ch08 - Mechanics Book

P8.1 During fabrication of a laminated timber arch, one of the 10 in. wide by 1 in.
thick Douglas fir [E =

1,900 ksi] planks is bent to a radius of curvature of 40 ft. Determine the maximum bending stress
developed in the plank.
Solution
From Eq. (8.3):
E
x y
1,900 ksi
(0.5 in.) 1.979 ksi 1.979 ksi
(40 ft)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only
to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
P8.2 A high-strength steel [E = 200 GPa] tube having an outside diameter of 80 mm and a wall
thickness of 3 mm is bent into a circular curve having a 52-m radius of curvature. Determine the
maximum bending stress developed in the tube.
Solution
From Eq. (8.3):
E
x y
200,000 MPa
(80 mm / 2) 153.846 MPa 153.8 MPa
(52 m)(1,000 mm/m)
Ans.
P8.3 A high-strength steel [E = 200 GPa] band saw blade wraps around a pulley that has a diameter of
450 mm. Determine the maximum bending stress developed in the blade. The blade is 12-mm wide and
1-mm thick.
Solution
The radius of curvature of the band saw blade is:
450 mm 1 mm
225.5 mm
2
2
From Eq. (8.3):
E
200,000 MPa
x y
(0.5 mm) 443.459 MPa 443 MPa
225.5 mm
Ans.
P8.4 The boards for a concrete form are to be bent into a circular shape having an inside radius of 10 m.
What maximum thickness can be used for the boards if the normal stress is not to exceed 7 MPa?
Assume that the modulus of elasticity for the wood is 12 GPa.
Solution
The radius of curvature of the concrete form is dependent on the board thickness:
t
10,000 mm
2
From Eq. (8.3):
E
12,000 MPa t
x y
7 MPa
t 2
10,000 mm
2
Solve for t:
t
t
12,000 MPa 7 MPa 10,000 mm

2
2
6,000t 70,000 3.5t
5,996.5t 70,000
t 11.67 mm
Ans.
P8.5 A beam having a tee-shaped cross section is subjected to equal 12 kN-m bending moments, as
shown in Figure P8.5a. The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.5b.
Determine:
(a) the centroid location, the moment of inertia about the z axis, and the controlling section modulus
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H. State whether the normal stress at H is tension or compression.
(c) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.5a
FIGURE P8.5b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
top flange
2,500.0
162.5
406,250.0
stem
3,750.0
75.0
281,250.0
2
6,250.0 mm
687,500.0 mm3
y
yi Ai
Ai
687,500.0 mm3
110.0 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of stem)
6,250.0 mm2
Moment of inertia about the z axis:

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
130,208.33
52.50
6,890,625.00
stem
7,031,250.00
35.00
4,593,750.00
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
Ans.
IC + dA
(mm4)
7,020,833.33
11,625,000.00
18,645,833.33
I z 18,646,000 mm4
Ans.
Section moduli:
Iz
18,645,833.33 mm 4
S top
286,858.974 mm3
ctop (175 mm 110 mm)
Sbot
I z 18,645,833.33 mm 4
169,507.576 mm3
cbot
110 mm
S 169,500 mm3
Ans.
(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 175 mm 25 mm 110 mm = 40 mm)

My
x
Iz
(12 kN-m)(40 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)

18,654,833.33 mm 4
25.743 MPa 25.7 MPa (C)
Ans.
(c) Maximum bending stress:

The maximum bending stress occurs at either the top or the bottom surface of the beam. The top of the
cross section is at y = +65 mm, and the bottom of the cross section is at y = 110 mm. The larger
bending stress magnitude occurs at the larger magnitude of these two values; in this case, at the bottom
of the cross section.
My
x
Iz
(12 kN-m)( 110 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)

18,654,833.33 mm 4
70.793 MPa 70.8 MPa (T)
Ans.
P8.6 A beam is subjected to equal 6.5 kip-ft bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.6a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.6b. Determine:
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H, which is located 2 in. below the z centroidal axis. State whether the
normal stress at H is tension or compression.
compression.
FIGURE P8.6a
FIGURE P8.6b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
left side
8.0
4.0
32.0
top flange
4.0
7.5
30.0
right side
8.0
4.0
32.0
20.0 in.2
94.0 in.3
y
yi Ai
Ai
94.0 in.3
4.70 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of section)
20.0 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
left side
42.667
0.700
3.920
top flange
0.333
2.800
31.360
right side
42.667
0.700
3.920
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
Ans.
IC + dA
(in.4)
46.587
31.693
46.587
124.867
I z 124.9 in.4
Ans.
Section moduli:
Iz
124.867 in.4
S top
37.8384 in.3
ctop (8 in. 4.7 in.)
Sbot
I z 124.867 in.4
26.5674 in.3
cbot
4.7 in.
S 26.6 in.3
Ans.
(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 2 in.)

