Comprehensive Plan of

2012 REPORT
BY
By Deepika Shetty
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF COASTAL REGULATION ZONE IN

UDUPI DISTRICT -PART 1
OVERALL ASSESSMENT
This comprehensive development plan is for CRZ of Udupi District in accordance with provisions of CRZ notification 2011 in
consultation with traditional coastal communities including fisher folk.
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
BRIEF PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.
CRZ REGULATION ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.
CONCERNS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
4.1.
COASTAL VULNERABILITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.
EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1.
4.3.
PREPAREDNESS............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.3.1.
EROSION OF NATURAL FORESTS: .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23
4.3.2.
SEA EROSION: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
4.3.3.
HEAVY RAINFALL, FLOOD AND WATER SCARCITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.4.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.5.
SOUND POLLUTION: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.6.
USE OF CHEMICALS:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.7.
SOLID WASTE: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.8.
BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
4.3.8.1.
ACTION PLAN RECOMMENDED FOR SAFEGUARDING OF BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................... 25
4.4.
ASSETS OF THE COAST: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1.
MANGROVES: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.4.2.
SAND DUNES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
4.4.3.
BIOSHIELD .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
4.4.4.
WETLANDS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
4.4.5.
GROUND WATER TABLE AND SALINITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
5.
SOCIAL COCERNS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.1.
DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
5.1.1.
5.2.
DENSITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
ECONOMY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.1.
AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41
5.2.2.
INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.3.
TOURISM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.2.4.
QUALITY OF LIFE .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.5.
FISHERIES ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.2.5.1.
FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN UDUPI TALUK ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
5.3.
INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
5.4.
WATER SUPPLY..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
6.
Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT
1.
GENERAL GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.1.
WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
6.1.1.
SOLID WASTE EXISTING SCENARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
6.1.2.
RECYCLABLE WASTE .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.1.3.
SOLUTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.1.3.1.
VERMICOMPOSTING. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
6.1.4.
NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................55
6.1.5.
E-WASTE: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
6.1.6.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57
6.1.7.
CHICKEN WASTES AND OTHER MEAT WASTES .............................................................................................................................................................................57
6.1.8.
SEWAGE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
6.2.
GUIDELINES FOR DIASTER MITIGATION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 61
6.3.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
6.3.1.
DENSITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62
6.3.2.
GUIDELINES REGARDING BUILT FORMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 63
6.3.3.
GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM AND INDUSTRIES ................................................................................................................................................................................64
6.3.4.
TYPOLOGY OF STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES .........................................................................................................................................67
6.3.4.1.
GUIDELINES FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CONSTRUCTION IN RENOVATION OF STRUCTURES IN CRZ AREAS ................................................................ 68
6.3.4.1.1.
PROTECTION OF RIVER BANKS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................68
6.3.4.1.2.
DESIGN ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR FLOOD ......................................................................................................................................................................69
6.3.4.1.3.
PLINTH PROTECTION FROM EROSION: .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
6.3.4.2.
EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................71
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
8.
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT
7.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4-1: Drainage Pattern Of Udupi District
Figure 4-2: Geological Pattern Of Udupi District ......................................................... 14
Figure 4-3: Geomorphology Of Udupi District
Figure 4-4 Tanks And Rivers Of Udupi Distict ............................................................ 14
Figure 4-5: Land Use And Landcover Of Udupi District.................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4-6: A Typical Beach Profile Showing Beach Width, Foreshore And Backshore ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-7: Vulnerability Map Of Udupi Coast ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4-8: Shoreline Assessment: ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 4-9: Zoning Of Risk Assessment Figure 4-10: Map Of Udupi District With Population Density And Prominent Fault Lines ............................................. 21
Figure 4-11: Recorded Earthquakes Their Magnitude
Figure 4-12: Physiography And Transport Network Superimposed On Fault Lines .................. 21
Figure 4-13: Active Fault Lines Mapped ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4-15: Hotspot Of Hope And Hotspots In Despair In Karnataka From Biodiversity Sector .................................................................................................. 25
Figure 4-16: Wetland Map Of Karnataka As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010......................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4-17: Map Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010 ............................................................................................... 32
Figure 4-18: Map Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Wetland Atlas By Isro, Aug 2010 ............................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-1: Density Of Population In Udupi District In 2001 .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 5-2: Settlement Order 1991 And Settlement Order 2001 .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 5-3growth Rates For Various Population Ranges ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 5-4: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Growth Of Population In The District (1981-2001).......................................................................................................... 38
Figure 5-5: Map Showing Settlements With >20% Sc/St Population ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 5-6: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Change Of Literacy Rate In The District (1981-2001) ...................................................................................................... 40
Figure 5-7: Landuse Of Udupi District 2001 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-8: Map Showing Infrastructurein Udupi District 2001 ..................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 6-1: Color Coded Bins For Separation At Source ................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Figure 6-2 End Poducts Of Organic Decay ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 7-1 Risk Assessment For Udupi District From Htl To 200m Along Sea Coast And 100m From River Htl ........................................................................... 79
Figure 7-2 Risk Assessment For Udupi Taluk ................................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 7-3 Risk Assessment For Kundapur Taluk ........................................................................................................................................................................... 79
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1: Data Required To Provide Solutions For Various Coastal Problems. ............................................................................................................................ 16
Table 4-2: Factors Influencing The Choice Of Shoreline Protection System Alternatives ............................................................................................................. 16
Table 4-3: Criteria Fro Selecting Shoreline Protection Measures. ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Table 4-4: Spits Located In The West Coast Of Karnataka ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Table 4-5: Environment Issues Hotspots Referred From Environment Report Of 2003 By Karnataka State Government........................................................... 25
Table 4-6: Wetland Classification And Coding As Per National Wetland Atlas-Karnataka By Isro, Ahmedabad, Aug 2010. ........................................................ 29
Table 4-7: Area Of Wetland In Udupi District As Per National Atlas Of Wetland-Karnataka By Isro, Aug2010 ............................................................................ 31
Table 5-1: Average Settlements Size, Settlement Density Average Growth Rate And The Number Of Settlements According To Zones. .................................. 37
Table 5-2: Settlement Density, Number And Average Size In Udupi ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Table 5-3: Taluk Wise Classification Of Decadal Urban Population (1981- 2001) ......................................................................................................................... 38
Table 5-4:Zone Wise Classification Of Population, Density, Sex Ratio, Literacy Rate And Wfpr ................................................................................................... 39
Table 5-5: Graph Showing Taluk Wise Sex-Wise 0-6 Population In The District ........................................................................................................................... 39
Table 5-6: Classification Of Educational Status Of District Population .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Table 5-7: Classification Of Population Belonging To Different Income Categories In The District ............................................................................................... 43
Table 5-8: Urban Ocuppationsl Structure ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 5-9: Rural Occupational Structure ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Table 5-10: Monthly Fish Catch At Different Fish Landing Centres ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 5-11: Graph Showing Fish Catch Quantity And Value At Malpe Port................................................................................................................................ 45
Table 5-12: Statistics Of Inland Fishing In Udupi District ............................................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 5-13: Taluk Wise Statistics Of Inland Fishing In Udupi District............................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 5-14: Fish Land Centre Wise Workforce Engaged In Fisheries Sector ................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 5-15: Fishing Infrastructure Details In Udupi Taluk.............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 5-16: Fishing Infrastructure Details In Kundapur Taluk ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 5-17: Taluk Wise Fishing Infrastructure Details ................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 5-18 Taluk Wise Fishing Infrastructure According To Ownership: Public/Private ............................................................................................................... 47
Table 5-19: Total Land For Brackish Water Aquaculture In District............................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 5-20 Year Wise Production Of Shrimp In The District .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 5-21 Graph Showing Year Wise Production Of Shrimp In The District ................................................................................................................................ 47
Table 5-22 Village Wise Ground Water Levels For 4 Months ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
Table 6-1: The Solution For Various Waste Managemnt In The Area Of Concern ........................................................................................................................ 59
Table 7-1: The Final Area Assessed And Divided Into Three Zones Is As Follows: ......................................................................................................................... 77
Table 7-2: Total Areas In Three Zones In Udupi District: ............................................................................................................................................................... 79
FOREWORD
Udupi District is having a coastline of more than 100km. Around fourteen big and small rivers originating from the mighty
Western Ghats join this coastline criss crossing the length of the district forming a number of estuaries and backwaters. Other than
this there are a number of small islands, locally known as kudrus. All this makes a unique eco system along one side of the district.
With the heavy rains of southwest Monsoon and the continuation of the tropical rain forests of Western Ghats the Udupi district is
environmentally important and Ecologically sensitive. The population dependent on the sea is undergoing a transformation. Their
number, economic backwardness and new technologies of fishing available to them etc become factors for the churning. The
traditional agriculture is on a low key note because of the labor issues and new agricultural methods are not catching the attention of
otherwise enterprising people of Udupi district because of the fragmented lands and absentee landlordism. Enlightened environmental
concerns make the region less attractive for big traditional industries too. Thus fishing remains the primary sector of economic activity
in coastal Udupi. Hence law effecting the coast and nearby water bodies becomes very important critical & controversial.
CRZ notification 1991 was issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 with the aim to provide comprehensive
measures for the protection and conservation of coastal environment. The CRZ notification even though promulgamated in 1991, took
many years to be applied in the field. It took around 12 years to start a district office for the implementation. Meanwhile a number of
developmental activities were happening in this fragile area. It becomes very important not only for the population living along the
coast, but for the entire region that the developmental activities to continue as the linkages between the economical and ecological
activities happening in the CRZ areas and rest of the district are high. CRZ notification 2011 was published with certain changes with
the objectives of ensuring livelihood security to the fishing communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas,
conserving and protecting coastal stretches and promoting development in a sustainable manner based on scientific principles, taking
into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas and sea level rise due to global warming. To meet the demands of
dwelling units of traditional coastal communities especially fisher-folk, in CRZ-III areas where 0-200 metres was a No Development
Zone(NDZ) : now the same has been reduced to 100 metres. Hence, dwelling units of such communities can be constructed in 100-200
metres from High Tide Line along the seafront with the approval of a comprehensive plan prepared by the State Government and
approved by MoEF. This comprehensive study is mainly aimed at this. This is a kind of technical planning of the area placing the facts
with increased awareness of fragilities of ecology, concerns of possible disasters and issues of sanitation and all kinds of waste
disposals, scientifically and methodically.
I congratulate Ms Deepika Shetty and her team for concerted efforts for collecting, compiling and analyzing the data and putting up
comprehensive plan in a very scientific manner and suggesting the ways further ahead. The index of development for different Grama
Panchayath is critical and quite interesting. I also congratulate the Regional Director of department of Environment Mr. T. Balachandra
and his team for supporting the systematic study of this region. I hope this will help to achieve the primary objective CRZ notification
2011 that is ensuring livelihood security of coastal communities.
Dr. R.REJU
Deputy Commissioner of Udupi District

and Chairman District Coastal Zone
Management Committee
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude to Government of Karnataka for giving me this opportunity of doing this comprehensive development plan, the
Secretary, Ministry Of Environment And Forest, for approving the making of such a report which is an initiative taken for the first time.
I am extremely grateful to the Dr. M. T. Reju, Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate, Udupi, for giving me this opportunity to
prepare this plan and his full support for the help necessary.
I thank Shri T. Balachandra, Deputy Conservator of Forests and Regional Director (Environment) Udupi, for his input in this plan.
I thank Shri Ganesh A, Shri Ashok Bhatt and other staff of Regional office of Forest and Environment, Udupi District, for their help and
support in the preparation of this plan, and Mr. R. Vikram, Project Associate, District NRDMS Center, for the information he could
provide.
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. H N Udaya Shankar, Professor at Manipal Institute of Technology for his advice
and technical support regarding the geological analysis and overall assessment of the area.
I am extremely indebted to Deepika K M, Shreeja Jaykumar, Satyaprakash, Swastika Parijat, Anupa Rai for their timely help to put
together some of the maps and studies for this report in time.
I would like to thank Dibyajivan Pati and Nelson for accompanying me during the site visits.
Last but not the least I thank my mother and father Chandrakala Shetty and Sarvothama Shetty, my husband Jeevan Kumar Shetty, my
children Sharada and Shambavi who managed home front and gave me full support during the busy schedule of this report.
BRIEF PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR
Deepika Shetty, born on 11th December 1975 is an architect graduated from Kamala Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of
Architecture and Environmental Studies, Mumbai University in April 1998 and Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Design from
Centre of Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad in April 2001. She is currently pursuing her Doctrate in Manipal
University on Morphological Analysis of Small towns in Udupi District. She has been teaching in Manipal University since Sept
1998 and is presently Associate Professor in Manipal School of Architecture and Planning. She has presented many papers
regarding sustainable development in Udupi District in national and international conferences. She was a consultant as part of
CEPT team to review the town planning measures for Bhuj town immediately after earthquake April 2001 and for
Comprehensive Development Plan of Udupi for the Udupi Development Authority 2005.She also gave talk as a resource person
on, Site Planning Aspects and Design, for National Program for Capacity Building of Architects In Earthquake Risk Management
Under Ministry of Home Affairs Conducted By National Resource Centre, Faculty of Architecture, MIT, Manipal, 2005-2006.
1. INTRODUCTION
Government of India has issued the CRZ notification on 6-1-2011 vide ref (1). As indicated in the notification, construction/
reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities especially fisher folk is permitted between 100 and 200 meters from
high tide line along the seafront in CRZ-III in accordance with a comprehensive Plan prepared by the State Government in consultation
with the traditional coastal communities especially fisher folk and incorporating the necessary disaster management provision,
sanitation and recommended by the concerned State Coastal Zone Management Authority to National Coastal Zone Management
Authority for approval by Ministry of Environment and Forest as per Para 8(III) (CRZ-III) A(ii) of the CRZ Notification, 2011.
This comprehensive development plan was initiated by the District Commissioner and District Magistrate Dr. M.T.Reju, for CRZ of Udupi
District in accordance with provisions of CRZ notification 2011 in consultation with traditional coastal communities including fisher
folk, so as to facilitate the new development guidelines along the coast with due regard for coastal vulnerabitlity and environmental
aspects.
The methodology adopted to do this plan is as follows:-
1.1. METHODOLOGY
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification,

2011
Existing Maps Of 1906 With Marking
Of CRZ Areas
GUIDELINES FOR
SANITATION
Generation of
Maps for Villagewise Assessment
GUIDELINES FOR
DIASTER
MITIGATION
RELIEF GROUND
RISK ASSESSMENT
MAPS
SEWAGE
ACCESIBILITY
KEY ISSUES
DENSITY ZONES
DRINKING WATER
BUILT FORM
TYPOLOGY
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Site Visits and

Interaction with
People and
Panchayat Officials
2. CRZ REGULATION
The key points of the notification are stated herewith:
The Central Government hereby declares the following areas as CRZ and imposes with effect from the date of the notification the
following restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes and the like in the CRZ,(i) The land area from High Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the HTL) to 500mts on the landward side along the sea front.
(ii) CRZ shall apply to the land area between HTL to 100 mts or width of the creek whichever is less on the landward side along the tidal
influenced water bodies that are connected to the sea and the distance up to which development along such tidal influenced water
bodies is to be regulated shall be governed by the distance upto which the tidal effects are experienced which shall be determined based
on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt) measured during the driest period of the year and distance upto which tidal
effects are experienced shall be clearly identified and demarcated accordingly in the Coastal Zone Management Plans (hereinafter
referred to as the CZMPs).
Explanation - For the purposes of this sub-paragraph the expression tidal influenced water bodies means the water bodies influenced by
tidal effects from sea, in the bays, estuaries, rivers, creeks, backwaters, lagoons, ponds connected to the sea or creeks and the like.
(iii) The land area falling between the hazard line and 500mts from HTL on the landward side, in case of seafront and between the
hazard line and 100mts line in case of tidal influenced water body the word hazard line denotes the line demarcated by Ministry of
Environment and Forests (hereinafter referred to as the MoEF) through the Survey of India (hereinafter referred to as the SoI) taking
into account tides, waves, sea level rise and shoreline changes.
(iv)Land area between HTL and Low Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the LTL) which will be termed as the intertidal zone.
(v) The water and the bed area between the LTL to the territorial water limit (12 Nm) in case of sea and the water and the bed area
between LTL at the bank to the LTL on the opposite side of the bank, of tidal influenced water bodies.
For the purposes of this notification, the HTL means the line on the land upto which the highest water line reaches during the spring tide
and shall be demarcated uniformly in all parts of the country by the demarcating authority(s) so authorized by the MoEF in accordance
with the general guidelines issued at Annexure-I. HTL shall be demarcated within one year from the date of issue of this notification.
Prohibited activities within CRZ,The following are declared as prohibited activities within the CRZ,(i) Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries except,(a) Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities;
Explanation: The expression foreshore facilities means those activities permissible under this notification and they require
waterfront for their operations such as ports and harbours, jetties, quays, wharves, erosion control measures, breakwaters,
pipelines, lighthouses, navigational safety facilities, coastal police stations and the like.;
(b) Projects of Department of Atomic Energy;
(e) Reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities including fishers in accordance with local town and country
planning regulations.
(ii) Manufacture or handling oil storage or disposal of hazardous substance as specified in the notification of Ministry of Environment
and Forests, No. S.O.594 (E), dated the 28th July 1989, S.O.No.966 (E), dated the 27th November, 1989 and GSR 1037 (E), dated the 5th
December, 1989 except,(a) Transfer of hazardous substances from ships to ports, terminals and refineries and vice versa;
(b) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II appended to this
notification and facilities for regasification of Liquefied Natural Gas (hereinafter referred to as the LNG) in the areas not classified as
CRZ- I(i) subject to implementation of safety regulations including guidelines issued by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate in the
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and guidelines issued by MoEF and subject to further terms and conditions for
implementation of ameliorative and restorative measures in relation to environment as may be stipulated by in MoEF.
Provided that facilities for receipt and storage of fertilizers and raw materials required for manufacture of fertilizers like ammonia,
phosphoric acid, sulphur, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and the like, shall be permitted within the said zone in the areas not classified as
CRZ-I (i).
(iii) Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing except hatchery and natural fish drying in permitted areas:
(iv) Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater except those,(a) Required for setting up, construction or modernization or expansion of foreshore facilities like ports, harbours, jetties, wharves,
quays, slipways, bridges, sealink, road on stilts, and such as meant for defence and security purpose and for other facilities that are
essential for activities permissible under the notification;
(b) Measures for control of erosion, based on scientific including Environmental Impact
Assessment (hereinafter referred to as the EIA) studies
(c) Maintenance or clearing of waterways, channels and ports, based on EIA studies;
(d) Measures to prevent sand bars, installation of tidal regulators, laying of storm water drains or for structures for prevention of
salinity ingress and freshwater recharge based on carried out by any agency to be specified by MoEF.
(v) Setting up and expansion of units or mechanism for disposal of wastes and effluents except facilities required for,(a) Discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(b) Storm water drains and ancillary structures for pumping;
(c) Treatment of waste and effluents arising from hotels, beach resorts and human settlements located in CRZ areas other than CRZI and disposal of treated wastes and effluents;
(vi) Discharge of untreated waste and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other human settlements. The concerned authorities
shall implement schemes for phasing out existing discharge of this nature, if any, within a time period not exceeding two years from the
date of issue of this notification.
(vii) Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris, industrial solid wastes, flyash for the purpose of land filling and the
like and the concerned authority shall implement schemes for phasing out any existing practice, if any, shall be phased out within a
period of one year from date of commencement of this notification.
Note:-The MoEF will issue a separate instruction to the State Governments and Union territory
Administration in respect of preparation of Action Plans and their implementation as also monitoring including the time schedule
thereof, in respect of paras (v), (vi) and (vii).
(viii) Port and harbours projects in high eroding stretches of the coast, except those projects classified as strategic and defence related in
terms of EIA notification, 2006 identified by MoEF based on scientific studies and in consultation with the State Government or the
Union territory Administration.
(ix) Reclamation for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and entertainment activities.
(x) Mining of sand, rocks and other sub-strata materials except,(a) Those rare minerals not available outside the CRZ area,
(b) Exploration and exploitation of Oil and Natural Gas.
(xi) Drawl of groundwater and construction related thereto, within 200mts of HTL; except the following:(a) In the areas which are inhabited by the local communities and only for their use.
(b) In the area between 200mts-500mts zone the drawl of groundwater shall be permitted only when done manually through
ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries and where no other source of water is available.
Note:-Restrictions for such drawl may be imposed by the Authority designated by the State Government and Union territory
Administration in the areas affected by sea water intrusion.
(xi) Construction activities in CRZ-I except those specified in para 8 of this notification.
(xiii) Dressing or altering the sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for beautification, recreation and other
such purpose.
(xiv) Facilities required for patrolling and vigilance activities of marine/coastal police stations.
4. Regulation of permissible activities in CRZ area.
The following activities shall be regulated except those prohibited in para 3 above,(i)(a) Clearance shall be given for any activity within the CRZ only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities;
(b) For those projects which are listed under this notification and also attract EIA notification,
2006 (S.O.1533 (E), dated the 14th September, 2006), for such projects clearance under
EIA notification only shall be required subject to being recommended by the concerned
State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority (hereinafter referred to as the CZMA).
(c) Housing schemes in CRZ as specified in paragraph 8 of this notification;
(d) Construction involving more than 20,000sq mts built-up area in CRZ-II shall be considered in accordance with EIA notification,
2006 and in case of projects less than 20,000sq mts built-up area shall be approved by the concerned State or Union territory
Planning authorities in accordance with this notification after obtaining recommendations from the concerned CZMA and prior
recommendations of the concern CZMA shall be essential for considering the grant of environmental clearance under EIA notification,
2006 or grant of approval by the relevant planning authority.
(e) MoEF may under a specific or general order specify projects which require prior public hearing of project affected people.
(f) Construction and operation for ports and harbours, jetties, wharves, quays, slipways, ship construction yards, breakwaters,
groynes, erosion control measures;
(ii) The following activities shall require clearance from MoEF, namely:(a) Those activities not listed in the EIA notification, 2006.
(b) Construction activities relating to projects of Department of Atomic Energy or Defence requirements for which foreshore facilities
are essential such as, slipways, jetties, wharves, quays; except for classified operational component of defence projects. Residential
buildings, office buildings, hospital complexes, workshops of strategic and defence projects in terms of
EIA notification, 2006;
(c) Construction, operation of lighthouses;
(d) Laying of pipelines, conveying systems, transmission line;
(e) Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and facilities thereto;
(f) Foreshore requiring facilities for transport of raw materials, facilities for intake of cooling water and outfall for discharge of
treated wastewater or cooling water from thermal power plants. MoEF may specify for category of projects such as at (f), (g) and (h)
of para 4;
(g) Mining of rare minerals as listed by the Department of Atomic Energy;
(h) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy resources, desalination plants and weather radars;
(i) Demolition and reconstruction of (a) buildings of archaeological and historical importance, (ii) heritage buildings; and buildings
under public use which means buildings such as for the purposes of worship, education, medical care and cultural activities;
4.2 Procedure for clearance of permissible activities.All projects attracting this notification shall be considered for CRZ clearance as per the following procedure, namely:(i) The project proponents shall apply with the following documents seeking prior clearance under CRZ notification to the concerned
State or the Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority,(a) Form-1 (Annexure-IV of the notification);
(b) Rapid EIA Report including marine and terrestrial component except for construction projects listed under 4(c) and (d)
(c) Comprehensive EIA with cumulative studies for projects in the stretches classified as low and medium eroding by MoEF based
on scientific studies and in consultation with the State
Governments and Union territory Administration;
(d) Disaster Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and Management Plan;
(e) CRZ map indicating HTL and LTL demarcated by one of the authorized agency (as indicated in para 2) i n 1:4000 scale;
(f) Project layout superimposed on the above map indicated at (e) above;
(g) The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project site.
(h) The CRZ map indicating the CRZ-I, II, III and IV areas including other notified ecologically sensitive areas;
(i) No Objection Certificate from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or Union territory Pollution Control Committees for
the projects involving discharge of effluents, solid wastes, sewage and the like.;
(ii) The concerned CZMA shall examine the above documents in accordance with the approved CZMP and in compliance with CRZ
notification and make recommendations within a period of sixty days from date of receipt of complete application,(a) MoEF or State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (hereinafter referred to as the
SEIAA) as the case may be for the project attracting EIA notification, 2006;
(b) MoEF for the projects not covered in the EIA notification, 2006 but attracting para 4(ii) of the CRZ notification;
(iii) MoEF or S E I A A shall consider such projects for clearance based on the recommendations of the concerned CZMA within a period
of sixty days.
(vi) The clearance accorded to the projects under the CRZ notification shall be valid for the period of five years from the date of issue of
the clearance for commencement of construction and operation.
(v) F o r Post clearance monitoring (a) it shall be mandatory for the project proponent to submit half-yearly compliance reports in
respect of the stipulated terms and conditions of the environmental clearance in hard and soft copies to the regulatory authority(s)
concerned, on 1st June and 31st December of each calendar year and all such compliance reports submitted by the project p r o p o n e n
t shall be published in public domain and its copies shall be given to any person on application to the concerned CZMA.
(b) The compliance report shall also be displayed on the website of the concerned regulatory authority.
(vi) To maintain transparency in the working of the CZMAs it shall be the responsibility of the
CZMA to create a dedicated website and post the agenda, minutes, decisions taken, clearance letters, violations, action taken on the
violations and court matters including the Orders of the Honble Court as also the approved CZMPs of the respective State Government
or Union territory.
7. Classification of the CRZ For the purpose of conserving and protecting the coastal areas and marine waters, the CRZ area shall be
classified as follows, namely:(iii) CRZ-III,Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ-I or II which include coastal zone in the rural areas
(developed and undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not
substantially built up.
8. Norms for regulation of activities permissible under this notification,(i) The development or construction activities in different categories of CRZ shall be regulated by the concerned CZMA in accordance
with the following norms, namely:Note: - The word existing use hereinafter in relation to existence of various features or existence of regularisation or norms shall mean
existence of these features or regularisation or norms as on 19.2.1991 wherein CRZ notification, was notified.
III. CRZ-III,A. Area upto 200mts from HTL on the landward side in case of seafront and 100mts along tidal influenced water bodies or width of
the creek whichever is less is to be earmarked as No Development Zone (NDZ),(i) The NDZ shall not be applicable in such area falling within any notified port limits;
(ii) No construction shall be permitted within NDZ except for repairs or reconstruction of existing authorized structure not exceeding
existing Floor Space Index, existing plinth area and existing density and for permissible activities under the notification including
facilities essential for activities; Construction/reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk
may be permitted between 100 and 200 metres from the HTL along the seafront in accordance with a comprehensive plan prepared by
the State Government or the Union territory in consultation with the traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk and
incorporating the necessary disaster management provision, sanitation and recommended by the concerned State or the Union territory
CZMA to NCZMA for approval by MoEF;
(iii) However, the following activities may be permitted in NDZ
(a) Agriculture, horticulture, gardens, pasture, parks, play field, and forestry;
(b) Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy;
(c) Mining of rare minerals;
(d) Salt manufacture from seawater;
(e) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II;
(f) Facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas subject to conditions as mentioned in subparagraph (ii) of paragraph 3;
(g) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources;
(h) Foreshore facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities;
(i) Weather radars;
10
(j) Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, provision of facilities for water
supply, drainage, sewerage, crematoria, cemeteries and electric sub-station which are required for the local inhabitants may be
permitted on a case to case basis by CZMA;
(k) Construction of units or auxiliary thereto for domestic sewage, treatment and disposal with the prior approval of the concerned
Pollution Control Board or Committee;
(l) Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat
building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities and the like;
(m) Development of green field airport already permitted only at Navi Mumbai.
B. Area between 200mts to 500mts,-
The following activities shall be permissible in the above areas;

