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Scientific Notation
How do you know if 1,000 has 1, 2, 3, or 4 significant figures?
  If it has significant figures up to the decimal point, draw in the
decimal point: 1,000.
  Move the decimal points:
  example with 2 significant figures:
  1,000 = 1.0 x 1,000
= 1.0 x 10 x 10 x 10
= 1.0x103

Scientific Notation
  Count the number of places the decimal moved to determine
the exponent:

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Scientific Notation
Very large and very small values can be
unwieldy in standard notation:
For example:

Avogadro’s Number:
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms/mole

Mass of an Electron:
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 kg

Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation makes very large and very small
numbers more manageable
For example:

Avogadro’s Number:
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms/mole
6.02 * 1023 atoms/mole

Mass of an Electron:
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 91 kg

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Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation makes very large and very small
numbers more manageable
For example:

Avogadro’s Number:
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms/mole
6.02 * 1023 atoms/mole

Mass of an Electron:
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 91 kg
9.1 * 10-31 kg

Scientific Notation
The components of Scientific Notation:

X.YZ * 10n

Coefficient * BaseExponent
Rules:
1.  1 < Coefficient < 10
2.  Base = 10
3.  Exponent = the number of decimal places the decimal must be
moved to achieve standard notation
•  A negative exponent moves the decimal to the left
•  A positive exponent moves the decimal to the right

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Scientific Notation
Math Tip Example
Calculator: use the EE function
1.2⋅10 2 = 1.2E2
Multiplication:
• Multiply the coefficients
• Add the exponents 1.2⋅10 2 ⋅ 3.0⋅10 −4 = (1.2⋅ 3.0) ⋅10 2+(−4 )
• If necessary, correct coefficient to
have one digit before the decimal.
= 3.6⋅10 −2

1.2⋅10 2 ⎛ 1.2 ⎞ 2−(−4 )

= ⋅10
Division: 3.0⋅10 −4 ⎝ 3.0⎠
• Divide the coefficients = 0.40⋅10 6
• Subtract the exponents
• If necessary, correct coefficient to = 4.0⋅10 5
have one digit before the decimal.

Scientific Notation
Group Work Time!

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Dimensional Analysis
Math Chemistry
Numbers Quantity (number + unit)

Math uses numbers.

Chemistry uses quantities.
Dimensional Analysis helps with chemical calculations.

Rules for Using Dimensional Analsysis

Always include the units.

Include appropriate conversion factors as necessary.

Use conversion factors so that units cancel as desired.

Dimensional Analysis
Critical idea: Any number multiplied by one equals itself.
Example: 5 x 1 = 5

Conversion factor: Ratio of equivalent quantities in different units, thus equal to

one.

Example:
2.54 cm
2.00 inches ⋅ = 5.08 cm
1 inch
2.00 ≠ 5.08, but 2.00 inches = 5.08 cm
Always use units!

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Dimensional Analysis
Critical idea: Any number multiplied by one equals itself.
Example: 5 x 1 = 5

Conversion factor: Ratio of equivalent quantities in different units, thus equal to

one.

Example:
2.54 cm
2.00 inches ⋅ = 5.08 cm
1 inch
2.00 ≠ 5.08, but 2.00 inches = 5.08 cm
Always use units!

Dimensional Analysis
Flip the conversion factor if necessary to cancel out the units as desired.

Example: What is the mass in kilograms of a 120 lb. person?

1) What converstion factor do we need to use?

2.2 lb 1 kg
1 lb = 2.2 kg → or ?
1 kg 2.2 lb
2) Start drawing out the equation.
Z
x kg = 120 lb ⋅
Z

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Dimensional Analysis
Flip the conversion factor if necessary to cancel out the units as desired.

Example: What is the mass in kilograms of a 120 lb. person?

1) What converstion factor do we need to use?

1 kg 2.2 lb
1 kg = 2.2 lb → or ?
2.2 lb 1 kg
2) Start drawing out the equation.
1 lb
x kg = 120 lb ⋅ = 54 kg
2.2 kg

Factor-Label Method
A more challenging example:

The price of gold varies greatly and has been as high as $875 per ounce.
What is the value of 250 g of gold at $559 per ounce?
Gold is price by troy ounces.
14.58 troy ounces = 1 lb.
1 kg = 2.2 lb.

$559
$ x = 250 g ⋅ ⋅ ...
oz.
Question from Fundamentals of College Chemistry (Hein)

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Dimensional Analysis
Calculate the Body-Mass Index (BMI) of a student who is 5’7” and weighs 120 lbs. Given that
mass (kg)
BMI =
[height (m)]2
• What is the height in inches?
• What is the height in meters?
• What is the mass in kilograms?
• The blue area denotes a healthy BMI; purple is overweight; and red is obese. How would
you approximate this student’s build?

Temperature

Heat Temperature
a form of energy a measure of heat

Heat from the sun warms our atmosphere.

The temperature of the air outside is high.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_fri8ZUYihSk/RtcxWWZBb_I/AAAAAAAAAxE/
yAagEeYDzQo/s1600-h/ist2_2082857_thermometer_in_summer_heat.jpg

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Energy
  SI unit: joule (J)
  Metric unit: calorie (cal)

  Note: food calorie = Calorie = 1 kcal

http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/superconductivity101/
images/superconductivity-temperature.jpg

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Temperature Conversions

( o F − 32)
o
C=
1.8

How do we calculate °F from °C?

Temperature Conversions

(TF − 32)
TC =
1.8

How do we calculate °F from °C?

TF = 1.8TC + 32

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http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/superconductivity101/
images/superconductivity-temperature.jpg

Temperature Conversions

Celsius to Kelvin

TK = TC + 273.15

Kelvin to Celsius

TC = TK – 273.15

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Density

Density: Ratio of mass to volume:

density = mass/volume

d = m/v

Density

Density of water:

1.000 g/mL at 4°C

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Density Practice Problems

Practice Problem (Fundamentals of College Chemistry)

Pure silver has a density of 10.5 g/mL. A ring sold of pure

silver has a mass of 18.7 g. When placed in a graduated
cylinder, the water level rises 2.0 mL. Determine whether
the ring is actually pure silver or whether the customer should
call customer service.

Density Practice Problems

Practice Problem 2.14

Pure silver has a density of 10.5 g/mL. A ring sold of pure

silver has a mass of 18.7 g. When placed in a graduated
cylinder, the water level rises 2.0 mL. Determine whether
the ring is actually pure silver or whether the customer should
call customer service.

d = m/v = 18.7 g/2.0 mL = 9.35 g/mL = 9.4 g/mL

The ring is not pure silver. 

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Density Practice Problem

Exercise (Foundations of College Chemistry, Hein)

The mass of an empty container is 88.25 g. The mass of the

container when filled with a liquid (d = 1.25 g/mL) is 150.50 g.
What is the volume of the container?

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