Topic

Analytical
Geometry:
Circle and
Conic Crosssection

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1."

Determine the equation of a circle and identify its centre and radius;

2."

Find the equations and graphs of ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas;

3."

Find the parametric representation of a curve (excluding trigonometric

expressions);

4."

Find the coordinates of a point of intersection; and

5."

Solve problems concerning loci.

X" INTRODUCTION
The word conic is derived from the word cone, which is a geometric figure. It is
defined as the locus of a point which moves so that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point to its distance from a fixed line is a constant. In general, analytical
geometry is the marriage of algebra and geometry.

TOPIC 2

2.1

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

35

THE CIRCLE

A circle is the locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a fixed
point is always a constant.

2.1.1

Equation of a Circle with Centre (a,b) and

Radius, r

Let C (a, b) be the fixed point and P ( x, y ) be the moving point.

By definition, PC r , where r is the constant distance.
PC 2

r2

Therefore, ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2 r 2 is the equation of the locus of P. The fixed

point is called the centre of the circle and the constant distance is called the radius
of the circle.
Hence, the standard form of the equation of a circle is:
( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2

r2

With centre (a, b) and radius, r , as shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: Equation of a circle with centre (a,b) and radius, r

36

X TOPIC 2

2.1.2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Equation of a Circle with Centre at the Origin

If the circle is the locus of the point P which is at a fixed distance, r from the centre
at the origin O , which means a b 0 , the equation of the locus of P becomes:
x2  y2

r2

This is the equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r , as shown in
Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Equation of a circle with centre at the origin

Example 1: Finding the equation of a circle

Find the equation of the circle with centre (2,1) and radius = 4.
Solution:
2
2
Using ( x  a)  ( y  b)

r2

The equation of the circle is:

( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2

42

( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2

16

TOPIC 2

2.1.3

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

The General Equation of a Circle

From the equation of a circle with centre (a,b) and radius r,

( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2

r2

x 2  y 2  2ax  2by  a 2  b 2  r 2
Let g

a , f

b and c

a2  b2  r 2

Therefore, the general equation of circle is

x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c

0 where g , f and c are constants,

With centre = (  g , f )
And radius, r

(  g , f )

centre = ( a, b)

g2  f 2 c

a2  b2  c

g2  f 2 c

The conditions for an equation to be a circle are:

(a)

It is a quadratic equation in x and y and does not have term in xy ,

(b)

Coefficients of x 2 and y 2 are equal; and

(c)

Radius, r

g2  f 2 c > 0 .

Example 2: Finding the centre and radius of a circle

Find the centre and radius of the circle x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  4
Solution:
By comparing with the general equation,
x 2  y 2  4x  2 y  4 0
x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c

With centre = (  g , f ) and radius, r

g2  f 2 c

37

38

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Comparing coefficients:
General Equation

Problem

2g

2f

Coefficient of x, 4 2 g g 2
Coefficient of y,  2 2 f f 1
c 4
Constant term,
Therefore, the centre of the circle is ( 2, 1) and
The radius of the circle =

2.1.4

( 2) 2  ( 1) 2  4

=3

Tangent to a Circle

Let P ( x, y ) be a point on the circle x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c

Figure 2.3. Then the centre C is (  g , f ).

Figure 2.3: Tangent to a circle

The gradient of PC is m

y  ( f )
x  ( g )

y f
xg

0 as shown in the

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

39

The tangent at P is perpendicular to PC. Hence, its gradient is:

m1

1
m

xg
y f

Example 3: Finding equation of the tangent to a circle

Find the equation of the tangent at the point P(1, 5) on the circle
x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  10 0
Solution:
By comparing with the general equation,
x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c 0 , with centre = (  g , f )
Coefficient of x, 4 2 g g 2 and coefficient of y,  2 2 f f
Therefore, the centre of the circle is C( 2, 1)
3
5 1
4
Gradient of PC =
and gradient of tangent at P is  .
1  (2) 3
4
3
Equation of tangent at P is y  5  ( x  1)
4
4 y  20 3 x  3 4 y  3 x 23

1

SELF-CHECK 2.1
1.

2.

3.

Find the equation of each of the following circles:

(a) Centre (3,1) and radius = 4
(b) Centre (3, 2) and touching the line x  y  3

Find the centre and radius of each of the following circles:

(a)

x 2  y 2  6x  4 y  3

(b)

2 x 2  2 y 2  8x  8 y  3

0
0

Find the equations of the tangents to the following circles at the

points given.
(a)

x 2  y 2  5x  y  4

(b)

2 x  2 y  x  11 y  1 0, at P(2, 5)
2

0,

at P (1, 0)

40

X TOPIC 2

2.2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: BASIC

CONCEPTS

In this subtopic, we will discuss basic concepts of analytical geometry. Here,

learners will be able to understand the meaning of parabolas, ellipses and
hyperbolas.