My
x
Iz
( 6.5 kip-ft)( 2 in.)(12 in./ft)

124.867 in.4
1, 249 psi 1, 249 psi (C)
Ans.

cross section is at y = +3.30 in., and the bottom of the cross section is at y = 4.7 in. The larger bending
stress magnitude occurs at the larger magnitude of these two values; in this case, at the bottom of the
cross section.
My
x
Iz
( 6.5 kip-ft)( 4.7 in.)(12 in./ft)

124.867 in.4
2,935.9 psi 2,940 psi (C)
Ans.
P8.7 A beam is subjected to equal 470 N-m bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.7a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.7b. Determine:
about the z axis.
compression.
FIGURE P8.7a
FIGURE P8.7b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of U shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(mm2)
(mm)
(mm3)
left side
400.0
25.0
10,000.0
bottom flange
272.0
4.0
1,088.0
right side
400.0
25.0
10,000.0
1,072.0 mm2
21,088.0 mm3
yi Ai
21,088.0 mm3
y
19.67 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of section)

Ai
1,072.0 mm2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
left side
83,333.33
5.33
11,356.56
bottom flange
1,450.67
15.67
66,803.30
right side
83,333.33
5.33
11,356.56
Ans.
IC + dA
(mm4)
94,689.89
68,253.96
94,689.89
257,633.75
I z 257,600 mm4
Ans.
Section moduli:
Iz
257,633.75 mm 4
S top
8,494.814 mm3
ctop (50 mm 19.672 mm)
Sbot
Iz
257,633.75 mm 4
13,096.708 mm3
cbot
19.672 mm
S 8, 495 mm3
Ans.
(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 8 mm 19.672 mm = 11.672 mm)

My
x
Iz
(470 N-m)( 11.672 mm)(1,000 mm/m)

257,633.75 mm 4
21.293 MPa 21.3 MPa (T)
Ans.

cross section is at y = +30.328 mm, and the bottom of the cross section is at y = 19.672 mm. The larger
bending stress magnitude occurs at the larger magnitude of these two values; in this case, at the top of
the cross section.
My
x
Iz
(470 N-m)(30.328 mm)(1,000 mm/m)

257,633.75 mm 4
55.328 MPa 55.3 MPa (C)
Ans.
P8.8 A beam is subjected to equal 17.5 kip-ft bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.8a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.8b. Determine:
about the z axis.
(c) the bending stress at point K. State whether the normal stress at K is tension or compression.
(d) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.8a
FIGURE P8.8b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
top flange
12.0000
13.0000
156.0000
web
20.0000
7.0000
140.0000
bottom flange
20.0000
1.0000
20.0000
2
52.0000 in.
316.0000 in.3
yi Ai
316.0 in.3
y
6.077 in. 6.08 in.

Ai
52.0 in.2
(measured upward from bottom edge of bottom
flange)
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
4.000
6.923
575.148
web
166.667
0.923
17.041
bottom flange
6.667
-5.077
515.503
Ans.
IC + dA
(in.4)
579.148
183.708
522.170
1,285.026
Ans.
Section Moduli
cbot 6.0769 in.
ctop 14 in. 6.0769 in. 7.9231 in.
Sbot
I z 1, 285.026 in.4
211.460 in.3
cbot
6.0769 in.
Stop
I z 1, 285.026 in.4
162.188 in.3
ctop
7.9231 in.
The controlling section modulus is the smaller of the two values; therefore,
S 162.2 in.3
Bending stress at point H:

From the flexure formula:
My
( 17.5 kip-ft)(7.9231 in. 2 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
967.9544 psi 968 psi (T)

Iz
1,285.0256 in.4
Bending stress at point K:
From the flexure formula:
My
( 17.5 kip-ft)( 6.0769 in. 2 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
666.2543 psi 666 psi (C)

Iz
1,285.026 in.4
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Maximum bending stress

Since ctop > cbot, the maximum bending stress occurs at the top of the flanged shape. From the flexure
formula:
My
( 17.5 kip-ft)(7.9231 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
1,294.8 psi 1,295 psi (T)

Iz
1,285.026 in.4
Also, note that the same maximum bending stress magnitude can be calculated with the section
modulus:
M (17.5 kip-ft)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
1,294.8 psi 1,295 psi

S
162.1877 in.3
The sense of the stress (either tension or compression) would be determined by inspection.
P8.9 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are shown

in Figure P8.9.
(a) If the bending stress at point K is 43 MPa (C),
determine the internal bending moment Mz acting about
the z centroidal axis of the beam.
(b) Determine the bending stress at point H. State whether
the normal stress at H is tension or compression.
FIGURE P8.9
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of double-tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
top flange
375.0
47.5
17,812.5
left stem
225.0
22.5
5,062.5
right stem
225.0
22.5
5,062.5
2
825.0 mm
27,937.5 mm3
yi Ai 27,937.5 mm3
y
33.864 mm 33.9 mm (measured upward from bottom of section)

Ai
825.0 mm2
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
IC + dA
4
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm )
(mm4)
top flange
781.250
13.636
69,731.405
70,512.655
left stem
37,968.750
11.364
29,054.752
67,023.502
right stem
37,968.750
11.364
29,054.752
67,023.502
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm ) =
204,559.659
(a) Determine bending moment:
At point K, y = 50 mm 5 mm 33.864 mm = 11.136 mm. The bending stress at K is x = 43 MPa;
therefore, the bending moment magnitude can be determined from the flexure formula:
My
x
Iz
xIz
( 43 N/mm 2 )(204,559.659 mm 4 )
M
y
11.136 mm
789,850.765 N-mm 790 N-m
(b) Bending stress at point H:

At point H, y = 33.864 mm. The bending stress is computed with the flexure formula:
My
(789,850.765 N-mm)( 33.864 mm)
x
130.755 MPa 130.8 MPa (T)

Iz
204,559.659 mm4
Ans.
Ans.
P8.10 The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam shown in Figure