(i) Development of vacant plot in designated areas for construction of hotels or beach resorts for tourists or visitors subject to the
conditions as specified in the guidelines at Annexure-III;
(ii) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II;
(iii) Facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas subject to conditions as mentioned in sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph 3;
(iv) Storage of non-hazardous cargo such as, edible oil, fertilizers, food grain in notified ports;
(v) Foreshore facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities;
(vi) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources;
(vii) Construction or reconstruction of dwelling units so long it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as
existing fishing villages and goathans.
Building permission for such construction or reconstruction will be subject to local town and country planning rules with overall height
of construction not exceeding 9mts with two floors (ground + one floor);
(viii) Construction of public rain shelters, community toilets, water supply drainage,
sewerage, roads and bridges by CZMA who ma y a l s o permit construction of schools and dispensaries for local inhabitants of the area
for those panchayats, the major part of which falls within CRZ if no other area is available for construction of such facilities;
(ix) Reconstruction or alteration of existing authorised building subject to sub-paragraph
(vii), (viii);
(x) Development of green field airport already permitted only at Navi Mumbai.
11
3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT

Udupi is one of the twenty-seven districts in the state of Karnataka. It was formed on 24th August, 1997, carved out of erstwhile
Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara) district with three taluks namely Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura. Udupi city is the District Head
Quarters. Administratively, the district has 248 villages, 146 GPs, one city municipality (Udupi city), two town municipalities (Karkala
and Kundapura) and one town panchayat (Saligrama).
Located between the foothills of Western Ghats in the east and Arabian Sea in the west, Udupi is one of the three coastal districts of the
state. Along its southern border lies Dakshina Kannada district; Uttara Kannada lies to the north and Shimoga and Chikamagalore to the
east. Arabian Sea forms its western boundary. The total geographical area of the district is 3575 square kms. The district has three
distinct natural regions; coastal region with a coastal belt of about 98 kms, midland plain terrain, covering 75 percent of the district and
malnad region and the ghat section with hills and thick forests. Many rivers take birth in the foothills of Western Ghats, flowing
westwards and joining the Arabian Sea. Udupi district has varied climatic zones; it is humid in the coastal region, cool in the ghat region
and warm in the eastern region. There are four distinct seasons viz. rainy season (from June to September), two months of warm and
damp weather (during October and November), winter season (between December and February) and a hot and sultry summer season
(from March to May). The district gets rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. Normal rainfall is about 4302 mm during the rainy
season.
Udupi district has a long history and a aweinspiring cultural heritage. Many dynasties have ruled and played key roles in socio-cultural
and economic transformation of the district. Historically, the culture of other regions influenced and fused with the local culture and
evolved into a distinctly different culture from other cultures known as Tuluva culture. Tuluva culture got lot of importance at the time
of the Vijayanagar Empire, in the early 14th century and Udupi district, along with Dakshina Kannada, was thereafter commonly known
as Tulunadu. Tulu was the spoken language of the people. The social system was evolved on line with the customary functional caste
system. Villages were self-sufficient and self-reliant in all respects.
Tuluva culture is known for nature worship particularly Naga-aradhane-snake worship and Boota-aradhane- spirit worship. The district
is also known for the birth of Advaitha philosophy of Shankaracharya in the ninth century and the Dwaitha philosophy of Madhwacharya
in the thirteenth century. The Dwaitha philosophy propounded by Madhwacharya had its original seat at Udupi. Though, the majority of
the Hindus are worshippers of Shiva and Durgamba, since Udupi is the place, where Asta Mathas were set up, Madhwa philososphy has a
strong influence on the cultural setting of the district. When Jains were the rulers, Jainism spread in parts of the district. Similarly,
Muslim and Christian religions followed thereafter and became integral parts of the society. The activities of Christain Missions
profoundly influenced the socio-cultural traditions of the district, as they were involved actively in education, health and social sectors.
The district has now more than 50 important temples, 12 churches, 10 mosques and Jain religious basadis (in Karkal and Barkur).
Religious centers, which attract pilgrims from all over India, include Udupi, Kollur, Anegudde, Hattiangadi, Mandarthi, Attur, Karkala and
Barkur. i
12
4. CONCERNS
4.1.
COASTAL VULNERABILITY
Udupi coast in Karnataka state, along the west coast of India, is well known for sandy beaches, aquaculture ponds, lush greenery,
temples and major and minor industries. The study was done for Udupi coast starting from Surathkal in the south and Navunda in the
north along Karnataka coast which lies between 13000001304500 north latitudes and 74047307403000 east longitudes, the
length of the coastline is 95 km, and is oriented along the NNWSSE direction. It is vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due to
its low topography and its high ecological and touristy value. A study had been carried out by (G.S. Dwarakish et all 2009) with a view to
calculate the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to know the high and low vulnerable areas and area of inundation due to future SLR, and
land loss due to coastal erosion. Both conventional and remotely sensed data were used and analyzed through the modeling technique
and by using ERDAS Imagine and geographical information system software. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km2/ year during 2000
2006 and around 46 km of the total 95 km stretch is under critical erosion. Out of the 95 km stretch coastline, 59% is at very high risk,
7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to SLR. Results of the inundation analysis indicate that 42.19 km2
and 372.08 km2 of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m inundation levels. The most severely affected sectors are
expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural land, and the natural ecosystem. ii
For vulnerability assessment the factors considered are as follows
The rise of sea level (SLR) which directly results in submerging the coastal zone under water (shoreline recession) as well as
change in natural environment.
Inundation can also exacerbate coastal erosion by transporting submerged sediments offshore, and extending the effects of
coastal flooding by allowing storm waves to act further
Wave heights also increase when concentrated on head lands or when travelling into bays having wide entrances that become
progressively narrower.
The study area has a tropical climate. MarchMay constitute the hot season. With respect to the mean daily temperature, May (36 0C)
and December (230C) are the hottest and coolest months respectively. The area receives a very heavy downpour between June and
September due to the southwest monsoon. The average annual rainfall is 3954 mm of which 87% is received during the monsoon
season.
The coastal area experiences tropical and monsoon climate, with constantly high humidity with alternate wet and dry seasons. Besides
the regular monsoon, the Arabian Sea and the west coast of India is also exposed to occasional cyclones, but the effects of cyclones are
minimal for this coast. The temperature in the coast is generally equable with temperature ranging between 20-36oC. The climate is
marked by heavy rainfall, high humidity and oppressive weather conditions in summer. SW monsoon months are the coolest (mean
daily temperature is < 29 oC) and April-May are the hottest months of the year. The air is highly humid all through the year. Winds are
strong and mainly westerly or southwesterly during SW monsoon months. During the rest of the year, winds blow mainly from
directions between north and east in the mornings and westerly or northwesterly in the afternoons (Jayappa et. Al., 2003)
Rainfall controls coastal processes of this area and determines fresh water discharge into the Arabian Sea through various river systems.
The detritus from Western Ghats, isolated hilltops in the midland and lowlands collected and transported to coastal areas through the
river systems, nourish the adjoining beaches to some extent. This is a process associated with heavy rainfall, which is concentrated
during SW monsoon months.
The ocean waves are high along coast in the months from June to September. Wave periods range from 9 to 10 seconds in monsoon.
Maximum wave height recorded is 6.5m while the wave heights are less than 1m during non-monsoon season and the wave periods
show variation with the presence of long period waves.
Changes during 30 years period are studied at each station. Significant morphological changes in landformslike spit, channel Island,
coastal plain, tidal flat, lateritic plain, alluvial plain and sand bar within and adjacent to estuarine river mouths of Kali, Sharavathi,
Kollur-ChakkaraHaladi and Udyavara Rivers are observed. The study indicates that gradual erosion is observed at i) Karwar spit along
the northern side of the Kali river mouth, ii) the spit at the southern side of the Sharavathi river mouth and iii) at some regions of
Kundapur.iv
The tide variation between the satellite imageries of 1998 and 2008 for the path/row-096-062 (Karwar and Honnavar) is negligible but
path/row 097-063 (Kundapur and Malpe) shows 65 cm change in the tide between two data. The erosion observed is not continuous all
along the coast but in isolated stretches along the coast. Comparatively large erosion have been observed at the river mouths of Devbag
(north of Kali River), at Pavinakurve (north of Sharavathi River) and at Kundapur. The coastline at Malpe is almost stable with negligible
erosion and deposition. Significant amount of loss of land is observed mainly at the river mouth due to the sediment erosion from the
banks because of complex interactions between river flow, waves and the tides.
The coast is subjected to very strong sea breezes during the non-monsoon months. The sea breezes in the afternoons predominate over
the land breezes in the early mornings. Deep water waves approach this coast from the directions between W, SW and NW. The
maximum significant wave height Hs is about 3.44m with the average zero-crossing period of 10.4 sec. The largest single wave recorded
is about 5.4m and typical SW monsoon waves are of height about 4m. Tides are semidiurnal with a mean tidal range of 1.2m and spring
tidal range 1.8m. (KREC study team 1994)iii
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FIGURE 4-1: DRAINAGE PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT
FIGURE 4-2: GEOLOGICAL PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT
FIGURE 4-3: GEOMORPHOLOGY OF UDUPI DISTRICT
FIGURE 4-4 TANKS AND RIVERS OF UDUPI DISTICT
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FIGURE 4-5: LAND USE AND LANDCOVER OF UDUPI DISTRICT
15
TABLE 4-1: DATA REQUIRED TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS FOR VARIOUS COASTAL PROBLEMS.(ICMAM-PD, 2007)
TABLE 4-2: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF SHORELINE PROTECTION SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES(ICMAM-PD,2007)
TABLE 4-3: CRITERIA FRO SELECTING SHORELINE PROTECTION MEASURES. (ICMAM-PD, 2007)
16
The report on Management of Tidal Inlets along West Coast, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Local Implementing
Agency NITK, Surathkal, June 2007, discusses at length on the process of design and parameters to be considered in design process.
Detailed study of shoreline behavior along west coast is discussed.
The river mouths and the long and narrow sand spits are highly vulnerable areas since they consist of sand which can easily worked out
by waters both the sea and the river. The sand spit at Uliyaragoli Padukere adjoining the Udyavara river near Malpe is about 10km long
and at places it is only 50m wide with a vital link road running in the middle. At some locations on the split, the coastal erosion threatens
to cut off the road. The beaches along the Udupi coast are more vulnerable to erosion due to high water table caused by flood flows of
the adjoining rivers. Even smaller waves in these cases can cause significant erosion.
The basic types of protective structures adopted in this coast are:
Seawall
Riverbank protection in the tidal reaches
Spurs across river banks in tidal reaches
Breakwaters as river training jetties
Mangrove Plantation
Sea walls failure is due to wrong position of the wall and bad selection of rock and construction technique. The best place for a seawall is
at the back of beach where it provides a protection against the largest storms. It is found that a properly located and constructed seawall
does not accelerate the erosion either in front of it or in the adjoining areas. By contrast, a seawall built out to the mean high water line
due to scarcity of space which in turn is due to beach encroachment may constantly create problems related to frontal and end scour as
well as up-coast sand impoundments, and this is the case at many locations along D.K. and Udupi coasts.
TABLE 4-4: SPITS LOCATED IN THE WEST COAST OF KARNATAKA (KUNTE P.D. ET AL, 1991)
FIGURE 4-6: A TYPICAL BEACH PROFILE SHOWING BEACH WIDTH, FORESHORE AND BACKSHORE
17
FIGURE 4-7: VULNERABILITY MAP OF UDUPI COAST AS PER STUDY BY G.S. DWARAKISH ET ALL 2009
18
FIGURE 4-8: SHORELINE ASSESSMENT: THIS IS THE MAP SUBMITTED BY INSTITUTE OF OCEAN MANAGEMENT ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, TO MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2012
19
After assigning the risk value based on each specific data variable to each section of the coastline, the CVI had been calculated. The
calculated CVI value for the coastal stretch ranges from 7.5 to 17.89. The mean value is 14.33 and standard deviation is 1.95. The CVI
scores are divided into low, moderate, high and very high vulnerability categories based on the quartile ranges and visual inspection of
the data. CVI values below 10.29 are assigned low vulnerability. Values from 10.29 to 12.2 are assigned moderate vulnerability; high
vulnerability lies between 12.82 and 15.36. CVI values more than 15.36 are assigned very high vulnerability. Locations along the coastal
stretch such as Maravanthe, Gujjadi, Bijadi, Parampalli are under the very high vulnerability category. Places such as Kapu and Malpe fall
under the moderate category whereas Tonse, Padubidri, Sasihithlu and Surathkal have low vulnerability.
A total of 95 km of the shoreline is ranked in the study area, out of which 59% of the mapped shoreline is classified as being at very high
risk due to future SLR. The percentage of high and moderate risk is only 11%, and the remaining 30% of the shoreline is under the low
risk category. From this it is very clear that the Udupi coast is highly vulnerable for future SLR, and the different LU/LC features under
the direct risk of flooding include coastal villages, agricultural land, wetland, salt pans, aquaculture ponds, link roads, beaches and
coastal dunes. This implies that the population living presently in these areas would be displaced. Figure shows the vulnerable areas
along the study area for the SLR determined using coastal vulnerability indices.
The area of submergence for 1 m rise in water level is up to 42.19 km2 and subsequently for 2 m, 3 m, 4 m, 5 m and 10 m rise in water
level are 56.34 km2, 75.04 km2, 89.58 km2, 150.67 km2 and 372.08 km2 respectively. The low lying areas of the study area are highly
vulnerable for submergence in case of a tsunami or a rise in sea level. From the LU/LC map it is clear that the maximum area is covered
by agriculture lands and other categories, which include aquaculture ponds in the low lying area, and they will get affected first by
future SLR. The inundation maps can be overlaid on land use/land cover maps to find out the extent of submergence of different LU/LC
areas. It is necessary to incorporate the elevation levels for new/expanded settlement areas under the town planning acts so that human
life and property are saved from natural hazards/vulnerabilities. The run-up levels can be used as guidance to determine safe locations
of settlements from the shoreline. Based on the vulnerability assessment study, it is clear that three issues are of great concern to the
authorities and decision makers: coastal land loss, ecosystem disturbance and erosion and degradation of shoreline.
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India in
February 1991, as part of the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 to protect the coast from eroding and to preserve its natural
resources and was adopted in June 1992. Accordingly coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are
influenced by tidal action in the landward direction up to 500 m from the high tide line (HTL) were considered as coastal regulation
zones. The low lying nature of the Udupi coastal zone coupled with significant land reclamation investments and extensive industrial,
commercial, and residential activity emphasizes that ecological and socio-economical systems are currently facing tremendous pressure
due to rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and economic development. SLR phenomena are going to accelerate degradation of the
coastal and marine resources and could lead to serious displacement of people, commercial and industrial activities. Hence, strict
enforcement of the CRZ Act is needed in order to protect the coastal ecosystem and to reduce degradation.
The options available for the protection of the Udupi coast from future SLR could be dune afforestation, mangrove restoration and
management, periodic beach nourishment and building seawalls and groins. The construction of seawalls is costly and hence it would be
used only for some settlements at high risk of inundation.
The performance of properly constructed and maintained seawalls along the undivided Dakshina Kannada coast is satisfactory. The
integrated coastal zone management plan, though active in India, is still not fully functional. It must emphasize more on building
regulation, urban growth planning, development of institutional capacity, involvement of local community, increasing public awareness
and should be based on long-term sustainable developmental programmes. The coastal vulnerability index (CVI) provides insight into
the relative potential of coastal damage due to future SLR. The maps presented here can be viewed in at least two ways: (i) to identify
areas where physical changes are most likely to occur as sea level rises; and (ii) as a planning tool for managing and protecting
resources in the study area. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km2/yr during 20002006 and 46 km of the total 95 km is under critical
erosion; and 59% is at very high risk, 7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to future SLR. Based on the
inundation study, it was found that 42.19 km2 and 372.08 km2 of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m
inundation levels respectively. The most severely affected sectors are expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural
lands and the natural ecosystem. These are to be protected through strict enforcement of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
Act and any further coastal developmental activities and protection work along the Udupi coast should be based upon an integrated
coastal zone management (ICZM) approach for long-term sustainable development.
Most of the beaches of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts experience erosion during SW monsoon due to natural processes and
man-made structures. Minimum sediment storage is noticed on the beaches during July/August and maximum during April/May.
Almost all the eroded open beaches start growing during post-monsoon period and are fully developed by April/May. Hence erosional
and accretional trends on the open beaches in the study area are cyclic in nature and repeat every year. This balance is not found along
the engineered shorelines and at those places where rock promontories or river mouths intercept shoreline. In most of these cases,
gradual accumulation of sediment on the updrift and erosion on the downdrift sides is a common process. Estuarine beaches suffer
erosion due to migration of river mouths. Sediment budget estimations and beach profile configurations reveal that the beaches of
Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts are fairly stable except a few eroding sites which are migratory in nature. Uplift of land and
presence of spits and barrier beaches provide the other evidence that the coast is not retreating. Rather it is changing from a dynamic
equilibrium to an accumulative state. Seawalls either intensify beach erosion or shift the erosional sites towards adjacent areas or
undergo destruction themselves. Net littoral drift is directed towards the south and any construction acting as a barrier to this drift
results in erosion on the downdrift side. The beaches, which are encroached by man, have suffered from loss of property and claims are
20
made by the affected people to protect these beaches. Existence of high quality long-term beach monitoring data, its analysis and
quantification of the change at the coast combined with geomorphological interpretation are needed to provide meaningful information
for coastal zone management. Hence, the results of this study would provide the basic data required for the management.vi
4.2.
EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT
FIGURE 4-11: RECORDED EARTHQUAKES THEIR MAGNITUDE