Figure 2.4: Types of conics

Source: Hornsby, J., Lial, M. L.& Rockswold, G. K. (2007). A graphical approach to
algebra and trigonometry. Boston: Pearson Education Inc

The traditional conic sections are the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. A circle is a
special case of the ellipse. The remaining situations are called degenerate conics.
In addition, a conic is defined as the locus of a point which moves so that the
ratio of its distance from a fixed point to its distance from a fixed line is a
constant.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

The fixed point is called the focus, and the fixed line is called directrix.

Source: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/conic-sections.html

The constant ratio is known as eccentricity of the conic and is denoted by e.

(a)" The conic is a parabola, when e 1;
(b)" The conic is an ellipse, when 0  e  1 ; and
(c)" The conic is a hyperbola, when e ! 1.

Source: http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/conic-sections.html

41

42

X TOPIC 2

2.2.1

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

The Parabola

In this sub-topic, we will discuss in detail about parabola.

A parabola is the locus of points which move in such a way that its distance
from a fixed point (focus) is always equal to its perpendicular distance from a
fixed straight line (directrix) not containing the focus.

Figure 2.5: The parabola

In Figure 2.5, let Q (a,0) be the fixed point and x

P ( x, y ) be the moving point.
By definition, PQ

PR PQ 2

( x  a) 2  ( y  0) 2

( x  a) 2

x 2  2ax  a 2  y 2

x 2  2ax  a 2

a be the fixed line. Let

PR 2

The general equation of a parabola is y 2

4ax

(a)" The fixed point Q (a,0) is called the focus.

(b)" The fixed line x

 a , is called the directrix.

(c)" 0 is called the vertex.

(d)" If the power of y is even, the graph is symmetrical about the x -axis and
exists only for x t 0.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

43

Example 4: Graphs of a parabola

Sketch the curve y 2 3( x  1)
Solution:
To sketch the graph of a parabola, first, identify the range of x and its vertex.
y 2 3( x  1)
Since y 2 t 0

Therefore 3( x  1) t 0

The range of x is x t 1 and the vertex is 1,0  .

Figure 2.6: The curve y 2

3( x  1)

SELF-CHECK 2.2
Sketch the curves of the following parabolas:
4 x

1.

y2

2.

 y  12

2.2.2

8( x  2)

The Ellipse

In this sub-topic, you will be introduced to the ellipse including the definition of
an ellipse, equations relevant to an ellipse and graphs of an ellipse.

44

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

An ellipse is the locus of points which move in such a way such that its
distance from a fixed point is always in a constant ratio, where 0  e  1 , to its
perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line.

The general equation of an ellipse is:

x2 y2

a2 b2

By rearranging the terms to make x 2 the subject,

x

a2 2
(b  y 2 )
2
b

Since x 2 t 0, b 2  y 2 t 0
(b  y )(b  y ) t 0
b d y d b
Hence, the graph exists only in the range  b d y d b.
Similarly, by rearranging the terms to make y 2 the subject,
y

b2 2
(a  x 2 )
2
a

Since y 2 t 0, a 2  x 2 t 0
(a  x )(a  x ) t 0
ad xda
Hence, the graph exists only in the range  a d x d a.
Now, since the equation has only even powers of x and y , the graph is
symmetrical about both the x and y axes.
When x 0, y rb and when y 0, x r a
The graph of an ellipse is as shown in Figure 2.7 below.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

45

Figure 2.7: An ellipse

(a)" The longer axis, AA is called the major axis and AA = 2a.
(b)" The shorter axis, BB is called the minor axis and BB = 2b.
(c)" An ellipse is symmetrical with respect to its axes.
(d)" The origin O is called the centre of the ellipse.
(e)" A line joining any two points on an ellipse is called the chord of the ellipse.
(f)"

A chord which passes through the centre of an ellipse is called a diameter of

the ellipse.

Example 5: Graphs of an ellipse

Show that the equation x 2  3 y 2 9 represents an ellipse.
State the length of the major and minor axis, and sketch the curve.
Solution:
Given that x 2  3 y 2
x2 y2

9
3

x2
y2

32 ( 3) 2

Rewrite in the form

This is the equation of an ellipse with a

x2 y2

a2 b2

3 and b

3.

Thus, the major axis is 2a 6 and the minor axis is 2b

the curve is shown in Figure 2.8.