P8.10 are d = 5.0 in., bf = 4.0 in., tf = 0.50 in., and tw = 0.25 in.
(a) If the bending stress at point H is 4,500 psi (T), determine the
internal bending moment Mz acting about the z centroidal axis of
the beam.
(b) Determine the bending stress at point K. State whether the
normal stress at K is tension or compression.
FIGURE P8.10
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of inverted-tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
bottom flange
2.0000
0.2500
0.5000
stem
1.1250
2.7500
3.0938
3.1250
3.5938
yi Ai 3.5938 in.3
(measured upward from bottom edge of section)
y
1.150 in.
Ai
3.1250 in.2
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
IC + dA
4
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in. )
(in.4)
bottom flange
0.0417
0.9000
1.6200
1.6617
stem
1.8984
1.6000
2.8800
4.7784
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in. ) =
6.4401
(a) Determine bending moment:
At point H, y = 1.150 in. The bending stress at K is x = +4,500 psi; therefore, the bending moment
magnitude can be determined from the flexure formula:
M y
x z
Iz
Mz
xIz
y
(4,500 psi)(6.4401 in.4 )

25,200.407 lb-in. 2,100 lb-ft
1.150 in.
Ans.
(b) Bending stress at point K:

At point H, y = 5.00 in. 1.150 in. = 3.850 in. The bending stress is computed with the flexure formula:
M y
(25,200.407 lb-in.)(3.850 in.)
Ans.
x z
15,065.217 psi 15,070 psi (C)
Iz
6.4401 in.4
P8.11 The dimensions of the double-box beam cross section

shown in Figure P8.11 are b = 150 mm, d = 50 mm, and t = 4
mm. If the maximum allowable bending stress is 17 MPa,
determine the maximum internal bending moment Mz
magnitude that can be applied to the beam.
FIGURE P8.11
Solution
Moment of inertia about z axis:
(150 mm)(50 mm)3 (138 mm)(42 mm)3
Iz
710,488 mm4
12
12
Maximum internal bending moment Mz:
M c
x z
Iz
M
xIz
c
(17 N/mm 2 )(710,488 mm 4 )
483,131.8 N-mm 483 N-m

25 mm
Ans.
P8.12 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are shown in

Figure P8.12. The internal bending moment about the z
centroidal axis is Mz = +2.70 kip-ft. Determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress in the beam.
(b) the maximum compression bending stress in the beam.
FIGURE P8.12
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(in. )
(in.)
(in.3)
left stem
2.000
2.000
4.000
top flange
2.500
3.750
9.375
right stem
2.000
2.000
4.000
2
6.500 in.
17.375 in.3
yi Ai 17.375 in.3
y
2.673 in.
Ai
6.500 in.2
(measured upward from bottom edge of section)
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
left stem
2.66667
0.67308
0.90607
top flange
0.05208
1.07692
2.89941
right stem
2.66667
0.67308
0.90607
IC + dA
(in.4)
3.57273
2.95149
3.57273
10.09696
(a) Determine maximum tension bending stress:

For a positive bending moment, tension bending stresses will be created below the neutral axis.
Therefore, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at point K (i.e., y = 2.673 in.):
My
(2.70 kip-ft)( 2.673 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
8.578 ksi 8.58 ksi (T)

Iz
10.09696 in.4
(b) Determine maximum compression bending stress:
For a positive bending moment, compression bending stresses will be created above the neutral axis.
Therefore, the maximum compression bending stress will occur at point H (i.e., y = 4 in. 2.673 in. =
1.327 in.):
My
(2.70 kip-ft)(1.327 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
4.258 ksi 4.26 ksi (C)

Iz
10.09696 in.4
P8.13 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are

shown in Figure P8.13.
(a) If the bending stress at point K is 35.0 MPa (T),
determine the bending stress at point H. State
whether the normal stress at H is tension or
compression.
(b) If the allowable bending stress is b = 165 MPa,
determine the magnitude of the maximum bending
moment Mz that can be supported by the beam.
FIGURE P8.13
Solution
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
540,000.000
160.000
184,320,000.000
web
32,518,666.667
0.000
0.000
bottom flange
540,000.000
160.000
184,320,000.000
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm ) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
184,860,000.000
32,518,666.667
184,860,000.000
402,238,666.667
(a) At point K, y = 90 mm, and at point H, y = 175 mm. The bending stress at K is x = +35 MPa, and
the bending stress is distributed linearly over the depth of the cross section. Therefore, the bending
stress at H can be found from the ratio:
H
yH
K
yK
H K
yH
175 mm
(35.0 MPa)
68.056 MPa 68.1 MPa (T)
yK
90 mm
Ans.
(b) Maximum internal bending moment Mz:

M c
x z
Iz
Mz
xIz
c
(165 N/mm 2 )(402,238,667 mm 4 )

379, 253,600 N-mm 379 kN-m
175 mm
Ans.

shown in Figure P8.14.
(a) If the bending stress at point K is 9.0 MPa (T),
determine the bending stress at point H. State
whether the normal stress at H is tension or
compression.
(b) If the allowable bending stress is b = 165 MPa,
determine the magnitude of the maximum bending
moment Mz that can be supported by the beam.
FIGURE P8.14
Solution
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
left flange
9,720,000
0
web
31,680
0
right flange
9,720,000
0
dA
(mm4)
0
0
0
IC + dA
(mm4)
9,720,000
31,680
9,720,000
19,471,680
(a) At point K, y = 60 mm, and at point H, y = +90 mm. The bending stress at K is x = +9.0 MPa, and
the bending stress is distributed linearly over the depth of the cross section. Therefore, the bending
stress at H can be found from the ratio:
H
yH
K
yK
H K
yH
90 mm
(9.0 MPa)
13.50 MPa 13.50 MPa (C)
yK
60 mm
Ans.
(b) Maximum bending moment Mz:

