, and so forth);
- the weight of floor finish (ceramic, marble, granite, wooden planking, etc.)
- the weight of vertical load due to earth, plants, and trees, (for green roof).
Winter 2016
16

(Source: NBCC 2010)
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2.2 Dead Load, DL (continued)

Ex: for green roof, the
superimposed dead
load could be between
2.4 kPa (grass) 10 kPa
(trees) .
Green roof on top of

building parking
Underground parking
Manulife Centre - 44 Charles St. West, Toronto
Source: http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/what.htm
Winter 2016
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2.2 Dead Load, D (continued)

Table 2.2 Unit Weights of construction materials
Weight [ kN/m3]
Material
Aluminum
Structural steel
Concrete, reinforced
Brick
Wood
Earth:
- sand & gravel, wet
- sand and gravel, dry
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25.9
77.0
23.6
18,8
6.3
18.9
15.7
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Canam
composite-deck
Girder (principal
beams)
Beam (secondary
beams)
Braces
Column
(Source: CANAM Steel Deck Catalog)
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C
B1
Roof
Legend: C-column; G-girder; B1-beam

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(Source: Steel Framed Low-Rise Office Building; Design Notes,

by Canadian Institute of Steel Construction)
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Dead load roof of 1- st. building: Dead load typical floor of office:
Steel deck
0.10kPa
CANAM composite deck 2.50kPa
Gravel
0.35kPa
Floor finishing
0.15kPa
Insulation
0.10kPa
Mechanical & ceiling
0.45kPa
Ceiling and mechanical
0.40kPa
Partitions
1.00kPa
Total roof Dead Load
0.95kPa
Total floor Dead Load
4.10kPa
Canam composite-deck P-3615 (38 mm steel deck + 87 mm concrete ~ 125 mm)

It can be selected P-3623 (51 mm steel deck + 74 mm concrete ~ 125 mm)
Ex.: Superimposed dead load (typical floor), SDL = 0.15 +0.45+1.0=1.6kPa

Dead loads for exterior walls: Ex. - curtain wall, 1.0kN/m2
Source: Canam Steel Deck Catalog
Winter 2016
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Dead load on beam B1
wDL=12.45kN/m
R1
9.0
B1
B1
Beam, B
B1
B1
B
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SFRS
SFRS
SFRS
9.0
G1
Gravity
Column C2E
R2
- Uniformly distributed load of the

deck-slab floor is 4.1 kPa (kN/m2),
therefore the uniformly distributed linear
load is 4.1x3.0=12.3kN/m .
- self-weight of the beam B1, 0.15kN/m.
Girder, G1
Total DL: wDL=12.3+0.15=12.45kN/m
Tributary area C2E
R1= R2=(12.45x9.0)/2=56.025kN
(A= 9x9 =81m2)
Dead load on girder G1

Tributary area B1
3.0 3.0 3.0
9.0
(A=3x9=18m2)
9.0m
56.025x2=112.05kN
112.05kN
wDL=0.25kN/m
3.0
3.0
R2G
9.0
R1G=R2G=112.05+(0.25x9.0)/2=113.18kN
R1G
3.0
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CIVI 454
2.2 Dead Load, D (continued)
Building Elevation
(Source: Steel Framed Low-Rise Office Building; Design Notes,

by Canadian Institute of Steel Construction)
Building Section
Winter 2016
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2.3

Live Load, LL
Extract from Table 4.1.5.3, NBCC 2010
Use of Area of Floor or Roof

Assembly Areas: Arenas; Auditoria; Churches;
Dance floor; Entrance halls; Gymnasia;
Museums; Theatres; Grandstands, etc.
Assembly Areas with fixed seats: Churches,
Theatres. Office areas.
Classrooms with or without fixed seats
Balconies: exterior, interior and mezzanines
used by an assembly of people, storage areas
Mechanical, electrical room
Garages for passenger cars
Operation room, laboratories
Residential areas (hotels, apartments)
Garages for loaded buses and trucks
Roof
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Minimum Specified Load, kPa