LINES
FIGURE 4-12: PHYSIOGRAPHY AND TRANSPORT NETWORK SUPERIMPOSED ON FAULT
FIGURE 4-9: ZONING OF RISK ASSESSMENT (FROM GAZETEER 2011) FIGURE 4-10: MAP OF UDUPI DISTRICT WITH POPULATION DENSITY AND PROMINENT FAULT
LINES
21
Forming the western mountainous part of the DC, the Sahyadri encompasses the NNWSSE ending en echelon ranges that abruptly end
as steep slope-breaks at their northwestern ends and as very high scarps that face west. It has been described as an example of a
retreating rift-flank. The Western Ghats escarpment is not straight or curved, but characterized by en echelon pattern of slope-breaks
and scarps. The mountainous terrain is cut by a multiplicity of predominant NNW-SSE trending en echelon sinistral faults and less
common ESE/E WNW/W oriented shear zones West of the-more-than-700 m high escarpment lies the Coastal Belt of an undulating
terrain, characterized by low ridges and shallow depressions that have approximately NNWSSE trend and by a thick mantle of laterite.
The elevation of this erosion surface (coastal belt) varies from 40 to 120 m above sea level. Lithologically and structurally the Coastal
Belt is not different from the mountainous Sahyadri. However, the altitudinal contrast is very great and the change of elevation is quite
abrupt. Interestingly, the geological, geomorphological and tide-gauge data near Mangalore on the coast (13N) confirm earlier studies
that this coastal tract has been rising at the rate of 1.95- 0.14 mm/yr. and 3.22- 1.1 mm/yr. relative to the areas, respectively to the
north and the south. Significantly, these three areas (of observation) lie on three different NNWSSE trending fault-delimited low ridges.
It may therefore be inferred that these three linear blocks have different rates of uplift. This can happen only if the faults that delimit
them are active to different degrees.
The current rates of uplift indicated by tide-gauge data (= 3 mm/yr.) and spirit-level data (= 6 mm/yr.) are higher than the Quaternary
rates and are consistent with the recent strain (< 10 Nano strain/yr.) measured geodetically in southern India.vii
FIGURE 4-13: ACTIVE FAULT LINES MAPPED (SITHARAM T.G. ET AL, 2012) FIGURE 4-14 TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES AND STUDY AREAS WHICH DOES NOT
INCLUDE KARNATAKA COAST
4.2.1. PREPAREDNESS
The district has a disaster management plan where the village wise people and equipment available for various disaster situations is put
together and overall structure of administration in the scenario of a disaster is explained.
4.3.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT
The development and environment have close linkages. Development has impact on the environment and environment also impacts
development. Environmental damage hits badly both present and future generations and their developments. It is therefore argued that
any development must be pro-nature, nature friendly and future friendly. Development at the cost of nature or future is not sustainable.
The examination of issues related to environment of the district and its implications from sustainable human development perspective
is, therefore, important.
Udupi, like other coastal districts, has a geographical background of 80-100 million years. The district has thick forests and vegetation.
With high out-migration and declining population growth rate, the population growth is not a threat. Only 18 percent of the population
lives in urban areas. The district has no major industries. The environmental problems related to land use, air, industrial pollution, rapid
urbanization and proliferation of slums do not exist. The most prominent problems faced by the district environment are related to
erosion of natural forests, sea erosion and degradation of coastal belt, salanity of water in the coastal areas, water pollution and
22
contamination, sound pollution, problem of waste disposal in urban areas and heavy rainfall and floods. They not only affect human
health, but also peoples livelihoods and survival.
4.3.1. EROSION OF NATURAL FORESTS:
Udupi has a total geographical area of 3376 Sq.Kms, of which 60 percent of the area has forest cover.The Western Ghat belt, which was
once the natural forest is in the process of decimation. More than onethird of original forest has disappeared. The natural forests in the
Ghats bind soil to the ground, regulate water supplies and help govern the climate and rainfall. There has been a steep decline in the
area of forest to the extent of 11percent in other parts of the district. To overcome this problem, social foresting and regulating
deforestation are essential.
4.3.2. SEA EROSION:
Coastal land belt land gets eroded by the onslaught of the sea at several places in the district such as Maravanthe, Udyavara, Padukere,
Kodi, Bengre, Kaup and Hejmadi. Sea has destroyed the protection wall built at Udyavara. As the fury of sea is a natural phenomenon, it
is not possible to protect the land by the construction of walls. Scientists opine that increased greenhouse emissions would raise the sea
level leading to further damage and destruction. The only way to reduce the problem is to follow CRZ rules strictly, without interfering
with the activities of the sea.
To protect the encroachment of land by the sea, government is spending money on the construction of sea walls during the rainy season,
which has not solved the problem.
4.3.2.1.
CAUSES OF COASTAL EROSION:
Coastal erosion takes place due to the landward displacement of the shoreline caused by the forces of waves and currents. Due to its
effect part of the shore gets invaded by the sea permanently or temporarily. Wave action carries away sand into the depth the ocean, or
redeposit the sand on another beach. Taking place through long time such loss of shoreline can be an irreparable loss. The factors that
influence the coastal erosion are both natural and manmade.
Waves, currents and tides: The sea never is calm most of the time. Winds passing over waters offshore or nearshore generate waves.
Waters rise to varied heights as waves on absorbing energy from the winds. The waves, roll shorewards, break on the shore releasing
the turbulent energy that they gained from the winds. The wave energy is a function of the wave heights and wave periods. We often
witness that obstruction with hard surfaces on the way of the waves, such as rocky shores or seawalls, or breakwaters resist the waves.
Therefore when winds are strong waves rise high and move faster shorwards, dash on the hard surface and release the energy in
splashes and sprays. On the other hand the porous sands of the beaches, on the way of the waves, provide a cushioning effect, absorb
most of this violent energy so that the waves roll gently over the beach. The attraction of the moon and the sun elevates the water level
that gradually raises the sea level from about one meter on some shores to several meters on some others depending on the geo
morphology and ocean characters. The movement of tides as well as rising and receding waves creates various kinds of water current
systems that shift sediments on to the land as well as away from the land.
Winds, storms and cyclones: Winds not only create waves but also shift dry sand from place to place on the sea beaches and in lands
beyond. In sea beaches with scanty vegetation winds can be important causes of erosion. Storms and cyclones are high intensity winds,
which when pass over the ocean contribute substantial energy to the surface water, which rise considerably and pound violently on the
land for hours causing much erosion and irreparable damages along the shoreline.
Tsunamis: These are unpredictable events caused by underwater earthquake, creating gigantic tidal waves, which while inflicting
enormous loss of life and property may also permanently alter coastline morphology. The deadly Indian Ocean tsunami of December
2004 is still green in our memory.
Sea level rise: The geological ages have witnessed the rise and fall of the sea levels several times. Since the last ice age sea level has
risen by 110 meters. Today, due to global warming caused by increased input of greenhouse gases there has been a gradual rise in the
sea level. Every millimeter of rise in the sea level can cause the sea swallowing about half meter of land.
HUMAN IMPACTS:
Constructions close to the shore, sea walls, breakwaters, sand mining building of dams upstream in the rivers which affect
normal flow of water and deposit of silt towards the confluence, as well as destruction of shore vegetation are notable human
impacts that result in coastal erosion.
Seawalls destroy eroding beaches first by reducing the size of the beach. As water moves in it eventually meets the wall, flooding
the beach. The wave action causes the underlying sand to erode quickly, undermining the wall. Everything in front of the seawall
gets eroded away and the waves start pounding on the wall itself destabilizing it. The pressure of water increases on adjoining
beaches following construction of sea walls.
Shoreline erosion in the northern regions of Chennai, Ennore, Visakhapatnam and Paradip ports has resulted due to construction
of breakwaters of the respective port (Kumar et al., 2006).
Mining of beach sands or tampering with the sand dunes in other ways, can lower the level of beaches and invite sea erosion.
Dunes can be destroyed in places of unregulated tourism and where tourist resorts multiply.
In beaches where wave energy is high it will be difficult to protect the coastline through dune formation. Coastal zones are
variable and there is no simple solution to all coasts
NATURAL CAUSES
23
4.3.3. HEAVY RAINFALL, FLOOD AND WATER SCARCITY:

Udupi district receives heavy rainfall; an average of 4000 mm annually. It is received during a short period of three to four months.
Thereafter, there is a long dry period. There are many rivers but all are less than 80kms in length. All of them flood the district,
whenever rainfall is heavy. Flood results in soil erosion besides causing heavy damages to human life. During summer, they get dried up.
These problems have been aggravated because of the destruction of forests in the Western Ghats and removal of trees from the river
banks, besides the unscientific management and excessive exploitation of rivers and underground water for irrigation. All these
contributed to water scarcity in the summer. Though, the district receives abundant rainfall, the underground water potential is very
poor. This is because of the less water holding capacity of the soil (laterite). Owing to the paucity of water, the borewells have dried up
and water collected at places such as Udyavara (storage wall) has become salty. Moreover, during summer, most of the rivers receive
salt water from the sea and thereby create a problem of salinity in the area around the coastal belt.
4.3.4. ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
The percapita energy consumption by the people of Udupi district was estimated at Rs.99.71 per month which was highest in the state.
This was mainly due to the existence of tile factories in the district. The firewood requirement of both the districts for tile manufacturing
was estimated at 1,20,000 tonnes per year during 1990s. The situation has not changed much presently. Even today, many people use
forest trees as fuel wood and timber.
POWER CONSUMPTION (UDUPI DISTRICT)
0.3
3.3
21.2
0.3
10.0
64.9
DOMESTIC
COMMERCIAL
IRRIGATION
INDUSTRIAL
STREET LIGHTING
TEMP CONNECTIONS
4.3.5. SOUND POLLUTION:

Udupi district is one of the most sound- polluted districts in the state. There was a fivefold increase in transport vehicles during the last
five years. Besides emission of pollutants to the environment, the sound produced by the vehicles in the district exceeds 115 decibels
which is capable of reducing ones audibility to 50 percent in ten years. The intensity and level of sound pollution is generally more
during the summer months when the district observes various cultural and festival activities.
4.3.6. USE OF CHEMICALS:
To realize more yields, agriculturists are using different types of insecticides, fungicides, and weedicides which are very harmful and are
not biodegradable easily. With the increase in plantation crops, the use of chemicals has increased significantly. The use of such
chemicals has a deleterious effect on the nature and human health.
4.3.7. SOLID WASTE:

Inefficient management and disposal of urban solid waste has been posing serious environment and health related problems
particularly in Udupi city. The main sources of solid waste generation are urban residential houses, commercial units, industrial
activities and hospitals. Beedinagudde dumping ground is in the midst of city surrounded by residential houses, which has posed serious
health problems in the area. The composition of solid waste has now changed from primarily biodegradable organic materials to
chemicals and plastic and other synthetic materials, which do not easily decompose. This has aggravated the situation.
Udupi Municipal Corporation has now initiated a programme to shift the dumping ground to outskirts of the city. Land fill is not a safe or
permanent solution. Hence alternatives for waste management must be developed for the district.
4.3.8. BIODIVERSITY
The coastal belt of Udupi has a large number of wetlands, backwaters, estuaries and creeks, mangroves, salt marshes, lagoons, acquatic
birds and fish species. Udupi district has many sensitive and unique biospheres. Amongst 17 important biospheres listed by the
UNESCO, Tallur Biosphere near Gangolli (Kundapura taluk) is the real repository of biodiversity. Unfortunately, of late, they are losing
their status. Places such as Anekere tank of Karkala, seashore at Maravanthe, sanctuary site at Malyadi, Pilarkan forest area at Shirva,
Saint Marrys Island, biosphere at Someshwar, Abhayaranya at Mookambika and Someshwar are such sensitive areas. Maravanthe
seashore is the place, where Olive Ridly tortoise lives. Between August and January, these tortoises migrate to this place from hundreds
of kilometers and lay eggs in the shore. Earlier the people from the forest department were leaving the young ones to sea. Now that
24
work is not being done. The sanctuary at Malyadi attracts as many as 30 species of birds. Saint Marys Island is known for the sea fauna
and flora. Pillarukana is the evergreen forest of the district.
The rare birds such as Vimbral, Kalyur, Avoset etc.,used to visit Tallur biosphere. Owing to the prawn cultivation in the area, the rare
birds are not visiting Tallur biosphere now. Environmental experts complain that a huge number of water birds are disappearing from
the district as the sources which were holding them (ponds, tanks, lakes etc.) are disappearing. It is reported that some of the job related
activities bring health hazards in the district (beedi rolling, stone crushing etc.). Further research is required in some of the most critical
issues, which would help in formulating appropriate policies to make the district Eco-friendly with positive development orientation.
Another area of concern in the coastal belt is prawn cultivation particularly in Kundapura taluk, which has serious environmental
consequences. Large scale pumping of sea water into the prawn farms causes salinization of ponds. The extraction of large volumes of
fresh water from underground aquifers to control salinity is another problem. Seeping or overflow of saline water into neighboring
agricultural farms and into water table is yet another problem. The degraded farms cannot be used for agriculture. Beside all these
damages, it is directly linked to loss of mangroves-the nurseries of marine life. viii
FIGURE 4-15: HOTSPOT OF HOPE AND HOTSPOTS IN DESPAIR IN KARNATAKA FROM KARNATAKA STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT AND ACTION PLAN
BIODIVERSITY SECTOR ix
4.3.8.1.
ACTION PLAN RECOMMENDED FOR SAFEGUARDING OF BIODIVERSITY

ESTABLISHMENT OF SEABIRD CONSERVATION SITES
Islands like Netrani and Anjidiv, important habitats for seabirds, are reportedly being affected by naval exercises. The State Government
along with the Defense authorities should protect the seabirds and other characteristic island ecosystems of Karnataka coast.
TABLE 4-5: ENVIRONMENT ISSUES HOTSPOTS REFERRED FROM ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF 2003 BY KARNATAKA STATE GOVERNMENT.
25
ESTABLISHMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS FOR THREATENED ESTUARINE FISHES
To rehabilitate important threatened fishes such as Milkfish -Chanos chanos and Kanae meenu Silage sahama, captive breeding may be
carried out in the Kodi fish farm near Coondapur and the fingerlings produced may be released in the estuaries.
PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF MARINE/ESTUARINE FISH
Strict implementation of uniform closed season for marine fishing for the entire west coast, from 10 June to 15 August is expected to
protect the brood stock of fishes from exploitation by the mechanized sector. Mesh regulations of nets necessary to exclude juveniles
and non-target species. Licenses for additions to the fleet of purse-seines and trawlers should be limited to sustainable limits Soft loans
for fisheries sector be limited to traditional fishing communities only so as to safeguard the fish stocks from over-exploitation by outside
commercial sector. No collaborative ventures for the bottom trawling, very destructive to marine ecosystems, be permitted in Indian
territorial waters.
Use of large trawl nets to be regulated to minimize incidental catches and other damages to the sea bottom ecosystems. Priority steps to
be taken to identify fish breeding grounds and other sensitive areas and such areas be declared as Marine Protected Areas. CRZ
regulations do state fish breeding areas to be treated as CRZ I. In practice no such areas are identified. Periodical ban on catch and sale
of over-exploited fish species to be implemented
SAFEGUARDING THE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF ARTISANAL FISHERFOLKS
The near-shore waters, to a specified distance, to be reserved for fishing by artisan fishermen only who use traditional crafts and gear.
The coast guard may be deployed to safeguard the interests of the artisanal fishermen. Promotion of self-help groups and co-operatives
among fisher-women required.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PRAWN FARMS
The Supreme Court norms for shrimp farmers need to be adhered to strictly. The stocking levels in the shrimp farms to be monitored
and certified periodically. The shrimps to be grown only by using biodegradable manures and disinfectants.
PROTECTION OF ECOLOGY OF SEA SHORES
Many sea beaches of the coast are vulnerable to erosion during the rainy season; but building of protective stone walls along such
beaches destroys beach ecology. Priority to be given for protection of beaches by raising vegetation and sand dunes. Raising
economically important plants such as Honne (Calophyllum inophyllum), Honge (Pongamia pinnata), Ketike
(Pandanus) and medicinal plants etc. can strengthen livelihoods of coastal poor. The natural beauty of the sea beaches will be enhanced
through raising vegetation, and such beaches can promote tourism. Beach vegetation also enhances ecosystem value such as shelter for
coastal birds, enrichment of inter-tidal fauna, and nutrient supply to the coastal waters, in addition to building up of sand dunes and
promotion of ground water conservation
Turtle breeding areas along the Gangoli (Coondapur taluk) and Karwar taluk beaches need to be safeguarded from human
disturbances.Night camping by tourists in such areas need to be prohibited. However ecological conservation works and nature club
activities may be promoted.
PROMOTION OF ECO-TOURISM IN BEACHES
The development of eco-tourism and protection of ecology have to go hand in hand. Ecotourism development should benefit local
villagers and improve the ecology of beaches. The activities necessary for promotion of ecotourism are:
Beautification of beaches by raising natural vegetation.
Promotion of sand dunes.
Cleaning of plastic trash.
Assistance to the local bodies for appointment of beach maintenance staff (from local villagers).
Tourism Department may provide assistance for eco-tourism.
MANGROVE PLANTING AND PROTECTION
Mangrove swamps are high ranking productive ecosystems. Mangrove areas are rich in fisheries and act as nurseries for juveniles of fish, prawns,
shellfish and crabs. The mangroves shelter coastal water birds and enrich the waters with nutrients. Mangroves can protect coastal river banks from
erosion, rivers from flooding as well as compensate for the loss of nutrient input into the Western Ghat forests, due to the construction of dams. Yet
they have suffered large-scale destruction due to human activities. Coastal panchayats be allowed funds for mangrove planting Incentives to be given
to village Self-Help Groups and other village level organizations for raising and maintaining mangrove forests. Traditional fishermen of backwater
villages, whose livelihoods have been affected by commercial shrimp farming, may be also used for mangrove regeneration projects. Forest
Department to play important role in raising mangrove vegetation. Abandoned prawn farms may be planted with mangroves so that their ecology is
restored and they are made suitable for natural method of fish farming and raising of salt tolerant rice.
CONSERVATION OF SACRED WATER BODIES
Sacred stretches of rivers and streams and sacred ponds, where fish are protected from exploitation, are found in many parts of the
State. An inventory of all such places to be made and such community-centred protection measures to be encouraged.
RIVER BASED CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
A number of Western Ghat rivers including those flowing towards the east are associated with exceptionally rich biodiversity, such as of
endemic fishes, water birds, and members of endemic plants such as members of Podostemaceae.Stretches of rivers need to be
conserved as refugia for endemic fishes. Fish congregations are noticed in 12 areas in certain riverine stretches. Of these 3 are declared
26
as Sanctuaries. The others are also to be declared so. Local people need to be educated with the help of NGOs about the importance
these in situ conservation sites for fishes.
ESTABLISHMENT OF LAKE/TANK/RESERVOIR CENTRED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Threatened endemic fishes of the tanks of Karnataka, especially belonging to the genera such as Labeo, Puntius,Gonoproktopterus,
Mystus, Neotropius, Channa etc. need to be multiplied in suitable fish farms . The fish seed from these farms may be released in other
areas.Twenty tanks are proposed to be developed for in situ conservation of fishes.
Since the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) being cultured in the lakes around the cities of Karnataka poses danger to the native fish
species, the culturing of this species is to be strictly regulated. Catchment areas of tanks need to be re-vegetated using NTFP species such
as medicinal plants The Inland Fisheries Act for the conservation of fisheries in the State is proposed to be brought before the
Legislature shall have proper power to regulate fisheries activities.
TURTLE BREEDING ALONG THE GANGOLLI BEACHES NEED TO BE PROTECTED
To prevent sea erosion during monsoon season, construction of sea-wall along the coast using boulders and granite blocks has lead to
environmental degradation. Construction of sea wall affects breeding of fishes. Formation of natural sandy coast (French Technology)
could be thought of for the protection. This would also provide breeding ground for coastal fishes.(reference viii,
4.4. ASSETS OF THE COAST:
4.4.1. MANGROVES:
The value of the mangrove resource in terms of its marketed products can be expressed in economic terms. The "free" services provided
by the mangroves are difficult to measure and consequently are often ignored. These free services would cost considerable energy,
technology or money if provided from other than natural resources. Since these values are seldom taken into account in the
governmental decision process, the total value of the mangrove resource is most often quite significantly understated. With the purpose
of conserving the remaining mangroves the CRZ declared total prohibition on development in the mangrove areas. This has created
awareness on its importance. Afforestation programs are initiated at least in a few locations. Substantial reduction in the conversion of
mangrove forest into aquaculture farms was noticed particularly after the Honble Supreme Courts intervention in 1994/95. Mapping
and research on mangroves improved. The management issues include developers consider the ban on mangroves as a threat and
destroy them directly and indirectly reducing its coverage, the Sundarban mangrove biosphere area which has about 3 lakh resident
population has to be given special provisions for certain developmental activities. The local governments, at several occasions, neither
endorsed central government's view nor evolved efficient mechanisms to protect resulting in their turning blind eyes to the wanton
destruction.
Distinction between mangroves and their associates are required. The study recognizes the importance of the mangroves in protecting
the coastal areas and the coastal communities from storm, cyclones, flooding etc. Government should take up aggressive programs to
conserve the existing mangroves and initiate intensive mangrove plantation programs at identified mangrove potential sites so as to
develop bio shields.
4.4.2. SAND DUNES
FORMATION OF DUNES AND DUNE FIELDS:
Sand dunes are narrow but important areas of sand that lie between the sea and the land. Dunefields are formed above the beach as
dry sand blows inland. The dunes may even extend several kilometers inland. Dunes form when there is an adequate sand supply and
onshore winds of sufficient velocity to move the sand. As the dune builds, it becomes a major obstacle to the landward movement of
windblown sand. Thus, the dune serves to conserve sand in close proximity to the beach system. When the wind encounters an obstacle
its speed is reduced and the sand grains fall out under gravity, resulting in sand deposition. Sand will pile up on each side of an object
resulting in a ridge parallel to the wind direction and streamlined by the wind. This type of dune is called the shadow dune. Eventually
the object is likely to be buried again creating a smooth surface.
Plants are good objects that cannot be easily buried by the moving sands. They try to come above the sand surface, compared to a
lifeless object. Vegetation can grow above the sand surface. Many plants cannot survive the harsh environment of the sea shore. A
minimum wind speed of 5m/s is required to lift the sand grains and a minimum of 4.5m/s required for keeping the grains suspended in
air, otherwise the sand grins will drop down forming heaps. Finer particles cannot drop easily and are not significant in forming sand
dunes. Normally on a smooth beach the zone of zero wind speed is 0.002to 1cm in height. Dense vegetation can increase this height to
18cm (Pethic, 1984). Individual plants or obstacles on the beach can act as centres for formation of dune embryos. As the dunes grow
the plants grow taller to peep above the dune surface.
4.4.2.2.
DUNES PROMOTE MORE DUNES:
If there is ready supply of sand on the beach, more dunes may develop in front of the original. The dunes further back may be stabilized
by plants, or blown inland if they fail to retain a good plant cover. Sand dunes are a sign of the ecological equilibrium between the
powerful physical forces of the ocean and the land and they act as natures first line of defense to prevent monsoon storm, waves and
cyclonic surges. Sand dunes are not permanent formations. If they are not stabilized by vegetation they may vanish overnight. Sand dune
4.4.2.1.
27
formation is a slow process; it may take decades. In order to form dunes there must be a large area of dry sand beach over which the
winds can blow. A sand dune belt performs multiple functions and is of immense value to the coastal population:
Dunes are typical features of coastal stability,
Dunes act as natures first line of defense against sea erosion
Sources of beach nourishment and protects coast from erosion and replenish the loss of sand dune to wave and current energies,
Rich in genetic diversity (Flora and Fauna),
Serves as an ideal place for recreation
Dunes protect the hinterland from winds and other forces
Economically, beach and dune systems are important for the tourism and represent an important sand resource for the
construction industry.
Silica sands are industrially important (McHarg, 1972; Arun et al., 1999).
Highly radioactive sands containing thorium and monazite are found in Chavara beach of Kerala; the sand causes even genetic
mutations in local people (Reinert, 2002).
4.4.3. BIOSHIELD
Vegetational succession on sandy shores, progressing from herbs and creepers initially, ultimately results in the climax dominated by
trees. Along the South Indian west coast the dominant trees on coastal sands in general are Calophyllum inophyllum, Morinda citrifolia,
Pongamia pinnata, Cocos nucifera (cultivated), Pandanus odoratissimus, Borassus flabellifer (along Dakshina Kannada coast) etc.
All perennial species of creepers, herbs, shrubs and trees that are adapted to grow in sandy places are referred to as psammophytes.
Seasonal herbs that thrive on the sea shores during the rainy season depend on dilution of salinity by rain water for their growth, and
hence they cannot be considered true psammophytes. Sand dunes have been mostly considered by humans as sand banks for building
and industrial uses. Currents move away sand or soil from one place and might deposit them in another place. The eroded materials if
carried away by waves and deposited in the sea bottom are practically lost to the sea shore. Increasing human pressure along the coast
resulted in the conversion of expanses of sandy deposits into rice fields and coconut groves. To make rice fields the sand is dug and flat
depressions are made. Often, traditionally, a high wall of sand is left between the high tide line and the human settlement in the interior
of the shore. The ever increasing density of human population along the coastal zones, the increased conversion of ancient sand dunes
into agricultural areas, and exploitation of sand deposits for construction activities elsewhere have made many shores vulnerable to sea
erosion.
After surveying about 50 beaches in the coastal districts of Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada and representating all the
taluks viz. Karwar, Ankola, Kumta, Honavar, Bhatkal, Kundapur, Udupi, Mulki and Mangalore a list of species has been chosen for re
vegetation of the beaches. The details are in the report green walls for Karnataka sea Coast, October 2010, by Subash Chandran et al,
centre for Ecological Sciences, IISC, Bangalore, submitted to Karnataka forest department, Honavar Division, Uttara Kannada, ENVS
technical report 34.x
4.4.3.1.
SAND BINDING CREEPERS AND SPREADING HERBS
Ipomeapes caprae
Spinifex littoreus
Launea sarmentosa
Hydrophylax maritima
Cyperus pedunculatus
Canavalia rosea (DK and Udupi)
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Glinus oppositifolius
Cassytha filiformis
Evolvulus alsinoides
(Most of the above can be propagated by vegetative cuttings)
4.4.3.2.
ERECT HERBS
Aerua lanata
Boerhaavia diffusa
Borreria articularis
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Pedalium murex
Crotalaria retusa
Alternanthera sessilis
Crotalaria verrucosa
Urginea indica
Crinum asiaticm
(Most are seasonal herbs that spring out naturally during the rainy season. Dissemination of seeds can enrich the beach ecosystem. As
many have medicinal properties they are of value to the local population. Urginea and Crinum have underground bulbs and can be
grown in dense patches towards the hind shore)
4.4.3.3.
Scaveola taccada (mainly in DK and Udupi)