M c
x z
Iz
M
xIz
c
(165 N/mm 2 )(19,471,680 mm 4 )

35,698,080 N-mm 35.7 kN-m
90 mm
Ans.
P8.15 The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam shown in

Figure P8.15 are a = 5.0 in., b = 6.0 in., d = 4.0 in., and t =
0.5 in. The internal bending moment about the z centroidal
axis is Mz = 4.25 kip-ft. Determine:
(b) the maximum compression bending stress in the beam.
FIGURE P8.15
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
top flange
left web
left bottom flange
right web
right bottom flange
y
yi Ai
Ai
Area Ai
(in.2)
3.000
1.500
2.500
1.500
2.500
11.000
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
3.750
2.000
0.250
2.000
0.250
yi Ai
(in.3)
11.250
3.000
0.625
3.000
0.625
18.500
18.50 in.3
1.6818 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)
11.0 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
0.0625
2.0682
12.8321
left web
1.1250
0.3182
0.1519
left bottom flange
0.0521
1.4318
5.1253
right web
1.1250
0.3182
0.1519
right bottom flange
0.0521
1.4318
5.1253
IC + dA
(in.4)
12.8946
1.2769
5.1773
1.2769
5.1773
25.8030
(a) Maximum tension bending stress:

For a negative bending moment, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the top surface of the
cross section. From the flexure formula, the bending stress at the top surface is:
My
( 4.25 kip-ft)(4.0 in. 1.6818 in.)(1,000 lb/kip)(12 in./ft)
x
Iz
25.8030 in.4
4,581.914 psi 4,580 psi (T)
Ans.
(b) Maximum compression bending stress:

The maximum compression bending stress will occur at the bottom surface of the cross section. From
the flexure formula, the bending stress at the bottom surface is:
My
( 4.25 kip-ft)( 1.6816 in.)(1,000 lb/kip)(12 in./ft)
x
Iz
25.8030 in.4
3,324.134 psi 3,320 psi (C)
Ans.

shown in Figure P8.16. The internal bending moment
about the z centroidal axis is Mz = +270 lb-ft.
Determine:
(b) the maximum compression bending stress in the
beam.
Solution
FIGURE P8.16
Shape
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.06250
1.25000
2.43750
1.25000
2.43750
Area Ai
yi Ai
2
(in. )
(in.3)
bottom flange
0.40625
0.02539
left web
0.28125
0.35156
left top flange
0.09375
0.22852
right web
0.28125
0.35156
right top flange
0.09375
0.22852
2
1.15625 in.
1.18555 in.3
yi Ai 1.18555 in.3
y
1.0253 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)

Ai
1.15625 in.2
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
bottom flange
0.000529
0.962838
0.376617
left web
0.118652
0.224662
0.014196
left top flange
0.000122
1.412162
0.186956
right web
0.118652
0.224662
0.014196
right top flange
0.000122
1.412162
0.186956
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.377146
0.132848
0.187079
0.132848
0.187079
1.016999
(a) Maximum tension bending stress:

For a positive bending moment of Mz = +270 lb-ft, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the
bottom surface of the cross section (i.e., y = 1.0253 in.). From the flexure formula, the bending stress
at the bottom of the cross section is:
My
(270 lb-ft)( 1.0253 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
3,266.446 psi 3,270 psi (T)

Iz
1.016999 in.4
(b) Maximum compression bending stress:
The maximum compression bending stress will occur at the top surface of the cross section (i.e., y = 2.50
in. 1.0253 in. = 1.4747 in.). From the flexure formula, the bending stress at the top of the cross
section is:
My
(270 lb-ft)(1.4747 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
x
4,698.164 psi 4,700 psi (C)

Iz
1.016999 in.4
P8.17 Two vertical forces are applied to a simply supported beam (Figure P8.17a) having the cross
section shown in Figure P8.17b. Determine the maximum tension and compression bending stresses
produced in segment BC of the beam.
FIGURE P8.17a
FIGURE P8.17b
Solution
Shape
top flange
stem
yi Ai
Ai
Area Ai
(mm2)
3,000.0
1,440.0
4,440 mm2
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
167.5
80.0
yi Ai
(mm3)
502,500.0
115,200.0
617,700 mm3
617, 700 mm3

139.1216 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of stem)
4,440 mm2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
56,250.00
28.38
2,415,997.08
stem
3,072,000.00
59.12
5,033,327.25
IC + dA
(mm4)
2,472,247.08
8,105,327.25
10,577,574.32
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams:
The maximum moment occurs between B and C. The moment magnitude is 12 kN-m.
Maximum tension bending stress:
For a positive bending moment, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the bottom surface of
this cross section. From the flexure formula, the bending stress at the bottom of the tee stem is:
My
(12 kN-m)( 139.1216 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
Ans.
x
157.8 MPa (T)

Iz
10.5776 106 mm4
Maximum compression bending stress:
The maximum compression bending stress will occur at the top of the flange:
My
x
Iz
(12 kN-m)(175 mm 139.1216 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)

10.5776 106 mm 4
40.7 MPa 40.7 MPa (C)
Ans.
P8.18 Two vertical forces of P = 240 lb are applied to a simply supported beam (Figure P8.18a) having
the cross section shown in Figure P8.18b. Using a = 30 in., L = 84 in., b = 3.0 in., d = 4.0 in., and t = 0.5
in., calculate the maximum tension and compression bending stresses produced in segment BC of the
beam.
FIGURE P8.18a
FIGURE P8.18b
Solution
Shape
left stem
bottom flange
right stem
Area Ai
(in.2)
2.000
1.000
2.000
5.000
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.000
0.250
2.000
yi Ai
(in.3)
4.000
0.250
4.000
8.250
yi Ai
8.250 in.3
y
1.65 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of stem)