4.8kPa
2.4kPa
2.4kPa
4.8kPa
3.6kPa
2.4kPa
3.6kPa
1.9kPa
12.0kPa
1.0kPa
(Source: NBCC 2010)
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2.3
Live Load, LL (continued)
Variation with Tributary Area (Part 4.1.5.9 of NBCC 2010)

1)
An area used for assembly occupancies designed for a live load of less than
4.8kPa (e.g. classrooms, lecture hall etc.) shall have no reduction for
tributary area.
2)
Where a structural member supports a tributary area of floor, roof or

combination thereof greater than 80 m2 used for assembly occupancies
designed for a live load of 4.8 kPa or more, or for storage, manufacturing,
retail stores, garages or as a footbridge, the specified live load due to use and
occupancy is the load provided in Table 4.1.5.3 multiplied by 0.5 + (20/A)0.5.
Herein, A is the tributary area in square meters.
3)
Where a structural member supports a tributary area of floor, roof or

combination thereof greater than 20 m2 for any use or occupancy other than
those indicated in Sentences (1) and (2), the specified live load due to use and
occupancy is the load provided in Table 4.1.5.3 multiplied by 0.3 + (9.8/B)0.5.
Herein, B is the tributary area in square meters for this type of occupancies.
Winter 2015
(Source: NBCC 2010)
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2.4 Snow and Rain Load

The design snow load, SL for a structure is based on the ground snow load for
each geographical area.
S = Is [SS (Cb Cw Cs Ca) + Sr]
where:
Is the importance factor for snow (see Table A-2, NBCC 2010; slide 13);
Ss the 1-in 50 year ground snow load in kPa (Appendices C, Table C-2, NBCC10; slide 27);
Cb the basic roof snow load factor. In general Cb=0.8 and even greater for larger roof;
Cw the wind exposure factor (Cw=1). There are same exceptions when Cw=0.75;
Cs the slop factor (see 4.1.6.2. (5) and (6), NBCC 2010; slide 28);
Ca the shape factor (slide 28);
Sr the 1-in 50 year associated rain load in kPa (see Appendix C, Table C-2 NBCC 2010),but
not greater than SS (Cb Cw Cs Ca).
Winter 2016
(Source: NBCC 2010)
26
13
BLDG490
Loads on Structures
2.4 Snow and Rain Load (continued)
)For building importance category see Table 4.1.2.1, shown in slide 12.
(Source: NBCC 2010)
Fall 2016
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2.4 Snow and Rain Load (continued); Appendice C, TABLE C-2
Source
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28
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Evaluate Cs (the slop factor) and Ca (the shape factor) for:
gable roof, flat roof, and shed (single-slope) roof
Non-slippery roof
Cs (Sentence 4.1.6.2 (5))
CS=1
300
CS=
(700-)/400
CS=0
300< 700
>700
Unobstructed, slippery roof

(Sentence 4.1.6.2 (6))
CS=1
150
CS=
150< 600
(600-)/450
CS=0
>600
(CW could be reduced to 0.75 for a roof fully exposed to the wind.)
Winter 2016
29
Source: Users Guide NBCC 2010 Structural Commentaries
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Example: 2.4.1. Determine the design snow loads for the roof of the gabled frame of an
commercial building located in Montreal and shown in Fig. 2.4.1. In the first case,
a) consider the slope of the roof = 250 and then, case b) = 450. Consider the
wind exposure factor, CW =1.0 and the basic roof snow load factor, Cb=0.8.
a)

SS =2.6 kPa & Sr =0.4 kPa (Table C-2, Appendices C, NBCC10)
wind
unbalanced snow load

balanced snow
load
= 250
Is= 1.0 (Table 4.1.6.2 and Table 4.1.2.1, NBCC10, building

category: normal);
Cb = 0.8; CW = 1.0;
Cs = 1.0 because 300 (Sentence 4.1.6.2. (5) NBCC 10);
Fig. 2.4.1; a)
Case I Ca = 1.0 (see Fig. G-1, Structural Commentaries, NBCC10);