Vitex trifolia
28
SHRUBS
Vitex negundo
Calotropis gigantea
Clerodendrum inerme
4.4.3.4.
CLIMBERS
Derris trifoliata
Gloriosa superba
Coccinea indica (vegetable; hindshore, Dandibagh beach Karwar)
Trichosanthes cucumerianus (wild snakegourd; mid and hind shore)
Dioscorea bulbifera (hind shore)
Premna corymbosa
4.4.3.5.
TREES
Calophyllum inophyllum
Morinda citrifolia
Pandanus odoratissimus
Thespesia populnea
Erythrina variegata
Ficus racemosa
Pongamia pinnata
Casuarina equisetifolia
Borassus flabellifer (palmyra palm more in DK & Udupi; a couple of trees in Ramagindy)
4.4.4. WETLANDS
Wetlands are one of the crucial natural resources. Wetlands are areas of land that are either temporarily or permanently covered by
water. This means that a wetland is neither truly aquatic nor terrestrial; it is possible that wetlands can be both at the same time
depending on seasonal variability. Thus, wetlands exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water
regime and chemistry, dominant plants and soil or sediment characteristics. Because of their transitional nature, the boundaries of
wetlands are often difficult to define. Wetlands do, however, share a few attributes common to all forms. Of these, hydrological structure
(the dynamics of water supply, throughput, storage and loss) is most fundamental to the nature of a wetland system. It is the presence of
water for a significant period of time which is principally responsible for the development of a wetland.
Wetlands support a large variety of plant and animal species adapted to fluctuating water levels, making the wetlands of critical
ecological significance. Utility wise, wetlands directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as food, fiber
and raw materials, storm and flood control, clean water supply, scenic beauty and educational and recreational benefits. The Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment estimates conservatively that wetlands cover seven percent of the earths surface and deliver 45% of the worlds
natural productivity and ecosystem services of which the benefits are estimated at $20 trillion a year (Source : www.MAweb.org).
Table 4-6: Wetland classification and coding as per National Wetland Atlas-Karnataka by ISRO, Ahmedabad, Aug 2010.
Area estimates of various wetland categories for Udupi indicates that 409 wetlands have been delineated including 157 wetlands
smaller than 2.25 ha. Area under wetland is estimated to be 12226 ha (Table 22). The major wetland types are River/Stream (8727 ha),
natural waterlogged areas (702 ha), Riverine wetlands (605 ha), Sand/Beach (543) and Mangroves (501 ha). The extent under open
water has shown marginal reduction from 9899 ha (post-monsoon) to 9739 ha (pre-monsoon). Moderate turbidity accounted for largest
area of open water in both the seasons followed by low and high in post-monsoon, with vice-a-verse in Pre-monsoon season.xi
29
FIGURE 4-16: WETLAND MAP OF KARNATAKA AS PER NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS BY ISRO, AUG 2010
30
TABLE 4-7: AREA OF WETLAND IN UDUPI DISTRICT AS PER NATIONAL ATLAS OF WETLAND-KARNATAKA BY ISRO, AUG2010
31
FIGURE 4-17: MAP OF WETLAND IN UDUPI DISTRICT AS PER NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS BY ISRO, AUG 2010
32
FIGURE 4-18: MAP OF WETLAND IN UDUPI DISTRICT AS PER NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS BY ISRO, AUG 2010
33
4.4.5. GROUND WATER TABLE AND SALINITY
34
xii
35
5. SOCIAL COCERNS
5.1.
DEMOGRAPHY
The total population of Udupi district, as per 2001 census, was 11.12 lakhs, of which 5.22 lakh were males and 5.90 lakh females.
Malefemale ratio of 1000:1130 is one of the highest in the state. Out of 11.12 lakh population, rural population was 9.06 lakh (82
percent) and urban 2.06 lakh (18 percent). Udupi district has recorded the lowest population growth rate in the state. The decadal
population growth in the district was only 7.14 percent between 1991 and 2001. The district has literacy rate of 81.25 percent; ranks
third in the state. The literacy rate among males was 88.23 percent and among females 75.19 percent. In rural areas, the literacy rate
was 79.35 percent and urban areas 89.47 percent. The district has the lowest percentage of schedule castes (SCs) and schedule tribes
(STs). As per 2001 census, the SC population was 0.68 lakh and the ST, 0.42 lakh. Most of them live in rural areas.
Note: All analysis is done from data upto 2001 due to lack of time the statistics could not be updated.
5.1.1. DENSITY
FIGURE 5-1: DENSITY OF POPULATION IN UDUPI DISTRICT IN 2001
36
FIGURE 5-2: SETTLEMENT ORDER 1991 AND SETTLEMENT ORDER 2001
:
The smaller settlements (population <2000) are showing a slow growth rate and even negative growth rate in some taluks. The
population ranges 5000-10000 and > 10000 are the ones showing the highest growth rate; meaning the smaller settlements have
remained small and larger settlements have become even larger during the last decade.
Table shows the number of settlements, the settlement density and the average settlement size for the district. Udupi taluk has the
maximum concentration of settlements due to NH, Udupi town & topography. Inspite of having the largest area, Kundapura has lesser
number of settlements due to forest cover.
TABLE 5-1: AVERAGE SETTLEMENTS SIZE, SETTLEMENT DENSITY AVERAGE GROWTH RATE AND THE NUMBER OF SETTLEMENTS ACCORDING TO ZONES.
ZONE
NO. OF SETTLEMENTS AVERAGE SIZE SETTLEMENT DENSITY (PER/10SQ.KM) GROWTH RATE (91-'01)
COASTAL+National Highway
112
5540
11.3
13.6
State Highway
51
4010
6.8
7.1
FOREST
64
3290
5.9
6.8
OTHER
27
2841
3.6
7.7
FIGURE 5-3GROWTH RATES FOR VARIOUS POPULATION RANGES
37
The low land zone comprising of the coastal areas and NH, has the maximum concentration of settlements & has shown maximum
Growth rate over the last decade. Uplands of the district, which are mainly under the forests, have low settlement density. In the plain
areas, the concentration of settlements is along state highways.
TABLE 5-2: SETTLEMENT DENSITY, NUMBER AND AVERAGE SIZE IN UDUPI
AVERAGE
TALUK
AREA
HOBLI
NO.
OF TOTAL
SETTLEMENT
(SQ.KM) SETTLEMENTS SETTLEMENTS DENSITY
SETTLEMENT
SIZE
URBAN RURAL
UDUPI
KOTA
UDUPI
KAUP
31
31
925
114
UDUPI
UDUPI
23
UDUPI
BRAHMAWARA
29
KUNDAPURA BAINDOOR
1.23
38162
3423
100
0.64
28591
3524
29
KUNDAPURA VANDSE
1559
38
KUNDAPURA KUNDAPUR
33
KARKALA
AJEKAR
22
KARKALA
KARKALA
TOTAL
1091
28
50
0.46
25116
3683
3575
264
264
0.74
34392
3511
FIGURE 5-4: GRAPH SHOWING TALUK WISE GROWTH OF POPULATION IN THE DISTRICT (1981-2001)
POPULATION
POPULATION GROWTH OVER THE

YEARS
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
950324
460399
1112243
529225
495766
377420
205598
351673
190660
312182
177743
1981
1038099
1991
2001
YEAR
District
Kundapura Taluka
Udupi Taluka
Karkala Taluka
TABLE 5-3: TALUK WISE CLASSIFICATION OF DECADAL URBAN POPULATION (1981- 2001)
Urbanisation Rate
1981 1991 2001
38
District
16.4
22.1
18.6
Kundapura Taluka
17.4
16.9
7.6
Udupi Taluka
17.7
29.4
28.8
Karkala Taluka
11.7
12.6
12.2
The growth rate of the district has declined from 1981-19981 to 1991-2001 and so has the Urbanization rate declined over the years.
The reduction in Urbanization rate can be attributed to the declassification of 4 census towns from urban to rural. Still out of the three
Talukas, Udupi is still showing a better urbanization rate due to its having the District Head Quarter, Presence of institutional city like
Manipal and having 4 out of 6 urban centers of the district.
TABLE 5-4:ZONE WISE CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION, DENSITY, SEX RATIO, LITERACY RATE AND WFPR
Parameters
Coastal Region
Forest region
Mid-land region
Population
590341
69251
452651
Density (pp sq. km)
831
70
259
Sex ratio
1121
1125
1143
Literacy rate
75.50%
70.60%
70.90%
WFPR
40.80%
52.90%
47.10%
The region along the coastal with National Highway area has the maximum population and the highest density. Also it is the region with
minimum WFPR (Work Force Participation Rate) and highest literacy rate. All these indicators suggest a trend towards urbanization in
the region. Also its suggestive of strong linear development of the district.
The district has a very high sex ratio and it is uniform over the three Talukas as well as urban and rural areas of the district. The high sex
ratio may be attributed to high literacy rate and migration.while rural sex ratio shows a decline, urban sex ratio shows an upward trend.
Especially sex ratio of 1991 indicates a clear rural to urban movement, the trend discontinues in 2001.
TABLE 5-5: GRAPH SHOWING TALUK WISE SEX-WISE 0-6 POPULATION IN THE DISTRICT
80000
60000
40000
Kundapura Taluka
Udupi Taluka
20000
26960
22120
13700
11351
13260
10769
100000
60396
50472
30679
25706
29717
24766
120000
56619
41989
28623
21452
27996
20537
140000
73002
58509
70973
56072
160000
143975
114581
0 - 6 POPULATION
0
District
TOTAL 91
TOTAL 2001
MALE 91
MALE 2001
FEMALE 91
Karkala Taluka
FEMALE 2001
When the child sex ratio is compared to the sex ratio for the total population, we notice that the child sex ratio is less than the later. This
can be an indicator of migration of male population as well as longevity of females.
FIGURE 5-5: MAP SHOWING SETTLEMENTS WITH >20% SC/ST POPULATION
39
N
Kms 2.5
10 Kms
Most of the SC/ST population is concentrated in the forest and the hilly areas of the district.
SC/ST population shows almost a constant growth rate over the decades. Most of the SC/ST population is concentrated in the rural areas
thus most of the schemes target the same. Decline in urban SC/ST population can be attributed to declassification of urban centres.
FIGURE 5-6: GRAPH SHOWING TALUK WISE CHANGE OF LITERACY RATE IN THE DISTRICT (1981-2001)
LITERACY RATE
PERCENTAGE
90.00
77.02
80.00
70.00
69.26
60.15
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
72.56
65.50
72.88
67.24
64.15
56.20
52.88
52.39
40.68
1981
1991
2001
YEAR
District
Kundapura Taluka
Udupi Taluka
Karkala Taluka
The district has a high literacy rate of 73%. The rate has been steadily showing a steady upward trend with both male and female
literacy increasing in tandem. Rural literacy rate is lower than urban literacy rate in all taluk, but still higher than the state average.
TABLE 5-6: CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF DISTRICT POPULATION
Education levels
Total
(%)
(%)
Female (%)
Illiterate
14.2
32.3
67.7
Up to 8th
17.1
48.3
51.7
10th
15.2
63.1
36.9
12th
9.9
59.7
40.3
14.5
55.1
44.9
Post Graduate
1.9
84.6
15.4
Professional
1.5
90.0
10.0
25.7
52.3
47.7
Graduate
Student
40
Male
5.2.
ECONOMY
5.2.1. AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the main stay of the district. Out of the total geographical area of 3.56 lakh hectare (ha), the area under forest is one lakh
ha. (28 percent), area under cultivation, 0.99 lakh ha. (27 percent) and fallow land, 0.13 ha (4 percent). The remaining 45 percent of the
land is either not available for cultivation or uncultivable. The gross cropped area in the district is 1.22 lakh ha. The cropping intensity
works out to 1.23. The low cropping intensity is mainly due to lack of irrigation facilities. The district is not having any major and
medium irrigation projects. Main crops grown are paddy (0.62 lakh ha), pulses (0.08 lakh ha) and oilseeds (0.02 lakh ha). Paddy
accounts for nearly 80 percent of the cropped area, followed by pulses (14 percent). Sugarcane, which was grown once in about 2000 ha,
is now abandoned with the break-down of Brahmavar sugar factory. The district has substantial acreage under plantation crops such as
coconut (0.14 lakh ha.), cashew-nut (0.19 lakh ha.), arecanut (0.05 lakh ha.) and rubber (0.02 lakh ha.). Other horticultural crops grown
in the district include mango, sapota, banana, pineapple and vegetables. The district has 1.83 lakh farmers. Most of them (90 percent)
are small and marginal farmers with land holding less than 2ha. The average size of land holding works out to 0.83ha.
The district has 98 km. long coastal belt, which provides good scope for fisheries in Udupi and Kundapura taluks. More than 5000
families depend on fishing for their livelihood. The annual fish production is about 60869 tonnes, 59005 marine and 1864 tonnes inland
during 2005-06. Since the district has heavy rain fall, number of tributaries and backwaters provide good scope for inland fishery.
5.2.2. INDUSTRY
Udupi district has 13 large and medium scale industrial units employing about 45,612 people. They include cashew-nut processing
units, rice mills, coconut powder units, fish canning and processing units, fish meal and fish oil units, fish net manufacturing units,
printing units, granite units, readymade garment units, auto parts and units of block manufacturing etc. The district has three industrial
estates and 7,398 registered small scale units employing 44,550 persons, mainly in automobiles, chemicals, electrical and electronics,
ferrous and non-ferrous, food and intoxicants, leather, mechanical engineering, paper and printing, textiles, wood and others. The
traditional industries like tiles and beedi are losing importance. The minerals and ores that are available in the district include silica,
calcium, ordinary sand, laterite and granites.
Udupi district is known for its temples, beaches and Udupi restaurants. It is also considered the cultural and spiritual capital of
Karnataka. The pilgrim places include famous Krishna temple of Udupi set up by Madhwacharya in 13th century with eight Muths and
Kollur Mukambika temple located at the foothills of Kodachadri set up in eighth century by Adi Shankaracharya. Bound by lush green
mountains on the east and palmfringed beaches on the west, the district has numerous tourist spots of great scenic beauty in its entire
expanse. Malpe, Kaup and Thrasi Maravanthe beaches are well known. St. Marys Island close to Malpe has unique basalt rock
formations and natural beauty. The Western Ghat Mountains offer places of tourist attraction. Historical places include Barkur, Udyavar
and Karkala. The district is also famous for its various fairs and festivals and folk dances like Yakshagana - a fabulous costumed musical
dance drama, Boothakolas and Kambla, a buffalo race.
Udupi district is known for its temples, beaches and Udupi restaurants. It is the cultural and spiritual capital of Karnataka. Bounded by
lush green mountains on the east and beaches on the west, the district has numerous tourist spots in its entire expanse.
The main types of tourism in Udupi are:
1. Religious tourism
2. Beach tourism
3. Water sports and adventure tourism
4. Spiritual tourism
5. Wildlife sanctuaries
6. Fairs and festivals
Out of the above, presently religious tourism, fairs and festivals accounts for the maximum tourist activity while the other resources are
still unexploited.
The tourism potential of the district Is largely unharnessed.
Tourism sector is not well organised, need to encourage private involvement for investment and development of infrastructure.
There is scope for promotion of leisure tourism, eco-tourism, water / adventure sports, tourist villages, spiritual centres.
There is need for improvement & development of tourist infrastructure at pilgrim centres & other tourist spots.
Udupi has environment Sensitive areas; hence developments for tourism should minimize conflict with the natural environment.
Development to be in accordance with CRZ, policies of forest department.
Local crafts need to be encouraged for attracting tourists.
FIGURE 5-7: LANDUSE OF UDUPI DISTRICT 2001
5.2.3. TOURISM
41
5.2.4. QUALITY OF LIFE
5.2.4.1.
SETTLEMENT FUNCTION
FIGURE 5-8: MAP SHOWING INFRASTRUCTUREIN UDUPI DISTRICT 2001
The income level of the population also came out of the survey. Majority of population belong to LIG (below 5000 Rs/month) and MIG
(5000 10000 Rs/month) category.
42
TABLE 5-7: CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BELONGING TO DIFFERENT INCOME CATEGORIES IN THE DISTRICT
Income levels
Categories
Households (%)
<1000
1.6
1000 2500
7.9
2500 5000
38.9
5000 10000
34.1
> 10000
17.5
TABLE 5-8: URBAN OCUPPATIONSL STRUCTURE

Occupational Structure
Occupation
Total
(%)
Male
(%)
Female
(%)
Industry / Manufacturing
2.4
100
Agriculture / Horticulture
12.0
78.5
21.5
Trade and Commerce
9.6
96.8
3.2
Service
7.5
83.7
16.3
Skilled labour
1.4
100
Fishing
5.6
97.3
2.7
Transport
0.8
100
Animal Husbandry
0.9
66.7
33.3
House wife
29.2
100
Students
26.5
52.3
47.7
Retired
4.1
100
Occupation
Male
(%)
Female
(%)
Industry / Manufacturing
4.5
0.0
Agriculture / Horticulture
17.6
5.6
Trade and Commerce
17.3
0.7
Service
11.6
2.6
Skilled labour
2.6
0.0
Fishing
10.2
0.3
Transport
1.4
0.0
Animal Husbandry
1.1
0.7
House wife
0.0
63.0
Students
25.9
27.2
Retired
7.7
0.0
Total
100.0
100.0
This observation shows that the major segment of the other activities comprises of trade and commerce and service.
5.2.5. FISHERIES
Udupi district is an ideal and convenient place for fishing activities. In addition to the Arabian Sea which is a rich source of fishing here,
the tributaries, and backwaters in the district are involved in inland fishing. There are many wells and fishponds for raising fish seed
and stocking of fish. More than 5000 families do fishing for their livelihood. Many are involved directly in fishing activities and some
indirectly. Though do fishing for their livelihood, mechanized boating has started many years ago, there are many who still do fishing
with the traditional boats in traditional style. The district also hosts many institutions involved in fish processing and canning activities.
These canning institutions supplying fish meal which has more demand abroad.
TABLE 5-9: RURAL OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
43
There are two kinds of markets for fish in the district: one is the market for fresh fish and the other is for cured and dried fish. A part of
the catch is consumed locally, a part is moved inland (with or without ice) for sale in fresh condition and the rest goes for curing. Local
retail sales of fish are often done by the fisher-women who may have either purchased it themselves or obtained it as the share of the
labor of their men folk. In either case, the fish is carried by head-loads into the town, and nearby villages involving a walk of several
miles.
In the villages, the fish are sometimes bartered for rice or other domestic requirements. Fish is also moved inland by bicycles from the
coast in to towns like Karkala and Bantwal. Over a distance of 90 and more miles. Mangalore is a good distribution centre for fish landed
at nearby places. Fish comes into Mangalore by train from fish landing centres in the Kasaragod taluk (now in Kerala state) and by truck
and bicycles from the landing centres in the north like Mulki and sometimes also from Malpe. With the establishment of through
communication between Mangalore and other places in the north of the district along the coastline. More fish is moving into Mangalore
from places like kaup, Udyavar and Malpe and even beyond. From Udupi trucks send iced-fish to Mercara. Chikmagalur, etc. fish
transported by trucks to inland towns like Puttur is taken to villages by cyclists. Similarly, fish is also transported from Malpe and
Kundapura over the ghats to sagar. Shimoga. Tirthahalli, Bhadravathi and other places, while the transport of fish by head-load and
selling them locally- and in the nearby villages is generally done by the fisherwomen, the transport and marketing of fish on a larger
scale is in the hands of non-fisher middlemen. Similarly, the trade in cured fish is also mainly in the hands of people who do not follow
fishing as their avocation. Apart from the home market fish is exported from this district to foreign countries like Sri Lanka, Burma and
Malaysia.
FISHING PORTS
MALPE FISHING PORT
Having a long coastline of about 300 Kms Karnataka is richly blessed with enormous sea wealth. South Kanara and north kanara are the 2 coastal
districts of this state. Though there about 28 fishing centres, it is very unfortunate to note that only 5 among them have been developed into small
scale fishing ports. Malpe is one such port. It has an area of 22.81 hectares and is situated where river Udyavar meets the Arabic sea.
Facilities provided:
The following are the important facilities provided:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
118mt long port

160 mt long 2 jetty
50 x30 sq mt wide auction ward
200 x100 sq mt wide sea area
water supply, drainage, electricity etc.
Karnataka fisheries development built a 20ton capacity ice plant, and in addition to marine production private ltd., a 10 capacity ice plant was built.
These two ice plant provided the necessary ice.
The next provision was diesel and this was provided by Karnataka fisheries development department, Dakshina Kannada district govt. fish
marketing centre and Malpe troll govt. centre. The tribe provided 3 diesel bunks.
Apart from this, the former 2, also built up 2 commercial complexes to the benefit of the local fishermen. The part has been built in such a way that it
can accommodate 210, 10 Mt long motor boats, 46, 14 Mt long motor oats, 23, 18-28 Mt long, deep sea boats. Thus in all, 289 motor boats can be
accommodated.
THE THRID PHASE OF EXPANSION IS IN PROGRESS
KUNDAPUR COMMERCIAL HARBOUR (GANGOLLI)
The port of Kundapur (Gangolli) is located at latitude 1338 N and longitude 8440.50 E at the confluence of 5 rivers forming the Gangolli (Pancha
Gangavali) river in Udupi District. The maximum temperature at the port is 35.5C and the minimum is 26.6C. The annual rainfall is 355.6 cms. The
pollution of sea/ river at Kundapur is negligible, for the reason that the source of dangerous discharge from the factories in the vicinity of the port
are very rare.
The main restriction at this port is the sand bar at the mouth of the river. By providing suitable river training walls and dredging, there is a good
potential for development of this port.
Existing facilities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Storm groyne near port office Gangolli 159 length.