Ai
5.000 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
left stem
2.66667
0.35000
0.24500
bottom flange
0.02083
1.40000
1.96000
right stem
2.66667
0.35000
0.24500
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.91167
1.98083
2.91167
7.80417
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams:
The maximum moment occurs between B and C. The moment magnitude is 7,200 lb-in.
Maximum tension bending stress:
For a negative bending moment, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the top surface of this
cross section, where y = 2.350 in.:
My
( 7,200 lb-in.)(2.350 in.)
Ans.
x
2,168.073 psi 2,170 psi (T)

Iz
7.80417 in.4
Maximum compression bending stress:
For a negative bending moment, the maximum compression bending stress will occur at the bottom
surface of this cross section at y = 1.650 in. From the flexure formula, the bending stress at the bottom
of the U shape is:
My
( 7,200 lb-in.)( 1.650 in.)
Ans.
x
1,522.264 psi 1,522 psi (C)

Iz
7.80417 in.4
P8.19 A WT230 26 standard steel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure
P8.19a. The dimensions from the top and bottom of the shape to the centroidal axis are shown on the
sketch of the cross section (Figure P8.19b). Consider the entire 4-m length of the beam and determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.19a
FIGURE P8.19b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 16.7 106 mm4
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams

Maximum bending moments
positive M = 13.61 kN-m
negative M = 20.00 kN-m
Bending stresses at max positive moment
(13.61 kN-m)(60.7 mm)(1,000) 2
x
16.7 106 mm 4
49.5 MPa (C)
(13.61 kN-m)( 164.3 mm)(1,000) 2
16.7 106 mm 4
133.9 MPa (T)
Bending stresses at max negative moment

(20 kN-m)(60.7 mm)(1,000) 2
x
16.7 106 mm 4
72.7 MPa (T)
(20 kN-m)( 164.3 mm)(1,000) 2
16.7 106 mm 4
196.8 MPa (C)
(a) Maximum tension bending stress 133.9 MPa (T)
Ans.
(b) Maximum compression bending stress 196.8 MPa (C)
Ans.
P8.20 A WT305 41 standard steel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure
P8.20a. The dimensions from the top and bottom of the shape to the centroidal axis are shown on the
sketch of the cross section (Figure P8.19b). Consider the entire 10-m length of the beam and determine:
FIGURE P8.20a
FIGURE P8.20b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 48.7 106 mm4

(45.84 kN-m)(88.9 mm)(1,000) 2
x
48.7 106 mm 4
83.7 MPa (C)
(45.84 kN-m)( 211.1 mm)(1,000) 2
x
48.7 106 mm 4
198.7 MPa (T)

(24 kN-m)(88.9 mm)(1,000) 2
x
48.7 106 mm 4
43.8 MPa (T)
(24 kN-m)( 211.1 mm)(1,000) 2
48.7 106 mm 4
104.0 MPa (C)
Ans.
Ans.
P8.21 A steel tee shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.21a. The
dimensions of the shape are shown in Figure P8.21b. Consider the entire 24-ft length of the beam and
determine:
FIGURE P8.21a
FIGURE P8.21b
Solution
yi
Area Ai
(from bottom)
(in.2)
(in.)
24.0000
19.2500
13.8750
9.2500
37.875 in.2
Shape
top flange
stem
yi Ai
Ai
590.3438 in.3
15.5866 in.
37.8750 in.2
4.4134 in.
yi Ai
(in.3)
462.0000
128.3438
590.3438 in.3
(from bottom of shape to centroid)
(from top of shape to centroid)

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
4.5000
3.6634
322.0861
stem
395.7266
6.3366
557.1219
IC + dA
(in.4)
326.5861
952.8484
1,279.4345

positive M = 100.75 kip-ft
negative M = 68.00 kip-ft
(100.75 kip-ft)(4.4134 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
1, 279.4345 in.4
4.17 ksi (C)
(100.75 kip-ft)( 15.5866 in.)(12 in./ft)

1, 279.4345 in.4
14.73 ksi (T)

(68 kip-ft)(4.4134 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
1, 279.4345 in.4
2.81 ksi (T)
(68 kip-ft)( 15.5866 in.)(12 in./ft)

1, 279.4345 in.4
9.94 ksi (C)
(a) Maximum tension bending stress 14.73 ksi (T)
Ans.
(b) Maximum compression bending stress 9.94 ksi (C)
Ans.
P8.22 A flanged wooden shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.22a. The
determine:
FIGURE P8.22a
FIGURE P8.22b
Solution
Shape
Area Ai
(in.2)
20.0
16.0
12.0
48.0 in.2
top flange
web
bottom flange
yi Ai
Ai
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
11.0
6.0
1.0
yi Ai
(in.3)
220.0
96.0
12.0
328.0 in.3
328.0 in.3
6.8333 in. (from bottom of shape to centroid)
48.0 in.2
5.1667 in.

