CONTENTS

Modelling of HVDC systems

Representation for power flow solution
AC/DC interface at the HT bus
Power Flow Analysis in AC/DC Systems
Solution of DC Load Flow
Solution of AC-DC power flow
Comparison Between Simultaneous and Sequential Methods
Control for enhancement of AC System Performance

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Modelling of HVDC systems

The representation of the dc systems requires consideration of the
following:
Converter model
DC transmission line/network model
Interface between ac and dc systems
DC system controls model
Representation of the converters is based on basic assumptions

Representation for power flow solution

From the analysis presented earlier the converter equations may
be summarized as follows:
Vdo = 32 BTEac

Vd = Vdo Cos 3 Xc Id B

Vd = Vdo Cos - 3 Xc Id B

= Cos-1 (Vd / Vdo)

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P = Vd Id = Pac
Q = P tan
where
Eac = RMS lineto-line voltage on HT bus
T = transformer turns ratio
B = no. of bridges in series
P = active power
Q = reactive power
Xc =Lc =commutating reactance per bridge/phase
Vd , Id= direct voltage and current per pole
For the purpose of illustration, we will consider a two terminal dc
link. Using the subscripts r and i to denote rectifier and inverter
quantities, respectively, the equation for a DC line having resistance
RL is given by
Vdr = Vdi + R L Id
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AC/DC interface at the HT bus

Figure. 8
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AC/DC interface at the HT bus cont

Here Eacr and Eaci are considered to be input quantities for the
solution of dc system equations. They are known from the previous
step in ac solution.
Variables Pr ,Qr, Pi and Qi are considered to be the outputs from the
solution of the dc system equations. They are used in the next
iteration for solving the ac system equations. The dependent and
independent variables in the solution of DC equations depend on
rectifier and inverter control modes. The three possible modes of
operation are:
Mode 1: rectifier on CC control; inverter on CEA control
Mode 2: inverter on CC control; rectifier on CIA control
Mode 3: rectifier on CIA control; inverter on modified characteristic.
In mode1, alternative inverter control functions are constant voltage
control and constant- control.
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Power Flow Analysis in AC/DC Systems

The computations are further simplified using fast decoupled load
flow method in which the corrections to the bus voltage estimates
are found from solving the following equations:
P/V = [B]
Q/V = [B] V
where Pi, Qi are mismatches of real and reactive powers at
bus i, and V are the correction vectors to bus angles and
voltages magnitudes. B and B are constant matrices of
appropriate sizes and consist of elements that are related to the
reactances of the elements of the network.
While the modelling of DC systems for power flow is fairly
standard, the solution methodology varies. The sequential or
alternating method which does not require major changes in the
software available for the power flow analysis of AC systems, is
widely used.
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Solution of DC Load Flow

There are four basic variables per converter, Vd , Id , () and T.

If the voltages at all the converters that form tree branches (in
addition to the conductances of the network) are specified, currents
at the remaining converters are specified, then it is possible to solve
for the remaining variables (voltages at the current controlled
converters and currents at the voltage controlled converters ).
Once this is done ,the power factor is computed from the
appropriate equations.
The power and reactive power at each converter station are then
obtained from the use of corresponding equations.
The knowledge of the AC voltages allows the calculation of taps.

Solution of AC-DC power flow

The solution methodology for AC-DC power flow can be classified as
Simultaneous or unified
Sequential or alternating
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Here x is the vector of dependent variables for DC system and R is

the vector of mismatches of DC system equations.
In the second approach, the AC and DC system equations are
solved separately and sequentially.
The AC system is solved to some degree of convergence using a
simple model for the DC system based on its last solution.
The DC system is then solved using a simplified representation of
the AC system.
There are many variations of this approach
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a)

Represent the AC system as a constant voltage, constant

angle model at every converter and the DC system as a
constant active and reactive power source (or load) during the
AC solution.
b)
Represent the AC system by an uncoupled or coupled
Thevenins equivalent model during DC solution.
c)
Represent the DC network as a P-Q load model with a
Jacobian term contribution that will adjust the expected
injection from DC system for variations in the converter bus
AC voltages during AC solution. In this context, it may be
mentioned that constant current type of load representation
(rather than constant P, Q) is found to be satisfactory.
It is to be noted that if the taps are continuous and unlimited,
then there is no need for iteration between AC and DC solutions.
The initial calculations of P and Q at each converter are final and
used for AC solution.
The voltages calculated from AC power flow are then used to
calculate transformer taps.
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If the taps are fixed or discrete and limited, the power flow solution has
to be carried out for the DC system to re-compute P and Q which is
then used for the AC solution. The tolerance for the largest mismatch
S1 and S2 are different and S2<S1.

Fig.9: Flow Chart of AC/DC Load Flow

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Comparison between Simultaneous and Sequential Methods

Control for enhancement of AC System Performance
o The converters in effect appear to the AC systems as frequencyinsensitive load and this may contribute to negative damping of
system swings.
o Further, the DC links may contribute to voltage collapse during
swings by drawing excessive reactive power.
o Supplementary controls are therefore often required to exploit the
controllability of DC links for enhancing the AC system dynamic
performance.
Following are the major reasons for using supplementary control of DC
link:
Improvement of damping of ac system electromechanical
oscillations.
Improvement of transient stability.
Isolation of system disturbance.
Frequency control of small isolated systems.
Reactive power regulation and dynamic voltage support.
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The supplementary controls use signals derived from the AC

systems to modulate the DC quantities.
The modulating signals can be frequency, voltage magnitude
and angle, and line flows.
The particular choice depends on the system characteristics
and the desired results.

REFERENCES
[1] Prabha Kundur: Power System Stability and control, The EPRI Power
System Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
[2] K. R. Padiyar: HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and
System Interaction, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 1996.

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THANK YOU

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