R.C.C. Wharf measuring 800 x 124.
Stacking platform cum jetty of Kundapur side measuring 181 x 136.
Cargo weighing shed.
Transit shed.
Labour amenities building.
Rest House.
Sanitary block.
Fish catch for all fish landing centres
There is a ban period of 2 months June 10 to August 15 for fishing. However, there has been a trend of excessive fishing just after the ban period
which over the time decreases gradually
44
TABLE 5-10: MONTHLY FISH CATCH AT DIFFERENT FISH LANDING CENTRES
Fish Landing Centres
Fish Landing Centres
Months
Hejamadi
Polippu
Udyawara
Malpe
Hungercutte
Beejadi
Gangaoli
Navunda
Tharapathy
Shirooru
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
Q/V
80.01
35.1
28.4
4139
389.89
1.4
989
139
189
24.35
18.83
6.6
5.81
840.41
60.38
0.1
232.36
18.4
21.65
6.31
80.9
32.3
25.1
5523
368.99
4.35
1551
88
140
81.5
18.98
8.66
5.8
1020.29
99.16
0.86
445.81
11.6
18
25.23
6.29
12.5
6.5
2328
26
1.2
331
36
68
16.5
1.63
4.8
2.35
519.5
6.8
0.1
113.3
4.1
8.05
8.09
28
595
2.2
360
98
229
16.4
36.92
392.51
2.03
390.34
61.55
183.3
45.8
3652
18.4
8.85
528
142
245
88.6
11.52
889.34
3.85
0.89
216.48
21.9
35.52
28.42
35.8
42.8
13.8
9298
63.5
13.4
1018
401
500
118
6.48
4.45
1.4
1268.69
14.84
1.36
221.63
88
100.15
34.24
20.39
35.1
13.3
5802
90.2
10.2
840
265
329
125
4.04
4.45
1.42
845.86
29.95
0.81
195.54
88.5
85
39.26
41.8
25.3
18.5
4549
116.2
668
62
199
108
3.98
1.88
1.15
514.6
15.84
0.5
188.13
5.81
15.04
30.69
115.9
61.4
34.3
2011
328.03
6.5
1306
85
265
122
23.04
12.62
8.68
222.38
60.59
0.55
191.3
6.15
16.34
41.28
88.81
12.2
10.6
1805.8
294.32
596
48
188
81
24.06
2.54
1.98
389.46
88.84
0.59
159.8
4.15
11.29
8.96
40.49
32.36
16.3
2651
160
910
46
169
95
18.86
5.89
3.01
395.14
46.49
0.51
192.11
3.24
8.53
35.4
36.51
23.3
11.6
2988.3
58.01
1184
59
221
82
14.86
4.54
2.21
585.88
23.98
0.51
354.81
4.08
11.09
31.08
TOTAL (Q)
525.8
386.06
188.3
45331
1903.84
69.9
10289
1468
2822
936.35
TOTAL (V)
132.55
103.88
32.89
8662.95
451.44
6.68
2890.5
306.48
503.96
290.96
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
ADDITION TO THIS THERE WERE FOUR FISHLANDING CENTRES ADDED BETWEEN 2005-2010 AND TWO MORE ARE PROPOSED.
Table 5-11: graph showing fish catch quantity and value at Malpe port
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
QUANTITY
VALUE
300000
Quantity and Value over the year

QUANTITY VALUE
1999-2000
40156
425925
2000-2001
41942
427593
2001-2002
33056
331464
2002-2003
37305
417435
2003-2004
46231
776998
200000
100000
0
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
YEARS
INLAND FISHING
TABLE 5-12: STATISTICS OF INLAND FISHING IN UDUPI DISTRICT
Sl.NO PARTICULARS
UDUPI DISTRICT
1 NO OF MAJOR TANKS
1
WATER SPREAD AREA
16.16 Ha
2 NO OF MINOR TANKS
53
WATER SPREAD AREA
44.12 Ha
FISH SEEDS STOCK:
3 FINGERLINGS
120000
BROUGHT UNDER FISH
4 CULTURE
NO OF TANKS
53
AREA
44.12
FISH FARM UNDER THE
5 CONTROL OF ZP
1
QUANTITY & VALUE OF FISH CATCH AT MALPE
45
TABLE 5-13: TALUK WISE STATISTICS OF INLAND FISHING IN UDUPI DISTRICT
UDUPI DISTRICT
Sl. NO
TOTAL NO OF
QUANTITY
VALUE (IN
TALUKS
GOVT. TANKS AREA (Ha) (IN TONNES) LAKHS)
1 KARKALA
23
17.36
1252.56
187.88
2 KUNDAPURA
18
18.43
467.62
70.14
3 UDUPI
12
8.33
501.03
75.16
TOTAL
53
44.12
2221.21
333.18
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING

TABLE 5-14: FISH LAND CENTRE WISE WORKFORCE ENGAGED IN FISHERIES SECTOR
Sl. NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.2.5.1.
FISH LANDING NO OF FISHING

CENTRE
VILLAGES
HEJAMADI
3
POLIPPU
5
UDYAWARA
21
MALPE
13
HUNGERCUTTE
6
BEEJADI
4
GANGAOLI
5
NAVUNDA
3
THARAPATHY
0
SHIROORU
3
TOTAL
63
NO OF FISHERMEN
FAMILIES
1828
1673
1926
5202
6139
1025
2100
850
1270
3200
25213
NO OF FISHERMEN ENGAGED IN
FULLTIMEFISHING/ FISH MARKETTING
MALE
FEMALE
2676
3145
1911
821
891
630
5796
2521
718
1100
1678
782
4904
2413
2075
679
1645
575
1199
724
23493
13390
NO OF FISHERMEN ENGAGED IN PARTTIME FISHING/

FISH DRYING/CURING/ OTHER FISHING ACTIVITIES
MALE
FEMALE
624
683
465
565
1438
636
1148
684
2720
1815
426
210
362
349
318
374
483
146
285
77
8269
5539
FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN UDUPI TALUK
TABLE 5-15: FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN UDUPI TALUK
INFRASTRUCTURE UDUPI TALUK

SL. NO
LENGTH
LANDING CENTRES
(FEET) HEJAMADI POLIPPU UDYAWARA MALPE HUNGERCUTTE
PARTICULARS
MECHANISED BOATS
1 PURSE-SEINERS
2 TRAWLERS
3 MOTORISED CANOES
4 LONG-LINERS
TOTAL
NON MECHANISED BOATS
1 KAI RAMPANI BOATS
2 PATTEBALE
3 OTHERS
TOTAL
FISHING GEARS (NETS)
1 DRAG NET
2 GILL NET
3 TRAWL NET
4 PURSE-SEINE NET
5 CAST NET
6 SHORE- SEINERS
7 DISCO NET
8 OTHERS
TOTAL
TOTAL
43'-58'
30'-59'
28'-36'
30'-60'
30'-50'
8
70
319
0
0
397
0
0
264
0
0
264
0
0
61
0
0
61
98
717
407
0
8
1230
0
135
74
0
0
209
106
922
1125
0
8
2161
20'-30'
2
0
52
54
8
0
70
78
1
0
270
271
18
640
658
4
0
225
229
15
18
1257
1290
16
328
92
3
102
0
21
57
619
28
270
0
0
95
0
30
125
548
0
71
0
0
60
75
12
24
242
35
415
727
100
400
0
62
360
2099
14
81
140
0
140
0
0
95
470
93
1165
959
103
797
75
125
661
3978
9'-35'
TABLE 5-16: FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN KUNDAPUR TALUK
INFRASTRUCTURE KUNDAPURA TALUK

SL. NO
PARTICULARS
MECHANISED BOATS
1 PURSE-SEINERS
2 TRAWLERS
3 MOTORISED CANOES
4 LONG-LINERS
TOTAL
NON MECHANISED BOATS
1 KAI RAMPANI BOATS
2 PATTEBALE
3 OTHERS
TOTAL
FISHING GEARS (NETS)
1 DRAG NET
2 GILL NET
3 TRAWL NET
4 PURSE-SEINE NET
5 CAST NET
6 SHORE- SEINERS
7 DISCO NET
8 OTHERS
TOTAL
LENGTH
LANDING CENTRES
(FEET) BEEJADI GANGAOLI NAVUNDA THARAPATHY SHIROORU TOTAL
43'-58'
30'-59'
28'-36'
30'-60'
30'-50'
0
0
80
0
0
80
34
246
492
27
0
799
0
0
160
0
0
160
0
0
251
0
0
251
0
0
130
48
0
178
20'-30'
20'-36'
10'-32'
8
0
12
20
10
42
213
265
3
22
35
60
5
36
66
107
0
0
290
290
6
0
0
0
18
0
40
75
139
58
600
200
75
85
5
330
616
1969
55
70
0
0
10
8
30
165
338
150
80
0
0
60
9
70
280
649
12
1040
0
0
30
0
0
0
1082
34
246
1113
75
0
1468
0
26
100
616
742
0
281
1790
200
75
203
22
470
1136
4177
TABLE 5-17: TALUK WISE FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS
Sl. NO
1
2
3
4
46
PARTICULARS
ICE FACTORIES
COLD STORAGES
FREEZING PLANTS
FROZEN STORAGE
TOTAL
UDUPI TALUK
NO
CAPACITY
54
802
8
1036
4
23
4
725
70
2586
KUNDAPUR TALUK
NO
CAPACITY
29
486
2
40
1
6
0
0
32
532
UDUPI
KUNDAPURA
NO CAPACITY
NO CAPACITY
CANNING FACTORY
7
526
0
0
FISH MEAL
4
63
0
0
CAPACITY PER DAY IN TONNES
UDUPI
BOAT BUILDING
NET MAKING
4
3
KUNDAPUR
7
0
TABLE 5-18 TALUK WISE FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP: PUBLIC/PRIVATE
UDUPI TALUK
PUB SECTOR PVT SECTOR
Sl. NO PARTICULARS NO CAPACITY NO CAPACITY
1
ICE FACTORIES
1
10
51
762
2
COLD STORAGES
8
1036
3
FREEZING PLANTS
4
23
4
FROZEN STORAGE
4
725
TOTAL
1
10
67
2546
KUNDAPUR TALUK
CO OP SECTOR PUB SECTOR PVT SECTOR CO OP SECTOR
NO CAPACITY NO CAPACITY NO CAPACITY NO CAPACITY
2
30
1
50
28
436
2
40
1
6
2
30
50
31
482
CAPACITY IN TONNES
TABLE 5-19: TOTAL LAND FOR BRACKISH WATER AQUACULTURE IN DISTRICT
1. Government
- 300 ha
2. Private
- 100 ha
TABLE 5-20YEAR WISE PRODUCTION OF SHRIMP IN THE DISTRICT
SHRIMP PRODUCED
YEAR
QUANTITY (IN TONNES)
1995-96
61.32
1996-97
131.79
1997-98
159.8
1998-99
66.1
1999-00
25.1
2000-01
38
2001-02
44
2002-03
334.8
2003-04
256.74
TABLE 5-21 GRAPH SHOWING YEAR WISE PRODUCTION OF SHRIMP IN THE DISTRICT
SHRIMP PRODUCED
350
300
250
200
150
SHRIMP PRODUCED
QUANTITY (IN TONNES)
100
50
-0
3
-0
2
-0
1
-0
0
-9
9
-9
8
-9
7
-0
4
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
19
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
-9
6
The decrease in quantity during the years1999 to 2002 is because of a diseases called white spot disease of shrimp
Details of shrimp farming in the district:
Marketing: Disposal of the shrimp harvest is by private sales. Agencies involved in marketing are private agencies
Employment generation: Employment generation is an average of 3 persons employed in one ha farming. Total of 300 farmers are there
in Udupi district, out of which only 109 have licenses, 150 people yet to get the license and a total of 26 court cases are there in Udupi
district (encroachment, land records on someone elses name)
Government incentives: Rs. 40,000/- as subsidy by govt. For construction of shrimp culture, Technical assistance is given to the shrimp
farmers, seminars are done to teach them for healthy shrimp practices and other helps like per testing for white spot disease.
Requirements to start shrimp culture: Person requires to get a license from aquaculture authority, which is headed by DC and 9 other
members including representatives from CRT, irrigation, DFD, agriculture, CRZMC, fisheries college etc.
YEAR
47
5.3. INFRASTRUCTURE
The settlements where the number of infrastructure is less in proportion with respect to the population:
In Udupi district there 16 settlements, which fall in this category and the reasons for then, are as follows:
Nearness to a large settlement with large number of facilities:
In kundapura taluk Kumdashi, koteshwar (8960) and bijadi (5465) are in the aproximity of kunadapura town.
Bodagabettu (6985), horangrapadi, udyavara (11386), alevoor (4733) and tonse east (7497) are near the udupi town.
Good accessibility:
Uppunda in kundapura and uliyargoli in udupi are on the N.H but are far from any large town.
Nadsal and tenkanidiyur in udupi taluk are on S.H and are far from any large town. So in the future one of them can be developed as a
nodal settlement for the surrounding area.
Interior region:
Eedu in karkala and yedthare in kundapura are not well connected with rest of the district as they lie in the forest/hilly region of the
district.
Yennagude (4508) in Udupi taluk though being an urban settlement is not well connected.
The settlements where the number of infrastructure is more in proportion with respect to the population:
There are 19 settlements, which lie in this category in the district and the reasons behind those are:
Large number of lower order facilities: this is the reason in most of the settlements, which lie in this category.
De-classification of towns: Byndoor and Hosangadi comes under this category
Good accessibility:
Acting as a nodal settlement: Shankarnarayana, Hebri and Marne comes under this category
The settlements where the number of infrastructure is equal in proportion with respect to the population:
There are 34 settlements, which lie in this category in the district and the reasons behind those are:
Most of them are on N.H. Number of such type of settlements are more in the Udupi taluk and are almost evenly spread.
In Karkala taluk they are concentrated in the southern part, near Karkala town and N.H.
In Kundapura the concentration is along the N.H.
5.4. WATER SUPPLY

Water Supply in Udupi has been studied at two levels i.e. urban and rural. The municipalities manage the urban water supply i.e. in
urban towns while at rural level it is under the jurisdiction of the Zilla Panchayats and the Gram Panchayats.
Sources
The major sources of water supply in the district are:

For urban areas: rivers (10 %) and ground water (90%).
For rural areas: ground water (95%) i.e. open wells, bore wells and rivers and others (5%).
Demand
Urban areas: 2,06,353 @135lpcd = 27.8 MLD

Rural areas: 9,05,890 @ 55lpcd = 49.8 MLD
Total water demand for the district = 77.6 mld ( excluding irrigation)
Supply
Urban areas: 206353@70lpcd = 14.4 MLD

Rural areas: 905890@40lpcd = 36.2 MLD
Total water supply in the district = 50.6 mld
Water resource constitutes mainly surface and ground water, with rainfall being the basic source. There is environmental concern pertaining to
water resource center around the water resource management. More important is the judicious and economic use of both ground and surface water
for agriculture, industrial and domestic purpose.
Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishment resource and it requires to be monitored regularly to be apprised of the changes that are taking place
in its regime. In this regard, central ground water board level and quality data from the national hydrograph network stations. The water levels are
monitored four times a year during the month of May, august, November and January and the samples for determination of the quality of the
groundwater are collected once a year during the month of May.
Central ground water board, south western region, Bangalore, is monitoring water level in the state of Karnataka from the established network of
1132 monitoring stations, as a part of National Hydrograph Network Station Monitoring. Out of these stations, Udupi has 24 national hydrograph
network stations. Water samples from these stations are collected once in a year during the month of May to assess the ground water quality.
The water levels monitored by these hydrograph stations to know the variation in ground water levels in space and time. This information brings
out the status of ground water development in the state.
The state is divided in to 10 agro climatic zones on the basis of climate, soil, topography, cropping pattern and the availability of water resources.
Three districts like Utter Kannada, Udupi and Dakshin Kannada declared as the coastal areas.
48
TABLE 5-22VILLAGE WISE GROUND WATER LEVELS FOR 4 MONTHS
depth of water level(Mbgl)

s.no. Village
May-98
May-01
Aug-98
Aug-01
Nov-98
Nov-01
Jan-99
Jan-02
Ajekar
5.2
5.36
0.8
4.2
0.8
7.1
4.47
7.8
Bajegoli
10.83
11.83
5.12
5.5
8.7
9.13
9.96
10.75
Hebri
8.36
8.84
3.2
4.08
5.3
6.62
7.84
8.02
Hosmar
7.52
6.81
4.13
3.86
5.3
5.97
6.27
6.45
Kukundur
6.45
5.84
0.85
1.49
3.12
4.03
5.16
5.26
Mudubidri
13.1
13.69
5.8
5.17
8.35
8.85
12
12.68
Ardi
8.83
9.65
3.35
6.2
7.1
7.89
Baindur
2.35
0.2
0.54
0.5
0.86
0.74
Kundapoor
6.2
6.49
1.1
2.4
2.8
3.46
4.46
4.56
10
Hangarkatta
3.25
3.63
0.01
1.05
1.22
1.56
2.3
11
Kirimanjeswar
5.83
2.07
0.4
2.9
2.03
1.47
12
Kollur
10.72
10.75
6.1
7.6
8.3
10.15
1001
10.11
13
Shankarnarayana 5.5
5.17
0.35
1.95
3.1
7.03
5.61
5.57
14
Siddapur
9.34
9.39
3.1
5.05
6.37
7.25
7.73
15
Someshwar
9.42
7.64
0.6
2.74
4.35
7.94
6.68
6.44
16
Vandse
5.4
5.26
2.35
3.12
3.65
4.77
4.78
4.81
17
Bharamvar
1.0
4.1
3.43
6.3
8.46
8.38
18
Goliangadi
12.7
12.85
3.6
7.35
8.02
9.65
9.83
19
Hiridka
8.4
8.71
1.92
4.28
4.8
5.82
6.85
7.09
20
Kota
6.57
6.61
1.7
1.5
3.15
3.72
4.76
5.05
21
Koup Uliargoli
7.98
8.22
3.35
2.53
4.45
5.05
6.43
6.52
22
Malpe
3.45
3.68
1.35
2.4
2.97
3.26
23
Mulki
11.24
10.56
5.36
5.43
6.8
11.17
8.31
12.76
24
Udupi
12.45
13.52
5.54
5.14
8.45
9.32
10.9
11.1
In the study of fluctuation of the ground water, the level of water during the mean time of May 1997- 2001 indicated that the water table fluctuate
within the narrow band of 0-2m (rise and fall)
Bain door is just along the coastline so the ground water level is highest in that area out of 24 villages. Whereas the deepest value of ground water in
the area is 12.75 in Mudhubiri during the post monsoon period.
The study of the depth of ground water in the year 1998 and 2002 indicates that ground water table gradually decreases due to the over exploitation
of ground water in whole of the district.
49
6. GENERAL GUIDELINES
6.1.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
6.1.1. SOLID WASTE EXISTING SCENARIO

As per the site visit, it was observed that most of the villages along the shore of primary concern are having the same types of problems and SWM
system followed are also equally applied on these villages.
Existing scenarios of all the villages

A detailed visual survey was carried out throughout villages along CRZ-III within the range of 1 sq.km. The following observations were
taken into notice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The dwelling units are unplanned and scattered

No facilities of door-to-door collection of wastes are introduced
People throw waste at particular areas near roadside-mostly plastics and paper.
Food or organic waste are thrown to the sea or river. Kitchen waste could be approximated as 300-500gms per household per
day. Told to us as half a bucket or one plastic bag per day.
5. Some of the households gather their respective waste and incinerate them which in turn affects the atmosphere
6. Chicken waste in vans from hotels are thrown on the bridge in to the water which gets deposited in the islands and land of the
areas and hence become problems for fishing activity as well as pollution.
7. In case of fish industries, the fishes are carried by truck with ice, while it leaves a trial of stinking smell of melted ice spilling on
the road.
8. The surrounding of fishing harbour and fisheries related industries has become dumping ground for waste of the areas
9. Most of the Industrial wastes are disposed through pipeline to the sea. But since past many years, the pipe remains broken and
there has been no sign of maintenance. The pipelines which goes under the river water, extends the chances of contaminating the
river water when broken which in turn affects the habitation of fishes, which again affects the business of poor fishermen living
in nearby villages as well as agriculture lands.
10. There are around 40 small islands scattered by the sides of river embankment. During monsoon, there are more chances of flood
affecting these islands which does not permit proper system of SWM to be implemented due to bad accessibility. As far as
possible, the spot collection is the only way to avoid increase in garbage piles.
UDYAVARA (Area = 28380.36 acres), Population = 11386 approx. Average household size = 5
HENCE DENSITY APPROX 4 PEOPLE PER 10 ACRE (this can be assumed average density and population for accessing generation of
waste)
6.1.2. RECYCLABLE WASTE
Metals, batteries and other hazardous waste- Industry, garage, workshops Cartons, glass bottles, plastic bottles, electronic waste - Small
commercial. Glass, papers, metal, plastic bottles Household and other dwelling units Rubber, mixed plastic and unclean materials are basically
not taken care of.
KAPU HIGHWAY
Solid waste merchant at KAPU HIGHWAY the waste are collected by group of 10-20 labours and gathered at one point.
50
Quantity of wastes
Thick plastic (bigger container) = 100 kg/day
Paper = 200-250 kg/day
Steel = 500 kg/day
Glass bottles = 2000 bottles/day and 2 bags of broken bottles
Batteries or electronic waste = 10-20 kg/day
Thick cartons = 150 kg/day
Plastic bottles = 10-25 kg/day
Overall average waste generation = 1 ton / day
As per the interaction with the merchants, 1household generates around 10-15 kg of recyclable waste in 2 months. Recycle waste as an
informal business exists in Udupi district with 60 collection points in Udupi taluk and another 30-40 in Kundapur taluk. Each point
collects 1 ton recyclable waste. Hence 100 tons collected from Udupi per day and another 5 tons lies uncollected. There are 10-20 people
working for collection under each agent. So it is seen that totally there are 1500 people engaged in this business.
Farooq enterprises in Koteshwara, invested Rs.25, 000 for shredding plastic into smaller grains, which makes it more profitable to sell.
He claims that if area to store recycled waste was given by the Govt, subsidized loan for the machinery, and concession for the shed, the
recycling of all the materials is possible for the district as a profitable business. He also claims to have the know-how required to start
recycling plants in the district itself with due encouragement. As per our survey the types, estmate of wastes collected in Udupi district
and the places where they are sent is shown in table below:
Type of Waste
Amount per day
Processing Area
Thick plastic
10000kg/day
transport thicker plastic to Kolnad, near Mulki
paper
20000-25000kg/day
Papers and cartons are collected for recycling to Mangalore by

the agents from Kapu Highway
steel
50000kg/day
Goa
Glass bottles
200000 bottles per day

and 200 bags of broken
bottles
Glass sent to Gujrat ,hence high transport cost
Batteries or electronic wastes
1000-2000kg/day
Thick cartons
15000 kg/day
rubber
Bhadravati
Metal waste
Maharashtra
Plastic bottles
They are taken to Udyavara for cleaning and again sent for ReUse. Also sent to Bangalore and Delhi.
Bisleri bottles are feasible only when compressed as it reduces
transportation costs
Mangalore
Total waste for entire district =100 Ton/day

BELAPU
Green-nerds have set up an Automatic Garbage Mould or AGM machine which addresses the
following problem:
i.
ii.
Enable collection and segregation

Help reduce the dump yards
Sl. No.
51
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
End to end solution to prevent open dumping

Reducing and reusing waste to energy
Reuse/recycle the garbage
Reduce greenhouse gas emission
High cleanliness and hygiene
This machine has double activities, where on one hand it shreds the bio-degradable waste and puts them out for composting while on
other hand it compresses the recyclable waste which they send them for recycling. The approximate cost of the machine is Rs. 5 lakhs.
The system of Green-nerds solutions could further lead to:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Organic manure, compost and fertilizers