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
6.667
4.167
347.222
web
85.333
0.833
11.111
bottom flange
4.000
5.833
408.333
IC + dA
(in.4)
353.889
96.444
412.333
862.667

positive M = 10,580 lb-ft
negative M = 8,400 lb-ft
(10,580 lb-ft)(5.1667 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
862.667 in.4
760.4 psi (C)
(10,580 lb-ft)( 6.8333 in.)(12 in./ft)

862.667 in.4
1,005.6 psi (T)

( 8, 400 lb-ft)(5.1667 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
862.667 in.4
603.7 psi (T)
( 8, 400 lb-ft)( 6.8333 in.)(12 in./ft)

862.667 in.4
798.5 psi (C)
(a) Maximum tension bending stress 1,006 psi (T)
Ans.
(b) Maximum compression bending stress 799 psi (C)
Ans.
P8.23 A channel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.23a. The
determine:
FIGURE P8.23a
FIGURE P8.23b
Solution
Shape
Area Ai
(in.2)
3.000
5.500
3.000
11.500 in.2
left stem
top flange
right stem
yi Ai
Ai
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
3.000
5.750
3.000
49.625 in.3
4.3152 in.
11.500 in.2
1.6848 in.
yi Ai
(in.3)
9.000
31.625
9.000
49.625 in.3


d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
left stem
9.0000
1.3152
5.1894
top flange
0.1146
1.4348
11.3223
right stem
9.0000
1.3152
5.1894
IC + dA
(in.4)
14.1894
11.4369
14.1894
39.8157

positive M = 8,850 lb-ft
negative M = 9,839 lb-ft
(8,850 lb-ft)(1.6848 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
39.8157 in.4
4, 494 psi (C) 4.49 ksi (C)
(8,850 lb-ft)( 4.3152 in.)(12 in./ft)

39.8157 in.4
11,510 psi (T) 11.51 ksi (T)

(9,839 lb-ft)(1.6848 in.)(12 in./ft)
x
39.8157 in.4
4,996 psi (T) 5.00 ksi (T)
(9,839 lb-ft)( 4.3152 in.)(12 in./ft)

39.8157 in.4
12, 796 psi (C) 12.80 ksi (C)
(a) Maximum tension bending stress 11.51 ksi (T)
Ans.
(b) Maximum compression bending stress 12.80 ksi (C)
Ans.
P8.24 A W360 72 standard steel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure
P8.24a. The shape is oriented so that bending occurs about the weak axis as shown in Figure P8.24b.
Consider the entire 6-m length of the beam and determine:
FIGURE P8.24a
FIGURE P8.24b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 21.4 106 mm4
b f 204 mm

Since the shape is symmetric about the z axis,
the largest bending stresses will occur at the
location of the largest moment magnitude
either positive or negative. In this case, the
largest bending stresses will occur where the
moment magnitude is 31.50 kN-m.
Bending stresses at maximum moment
(31.50 kN-m)( 204 mm/2)(1,000) 2
x
21.4 106 mm 4
150.1 MPa (T) and (C)
Ans.
Ans.
P8.25 A 20-mm-diameter solid steel

shaft supports loads PA = 500 N, PC =
1,750 N, and PE = 500 N as shown in
Figure P8.25/26. Assume L1 = 90 mm, L2
= 260 mm, L3 = 140 mm, and L4 = 160
mm. The bearing at B can be idealized as
a roller support and the bearing at D can
be idealized as a pin support. Determine
the magnitude and location of the
maximum bending stress in the shaft.
FIGURE P8.25/26
Solution
Section properties
4
Iz
D (20 mm)4 7,853.9816 mm4
64
64
positive M = 91,500 N-mm
negative M = 80,000 N-mm
Since the circular cross section is symmetric
about the z axis, the largest bending stresses
will occur at the location of the largest moment
magnitude either positive or negative. In this
case, the largest bending stresses will occur at
C, where the moment magnitude is 91,500 Nmm.
(91,500 N-mm)( 20 mm/2)
x
7,853.9816 mm 4
116.5 MPa
Ans.
P8.26 A 1.75-in.-diameter solid steel

shaft supports loads PA = 250 lb, PC =
600 lb, and PE = 250 lb as shown in
Figure P8.28. Assume L1 = 9 in., L2 = 24
in., L3 = 12 in., and L4 = 15 in. The
bearing at B can be idealized as a roller
support and the bearing at D can be
idealized as a pin support. Determine the
magnitude and location of the maximum
bending stress in the shaft.
FIGURE P8.25/26
Solution
Section properties
64
D4
64
(1.75 in.)4 0.460386 in.4

positive M = 1,550 lb-in.
negative M = 3,750 lb-in.
Since the circular cross section is symmetric
about the z axis, the largest bending stresses
will occur at the location of the largest moment
magnitude either positive or negative. In this
case, the largest bending stresses will occur at
support D, where the moment magnitude is
3,750 lb-in.
( 3,750 lb-in.)( 1.75 in./2)
x
0.460386 in.4
Ans.
7,130 psi
P8.27 The steel beam in Figure P8.27a/28a has the cross section shown in Figure P8.27b/28b. The
beam length is L= 6.0 m, and the cross-sectional dimensions are d = 350 mm, bf = 205 mm, tf = 14 mm,
and tw = 8 mm. Calculate the largest intensity of distributed load w0 that can be supported by this beam
if the allowable bending stress is 200 MPa.
FIGURE P8.27a/28a
FIGURE P8.27b/28b
Solution
Shape
top flange
web
bottom flange
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,870
2,576
2,870
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
343
175
7
d = yi y
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
46,876.67
168.00
81,002,880.00
22,257,498.67
0.00
0.00
46,876.67
-168.00
81,002,880.00
IC + dA
(mm4)
81,049,756.67
22,257,498.67
81,049,756.67
184,357,012.00
Allowable bending moment: Based on the allowable bending stress, the maximum moment that can be
applied to this beam is
I
(200 N/mm2 )(184,357,012 mm 4 )
M allow allow z
210.694 106 N-mm
c
350 mm / 2
Moment in the simply supported beam:
From a FBD of the beam, determine the reaction
force at A:
1
L
M C w0 L Ay L 0
2
2
wL
Ay 0
4
The maximum moment will occur in the center of
the span at B. From the FBD shown, determine
the bending moment M:
w L L w L L
M 0 0 M 0
4 6
4 2
w0 L2
12
Largest intensity of distributed load w0: Equate the allowable moment with the moment produced at
midspan for this beam.
w0 L2
M allow
12
12M allow 12(210.694 106 N-mm)
Ans.
w0
70.231 N/mm 70.2 kN/m