S = 1.0 [2.6 (0.8 x 1.0 x 1.0x 1.0) +0.4] = 2.48 kPa;
Case II Ca=1.25 because >200 ((see Fig. G-1, Structural Commentaries, NBCC10))
S = 1[2.6(0.8x1.0x1.0x1.25) +0.4]=3.0 kPa; S = 3.0 kPa
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Example: 2.4.1.(continued)
b)

SS =2.6 kPa & Sr =0.4 kPa (Table C-2, Appendix C, NBCC10)
wind
unbalanced snow load
=450
balanced snow
load
Is = 1.0 (Table 4.1.6.2 and Table 4.1.2.1, NBCC10, building

category: normal)
Cb = 0.8; CW =1.0
Cs =(700-)/400; (300< 700) (Sentence 4.1.6.2. (5) NBCC 10)
Cs = (700-450)/400=0.625
Fig. 2.4.1; b)
Ca = 1.0 (see Fig. G-1, Structural Commentaries, NBCC10)

Case I. S = 1[2.6 (0.8 x 1.0x 0.625 x 1.0) +0.4] = 1.7 kPa;
Case II. Ca = 1.25 because >200 (see Fig. G-1, Structural
Commentaries, NBCC10)
S = 1[2.6(0.8x1.0x 0.625x1.25)+0.4]= 2.025 kPa; S = 2.025 kPa
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2. Load on Structures (NBCC 2010)

2.4.1 Snow distributions and snow loading factors for lower
levels of adjacent roofs S = Is [SS (Cb Cw Cs Ca) + Sr]
Ca varies with distance x from Ca(0) at x=0 to
Ca(xd) at x = xd.
Ca(0) = min (h)/(CbSs)
Where:
F/Cb
- specific weight of snow, = 3.0kN/m3
F factor is to be taken as the grater of F=2, or
F = 0.35( lc/Ss 6( hp/Ss)2)0.5 + Cb where
lc = 2w (w2/l) is a characteristic length where
w and l are the shorter and longer
dimensions of the upper roof.
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xd = min
5(h CbSs/)
5(Ss/)(F-Cb)
For 0<x xd Ca = Ca(0) [Ca(0) Ca(xd))x]/xd and

Fig. G-5, Commentary G
For xd<x10hCa = 1, while h=h-(CbCwSs)/

(Source: Users Guide - NBCC 2010) Structural Commentaries
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2.4.1 Snow distributions and snow loading factors for lower
levels of adjacent roofs
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2.4.1. Snow distributions and snow loading factors for lower levels of
adjacent roofs (continued)
Example based on Fig. G-5, Commentary G: lc = 2w (w2/l) = 2(30) (302)/40=37.5m
F =max F = 0.35[3(37.5)/2.4]0.5 + 0.8 = 3.20;
h=2.0m
F = 2.
No. 1
No.2
F= 3.20
Ca(0) = (3x2)/(0.8x2.4) = 3.13 and
2.32kPa
Snow diagram:
Ca(0) = minC (0) = 3.20/0.8 = 4.0
1.84kPa
a
6.4kPa
Ca(0) = 3.13
xd =6.8
S = 1x[2.4(0.8x1.0x1.0x3.13) + 0.4] = 6.4 kPa
x=10h =13.6
xd = min
Building No.1: w=30m; L=40m; hp=0

Building No.2: w=35m; L=50m
Pierrefonds, Qc: Ss = 2.4 kPa; Sr=0.4 kPa
Cb= 0.8 and Cs=1
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5(h CbSs/) = 5(2 0.8x2.4/3) = 6.8m