Bio-degradable blocks as raw material for bio fuel generation
Land Reclaim
Plastic blocks for plastics recycling plants
Glass blocks for Glass recycling plants
Metal blocks for metal recycling
Mechanism to create blocks as per the market need for further use
Other information through secondary data collection i.

ii.
iii.
The cleaners and collectors used to be paid around Rs. 3000 p/m
Regular collection is not practiced
New AGM to be put up at KAPU.
LANCO Drinking water
Sponsored by LANCO foundation, a unit building for distributing clean drinking water is set up where
the local household use to collect water on basis of membership. Membership is applied for each family
of five members who can take water of maximum 12 litres /day in a container provided to them with
maximum charge of Rs. 100/day.
At least one sample of container with water goes for quality test every day to keep a pace in Monitoring system for checking quality of
water.
6.1.3. SOLUTION
DOMESTIC WASTE consists of all kinds of wastes, including plastic bottles and steel cans which should be segregated from the organic
vegetable waste before sending them for any sort of treatment. Since the collection system involves putting the waste in plastic bags or
chances of mixing with recyclable waste is more, it is better if the biodegradable waste is treated at site as much as possible so that the
problems like spillage while transportation, mixing of waste, tedious unhealthy sorting of waste, toxic pollution due to untreated waste,
etc are avoided.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE consists of specific pollutants related to the industries which needs to be treated in site and strict monitoring of
industrial site and surrounding is necessary to avoid pollution.
COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUITIONAL WASTE consists of large quatities of waste generated at a given time and treatment on site is
difficult due to lack of space. In such cases collecting the waste at a single point and treating it at a large scale is necessary to avoid
pollution. In this one type of waste in large quantities is available hence can be sent for different techniques of treatment.
THE OPTIONS FOR THIS TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE ARE:
52
Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste to produce biogas and liquid slurry on a small scale has been very successful in India, especially in
parts of South and West India, where the regions temperate weather conditions favor the process yearlong. Many households have such
biogas units installed. The units are smaller in size, flexible with feed and operation when compared to its counterparts. They cost $ 470
(INR 21,000) per unit and almost half of this cost is subsidized in different ways. Each unit can handle kitchen waste from a household
with 3 5 members and can generate one cubic meter of biogas every day. Biogas mainly constitutes methane and carbon dioxide and
the unit can be connected directly to a cooking stove. Per capita organic waste generation in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi is 0.17
kg/day and 0.38 kg/day respectively. A single household in Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi produce 0.5 0.85 kg/day and 1.1 2
kg/day respectively (depending on the number of persons in the house). Thus, the capacity of these biogas units is enough for
households in these two cities and each unit occupies only 1.25 m2 of space. Mainly obtained from the kitchen, this waste, degenerates
naturally under some condition (aerobic /anaerobic) and converts into manure.
The technology was successfully scaled-up by the company to handle 300 kg of organic wastes every day. Space required per kg of waste
treated increases with the scale due to increase in the number of single-units used and piping involved. More than 200 institutional units
were installed at different hotels and canteens, hospitals, schools, markets and slaughter houses. Biogas from such institutional units is
converted to electricity using a generator and is used for street lighting. One cubic meter of gas can produce 1.5 KW of electricity.xiii
6.1.3.1.
VERMICOMPOSTING.
Vermicomposting is the best technique which efficiently converts the organic waste matter from the kitchen to a simpler manure which
is generally used as a fertilizer. This method is appropriate for the density in CRZ areas and the cost of management and maintaince is
very low.
PITS BELOW THE GROUND
Pits made for vermicomposting are 1 m deep and 1.5 m wide. The length varies as required.
HEAPING ABOVE THE GROUND
The waste material is spread on a polythene sheet placed on the ground and then covered with cattle dung. Sunitha et al. (1997)
compared the efficacy of pit and heap methods of preparing vermicompost under field conditions. Considering the biodegradation of
wastes as the criterion, the heap method of preparing vermicompost was better than the pit method. Earthworm population was high in
the heap method, with a 21-fold increase in Eudrilus eugenae as compared to 17-fold increase in the pit method. Biomass production
was also higher in the heap method (46-fold increase) than in the pit method (31-fold). Consequent production of vermicompost was
also higher in the heap method (51 kg) than in the pit method (40 kg).
TANKS ABOVE THE GROUND
Tanks made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, shabaz stones, asbestos and locally available rocks were
evaluated for vermicompost preparation. Tanks can be constructed with the dimensions suitable for operations. At ICRISAT, they have
evaluated tanks with dimensions of 1.5 m (5 feet) width, 4.5 m (15 feet) length and 0.9 m (3 feet) height. The commercial biodigester
contains a partition wall with small holes to facilitate easy movement of earthworms from one tank to the other.
COMMERCIAL MODEL
The four components of a tank are filled with plant residues one after another. The first chamber is filled layer by layer along with cow
dung and then earthworms are released. Then the second chamber is filled layer by layer. Once the contents in the first chamber are
processed the earthworms move to chamber 2, which is already filled and ready for earthworms. This facilitates harvesting of
decomposed material from the first chamber and also saves labour for harvesting and introducing earthworms. This technology reduces
labour cost and saves water as well as time.
CEMENT RINGS
The commercial model for vermicomposting developed by ICRISAT consists of four chambers enclosed by a wall (1.5 m width, 4.5 m
length and 0.9 m height) (Fig. 2). The walls are made up of different materials such as normal bricks, hollow bricks, shabaz stones,
asbestos sheets and locally available rocks. This model contains partition walls with small holes to facilitate easy movement of
earthworms from one chamber to another. Providing an outlet at one corner of each chamber with a slight slope facilitates collection of
excess water, which is reused later or used as earthworm leachate on crop. The outline of the commercial model is given in Figure 3.
53
Vermicompost can also be prepared above the ground by using cement rings (ICRISAT and APRLP 2003). The size of the cement ring
should be 90 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height.
RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED
The quantity of raw materials required using a cement ring of 90 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height or a pit or tank measuring 1.5 m
1 m 1 m is given below:
Dry organic wastes (DOW) 50 kg
Dung slurry (DS) 15 kg
Rock phosphate (RP) 2 kg
Earthworms (EW) 500700
Water (W) 5 L every three days
The various ingredients are used in the ratio of 5:1.5:0.2:5075:0.5 of DOW:DS:RP:EW:W. In the tank or pit system 100 kg of raw
material and 1520 kg of cow dung are needed for each cubic meter of the bed.
VERMICOMPOST PREPARATION
Steps in the process

Vermicomposting involves the following steps which are depicted in Figure 4(ak):
Cover the bottom of the cement ring with a layer of tiles or coconut husk or polythene sheet (Fig. 4a).
Spread 1520 cm layer of organic waste material on the polythene sheet (Fig. 4b). Sprinkle rock phosphate powder if available (it
helps in improving nutritional quality of compost) on the waste material and then sprinkle cow dung slurry (Fig. 4c and d). Fill the ring
completely in layers as described. Paste the top of the ring with soil or cow dung (Fig. 4e). Allow the material to decompose for 15 to 20
days.
When the heat evolved during the decomposition of the materials has subsided (1520 days after heaping), release selected
earthworms (500 to 700) through the cracks developed (Fig. 4f).
Cover the ring with wire mesh or gunny bag to prevent birds from picking the earthworms. Sprinkle water every three days to
maintain adequate moisture and body temperature of the earthworms (Fig. 4g).
The vermicompost is ready in about 2 months if agricultural waste is used and about 4 weeks if sericulture waste is used as substrate
(Fig. 4h).
The processed vermicompost is black, light in weight and free from bad odor.
When the compost is ready, do not water for 23 days to make compost easy for sifting. Pile the compost in small heaps and leave
under ambient conditions for a couple of hours when all the worms move down the heap in the bed (Fig. 4i). Separate upper portion of
the manure and sieve the lower portion to separate the earthworms from the manure (Fig. 4j). The culture in the bed contains different
stages of the earthworms life cycle, namely, cocoons, juveniles and adults. Transfer this culture to fresh half decomposed feed material.
The excess as well as big earthworms can be used for feeding fish or poultry. Pack the compost in bags and store the bags in a cool place
(Fig. 4k).
Prepare another pile about 20 days before removing the compost and repeat the process by following the same procedure as described
above.
PRECAUTIONS DURING THE PROCESS
The following precautions should be taken during vermicomposting:

The African species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugenae are ideal for the
preparation of vermicompost. Most Indian species are not suitable for the purpose.
Only plant-based materials such as grass, leaves or vegetable peelings should be utilized in preparing vermicompost.
Materials of animal origin such as eggshells, meat, bone, chicken droppings, etc are not suitable for preparing vermicompost.
Gliricidia loppings and tobacco leaves are not suitable for rearing earthworms.
The earthworms should be protected against birds, termites, ants and rats.
Adequate moisture should be maintained during the process. Either stagnant water or lack of
moisture could kill the earthworms.
After completion of the process, the vermicompost should be removed from the bed at regular
intervals and replaced by fresh waste materials.
HOW TO USE VERMICOMPOST?
Vermicompost can be used for all crops: agricultural, horticultural, ornamental and vegetables at any stage of the crop.
For general field crops: Around 23 t ha-1 vermicompost is used by mixing with seed at the time of sowing or by row application when
the seedlings are 1215 cm in height. Normal irrigation is followed.
For fruit trees: The amount of vermicompost ranges from 5 to 10 kg per tree depending on the age of the plant. For efficient
application, a ring (1518 cm deep) is made around the plant. A thin layer of dry cow dung and bone meal is spread along with 25 kg of
vermicompost and water is sprayed on the surface after covering with soil.
For vegetables: For raising seedlings to be transplanted, vermicompost at 1 t ha-1 is applied in the nursery bed. This results in healthy
and vigorous seedlings. But for transplants, vermicompost at the rate of 400500 g per plant is applied initially at the time of planting
and 45 days after planting (before irrigation).
For flowers: Vermicompost is applied at 7501000 kg ha-1.
54
For vegetable and flower crops vermicompost is applied around the base of the plant. It is then covered with soil and watered
regularly.
Vermicomposting: A Livelihood Micro-enterprise for Rural Women

ICRISAT with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Philippines, District Water Management Agency (DWMA), Government
of Andhra Pradesh and Tata-ICRISAT-ICAR project in North-eastern regions of India was keen to promote the vermiculture technology.
The primary objective of this project was to help women from rural areas to set up micro-enterprises based on vermiculture technology
and also to improve crop productivity by increasing soil fertility through Ecological methods of farming (Wani 2002).xiv
Reference: SAT eJournal | ejournal.icrisat.org August 2006 | Volume 2 | Issue 1 An Open Access Journal published by ICRISAT
6.1.4. NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE.

Wastes that do not disintegrate or degrade naturally and requires to be treated artificially through man-made technologies.
FIGURE 6-1:
COLOR CODED BINS FOR SEPARATION AT SOURCE
Provision for Municipal garbage bins for every 50 m radius (in high density areas), catering to at least 10 households.
55
56
Door to door collection to be done in CRZ- 2 and CRZ-3 zones, on alternate day basis, starts at 7.00 am to 2 pm for residential, and
commercial and 3 pm to 5 pm for bulk generators. Each auto tippers has audio announcement so that people will come out to deliver the
waste. The waste will be collected from both the sides of the streets by 2 workers. Each pushcart, tricycle also collect the waste (the
workers will keep whistling at intervals).
Storage facilities shall be created and established by taking into account of quantities of waste generation in a given area and population
densities. The waste from auto tippers, push carts, tricycles are then transported directly to the secondary storage (container) of 3 m3,
4.5m3, 7.5 m3 capacity. These containers will be lifted by CMC through 2 number of dumper placer vehicle shall be hydraulically
operated and will carry it to the secondary storage site having the Automatic Garbage Mould. Reference: www.green-nerds.com,
contact@green-nerds.com
Setup- Farooq enterprises in Koteshwara, invested Rs.25,000 for shredding plastic into smaller grains, which makes it more profitable
to sell.
Price of each shredding machine comes up to Rs. 500000/- reference: Farooq Enterprises, Koteshwara Phone: 9900976449
Recycle waste as an informal business exists in Udupi district with 60 collection points in Udupi taluk and approximately 30-40 in
Kundapur taluk.
Each point collects around 1 ton recyclable waste. Hence 100 tons collected from Udupi per day. And another 5 tons lies uncollected.
There are 10-20 people working for collection under each agent. So there are totally 1500 people engaged in this business.
The recyclable waste management is possible with formalizing the informal system that exists in the district. They need the support of
government in terms of providing the collection centers to store the waste, some loan facility to get machinery like AGM and shredding
machine to partially process the waste and then send it to recycling plants. In the long run some recycling industries could be developed.
Also if the panchayats are taken in the system the collection could be made 100% with points awarded to amount of waste collected and
there be some monetary remuneration for the collection process. Awareness workshop and some form of fine to people throwing waste
outside wold further reinforce the system.
6.1.5. E-WASTE:
Industries generating e-waste to be directed to send their waste directly to recycling/re-processing units. (Reference: Udupi CMC waste
management strategies)
6.1.6. INDUSTRIAL WASTE:
Most of the Industrial wastes are disposed through pipeline to the sea. But since past many years, the pipe remains broken and there has
been no sign of maintenance. The pipelines which goes under the river water, extends the chances of contaminating the river water
when broken which in turn affects the habitation of fishes, which again affects the business of poor fishermen living in nearby villages.
Solution:
Periodic maintenance of waste pipelines, that goes into the sea.
Pipe length and the outlet should be strictly maintained at 100 m from the high-tide line (as per PCB guidelines).
The surroundings of the industries should be kept clean.
To consider the industrial issues related with fish carrying vehicles enrooting through the public roads in the district and to take
necessary action.
reference: Secretary, Regional Transport Authority, Kasaragod.
AS PER THE : Decision of the R.T.A. , Kasaragod dated 07-03-2012 vide item no.45
6.1.7. CHICKEN WASTES AND OTHER MEAT WASTES

1.
Chicken waste and other meat wastes in great
quantity is being dumped into the rivers at the bridges
affecting the CRZ zones around it.
Solution : The waste should be collected at source
and should be sent for seasoning, making it suitable
for pets feed.
As an alternative the can also be utilised for shrimp
farming as a supplementary feeding. Which can be
implemented in the CRZ zones itself as Shrimp farming
is already being practiced there.xv
FIGURE 6-2 END PODUCTS OF ORGANIC DECAY
The RTA directs to implement insulated body with a separate waste water tank for all goods carriage passing through the district, which
are carrying fish items. The RTA decides to include this item as a permit condition also. Violation of this condition will be compounded
for Rs. 5000/- and disqualification of driving license.
57
xvi
Waste To Energy is recognized as a renewable energy technology by the Government of India (GOI). Australia, Denmark, Japan,
Netherlands and the US are some more countries which recognize WTE as a renewable energy technology. Due to the dominance of
organic waste in MSW, it is considered as a bio-fuel which can be replenished by agriculture. In India, urban MSW contains as much as
60% organic fraction and 10% paper. Therefore, potentially, 70% of energy from WTE plants is renewable energy. The activity in the
WTE sector has increased considerably within only one year since authors first research visit in January, 2010. A WTE plant is under
construction at Okhla, New Delhi; two RDF-WTE plants are under construction at Bibinagar (Hyderabad) and Karimnagar; and a WTE
plant is being planned for Pimpri. Apart from these new projects, there are already two RDF-WTE plants in India, one in Hyderabad and
the other in Vijayawada . They employ similar technology and design parameters. They use refused derived fuel mixed with agro wastes
as feed into traveling grate, stoker fired boilers to generate 6.6 MW power. WTE is expensive. However, electricity produced from WTE
plants has better product demand and no marketing issues like compost. It can be sold to the grid directly. Also, WTE will provide better
pollution control compared to mixed-waste composting, which disperses the pollutants in to agricultural fields and later into
environment.
58
TABLE 6-1: THE SOLUTION FOR VARIOUS WASTE MANAGEMNT IN THE AREA OF CONCERN
MAPS OF VILLAGES
Uppunda, kundapura
PLACE DESCRIPTION
1349'38" N 7437'30" E
High density.
420 DWELLING UNITS per
sq. km
1321'9" N 7442'5.5" E
High density.
450 DWELLING UNITS per
sq. km
PROBLEMS
Solid waste disposal

(Bio-degradable waste)
Household waste from
kitchen.
Sewage Treatment and

Disposal.
Underground sewage
treatment is difficult due to
high water table in the
region.
SOLUTIONS
Vermicomposting.
Per day generation of bio-degradable waste is 500-750
gm/house.
Considering five houses waste collected over a period of 1520 days = 600 g x 5x 20= 60 kg.
The quantity of raw materials required using a precast
concrete ring of 90 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height or a
pit or tank measuring 1.5 m 1 m 1 m is given below:
Dry organic wastes (DOW) 50 kg
Dung slurry (DS) 15 kg
Rock phosphate (RP) 2 kg
Earthworms (EW) 500700 (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus
eugenae)
Water (W) 5 L every three days.
The various ingredients are used in the ratio of
5:1.5:0.2:5075:0.5 of DOW:DS:RP:EW:W. In the tank or pit
system 100 kg of raw material and 1520 kg of cow dung
are needed for each cubic meter of the bed.
Cost involved is very less and the output could be sold at
Rs.5-7 per kg.
Time-period- 30 days.
Bio-Digesters Eco-Toilets. (approved by DRDO)
As explained below
Malpe, Udupi
1339'14" N 7439'58" E
Medium density
110 DWELLING UNITS per sq.km.
Mainland.
Solid waste management
Vermicomposting.
Per day generation of bio-degradable waste is 500-750 gm.
/house.
Considering five houses waste collected over a period of 1520 days = 600 g x 5x 20= 60 kg.
Or individual households could use plastic buckets or
terracotta buckets to do individual vermicomposting
treatment
Rest of the process is same as above
Beneekudru, Kundapura
Type-Island.
Sparse settlement
Flood prone during monsoons.
136'16" N 7446'40"E
Medium density.
80 DWELLING UNITS per sq.km
CRZ 1 Zone.
Clustered settlement
Flood prone during monsoons.
Hejmady,Udupi
1343'32" N 7438'55"E
Low density
Sparse settlement.
80 DWELLING UNITS per sq.km.
Marvanthe,Kundapura.
The main constituents of Bio - Toilet are Prefabricated

above the ground shelter and Bio Digester tank. Bio
digester tank is a cylindrical structure with the provision of
inlet for human waste and out let for Bio gas. Temperature
in the bio digester is maintained between 5 - 30C. A
person can use the toilet which is connected t o t he biodigester. Night soil degradation occurs through microbial
reaction which converts it into bio gas. The smell of night
soil, the disease causing organism s in the night soil and the
solid matter are eliminated totally. On dry weight basis 90%
of the solid waste is reduced.
The gaseous effluent ( biogas) is continuously let off to the
atmosphere. Bio Gas can be used for various energy
incentive activities like cooking water and room heating.
Liquid effluent can be drained to any surface or soak pit
without any environmental hazards.
1338'40" N 7442'5.6"
Low-density
80 DWELLING UNITS per sq. km.
Sewage disposal and treatment is a

problem as the water table almost
matches with the ground level.
Bio-Digesters Eco-Toilets. (approved by DRDO)

The bacterial consortium degrades night soil at tem p as low
as - 55 degree C and produces colourless, odourless and
inflammable bio gas containing 50 70% methane.
Area required 1m x1m (cabin) storage tank 2x1.2x1.2 m.
59
6.1.8. SEWAGE
Underground sewage waste management is a concern in the CRZ zones though there are septic tanks for most houses because of high
water table in the area there is chances of pollution therefore the treatment has to be done on surface.
Solution:
Go Green Solutions with support of technology developed and approved by DRDO Ministry of Defence offers an innovative
technology for disposal of human waste in eco-friendly manner. These Bio toilets can function at any atmospheric temperature between
-55 to 60 degree C. The bacterial consortium degrades night soil at temp as low as - 55 degree C and produces colourless, odourless and
inflammable bio gas containing 50 70% methane.
The main constituents of Bio - Toilet is prefabricated above the ground shelter and Bio Digester tank. Bio digester tank is a cylindrical
structure with the provision of inlet for human waste and out let for Bio gas. Temp in the bio digester is maintained between 5 - 30
degree C. A person can use the toilet which is connected to the biodigester. Night soil degradation occurs through microbial reaction
which converts it into bio gas. The smell of night soil, the disease causing organism s in the night soil and the solid matter are eliminated
totally. On dry weight basis 90% of the solid waste is reduced.
The gaseous effluent (biogas) is continuously let off t o t he atmosphere. Bio Gas can be used for various energy incentive activities like
cooking water and room heating. Liquid effluent can be drained to any surface or soak pit without any environmental hazards.
This technology is suit able for any area/ application in India. The process under this technology culminates into treated effluent which
is free from Pathogens and is also environmentally accept able. The technology has major two component s:
a- Low temp active inoculums
b- Temp controlled Bio digester
A consortium of anaerobic bacteria has been formulated and adopted to work at temp as low as 5 degree C. This is the component which
act s as inoculums (seed material) to the bio digester and convert s the organic waste into methane and carbon- dioxide. The anaerobic
process in- activates the pathogens responsible for water borne diseases. Bio digester serves as reaction vessel for bio-methanation and
provides the anaerobic conditions and required temp for the bacteria. The optimum temp is maintained by microbial heat, insulation of
the reactor and solar heating.xvii
60
6.2.
GUIDELINES FOR DIASTER MITIGATION
6.2.1. The panchayat open ground and school ground provide good possibility for relief grounds in case of disasters. They need
to be on high firm ground with good drainage facility. No structures should be built in these grounds and there should be no
vertical elements like tall trees, electric poles, any manmade structures which could become a danger in the event of
earthquake or floods.
6.2.2. The roads need to be maintained in a better manner. Since the sand keeps shifting the only solution is concrete roads.
Main access roads in the long run need to be made of concrete of width 4m, with drains provided at least on one side.
6.2.3. In places where road access is not there, landing areas for rescue boats need to be developed and water transport needs to
be strengthened. In the long run relief and landing areas on high ground should be developed on key positions of islands and
flood prone areas.
6.2.4. The edges of riverfront need to be reinforced as given in general guidelines.
6.3.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Key Issues Coastal Areas in India