L2
(6,000 mm)2
P8.28 The steel beam in Figure P8.27a/28a has the cross section shown in Figure P8.27b/28b. The
beam length is L= 22 ft, and the cross-sectional dimensions are d = 16.3 in., bf = 10.0 in., tf = 0.665 in.,
and tw = 0.395 in. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam if w0 = 6 kips/ft.
FIGURE P8.27a/28a
FIGURE P8.27b/28b
Solution
Shape
top flange
web
bottom flange
Area Ai
(in.2)
6.6500
5.9131
6.6500
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
15.9675
8.1500
0.3325
d = yi y
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
0.2451
7.8175
406.4035
110.4285
0.0000
0.0000
0.2451
-7.8175
406.4035
IC + dA
(in.4)
406.6486
110.4285
406.6486
923.7256
Moment in the simply supported beam:

From a FBD of the beam, determine the reaction
force at A:
1
L
M C w0 L Ay L 0
2
2
wL
Ay 0
4
The maximum moment will occur in the center of
the span at B. From the FBD shown, determine
the bending moment M:
w L L w L L
M 0 0 M 0
4 6
4 2
w0 L2
12
(6 kips/ft)(22 ft) 2
12
242 kip-ft 2,904 kip-in.
Maximum Bending Stress: The maximum bending stress in the beam occurs at midspan:
Mc (2,904 kip-in.)(16.3 in. / 2)
x
25.622 ksi 25.6 ksi

Iz
923.7256 in.4
Ans.
P8.29 A HSS12 8 1/2 standard steel

shape is used to support the loads shown on
the beam in Figure P8.29. The shape is
oriented so that bending occurs about the
strong axis. Determine the magnitude and
location of the maximum bending stress in
the beam.
FIGURE P8.29
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 333 in.4
d 12 in.

positive M = 124.59 kip-ft
negative M = 72.00 kip-ft
largest bending stresses will occur at C, where
the moment magnitude is 124.59 kip-ft.
Bending stresses at max moment magnitude

(124.59 kip-ft)( 12 in./2)(12 in./ft)
x
26.9 ksi
333 in.4
Ans.
P8.30 A W410 60 standard steel

shape is used to support the loads
shown on the beam in Figure P8.30.
The shape is oriented so that bending
occurs about the strong axis.
Determine the magnitude and location
of the maximum bending stress in the
beam.
FIGURE P8.30
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 216 106 mm4
d 406 mm

positive M = 50 kN-m
negative M = 70 kN-m
largest bending stresses will occur between B
and C, where the moment magnitude is 70 kNm.
Bending stresses at max moment magnitude

(70 kN-m)( 406 mm/2)(1,000)2
x
65.8 MPa
216 106 mm4
P8.31 A solid steel shaft supports

loads PA = 200 lb and PD = 300 lb as
shown in Figure P8.31. Assume L1 = 6
in., L2 = 20 in., and L3 = 10 in. The
bearing at B can be idealized as a roller
support and the bearing at C can be
idealized as a pin support. If the
allowable bending stress is 8 ksi,
determine the minimum diameter that
can be used for the shaft.
FIGURE P8.31
Solution
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 3,000 lb-in.
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
3, 000 lb-in.
0.375 in.3
8, 000 psi
Section modulus for solid circular section

d 3
S
32
Minimum shaft diameter
d 3
0.375 in.3
32
d 1.563 in.
Ans.
P8.32 A solid steel shaft supports

loads PA = 250 N and PC = 620 N as
shown in Figure P8.32. Assume L1 =
500 mm, L2 = 700 mm, and L3 = 600
mm. The bearing at B can be idealized
as a roller support and the bearing at D
can be idealized as a pin support. If the
allowable bending stress is 105 MPa,
determine the minimum diameter that
can be used for the shaft.
FIGURE P8.32
Solution
M = 142,615.4 N-mm
M
x
S
M
S
142,615.4 N-mm
1,358.242 mm3
105 N/mm 2
Section modulus for solid circular section

d 3
S
32
Minimum shaft diameter
d 3
1,358.242 mm3
32
d 24.0 mm
Ans.
P8.33 A simply supported wood beam (Figure P8.33a/34a) with a span of L = 15 ft supports a uniformly
distributed load of w0 = 320 lb/ft. The allowable bending stress of the wood is 1,200 psi. If the aspect
ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 2.0 (Figure P8.33b/34b), calculate the
minimum width b that can be used for the beam.
FIGURE P8.33a/34a
FIGURE P8.33b/34b
Solution
M = 7,111 lb-ft = 85,332 lb-in.