2 3. The sketch of

46

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Figure 2.8: An ellipse with equation x 2  3 y 2

SELF-CHECK 2.3
Sketch the graphs of the following ellipses:
1.
2.

2.2.3

x  12
25

y2

16

x 2  y  1

4
9

Hyperbola

In this sub-topic, you will be introduced to the hyperbola including the definition
of a hyperbola, equations relevant to hyperbola and graphs for hyperbola.
A hyperbola is the locus of points which move in such a way that its distance
from a fixed point is always in a constant ratio, e(! 1), to its perpendicular
distance from a fixed straight line.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

The general equation of a hyperbola is:

x2 y2

a2 b2

By rearranging the terms to make y 2 the subject,

y2
Since y 2 t 0,

b2 2
(x  a 2 )
2
a
x2  a2 t 0

x d  a or x t a

Hence, the curve does not exist for  a  x  a .

For large values of x , either positive or negative,
as x o r f,

Hence, y

y2 o

b
b2 2
x yor x
2
a
a

b
x2 y2
x are the asymptotes of the curve 2  2
a
a
b

The graph of the hyperbola is as shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9: The hyperbola

47

48

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

(a)" There are two asymptotes y

b
x and y
a

b
 x.
a

(b)" The graph is symmetrical about the x -axis and y -axis.

(c)" AA is called the major axis and AA = 2a

Example 6: Graph of hyperbola

x2 y2
Sketch the graph of the curve

16 9
Solution:
x2 y2

1,
16 9
When y

0, x 2

16 ,

r4

The graph of

x2 y2

16 9

4, b

Asymptotes are y

3
r x
4

is as shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10: The hyperbola with equation

x2 y2

16 9

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

49

SELF-CHECK 2.4
Sketch the curves of the following hyperbolas:
1.

2.2.4

x  12
4

y2

9

2.

y 2  x  2

4
3

Rectangular Hyperbola

From the equation of hyperbola,

x2 y2

a2 b2

1, when a

b , the equation

x2 y2
 2 1, becomes x 2  y 2 a 2 , with asymptotes y r x , inclined at r 45q
2
a
b
to the axes, and are perpendicular to one another. This type of hyperbola is called
the rectangular hyperbola. If the rectangular hyperbola x 2  y 2 a 2 is rotated
through an angle 45q in the positive direction (anti-clockwise), then using the
asymptotes as the new x and y  axes, it can be shown that the equation of the
1 2
1 2
a . The graphs of
a or, where c 2
rectangular hyperbola is now xy
2
2
x 2  y 2 a 2 and xy c 2 are as shown in Figures 2.11 and 2.12.

Figure 2.11: The hyperbola with equation x 2  y 2

a2

50

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Figure 2.12: The hyperbola with equation xy

Example 7: Graph of hyperbola

Sketch the graph of the curve ( x  1) y

c2

Solution:
When y 0, x  1 0 o x 1
The centre is at (1, 0). Asymptotes are at x 1 and y
The graph of ( x  1) y 3 is as shown in Figure 2.13.

0.

Figure 2.13: The hyperbola with equation ( x  1) y

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

51

SELF-CHECK 2.5
Sketch the curves of the following rectangular hyperbolas:
1.

2.3

xy

6

2.

x ( y  1)

3.

x3
x 1

SHIFTED CONIC

In this subtopic, we will discuss about shifted conic. You will be able to determine
tangents, normals and chords.

2.3.1

Parametric Equations

In this subtopic, you will learn how to find parametric equations for parabolas and
rectangular hyperbola.
(a)

Parabola
A parabola can also be defined using parametric coordinates. Let x
and y 2at , where t R is the parameter.
Then, y 2

4a 2 t 2 y 2

4a(at 2 )

at 2

4ax

Therefore, the equation of the locus of the point P can be written as

x at 2 , y 2at, t R
Any point on the curve y 2 4ax can be represented by ( at 2 ,2at ) which is
known as the parametric coordinates.

52

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Example 8: Finding parametric equations

Find the parametric equation of the curve y 2

20 x

Solution:
Rewriting y 2

20 x as y 2 4(5) x
Comparing with the standard equation y 2 4ax ,
y2= 4(5)x
y2= 4ax
we see that a 5.
For y 2 4ax , its parametric equations are x at 2 , y 2at.
Therefore, for y 2 20 x , its parametric equations are x 5t 2 , y 10t.

SELF-CHECK 2.6
Write the parametric equations of the following parabolas:

(b)

1.

y2

28 x

3.

( y  1) 2

2(3  x)

2.

y2

5( x  1)

4.