Coastal areas in India today face multiple environmental issues due to overexploitation of the natural resource base, conflicting uses among various
stakeholders in addition to the natural and man-made disasters encountered in coastal areas of the country. Key environmental issues are described
below.
Fresh Water: The freshwater for the coastal areas of the country mainly comes from surface water and ground water. Rainwater harvesting and
desalination are beginning to be practiced in areas facing scarcity. Since the demand for the surface water sources are ever-increasing in the
hinterland, the sustainable source for freshwater requirement of the coastal areas is groundwater. The principal aquifers in the coastal area belong
to unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary and Upper Tertiary age, deposited under various sedimentary environments like fluviatile, back swamp,
deltaic, sub-marine and marine environments. These aquifers occur both in unconfined and confined condition. Two major problems are likely to be
cropped up consequent to extensive ground water development in coastal areas are saltwater intrusion and land subsidence. The major problems in
the groundwater sector of coastal areas are over development leading to the ever-increasing fresh water demands, declining water table and salinity
ingress in coastal aquifers. A regulated development regime is crucial particularly, in the coastal areas due to the high vulnerability for salinity
intrusions causing permanent damage to the aquifers. Similarly, groundwater recharge schemes need to be taken in the coastal areas on a priority.
Marine Biodiversity: The coastal areas of the country experiencing tropical climate and having a diverse geological and geomorphologic set up favours
a multitude of coastal and offshore marine ecosystems. The coastal habitat and marine environment offers areas for reproduction, recruitment,
feeding and shelter and should be protected .The euphotic zone of the sea (of nearly 200 m depth) is teaming with life having phytozooplankton,
copepods, eggs, larvae of fishes, jelly fishes, mollusks, pelagic fishes, turtles and mammals.
The sediments and chemicals, the runoff water carries to the sea, have profound effect on fertilization of eggs of marine species. The conservation of
these faunal resources will help in the sustainability of coastal fishery and thereby ensure livelihood of the coastal communities.
Coastal area fishing: The major problems in coastal fisheries are overfishing, habitat destruction and degradation, pollution, post-harvest damages
due to lack of infrastructure, fishing during breeding season, conflicts, among mechanized and traditional sectors, inter-state problems, etc. In
addition to these, fishing communities also face compensation from other resource users. For example, coastal tourism interferes with traditional
fishermen in their activities by replacing them and denying access to their traditional fishing grounds and beaches. Thus, the livelihood of the
fishermen may be threatened.
Threat to Mangroves: While mangrove forests have specific ecological role in the coastal ecosystem and they provide a life support system and
income for millions of people, thus destruction is wide spread for shorter economic benefits. This happens because mangroves are too often
considered wastelands of little or no value unless they are "developed". In the recent times there has been increased ingress to convert them into
agricultural areas. The irony of the situation is that the conversion of mangroves for aquaculture is detrimental to the very same activity as the
shrimp fry (baby shrimp) availability decreases, as the mangroves are the natural wild fry collection habitats. The overdose of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides not only destroy the aquaculture farms but also become detrimental to the remaining mangrove ecosystems in the vicinity. Even in
the case of capture fisheries low recruitment will consequently affect production. With the fishing grounds already overexploited, mangrove
destruction can only further reduce stock recruitment and production. In general the mangroves are resistant to much kind of environmental
perturbations and stresses. However, mangrove species are sensitive to excessive siltation or sedimentation, stagnation, surface water
impoundment and major oil spills. Salinities high enough to kill mangroves result from reductions in the freshwater inflow and alterations in
flushing patterns from dams, dredging and bulk heading. Seawalls, bunds and other coastal structures often restrict tidal flow, resulting in the killing
of mangroves. It is important to recognize that many of the forces, which detrimentally alter mangroves, have their origin outside the mangrove
ecosystem. Traditional settlers of the mangrove area normally do not cause destruction to the system.
Threat to Coral Reefs: Coral reefs are constantly degraded. The degradation is both due to natural and anthropogenic reasons. The natural causes may
be due to the outbreak of reef destroying animals, storms, "bleaching" and depletion of essential symbiotants. The destruction may be due to
chemical pollution, mechanical damage, nutrient loading or sediment loading. The pesticides or fertilizers reaching coral reefs from agricultural
areas, destructive fishing practices, heavy metals from industrial sources, petroleum hydrocarbons. etc chemically damage the corals. Dredging,
shipping, tourism, mining or collection is also detrimental to the coral reefs. Nutrient loading due to aquaculture practices and sewage discharge
both from land and ships cause pollution leading to eutrophication and oxygen depletion. Similarly sediment loading resulting from construction
activity, runoff of sediments, dredging and turbidity can choke the coral growth.
Coastal Ecosystems: Several coastal ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves etc., have high species diversity. Pollution through discharge of effluents
or otherwise may cause mortality, which shall lead to extinction. Restrictions of freshwater flow into estuaries and reclamation also affected
biodiversity. Over fishing and selective fishing is against sustaining biodiversity. Introduction of exotic species and diseases are other detrimental
factors. A productive ecosystem is characterized by a high degree of biological diversity. It contains a large assemblage of plant and animal
organisms in which each species has a welldefined role to play. A high level of species diversity in an ecosystem, therefore guarantee stability
because the energy flow. Thus each species plays its role in the food cycle, and if, because of human activities, there is destruction of one group of
organisms, it would lead to the predominance of the other which had earlier formed its food components, thus leading to an inevitable ecological
disturbance.
61
Threat to Sea grass beds: Large scale exploitation of marine algae is depleting these resources. A sea grass called Enhalus acaroids is now a threatened
species. Dugong, a mammal dependent on sea grass for food, is also on the verge of extinction. Several causes have been suggested for deterioration
of sea grass beds. Anthropogenic activities like eutrophication, siltation, trawling, coastal constructions and removal for commercial purposes are
the major threats for sea grass beds. Sea grass occurs in shallow water bodies and since water bodies are not brought under regulations, the CRZ
notification is ineffective to protect sea grass beds as the seagrass beds are below the Low Tide Line.
Threat to forests and wildlife / protected areas: The coastal forest includes the natural forest and the shelter belt plantations undertaken by the Forest
Department. These coastal forests are not only habitats for several flora and fauna but also protect the shoreline from erosion, cyclones and flooding.
Most of the coastal forests are found along the western coastal part of Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. Coastal forests are found along the Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in the east coasts too. Several of the local communities depend upon the resources from these forest areas. Due to
increasing pressures and conflicting resource uses, these fragile areas are under constant threat of degradation.
Threat to Mudbanks: The mud bank appears to be a biologically fertile, perhaps due to the abundance of organic matter (5%) attached to the
sediment particles or due to the reduced turbulence and the enhanced turbidity, which seem to attract the juvenile fishes and the larger fishes, which
feed upon them. Mudbank accretes the coast behind, boosts fishing and it is a economic harbinger to the fisher folk. However, it erodes the down
coast and it is unpredictable. The challenges are to predict mud bank formation, integrated management of mud bank areas taking into account the
phenomena, coastal protection, socio-economic and infrastructure development.
Threat to Coastal Beaches: Beaches are not stable entities, but rather dynamic landforms that are constantly subjected to erosion and/or accretion.
The changes on a beach are responses to processes acting from outside the beach. These include waves and currents as well as inland dune systems,
which induce the erosional and depositional cycles. Difference in beach form (or type) and position reflect the local balance or imbalance between
deposition and erosion. Threats to the beaches includes construction, sand mining (for construction and minerals), activities which accelerate the
erosion processes (such as river dams, barrages, and diversions that either trap sedimentary materials, thus preventing their entry into the coastal
zone, or reduce the river water's transport power), poorly designed coastal engineering works (that alter long shore currents or wave forces and
lead to undesirable erosion and deposition patterns) and coastal dredging/mining projects.
Threat to Sand dunes: Mans impact on coastal dunes has caused extensive ecological and geomorphologic changes. Increasing pressures place the
dune communities under immense physiological stress, both from direct damage (trampling, grazing) and indirect damage through alterations in
climate, soil and moisture regimes. Many dune systems around the world are in advanced stages of despoliation as a result of man's activities. In
some cases the dunes have been completely removed. Major threats to the sand dunes include mining leveling for construction, industries, road, rail
and other infrastructure development.
Threat to Rocky Shores: The majority of rocky shores, on open coasts, experience the relatively stable conditions. Major threats include unplanned
tourism activities, pollution and mining activities.
Threat to Estuaries: The CRZ notification regulates all developmental activities along the CRZ area of the estuaries upto the extent of 5 Parts Per
Thousand (PPT) of salinity felt upstream of the estuary. The measure of 5 PPT salinity during the driest period is one of the issues for implementing
the CRZ Notification, 1991. Some of the estuaries become dry during peak summer seasons as there is no flow of fresh water. In some situations
based on the geomorphological characteristics and hydro dynamics of the estuary, a salt wedge is formed at the bottom of the estuary while the
upper surface has freshwater.
Further, due to constructions of barrages, dams, upstream of the river, the salt water flow from the sea is also affected in the estuaries. Major threats
to the estuaries include reclamation activities, pollution from urban and industrial waste disposal, reduction in fresh water discharge due to
upstream dams, prevention of fresh water flows and dredging of waterways for navigation purposes etc.
Threat to lagoons: Human activities often affect the structure of lagoons, due to hydraulic works (e.g. dikes, dams, and artificial bars), landreclamation activities and through changes in the inland watershed. Major threats include reclamation, pollution due to urban and industrial waste
disposal, modifications for aquaculture, discharge from aqua farms, constructions like dike, artificial bars; jetties affect the structure of lagoons and
construction of dams affecting the freshwater discharge.
Threat to Mud flats: The CRZ notification is silent about the protection/conservation of mudflats. Major threats include reclamation, urban and
industrial waste disposal and waste disposal/effluent discharge.
Threat to Salt marshes: The marshes act as buffer areas during flooding and storm surges. Direct protection of tidal marshes against pollution from
the sea seems to be practically impossible, as an open relationship with the tides is a prerequisite for the survival of the marsh ecosystem. Major
threats include reclamation, cutting and removal of marsh vegetation for agriculture and construction of embankments.
The report does not intend to find solutions to all the above mentioned issues/threats instead build capability among the various stakeholders to
deal with threats by means of undertaking projects. However, looking at the history of coastal zone regulation in India, there is very limited
experience with proactive and holistic management of the coastal zone in the countrys institutions. There is a need for measures to allow enhancing
the capacity, capability and awareness through conduct of research, adoption of scientific methods to delineate hazard line, identifying, mapping and
delineation of ecologically sensitive area, development of communication strategy, and establishment of centre for sustainable coastal zone
management for capacity building. All these activities would help in strengthening the CRZ Notification.
Coastal environment is one the most dynamic ecosystems in the world. It is not only the biological dynamics but physical forces such as recurring
storm surges, waves, erosion, accretion, etc. Containing these forces rather dynamics is a Herculean task simply because of its nature and occurrence.
So construction of physical structures as remedy may expect to perform only for a short period. This aspect may be communicated to the local
people effectively. They are of the opinion that these structures are the permanent solutions for their problem of sea encroachment or rather sea
surges.xviii
In the long term it is evident that one has to give in to natures methods of transformation and balance and interference with it may cause imbalance
and loss of life and resources. As the study has tried to put together various findings from reports on the coastal zone of Udupi district it is a good
reference for the study of areas before any project is taken up. The detailed maps help identify the various layers of the environment in detail. The
recommendations for various aspects are as follows.
6.3.1. DENSITY
Setback zones
According to shoreline setbacks or exclusion zones, certain uses are restricted within a specified distance. The benefits of setback zones are:
62
(a) Avoidance of risks arising due to cyclone, flooding, erosion and other geomorphologic/geological events such as tsunamis.
(b) Sufficient spaces for the functioning of the coast.
(c) Protection of sensitive ecosystems.
(d) Public access and preservation of the natural beauty of the shoreline.
Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their importance:
Critical Habitats 1000 m
Infrastructure developed areas 200 m
Under developed areas 500 m
Different Setback Zones in different areas based on their risk
Based on geomorphic events such as erosion and natural hazards such as earthquakes, cyclones, etc., the coast could be classified into the following
zones and setback distances are determined accordingly.
High Risk Zone
Medium Risk Zone
Low Risk Zone
6.3.2.1. The notification is clear that no new constructions can be allowed within the CRZ I areas (which stays as marked
before). This would include all new residential homes, temporary settlements, permanent structures, recreational
facilities, cyclone shelters, public infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridges, schools, playgrounds, parks, medical
facilities, hospitals and health centres, shops etc. Perhaps the reconstruction of these structures, if they were existing
authorised constructions, would be possible according to earlier specifications. However, there are valid concerns
regarding the impacts of reconstruction activity in areas already demarcated as ecologically sensitive (CRZ- I (i)) and
importantly on the safety and appropriateness of reconstruction designs in light of the tsunami disaster.
6.3.2.2. Amongst 17 important biospheres listed by the UNESCO, Tallur Biosphere near Gangolli (Kundapura taluk)
is the real repository of biodiversity. Such an area needs to be considered specifically as no development zone
and protected from any kind of man-made destruction directly or indirectly.
6.3.2.3. Buildings will not be permitted on the landward side of new roads, if these new roads are constructed on the
seaward side of an existing road(existing before 1991 CRZ notification)
6.3.2.4. The structures in CRZ I areas (except in high risk zones and environment sensitive areas) and CRZ II areas could be
allowed to be repaired without the increase in number and built up area of the structures. Also since the density in
most of these areas is already high, it is necessary that they be of light weight and eco-friendly material so that they
cause least harm to the delicate environment. However the procedure for permission remains unchanged.
6.3.2.5. Buildings can be constructed only on the landward side of an existing road in CRZ II areas not on the seaward side
of existing roads.
6.3.2.6. In high risk zones of CRZ II areas no new construction should be permitted.
6.3.2.7. Renovation and repair of existing buildings shall be permitted only using light weight construction technique with
eco-friendly materials and sustainable technology.
6.3.2.8. The reconstruction of authorised buildings is explicitly permitted in CRZ II zone with medium and low risk zones,
subject to existing FSI/FAR norms and without a change in the existing use.
6.3.2.9. The area up to 100 meters from the High Tide Line is to be earmarked as a No Development Zone in CRZ III zone
where the following regulations exist:
6.3.2.9.1.
No construction is possible in this zone unless it is the repair of existing authorised structures, which do
not exceed the existing FSI, existing plinth area and existing density(prior to CRZ 1991 notification).
6.3.2.9.2.
Certain activities and uses are permitted in the NDZ. The activities mentioned in these clauses which are
permitted and which could be relevant or which have a bearing on rehabilitation include agriculture, horticulture,
gardens, pastures, parks, play fields, forestry, salt manufacture from sea water, facilities for generating power by
non-conventional energy sources, weather radars and the mining of rare minerals
6.3.2.9.3.
Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelters, community toilets, bridges, roads and provision
of facilities for water supply, drainage, sewerage which are required for the local inhabitants may be permitted in
the NDZ, on a case to case basis, by the Central Government or the State Coastal Zone Management Authority30.
6.3.2.9.4.
The construction of units or structures ancillary thereto for domestic sewage treatment and disposal is
permissible in the NDZ notwithstanding the clauses 2(iv) of the Notification.
6.3.2.10. For areas between 100-200m there is possibility of new construction as per the three zones of risk assessment
where a limit is prescribed for density.
6.3.2.11. For areas between 100-200m there is possibility of new construction as per the three zones of risk assessment
where a limit is prescribed for density.
6.3.2.12. In high risk zones the maximum density possible is 50 units (225 persons)per sq.km @100sq.m. per unit. Assuming
65% of area goes for residences and others for instituitional facilities, roads and infrastructure facilities the FAR at unit
level is 0.007 and maximum ground coverage of 0.7% on the condition that there is an access road of 4m wide and
drainage on one side to the plot.
6.3.2.13. In medium risk zones the maximum density possible is 200 units (1000 persons)per sq. km @100sq.m. per unit
Assuming 65% of area goes for residences and others for instituitional facilities, roads and infrastructure facilities the
6.3.2. GUIDELINES REGARDING BUILT FORMS
63
FAR at unit level is 0.03 and maximum ground coverage of 3% on the condition that there is an access road of 4m wide
and drainage on one side to the plot.
6.3.2.14. In low risk zones maximum density possible is 350 units (1575 persons)per sq.km @100sq.m. Assuming 65% of
area goes for residences and others for instituitional facilities, roads and infrastructure facilities the FAR at unit level is
0.05 and maximum ground coverage of 5% on the condition that there is an access road of 4m wide and drainage on
one side to the plot.
6.3.2.15. The technique of construction used in these areas is light weight construction which does not require deep
foundations and is made of eco-friendly materials and sustainable technologies as recommended in general guidelines.
6.3.2.16. One unit of housing should not exceed 100sq. m. of total built up area for density calculation. Areas in one
residential development should not exceed 200sq.m. of total built up area which will be considered as 2 units for
density calculation.
6.3.2.17. The maximum height of construction possible is 9m and as long as the construction is not more than 2 floors
(ground floor plus one floor).
6.3.2.18. For the remaining areas of the CRZ III, in the region between 200 and 500 meters from the HTL, the following
construction related activities are permitted:
6.3.2.18.1.
Hotels and beach resorts for tourists and visitors are permitted according to certain guidelines, in
designated areas and with prior approval of the MoEF.
6.3.2.18.2.
Construction or reconstruction of dwelling units is permitted under the following conditions:
6.3.2.18.2.1.
As long as they are within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing
villages and gaothans.
6.3.2.18.2.2.
As long as the total number of dwelling units in this area are not more than twice the number of
existing units.
6.3.2.18.2.3.
As long as the total covered area on all floors of the dwelling unit does not exceed 33 percent of the
plot size.
6.3.2.18.2.4.
As long as the overall height of the dwelling construction does not exceed 9 metres.
6.3.2.18.2.5.
As long as the construction is not more than 2 floors (ground floor plus one floor).
6.3.2.19. All other construction activities proposed in this area should be permissible activities under the notification
including facilities essential for such activities (e.g. those requiring foreshore facilities).
6.3.2.20. An authority designated by State Government/Union Territory Administration may permit construction of public
rain shelters, community toilets, water supply, drainage, sewerage, roads and bridges. The said authority may also
permit construction of schools and dispensaries, for local inhabitants of the area, for those Panchayats the major part of
which falls within CRZ if no other area is available for construction of such facilities.
6.3.2.21. The guidelines for structures in flood prone areas and earthquake resistant structures are given in general
guidelines.
6.3.2.22. In flood prone areas in CRZ III areas new structures could be allowed, on condition, that they be based on light
weight structure guidelines.
6.3.2.23. For industries and tourism minimum setback for all structures is 50m from the high tide line. The structures
between 50m and 200m should be of temporary construction. The structures between 200-500m shall be of light
weight construction technology.
6.3.2.24. Any project exceeding 200 sq. m needs to get special permission from state authorities with environment impact
assessment. As the design considerations will vary from site to site.
6.3.2.25. For better implementation of CRZ regulations a good set of maps and norms should be available at the village
panchayat level so that they can identify and notify violation and explain the rules to the residents.
6.3.2.26. Awareness programs and capacity building of residents of these areas is essential in the implementation of the
rules and disaster mitigation programs.
6.3.2.27. The approval procedure for the convenience of the residents can be made at district level committee upto 200sq.m.
area of residential development.
6.3.2.28. For giving permission in the comprehensive plan care has to be taken to verify on site in accordance to the zoning
regulations, risk assessment, house material and structural systems, with due technical considerations keeping in mind
unstable factors such as shoreline data, geological data etc. permission for construction of wells is required from CRZ
authority. Due consideration must be made for treatment of solid waste management and sewage treatment as per the
recommendations.
6.3.3. GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM AND INDUSTRIES
6.3.3.1. For industries and tourism minimum setback for all structures(temporary and permanent) is 50m from the high
tide line. The structures between 50m and 200m should be of temporary construction. The structures between 200500m shall be of light weight construction technology.
6.3.3.2. The tourism facility management plan could be proposed for the district as a whole where the network of roads
and various other assets of the district is considered. With respect to CRZ areas the scenic beauty of the coast should be
maintained in its natural form with no construction to educate people about environment as well as maintain unique
experience of the coast in its original form. This will be a positive feature for the aesthetics, environmental issues as
well as disaster management considerations.
64
6.3.3.3. The tourism activities in terms of built forms could be encouraged along the backwaters and the riverfronts as they
are more safe both in terms of disaster management as well as environmental aspects point of view.
6.3.3.4. The island of this coast are very rich in terms of scenic beauty and need lot of investment in terms of building
landing areas for boats and high level relief area for food and temporary shelter during annual floods, access roads
within the islands which are of concrete and at high level from ground. The solid waste collection systems are also
expensive due to transportation cost. The sewage needs to be total above ground with no underground seepage which
is again expensive. The houses need to be rebuilt using better foundations and internal open space with firm structures
on all sides. Drinking water facility also needs to be given.
6.3.3.5. Since the people or the panchayat may find it difficult to implement all these facilities. Adoption of islands for
tourism development with partnership of residents or by corporates for societal benefit schemes may be encouraged.
The system should be such that the number of units does not exceed the safety limits and the ownership pattern does
not change. All schemes must benefit the local traditional population.
6.3.3.6. Any project exceeding 200 sq. m needs to get special permission from state authorities with environment impact
assessment. As the design considerations will vary from site to site.
6.3.3.7. Fish landing areas and other industries which are permitted as per CRZ norms must be controlled maintaining
appropriate distance from one to another. It is better to look at the number of fish landing areas overall and seeing
whether there is a need to add a new fish landing area or the existing landing centre could be increased in capacity if
there is a demand. There must be technical consultation before any new construction of this kind is proposed.
6.3.3.8. Key areas which are environmentally sensitive need to be conserved and for fish breeding and the fishing should
be prohibited for two months all over the district to allow preservation of resources supporting the fishing activity.
Due to high risk zones or areas which are classified as no development zone due to sensitive environment the loss of land could be
compensated as follows:
65
This is as per recommendations of 1Centre for environment and development, World Bank assisted Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project Environmental
And Social Assessment, November 2009 submitted to, Ministry Of Environment And Forest Government Of India.
66
6.3.4. TYPOLOGY OF STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
EXISTING HOUSES IN THE AREAS
67
6.3.4.1.
GUIDELINES FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CONSTRUCTION IN RENOVATION OF STRUCTURES IN CRZ AREAS
In case of temporary bamboo construction the base of bamboo/ timber posts is protected by supporting on concrete stumps
embedded into the plinth or ground and connecting them by MS (mild steel) clamps.
The bamboo is chemically treated before use.
To increase stability and wind resistance of the structural frame of bamboo-framed houses, crossbracing with split bamboo sections
should be done.
Wind-Resistant Roofing
Four basic principles should be followed:
Aerodynamic roof form:
Roof connected to structure
Well-fixed roof covering:
Regular maintenance:
6.3.4.1.1.
PROTECTION OF RIVER BANKS
For river bank protection, the bags can be placed contiguously to create a highly effective barrier against erosion.
The articulating attachments between the bags are however adaptable to allow for fixed 50mm or 100mm spacings between the units,
allowing for the incorporation of pre-vegetated edge sods or similar prevegetated
systems. In addition to providing an effective system of bank protection, they then provide a very attractive and very quick form of bank
protection that increases ecology and biodiversity of the river bank.
There are very few existing hard engineering forms of bank protection that can offer such potential for increasing biodiversity,
particularly on such a rapid timescale.
Stone wall : stone wall construction to reinforce river banks have been used for areas accessed by people which can be continued. Along
with this mangroves and other vegetation can be used for reinforcing the edge. Only in critical conditions artificial materials must be
used for construction.
68
6.3.4.1.2.
DESIGN ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR FLOOD
Planting should be done in a rural homestead primarily to meet the following objectives:
To protect the raised earthen homestead from erosion and flood impact.
To get food supply for family members and for income generation.
To produce timber supply for house construction and repair.
To reinforce the introverted courtyard layout and thereby ensure privacy and define territory.xix
Houses with central open space is preferred in flood prone areas as it has better protection from sea breeze and flood water
A group of houses could share a common open space in centre which is well protected
The central part of the courtyard should be its highest point, sloping gently (1% minimum slope) to the edges to allow drainage.
Drainage channels connected to nearby water bodies should be created to prevent stagnation of water within the homestead, especially
around the edges of buildings.
A small supply of old bricks should be kept handy so that they can be used as temporary stepping stones to connect the separate
buildings in the homestead in case of water-logging in the courtyard.
similarly, before the wet season, a small supply of bamboo poles should be stockpiled which can be used for making temporary bridges
between houses and to the outside.
In some flood-prone areas, houses have a built-in wooden/ bamboo platform (machan) normally used as storage space, but during flood
serves as a raised refuge area. This practice should be encouraged and promoted for wider replication.
The main entry into the compound should be raised to allow access during flood.
There should be a raised area for shelter and flood relief in the island
A ready boat landing area should be proposed in inaccessible areas of island like kodi/ bengre where main road or main land connection
by road is more than 4km.
69
6.3.4.1.3.
PLINTH PROTECTION FROM EROSION:
Brick Perimeter Wall