5(Ss/)(F-Cb) = 5(2.4/3)(3.2-0.8) = 9.6
h = h-(CbCwSs)/ = 2.0 (0.8x1.0x2.4)/3 =1.36m

x = 10h = 10x 1.36 = 13.6 m
Considering Ca(xd) = 1
S =1x[2.4(0.8x1.0x1.0x1.0) + 0.4] = 2.32 kPa
If we consider Cw = 0.75 S=1.84 kPa
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2.4.2 Snow distributions and snow loading for canopies or small roofs
adjacent to tall buildings (Paragraph 39, NBCC 2010 Structural Commentaries)
h > 20m
Canopy
A < 25m2
For small area lower roofs with a plan

area < 25 m2, situated at h > 20m, Ca = 1.0
If, h <10 m, Ca should be taken as described
previously (see 2.5).
If 10< h < 20, Ca(0) has a reduced value
than the value calculated at point 2.5:
Ca(0) = 1 + [((20-h)/10)(F/Cb 1.0)]
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2.4.3 Snow distributions for multi-level roof with a sloped upper roof (Fig.G-7)
A lower roof should be designed for the
loads provided in Fig. G-5 (slide 32) plus
an additional load produced by the snow
that may slide from an upper roof. The
lower roof should be assumed to carry its
full load according to Fig. G-5 (slide 32)
plus 50% of the total weight of the
Case I snow load of Fig. G-1 (slide 29)
from the portion of the upper roof that
slopes toward the lower roof. The
distribution should be made based on the
relative sizes, slopes and positions of the
two roofs. If all the sliding snow cannot be
retained on the lower roof because is too
small, appropriate reductions in snow
load may be made.
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Fig. G-7, Commentary G
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2.4.4 Snow distributions for areas adjacent to obstructions (Fig. G8)

Areas adjacent to obstructions (Fig. G-8). Consideration should also be given to
triangular drift loads adjacent to significant vertical obstructions, such as
elevator shaft, air conditioning and fan housing, small penthouse and wide chimneys.
The peak load adjacent to the obstruction in Fig. G-8 is assumed equal to:
0.67gh +Sr
where h is the obstruction in meters, g is the weight of snow in kN/m3.
Snow distribution has a triangular variation over a distance of 2h from the obstruction.
Meanwhile, the peak load need not be larger than 2S +Sr ( where S is computed with
Ca(0) 2/Cb) nor is it necessary to consider the drift load if the width b of the
obstruction in Fig G-8 is less than 3.0Ss/g.
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2.4.4 Snow distributions for areas adjacent to obstructions (Fig. G 8)
38
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2.4.4 Snow distributions for areas adjacent to obstructions (Fig. G-8)
39
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2.5
Wind Load, WL
Wind Loads are calculating based on the algebraic difference of the external
pressure or suction due to wind on part or all of a surface of a building, p and
the specified internal pressure or suction, pi.
The specified external pressure or suction due to wind is: p = Iw q Ce Cg Cp; where:
p the specified external pressure (kPa) acting statically and in a direction normal to
the surface either as a pressure or as a suction;
q the reference velocity pressure (kPa), based on a probability of being exceeded in
any one year of 1 in 50 (given in Table C-2, Appendices C of NBCC 2010);
Ce the exposure factor is calculated based on equations developed for
open terrain; rough terrain; and intermediate terrain.
Cg the gust effect factor for the building as a whole is Cg=2.0 (see 4.1.7.1 (6));
Cp the external pressure coefficient (see Users Guide NBCC10, Commentary I)
Iw the importance factor for wind load (see Table 4.1.7.1)
The specified internal pressure or suction due to wind is: pi = Iw q Ce Cgi Cpi;
where:
Cgi the gust effect factor is Cgi = 2.0 (see NBCC10, 4.1.7.1 (6));
Cpi the internal pressure coefficient (see Users Guide NBCC10, Commentary I)
Winter 2016
(Source: NBCC 2010)
40
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2.5
Wind Load, WL (continued)
External pressure
Internal pressure
External wind pressure is transferred
Internal wind pressure has an effect
to external walls, roof elements and
only on walls and roof elements.
braces if any.
Winter 2016
41
(Source: Rogers, C., 2007)
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2.5 Wind Load (continued)
q NBCC10 (Appendices C)
Buildings structure
fn<1/4Hz
Yes Experimental procedure (6)
Yes
H>60m
H- building height
No
H/w >4
Yes
Dynamic procedure
No
fn < 1Hz
Yes
Ce (Exposure A;
Exposure B)
No
- Exposure B:
rough terrain
Static procedure
Cg =2
See NBCC10; Ce (open terrain;