( y  2) 2

6( x  1)

Rectangular Hyperbola
The rectangular hyperbola xy
coordinates. Let x
Then, xy

ct.

c
t

ct and y

c 2 can also be defined using parametric

c
, where t R, t z 0 is the parameter.
t

c2

Therefore, the equation of the locus of the point P can be written as

ct , y

c
, t R, t z 0
t

c
c 2 can be represented by (ct , ) which is
t
known as the parametric coordinates.

Any point on the curve xy

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

53

Example 9: Finding parametric equations

Write the parametric equations for the curve ( x  3)( y  4) 16.
Solution:
( x  3)( y  4) 16
Let x  3

(4) 2

4t and y  4

c=4

4
t

3  4t , and

Therefore, the parametric equations are x

3  4t , y

4

4

4
t

4
t

SELF-CHECK 2.7
Write the parametric equations of the following rectangular hyperbolas:
1.

xy

2.

5

2.3.2

1
x5

3.

4.

9 xy

2 x
2x  1
16

Applications to Chords, Tangents and Normals

In this section, we will discuss the chords, tangent and normals. You will also
learn how to find point of intersection between normals for parabola and equation
of rectangular hyperbola.
(a)

Parabola
Let P (ap 2 ,2ap ) and Q(aq 2 ,2aq) be two points on the parabola y 2
Gradient of PQ

2ap  2aq
ap 2  aq 2

2a ( p  q )
a ( p  q )( p  q )

4ax.

2
pq

Therefore, the gradient of the chord joining the points P (ap 2 ,2ap ) and
2
Q(aq 2 ,2aq) is
.
pq

54

X TOPIC 2

Consider

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

y  2ap

( p  q) y  2ap( p  q)

2
( x  ap 2 )
pq
2 x  2ap 2 ( p  q ) y  2ap 2  2apq

Equation of the chord PQ is: ( p  q ) y

2 x  2ap 2

2 x  2apq

When Q moves towards P, the chord PQ gets shorter, until, when q p , the
point Q coincides with the point P. The chord PQ becomes the
tangent at P.
Gradient of tangent at P
When q

p , 2 py

2
2p

1
p

2 x  2ap 2

Equation of tangent at P is: py

x  ap 2

Figure 2.14: Two points P( ap 2 , 2ap ) and Q(aq 2 , 2aq) on the parabola y 2

Using the fact m1 m 2

perpendicular lines.

Gradient of normal at P = p
Equation of normal at P is y  2ap
y  px

 p( x  ap 2 )
2ap  ap 3

1 for

4ax.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

55

Example 10: Point of intersection between normals

Let P (ap 2 ,2ap ) and Q(aq 2 ,2ap) to the parabola y 2 4ax . Show that the
coordinates of the point of intersection between the normals at P and Q is
a (2  p 2  q 2  pq ), apq ( p  q ) .

>

Solution:
The equation of the normal line at P (ap 2 ,2ap ) is y  px 2ap  ap 3 ............
(1)
The equation of the normal at Q(aq 2 ,2ap ) is y  qx 2aq  aq 3 ...................
(2)
(1) (2):
x( p  q ) 2a ( p  q )  a ( p 3  q 3 )
x a (2  p 2  q 2  pq)

2a( p  q)  a( p  q )( p 2  pq  q 2 )

Substituting the value of x into (1),

y  ap(2  p 2  q 2  pq) 2ap  ap 3 y

 apq( p  q)

Therefore, the coordinates of the point of intersection is:

a (2  p 2  q 2  pq ),  apq ( p  q ) .
(b)

Rectangular Hyperbola
c
c
Let P(cp, ) and Q(cq, ) be two points on the rectangular hyperbola
p
q
2
xy c .
c c
pq

q p
pq
1
Gradient of PQ

cq  cp
q p
pq
1
c
c
Gradient of the chord joining the points P(cp, ) and Q(cq, ) is 
p
q
pq
1
c
Consider y 
( x  cp) pqy  cq  x  cp

p
pq
Then, equation of the chord PQ is pqy  x

c( p  q)

56

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

When Q moves towards P, the chord PQ gets shorter until when q p , the
point Q coincides with point P. The chord PQ becomes the tangent at P.
Gradient of tangent at P = 

p2 y  x

1
and equation of tangent at P is
p2

2cp

Gradient of normal at P is p 2 .
Consider

y

c
p

p 2 ( x  cp)

Equation of normal at P is py  p 3 x

c  cp 4

Example 11: Equation of rectangular hyperbola

Prove that the line y 2ck  k 2 x touches the rectangular hyperbola xy c 2 for
all values of k . A perpendicular line from the origin meets the line
y 2ck  k 2 x at Q. Find the equation of the locus of the point Q as k varies.
Solution:
Substituting y 2ck  k 2 x into xy c 2 .
x(2ck  k 2 x) c 2 k 2 x 2  2ckx  c 2
Discriminant = (2ck ) 2  4k 2 c 2 0
Therefore, the line y