A brick perimeter wall around the typical earthen plinth resists erosion from the sides.
If soil is too weak or loose, the foundation of the perimeter wall should penetrate to sufficient depth, preferably with a spread footing.
Since very little load is imposed on the wall, the footing can be constructed with brick without the need for a concrete footing.
Minimum 1:4 cement-sand mix should be used.
Soil cover on the foundation should be thoroughly compacted and should preferably have plant or grassy cover to prevent scouring
during flood.
Infill should be of cement-stabilized soil to prevent muddiness, settlement due to saturation and loss of soil from below.
Brick and Concrete:
_ This is a relatively expensive option, but more durable and flood-resistant.
_ Should properly compact sub-base soil to avoid settlement. If necessary, can provide a layer of sand filling.
_ If soil is too weak or loose, a layer of brick soling should be provided.
_ Soil cover on the foundation should be thoroughly compacted and should preferably have plant or grassy cover to prevent scouring
during flood.
_ 4 inch cement concrete base slab @ 1:5:10 = cement : sand :aggregate (brick chips, 1 inch nominal size).
_ 1 inch cement concrete topping @ 1:2:4 = cement : sand : aggregate (fine brick chips).
Cement concrete flooring detail and house with cement concrete plinth.
Earth Construction
Incorporating an Internal Structural Frame
In flood-prone areas, instead of building monolithic earthen walls which tend to collapse, it is
better to build in the wattle-and-daub method, that is, incorporating an internal framework ofbamboo, timber or similar material which
is plastered with earth.
Stabilization with Cement

Mixing a small amount of ordinary Portland cement to earth greatly increases its resistance to water. This
process is known as stabilization.
STABILISED EARTH CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Compressed Earth Blocks
There are a variety of presses for producing compressed earth blocks ranging from manual to motorized
ones. The most suitable method would be to use a simple wooden brick mold operated by hand pressure, which is widely available for
brick production.
Rammed Earth
This is a system of building earthen walls by compacting soil within forms.Typically, wooden forms are used, but steel forms can also be
used. Wooden forms are recommended because they are less expensive, more
easily available and easier to use in rural areas.
INNOVATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS
CONCRETE
Use of concrete, particularly reinforced concrete (RC), is very limited in rural areas mainly because of its cost.
Nonetheless, some concrete components are used in rural houses depending upon availability, which improve the strength and
performance.
Hollow Concrete Stump
For those who can afford them, concrete stumps are used in rural houses to protect the lower end of bamboo/ timber posts, as discussed
in section
Hollow Cylindrical RC Post
RC (reinforced concrete) posts have become increasing popular as a flood-resistant building product in rural areas and although
relatively expensive, they are used by those who can afford them.
RC posts can be made cylindrical and hollow, somewhat akin to a pipe, instead of the usual solid squaresection type, yet retaining the
flood-resistant properties.
70
FERROCEMENT
Type of reinforced mortar in which closely spaced and evenly distributed thin wire meshes (welded or woven) are filled with rich
cement-sand mortar.
Structures can be constructed in any desired shape and thickness, as thin as 1 inch, without formwork.
METAL SECTIONS
MS (mild steel) or galvanized iron (GI) sections in the form of angles and pipes can be used to build the structural frame of a house.
The advantages compared to untreated timber or bamboo are longer life in wet and flood-prone climate and lesser cost than good
quality timber. Compared to concrete components, MS or GI sections are lighter and hence easier to transport and handle.xx
However they are not sustainable due to corrosion in coastal zone.
6.3.4.2.
EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION
Architectural Features
The behaviour of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape, size and
geometry, in addition to how the earthquake forces are carried to the ground. Hence, at the planning stage itself, architects and
structural engineers must work together to ensure that the unfavourable features are avoided and a good building configuration is
chosen.
Size of Buildings: In tall buildings with large height-to-base size ratio, the horizontal
movement of the floors during ground shaking is large. In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects during earthquake shaking
are many. And, in buildings with large plan area like
warehouses , the horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls.
Vertical Layout of Buildings: The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be brought down along the
height to the ground by the shortest path; any deviation or discontinuity in this load transfer path results in poor performance of the
building.
Earthquake Design Philosophy
The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows (Figure 1):
(a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be
damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
(b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage, while the other parts of the building
may be damaged such that they may even have to be replaced after the earthquake;
(c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not
collapse.
How to Improve Behavior of Masonry Walls
Masonry walls are slender because of their small thickness compared to their height and length. A simple way of making these walls
behave well during earthquake shaking is by making them act together as a box along with the roof at the top and with the foundation at
the bottom. A number of construction aspects are required to ensure this box action.
Firstly, connections between the walls should be good. This can be achieved by
(a) Ensuring good interlocking of the masonry courses at the junctions, and
(b) Employing horizontal bands at various levels, particularly at the lintel level.
Secondly, the sizes of door and window openings need to be kept small.
Horizontal Layout of Buildings: In general, buildings with simple geometry in plan (Figure 2a)
have performed well during strong earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners, like those U, V, H
and + shaped in plan , have sustained significant damage.
71
The smaller the openings, the larger are the resistance offered by the wall. Thirdly, the tendency of a wall to topple when pushed in the
weak direction can be reduced by limiting its length-to-thickness and height- to- thickness
ratios
Choice and Quality of Building Materials
Earthquake performance of a masonry wall is very sensitive to the properties of its
constituents, namely masonry units and mortar. The p
roperties of these materials vary across India due to variation in raw materials and construction methods.
A variety of masonry units are used in the country, e.g., clay bricks (burnt and unburnt), concrete blocks (solid and hollow), stone blocks.
Burnt clay bricks are most commonly used. These bricks are inherently porous, and so they absorb water.
Excessive porosity is detrimental to good masonry behavior because the bricks suck away water from the adjoining mortar, which
results in poor bond between brick and mortar, and in difficulty in positioning masonry units and they must be soaked in water before
use various mortars are used, e.g., mud, cement-sand, or cement-sand-lime. Of these, mud mortar is the weakest; it crushes easily when
dry, flows outward and has very low earthquake resistance. Cement-sand mortar with lime is the most suitable. Excessive thickness of
mortar is not desirable. A 10mm thick mortar layer is generally satisfactory from practical and aesthetic considerations.
Box Action in Masonry Buildings
A strategy used in making them earthquake resistant is developing good box action between all the elements of the building, i.e.,
between roof, walls and foundation. Loosely connected roof or unduly slender walls are threats to good seismic behavior. For example, a
horizontal band introduced at the lintel level ties the walls together and helps to make them behave as a single unit.
Influence of Openings
Thus, walls transfer loads to each other at their junctions (and through the lintel bands and roof). Hence, the masonry courses from the
walls meeting at corners must have good interlocking.
For this reason, openings near the wall corners are detrimental to good seismic performance.
Openings too close to wall corners hamper the flow of forces from one wall to another.
Further, large openings weaken walls from carrying the inertia forces in their own plane. Thus, it is best to keep all openings as small as
possible and as far away from the corners as possible
Role of Horizontal Bands

Horizontal bands are the most important earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings. The bands are provided to hold a masonry
building as a single unit by tying all the walls together, and are similar to a closed belt provided around cardboard boxes. There are four
types of bands in a typical masonry building, namely gable band, roof band, lintel band and plinth band.
Design of Lintel Bands
During earthquake shaking, the lintel band undergoes bending and pulling actions (Figure 3). To resist these actions, the construction of
lintel band requires special attention.
Bands can be made of wood (including bamboo splits) or of reinforced concrete (RC) (the RC bands are the best. The straight lengths of
the band must be properly connected at the wall corners. This will allow the band to support walls loaded in their weak direction by
walls loaded in their strong direction.
Small lengths of wood spacers (in wooden bands) or steel links (in RC bands) are used to make the straight lengths of wood runners or
steel bars act together.
72
Vertical reinforcement
Stone masonry
(a) Ensure proper wall construction: The wall thickness should not exceed 450mm. Round stone boulders should not be used in the
construction! Instead, the stones should be shaped using chisels and hammers. Use of mud mortar should be avoided in higher seismic
zones. Instead, cement-sand mortar should be 1:6 (or richer) and lime-sand mortar 1:3 (or richer) should be used.
(b) Ensure proper bond in masonry courses: The masonry walls should be built in construction lifts not exceeding 600mm. Throughstones (each extending over full thickness of wall) or a pair of overlapping bond-stones (each extending over at least th s thickness of
wall) must be used at every 600mm along the height and at a maximum spacing of 1.2m along the length.
(c) Provide horizontal reinforcing elements: The stone masonry dwellings must have horizontal bands. These bands can be constructed
out of wood or reinforced concrete, and chosen based on economy. It is important to provide at least one band (either lintel band or roof
band) in stone masonry construction.
(d) Control on overall dimensions and heights: The unsupported length of walls between cross-walls should be limited to 5m; for longer
walls, cross supports raised from the ground level called buttresses should be provided at spacing not more than 4m. The height of each
storey should not exceed 3.0m. In general, stone masonry buildings should not be taller than 2 storeys when built in cement mortar, and
1 storey when built in lime or mud mortar. The wall should have a thickness of at least one-sixth its height.
73
Base isolation and seismic dampers

Two basic technologies are used to protect buildings from damaging earthquake effects. These are Base Isolation Devices and Seismic
Dampers. The idea behind base isolation is to detach (isolate) the building from the ground in such a way that earthquake motions are
not transmitted up through the building, or at least greatly reduced. Seismic dampers are special devices introduced in the building to
absorb the energy provided by the ground motion to the building.
xxi
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7. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report has been made with help of various researches and reports linked to coastal development of Udupi district and have been looked at in a
comprehensive manner integrating social, economic and environmental aspects. The main report puts together the conclusions of various studies
done of various aspects of the District. The final report puts together all aspects to be known for the execution of coastal regulation in a
systematic manner and with a deeper understanding of the issues, hence better application of the intent of the regulation rather than a
mechanical interpretation of the legal aspects.
The first part of the report gives general guidelines after comprehensive understanding of all factors. Here the focus being sanitation and
disaster management the guidelines are also divided into two parts. The second part of disaster management has been addressed in three
scales of region, panchayat level and individual level. The index helps a person to refer the part related to individual, administrator or
approving authority.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Waste Management
Solid Waste
Recyclable Waste
Sewage
Guidelines For Diaster Mitigation
Future Development
Density
Guidelines Regarding Built Forms
Guidelines For Tourism And Industries
Typology Of Structures And Construction Techniques
Guidelines For Light Weight Construction In Renovation Of Structures In Crz Areas
Protection Of River Banks
Design Aspects To Be Considered For Flood
Plinth Protection From Erosion
Earthquake Risk Reduction
MAXIMUM DENSITY
FAR AT UNIT LEVEL
MAXIMUM GROUND
COVERAGE
ACCESS ROAD
MAXIMUM HEIGHT
EXAMPLE FOR
MAXIMUM
DEVELOPMENT
HIGH RISK ZONES
MEDIUM RISK ZONES
LOW RISK ZONES
50 units (225 persons)per sq.km

@100sq.m. per unit
0.007
0.7%
200 units (1000 persons)per sq. km

@100sq.m. per unit
0.03
3%
350 units (1575 persons)per

sq.km @100sq.m.
0.05
5%
4m wide and drainage on one

side
7M or Ground +1(whichever is
lesser)
4m wide and drainage on one side
4m wide and drainage on one

side
lesser)
Uppunda is a high density low
risk zone with 200 dwelling units
per sq.km. But in CRZ area it is
498 units per sq.km. So in CRZ
area scope for furhter
construction is not there. The
new construction can come in
the eastern side i.e. the fields or
openspace.
lesser)
Marvanthe, Kundapur has 106

units per sq.km.
Hence being in High risk zone this

area has no more scope for
further development and being
Environmentally sensitive it
needs to be protected.
In medium risk zones like Tekkatte

there are 190 units per sq.km another
10 could come in this area
For areas between 100-200m there is possibility of new construction as per the three zones of risk assessment where a
limit is prescribed for density as follows:
75
The second part of report is submitted as part II which is meant to be a ready reference for all aspects regarding CRZ areas.
Here the various technical aspects to be referred for any kind of proposal are given in a detailed map form. This report
summarizes the data available for villages in detail and their risk assessment.
The 113 villages having CRZ areas were divided into 29 groups and detailed maps were made as follows:
Base Data
CRZ Areas Present In Map
Contour Map
Google Image of Development
Environmental Aspects
Drainage
Geology
Geomorphology
Wetland
Landuse Landcover
Hydrogeology
Coastal Vulnerability
Shoreline Data
Landform Analysis
Lineament
Recorded Earthquakes and Population Density
Intensity of Development
Flooding Pattern For 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m And 10m Rise In Sea Level
On Site Observations
Final Risk Assessment Maps
Example of risk assessment maps of Gangolli in Kundapur Taluk and Nadsal in Udupi Taluk:
76
The summary of risk assessment is as follows:

TABLE 7-1: THE FINAL AREA ASSESSED AND DIVIDED INTO THREE ZONES IS AS FOLLOWS:
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
MAP NO
VILLAGE NAMES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
HEJMADI
PALIMAR
NADASALA
PADU
MULURU
BADA
TENKA
BELPU
MALLARU
YENAGUDDE
KOTE
MATTU
ULIYARAGOLI
KURKAL
MANJURU
INNANJE
PANGALA
MUDABETTU
KORANGARAPADI
SHIVALLI
HERGA
ATRADI
MANIPURA
KODAURU
PUTTURU
MUDANIDAMBURU
AMBLAPADI
KIDIYURU
KADEKARU
KUTTUPADI
UDYAVARA
TONSE WEST
TONSE EAST
KELARKALABETTU
BADANIDIYURU
TENKANIDIYURU
HARADI
BAIKADI
HANDADI
KUMBRAGODU
VARAMBALLI
NEELAVARA
CHANTARU
MATPADI
HAVANJE
UPPURU
HERURU
ARURU
ANJARU
KUKKEHALLI
BELLAMPALLI
HOSALA
KACHURU
HANEHALLI
PANDESHWARA
MUDAHADU
Area in sq.km.
1.25
0
0.22
0.19
0.29
0.39
0.11
0
0
0.02
0
0.6
0.34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.95
0
0
0.05
0.28
0.31
0.07
0.58
0.83
0.7
0
0.05
0.06
0.6
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MEDIUM RISK
Area in sq.km.
0.52
0.2
0.15
0.37
0.07
0.13
0.23
0
0
0.43
0
0.7
0.76
0.16
0
0.1
0.16
0
0
0.46
0.58
0.11
0.11
0.4
0.15
0
0
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.39
0.23
0.48
0
0.04
0
0
0.01
0.14
0.47
0.18
0.42
0
0.46
0.42
1.28
0.3
0
0.32
0.2
0.41
0.32
0.37
0.17
0.35
0.17
LOW RISK
Area in sq.km.
0
0
0.35
0
0
0.08
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GR.NO
HIGH RISK
77
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
78
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
KODI
AIRODI
BALKUDRU
PARAMPALLI
KARKADA
GUNDMI
MANOOR
KOTATATTU
KOTESHWARA
BIJADI
GOPADI
KUMBHASHI
TEKKATTE
ANAGALLI
BASRURU
KONI
KASABA COONDAPOOR
VADERAHOBALI
HANGLURU
KANAYANA
DEVALKUNDA
KENCHANURU
KARKUNJE
HEMMADI
KATTABELTURU
TALLURU
HATYANGADI
GANGOLLI,
UPPINAKUDRU
HADAVU
TRASI
HOSADU
GUJJADI
VANDSE
NUJADI
KUNDABARANDAD
HAKLADI
SHENAPURA
NADA
BADAKERE
MARVANTE
NAVUNDA
HERANJALA
NANDANAVANA
KERGAL
KHAMBADAKONE
ULLURU
KIRIMANJESHWARA
TRASI
PADUVARI
TAGGARSHE
BIJURU
UPPUNDA
BAINDURU
YEDTARE
SHIRUR
0.3
0.14
0.05
0.07
0
0
0.13
0.42
0.2
0.21
0
0
0
0.76
0
0.07
1.51
0.44
0.16
0
0
0
0
0.41
0.3
0.22
0
0.44
0.37
0
0.35
0.17
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.51
0.42
0
0
0
0
0
0.63
0.35
1.22
0
0
0
0
0.21
1.25
1.17
0.11
0.26
0.28
0
0
0.24
0
0.08
0.3
0.18
0.32
0.17
0.19
0.12
0.07
0
0.13
0.003
0
0.17
0
0.17
0
0.06
0.18
0.2
0.27
0
0.32
0.34
0
0
0.29
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.28
0
0
0
0
0
0.17
0.34
0
0.07
0.25
0.84
0.11
0.06
0.13
0.4
0
0
0.37
0
0.25
0.32
0.42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.18
0.32
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0.23
0
0
0
TABLE 7-2: TOTAL AREAS IN THREE ZONES IN UDUPI DISTRICT:
HIGH RISK
MEDIUM RISK
19.75 SQ.KM.
22.39SQ.KM.
LOW RISK
4.02SQ.KM.
Total area assessed is 46.163 sq.km.
4.02,
9%
19.75,
43%
HIGH RISK
MEDIUM RISK
LOW RISK
22.393
, 48%
FIGURE 7-1 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR UDUPI DISTRICT FROM HTL TO 200M ALONG SEA COAST AND 100M FROM RIVER HTL WHICH DOES NOT INCLUDE CRZ I
AREA.
2.07,
8%
8.63,
33%
HIGH RISK
MEDIUM RISK
LOW RISK
15.2,
59%
FIGURE 7-2 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR UDUPI TALUK
1.95,
10%
11.12,
55%
HIGH RISK
MEDIUM RISK
LOW RISK
7.193,
35%
FIGURE 7-3 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR KUNDAPUR TALUK
79
8. REFERENCES
i Udupi District Human Development Report 2008, Strengthening state plans for human development(SSPHD) Project, published by Planning, Programme Monitoring
and Statistics Department, Government of Karnataka
ii G.S. Dwarakish et all, Coastal vulnerability assessment of the future sea level rise in Udupi coastal zone of Karnataka state, west coast of India, in Ocean & Coastal
Management 52 (2009) 467478
iii ICMAM-PD,A report on Management of Tidal Inlets along West Coast, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Local Implementing Agency NITK, Surathkal,
June 2007.
Vinayaraj p ET ALL, Quantitative Estimation of Coastal Changes along Selected Locations of Karnataka, India: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach, International
Journal of Geosciences, 2011, 2, 385-393, doi:10.4236/ijg.2011.24041 Published Online November 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijg)
iv
v Kunte P.D., B.G.Wagle, Spit evolution and shore drift direction along south Karnataka coast, 1991, pulished in Giornale di Geologia, ser. 3, vol 53, no2, 1991, pp. 71-80,
Bologna
vi Jayappa, K.S.; Vijaya Kumar, G.T., And Subrahmanya, K.R., 2003, Influence of coastal structures on the beaches of southern Karnataka, India, in Journal of Coastal
Research, 19(2), 389-408. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.
http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3280/2/Giornale_Geol_53_71.pdf
http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Karnataka_Atlas.pdf
vii Sitharam T.G. et all, A study on seismicity and seismic hazard for Karnataka State, J. Earth Syst. Sci. 121, No. 2, April 2012, pp. 475490
viii UDUPI DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2008, Strengthening state plans for human development(SSPHD) Project, published by Planning, Programme
Monitoring and Statistics Department, Government of Karnataka
ix Gadgil Madhav et al, Karnataka state of environment report and action plan biodiversity sector, December 2004, ENVIS Technical report no 16, Centre for Ecological
Sciences, IISC Bangalore.
x Subash Chandran M.D., Rao G.R., et al, Green Walls For Karnataka Sea Coast, Honavar Forest Division-oct2010), Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISC, bangalore,
submitted to Karnataka Forest Department, Honavar Division, Uttara Kannada.
xi
National Wetland Atlas-Karnataka by Ministry of Forest and Environment, Government of India, August 2010, prepared by ISRO, Ahmedabad.
xii Ground water information booklet for Udupi District, June 2008, published by Central Ground Water Board, Ministry Of Water Resource, Government Of India.
xiii
Annepu Ranjith Kharvel , Sustainable solid waste management in India, January 2012, waste to energy research and technology council, Columbia university
xiv
SAT eJournal | ejournal.icrisat.org August 2006 | Volume 2 | Issue 1, An Open Access Journal published by ICRISA.
: The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp.( Produced by: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department) FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION. GOVT. OF
INDIA
xv
The Nutrition And Feeding Of Farmed Fish And Shrimp.( Produced By: Fisheries And Aquaculture Department) Food And Agricultur al Organisation.
Govt. Of India
xvi
xvii http://www.gogreensol.com/bioDigester.php.
xviii Centre for environment and development, World bank assisted integrated coastal zone management project environmental and social assessment November
2009, Ministry Of Environment And Forest, Government Of India
xix http://www.enviro-form.com/riverbank.htm
xx
Handbook on Design and Construction of Housing for Flood-prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh Published by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
xxi
IITK-BMTPC
Earthquake Tips.
xxii Shankar H.N.Udaya, Landform Analysis Of Coastal And Hinterland A Part Of Dakshin Kannada Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Aug 1994 Unpublished Doctoral
Thesis Submitted To Mangalore University
80

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2012 REPORT

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF COASTAL REGULATION ZONE IN

CRZ REGULATION ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

COASTAL VULNERABILITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

EROSION OF NATURAL FORESTS: .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23

SEA EROSION: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23

HEAVY RAINFALL, FLOOD AND WATER SCARCITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................24

ENERGY CONSUMPTION: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

SOUND POLLUTION: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24

SOLID WASTE: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24

ACTION PLAN RECOMMENDED FOR SAFEGUARDING OF BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................... 25

ASSETS OF THE COAST: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

SAND DUNES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

GROUND WATER TABLE AND SALINITY ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

SOCIAL COCERNS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

QUALITY OF LIFE .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42

FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS IN UDUPI TALUK ............................................................................................................................................................. 46

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

GENERAL GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50

WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

SOLID WASTE EXISTING SCENARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

RECYCLABLE WASTE .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50

NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................55

CHICKEN WASTES AND OTHER MEAT WASTES .............................................................................................................................................................................57

GUIDELINES FOR DIASTER MITIGATION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 61

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61

GUIDELINES REGARDING BUILT FORMS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 63

GUIDELINES FOR TOURISM AND INDUSTRIES ................................................................................................................................................................................64

TYPOLOGY OF STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES .........................................................................................................................................67

PROTECTION OF RIVER BANKS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................68

DESIGN ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR FLOOD ......................................................................................................................................................................69

PLINTH PROTECTION FROM EROSION: .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 70

EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................71

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

Deputy Commissioner of Udupi District

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

BRIEF PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

The methodology adopted to do this plan is as follows:-

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification,

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

Site Visits and

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

The following activities shall be permissible in the above areas;

3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UDUPI DISTRICT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District | 2012 REPORT

FIGURE 4-1: DRAINAGE PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT

FIGURE 4-2: GEOLOGICAL PATTERN OF UDUPI DISTRICT

FIGURE 4-3: GEOMORPHOLOGY OF UDUPI DISTRICT

FIGURE 4-4 TANKS AND RIVERS OF UDUPI DISTICT

Comprehensive Plan Of CRZ in Udupi District| 2012 REPORT

FIGURE 4-5: LAND USE AND LANDCOVER OF UDUPI DISTRICT