4.1.7.1.5)
rough terrain)
H<20m &
Yes H/D<1
CpCg Fig. I-7
Pe = IwqCeCgCp
-Exposure A:
open terrain
No
Tall buildings
Cg =2
Cp; Fig. I-10

Pe = IwqCeCgCp
Partial loads
Fig. I-16
Cp; Fig. I-15

Partial loads
Pe = IwqCeCgCp
Fig. I-11
42
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Summary of changes from the NBCC 2005:

-change to building height that triggers the use of the Dynamic or
Experimental Procedure from 120m to 60m;
Introduction of 1Hz as the lowest natural frequency fn that triggers
the use of the Dynamic or Experimental Procedure;
Introduction of 1/4Hz as the lowest natural frequency fn that
triggers the use of the Experimental Procedure;
Removal of exposure C.
Notable changes in Commentary 2010:
Introduction of equation to determine lowest natural frequency fn.
For details see Chapter 3.
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Wind exposure factor, Ce, as per article 4.1.7.1, NBCC2010
(but not less than 0.9)
(but not less than 0.7)
h -the reference building height above ground

Source:http://www.nationalcodes.ca/nbc/index_e.shtml
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Winter 2016
Source: Users Guide NBCC

Structural Commentary
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2.5 Wind Load

(continued)
Wind exposure factor,
Ce, dynamic procedure
Exposure A
Exposure B
Exposure C
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Winter 2016
Source: Users Guide NBCC Structural Commentary
23
CIVI 454

Example 2.5.1:
B=12m; H=6.0m; L=24m; roof slope=50- low-rise build.

other zone
Building importance category: normal; Iw=1( see Table

4.1.2.1 and Table 4.1.7.1, slide 25)
Building is location on rough terrain in Montreal area.
Ce=0.7(h/12)0.3=0.7(6/12)0.3=0.57, (Ce, exposure factor.)
and Ce 0.7; Therefore Ce=0.7
End zone
Pressure coefficients CpCg are calculated in

accordance with Fig. I-7 (Commentary of NBCC)
The end zone y= max (0.2B and 6m);
y=6m
Gust-induced pressure coefficients CpCg are:
End zones (1E&4E): CpCg =1.15-(-0.8)=1.95 (algebraic diff.)
Figure I-7 External peak pressure coefficients,
Other zones (1&4): CpCg= 0.75-(-0.55) =1.30 (algebraic difference)
CpCg, for primary structural actions arising from
Design wind pressure, p:
wind load acting simultaneously on all surfaces
p=Iw q(1/50)CeCgCp; (q(1/50)=0.4kPa, Appendices C)
End zones: p=1.0x0.4x0.7x1.95=0.55kPa

Other zones: p=1.0x0.4x0.7x1.3=0.37kPa
Lateral wind load: W= (24-6)x6.0x0.37 +6x6.0x0.55=40+20 =60kN
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Source: Commentary of NBCC2010
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CIVI 454
2.5 Wind Loads (continued)

Example 2.5.2
From Figure I-7, NBCC 2010,

Structural Commentaries and
zone 1 & 4
CpCg = (0.75 + 0.55) = 1.3
h (in this example, the end zones are

neglected)
0.75
0.55
Physical diagram
wind
{ -(-0.55) = 0.55 }
p=1.0 x 0.4 x 0.9 x1.30 = 0.47kPa