2ck  k 2 x touches xy

Figure 2.15: The line y

c2

2ck  k 2 x touches the rectangular hyperbola xy

c2

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

To obtain the equation of the locus of Q, simplify y

Substituting k 2

x
into y
y

x
we have, y  x
y

1
x k2
2
k

57

x
y

2ck  k 2 x ,

x
2c
y

y2  x2
(y  x )
2

2 2

Therefore, the equation of the locus of Q is ( y 2  x 2 ) 2

2c xy
4c 2 xy
4c 2 xy .

SELF-CHECK 2.8
1.

2.

2.3.3

Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the parabola

3
y 2 24 x at the point Q , 6 .
2
Find the equation of the tangent from the point  9, 3 to the curve
xy 9.

Problem Solving

This section will look at how the concepts learned in this sopic can be applied in
real-life situations.

Example 12: Application of problem solving

Firdaus hits a golf ball with an initial velocity of 150 feet per second at an angle
of 30 to the horizontal.
(a)

Find the parametric equations that describe the position of the ball as a
function of time.

(b)

How long is the golf ball in the air?

58

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

Solution:
(a)

We have v0 150, T 30q, h 0 (the ball is on the ground) and g 32

(since units are in feet and seconds). Substituting these values into equations
(1) and (2) below:
x (v0 cos T )t
..................... (1)
1
y  gt 2  (v0 sin T )t  h ............... (2)
2
From (1) and (2), we find x 75 3t
1
y  (32)t 2  (150 sin 30q)t  0 16t 2  (150 sin 30 0 )t
2
16t 2  75t

(b)

To determine the length of time the ball is in the air, we solve the
equation y 0 .
 16t 2  75t 0 t (16t  75) 0
75
4.6875 seconds
t 0 seconds or t
16
The ball will strike the ground after 4.6875 seconds.

SELF-CHECK 2.9
Fahmi throws a baseball with an initial speed of 145 feet per second at an
angle of 20 to the horizontal. The ball leaves Fahmis hand at a height
of 5 feet.
(a)" Find parametric equations that describe the position of the ball as a
function of time.
(b)" How long is the baseball in the air?

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

59

x" Equation of a circle with centre (a, b) and radius, r is:

( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2 r 2
x" Equation of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r is x 2  y 2
x" The general equation of circle is x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c
and c are constant, with centre (  g , f ) and radius, r

x" The general equation of a parabola is y 2

r2
0 , where g , f

g  f 2 c
2

4ax

x" The parametric equations of the parabola are x

at 2 and y

2at

x" If P (ap 2 ,2ap) and Q(aq 2 ,2aq) be two points on the parabola, the equation of
the chord PQ is ( p  q ) y 2 x  2apq
x" Equation of the tangent at P (ap 2 ,2ap) on the parabola y 2
py x  ap 2
x" Equation of the normal at P (ap 2 ,2ap) is y  px
x" The general equation of an ellipse is

x2 y2

a2 b2

4ax is

2ap  ap 3
1

Where a ! b .
The major axis is 2a and the minor axis is 2b .

x2 y2
x" The general equation of a hyperbola is 2  2
a
b
b
The asymptotes to the hyperbola are y r x
a

x" The general equation of a rectangular hyperbola with y 0 and x 0 as

asymptotes is xy c 2 . The parametric equations of the rectangular hyperbola
c
are x ct and y
t

60

X TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION

c
c
x" If P(cp, ) and Q(cq, ) be two points on the rectangular hyperbola, the
p
q
equation of the chord PQ is pqy  x c ( p  q )
c
x" Equation of tangent at P(cp, ) on the hyperbola xy
p
x" Equation
py  p 3 x

of

normal

at

c
P(cp, )
p

on

the

c 2 is p 2 y  x

hyperbola

xy

2cp

c2

is

c(1  p 4 )

Asymptotes

Hyperbola

Circle

Locus

Ellipse

Parabola

Equation of the normal

Parallel

Equation of the tangent

Parametric equations

Fixed distance

Perpendicular

Fixed point

Rectangular parabola

Gradient

Vertex

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Heng, H. H. (2001). O Level Additional Mathematics. Singapore: Pearson
Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Hornsby, J., Lial, M. L., & Rockswold, G. K. (2007). A graphical approach to
algebra and trigonometry. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.

TOPIC 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: CIRCLE AND CONIC CROSSSECTION W

61

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