Bacteria
Characteristics
The characteristics of bacteria are:
Prokaryotic (no membrane-enclosed nucleus)
No mitochondria or chloroplasts
A single chromosome:
A closed circle of double-stranted DNA.
With no associated histones.
Classification of bacteria
Until recently classification was done on the basis of such traits as:
Shape
Bacilli:Rod-shaped
Cocci:Spherical
Spirilla:Curved walls
Ability to form spores.
Nutritional requirements.
Reaction to the Graim stain(bacteria cell wall).
Table 9.1
Reproduction
A bacterium does not need a partner to reproduce.
Some bacteria can reproduce sexually,a process known as conjugtion (Figure 9.2) .
Figure 9.2
Conjugtion tube forms between a donor and recipient.An enzyme nicks the plasmid.
Plasmid DNA replication starts.The free DNA strand starts moving through the tube.
In the recipient cell,replication starts on the transferred DNA.
The cells move apart and the plasmid in each forms a circle.
Conjugation
Sexual reproductive method.
Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or tube between them.
Nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterophic
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophic
parasitic
Saprotrophic
Fungi
Characteristics
The characteristics of fungi are:
Eukaryotic
Do not contain chlorophyll.
Do not photosynthesise
Heterotrophs.
Glycogen
Most are saprophitic.
Decomposers and recyclers.
Multicellular.
Internal or external parasites.
Non motile
Lack true roots,stems and leaves.
Chitin.
Mycelia.
Edible.
Sexual and asexual spores.
Warm,Moist environments.
Mycology.
Fungicide.
Ondosymbiosis.
Reproduction
Non reproductive structures.
Body of fungus is made of tiny filaments or tubes called Hyphae.
Cytoplasm and nuclei,chitin.
Reproductive structure.
Asexually and sexually.
Asexual reproduction genetically identical.
Sexual reproduction in fungi.
Asexually
Mitosis
Budding
Protozoa
Characteristic
Prostista
Unicellular
Heterotrophs,Food vacuoles.
Euglena
Paramesium
Amoeba
Reproduction
Binary fission.
Multiple fission.
Sexually by conjugation.
Adaptations
Eyespots
Conditions become unfavourable.
Detect and avoid obstacles and harmful chemicals.
contractile vacuoles.
Classificaton.
Protista