L= 24m; w=12m; h=6.0m; Iw = 1
Totalwind force= p x A = 0.47(24x6) = 68kN
Location: Montreal; q1/50=0.4kPa
Total wind force on one braced frame is:
Building located on open terrain
68/2 = 34kN and the factored force is
Ce = 0.9
34 x 1.4 = 48kN (see Table 4.1.3.2 NBCC 10)
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24
BLDG490
2.5 Wind Loads

(continued)
Use Figure I-15 for
middle- & high-rise
buildings.
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CIVI 454
2.6 Earthquake Loads
Earthquake is a sudden undulation of the earths

surface.
Table 4.1.8.4.A (NBCC 2010)

Site classification for seismic site response
F3
F2
F1
V
(Source: NBCC 2010)
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50
25
CIVI 454

2.6 Earthquake Loads (continued)
Spectral
Acceleration S(Ta)
(g)
Hazard spectra for Montreal (firm soil)
0.7
NBCC 2005
0.5
NBCC 1995 (v x S)
Max Sa for design 0.45g
0.3
0.1
-0.1 0
Period T, sec
Spectral Acceleration S(Ta)

(g)
Hazard spectra for Vancouver (firm soil)
NBCC 2005
0.8
NBCC 1995 (v x S)
0.6
Max Sa for design 0.67g
0.4
0.2
0
0
Probability of exedance 2% in 50 years or

return period 2475years
Winter 2016
Period T, sec
Source: Users Guide NBCC

Structural Commentary
51

CIVI 454
For site class A to E, factors Fa and Fv are given in Table 4.1.8.4.
Spectral acceleration values for different locations (Appendices C, NBCC10)

Location
Sa(0.2)
Sa(0.5)
Sa(1.0)
Sa(2.0)
Montreal, Qc.
0.64
0.34
0.14
0.048
Quebec, Qc.
0.55
0.32
0.15
0.052
0.18
Victoria, B.C.
1.2
0.82
0.38
Vancouver, B.C.
1,0
0.7
0.33
0.17
Ottawa, On.
0.67
0.32
0.14
0.045
Toronto, On.
0.28
0.14
0.055
0.016
Winter 2016
(Source: NBCC 2010)
52
26
CIVI 454
Fa acceleration-based
site coefficient
Fv velocity-based site
coefficient
Winter 2016
(Source: NBCC 2010)
53
CIVI 454

Design spectrum
For site class C

1.4
Montreal
1.2
(Fa=1, Fv=1)
Quebec
(RdR0 = 1)
Victoria
Vancouver
0.6
Ottawa
0.4
Toronto
S(T)
0.8
0.2
0
0
Period, T (s)
Seismic load calculation is given in detail in Chapter 4.
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CIVI 454
2.5 Earthquake Load (continued)

Equivalent Static Force Procedure
V = S(Ta)MvIEW/(RdRo)
Vmin = S(2.0)MvIEW/(RdRo)
Vmax = (2/3)S(0.2)IEW/(RdRo)
-100% Dead load, as defined in
Article 4.1.4.1. except that the
minimum partition load as
defined in Sentence 4.1.4.1.(3)
need not exceed 0.5kPa;
- V the minimum lateral earthquake force;

- S(Ta) design spectral acceleration values;
- Mv the higher mode factor (Table 4.1.8.11);
- IE importance factor for earthquake loads;
W=
- W building weight*;
- Rd ductility related force modification factor;
- Ro overstrength factor
- 25% of the design snow load

specified in 4.1.6.;
- 60% of the storage load for
areas used for storage except
that parking garages need not
be considered storage areas,
- 100% the full contents of any
tanks.
Winter 2016
(Source: NBCC 2010)
55

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Instructor: Dr.

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

PEIs Confederation Bridge,

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help code users to understand and to apply NBCC 2010 requirements.

contains 12 structural commentaries and among them are mentioned

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Serviceability limit states: referrer to serviceability (conditions that

Ultimate limit states: referrer to safety and include strength,

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(Source: CSA S16-09, Part 6)

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2. Loads on Structures (NBCC 2010)

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- Elementary and secondary schools;

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