M
x
S
M
S
85,332 lb-in.
71.110 in.3
1, 200 psi
Section modulus for solid rectangular

section
I bh3 /12 bh2
S
c
h/2
6
The aspect ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 2.0; therefore, the section
modulus can be expressed as:
bh2 b(2.0b)2 4b3
S
0.6667b3
6
6
6
Minimum allowable beam width
0.6667b3 71.110 in.3
b 4.74 in.
Ans.
The corresponding beam height h is

h / b 2.0
h 2.0b 2.0(4.74 in.) 9.48 in.
P8.34 A simply supported wood beam (Figure P8.33a/34a) with a span of L = 5 m supports a uniformly
distributed load of w0. The beam width is b = 140 mm and the beam height is h = 260 mm (Figure
P8.33b/34b). The allowable bending stress of the wood is 9.5 MPa. Calculate the magnitude of the
maximum load w0 that may be carried by the beam.
FIGURE P8.33a/34a
FIGURE P8.33b/34b
Solution
Moment of inertia for rectangular cross section about horizontal centroidal axis
bh3 (140 mm)(260 mm)3
I
205,053,333 mm4
12
12
Maximum allowable moment
Mc
x
I
x I (9.5 N/mm 2 )(205,053,333 mm 4 )
M
14,984,667 N-mm 14,984.667 N-m

c
130 mm
Equilibrium
Determine the reaction forces on the beam in
terms of the distributed load intensity w0:
2L 2L
M A C y L w0 0
3 6
2
w0 L
9
2L 2L
M C Ay L w0 0
3 3
Cy
Ay
4
w0 L
9
Construct the shear-force diagram for the beam

with its loading. Calculate the area under the
shear-force diagram to determine an expression
for the maximum bending moment.
14
4 8
M max w0 L L w0 L2
9 81
29
Determine distributed load intensity
Equate the moment expression to the
maximum allowable moment that can be
applied to the rectangular cross section:
8
M max w0 L2 14,984.667 N-m
81
Solve for the distributed load w0:

8
8w (5 m) 2
w0 L2 0
14,984.667 N-m
81
81
81(14,984.667 N-m)
w0
6,068.79 N/m 6.07 kN/m
8(5 m) 2
Ans.
P8.35 A cantilever timber beam (Figure P8.35a/36a) with a span of L = 3.6 m supports a linearly
distributed load with maximum intensity of w0. The beam width is b = 240 mm and the beam height is h
= 180 mm (Figure P8.35b/36b). The allowable bending stress of the wood is 7.6 MPa. Calculate the
magnitude of the maximum load w0 that may be carried by the beam.
FIGURE P8.35a/36a
FIGURE P8.35b/36b
Solution
Moment of inertia for rectangular cross section about horizontal centroidal axis
bh3 (240 mm)(180 mm)3
I
116,640,000 mm4
12
12
Maximum allowable moment
Mc
x
I
I (7.6 N/mm 2 )(116,640,000 mm 4 )
M x
9,849,600 N-mm 9,849.6 N-m
c
90 mm
Maximum moment magnitude:
The maximum bending moment magnitude in the cantilever beam occurs at support A:
2
w0 L L w0 L
M max
2 3
6
Solve for the distributed load w0:
w0 L2 w0 (3.6 m)2
9,849.6 N-m
6
6
6(9,849.6 N-m)
w0
4,560 N/m 4.56 kN/m
(3.6 m) 2
Ans.
P8.36 A cantilever timber beam (Figure P8.35a/36a) with a span of L = 15 ft supports a linearly
distributed load with maximum intensity of w0 = 420 lb/ft. The allowable bending stress of the wood is
1,400 psi. If the aspect ratio of the solid rectangular timber is specified as h/b = 0.75 (Figure
P8.35b/36b), determine the minimum width b that can be used for the beam.
FIGURE P8.35a/36a
FIGURE P8.35b/36b
Solution
The maximum bending moment magnitude in the cantilever beam occurs at support A:
2
2
w L L w L (420 lb/ft)(15 ft)
M max 0 0
15,750 lb-ft 189,000 lb-in.
2 3
6
6
M
M 189,000 lb-in.
x
S
135.0 in.3
S
x
1,400 psi
Section modulus for solid rectangular section
I bh3 /12 bh2
S
c
h/2
6
The aspect ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 0.75; therefore, the section
modulus can be expressed as:
bh2 b(0.75b)2 0.5625b3
S
0.09375b3
6
6
6
Minimum allowable beam width
0.09375b3 135.0 in.3
b 11.2924 in. 11.29 in.
Ans.
The corresponding beam height h is

h / b 0.75
h 0.75b 0.75(11.2924 in.) 8.47 in.
P8.37 The beam shown in Figure P8.37 will

be constructed from a standard steel W-shape
using an allowable bending stress of 24 ksi.
(a) Develop a list of five acceptable shapes
that could be used for this beam. On this
list, include the most economical W10,
W12, W14, W16, and W18 shapes.
(b) Select the most economical W shape for
this beam.
FIGURE P8.37
Solution
M = 90 kip-ft
M
x
S
M
S
(90 kip-ft)(12 in./ft)

45 in.3
24 ksi
(a) Acceptable steel W-shapes

W10 45,
S 49.1 in.3
W12 40,
S 51.5 in.3
W14 34,
S 48.6 in.3
W16 31,
S 47.2 in.3
W18 35,
S 57.6 in.3
(b) Most economical W-shape

W16 31
Ans.
P8.38 The beam shown in Figure P8.38 will be

constructed from a standard steel W-shape using
an allowable bending stress of 165 MPa.
(a) Develop a list of four acceptable shapes that
could be used for this beam. Include the most
economical W360, W410, W460, and W530
shapes on the list of possibilities.
(b) Select the most economical W shape for this
beam.
FIGURE P8.38
Solution
M = 206.630 kN-m
M
x
S
M
S
(206.63 kN-m)(1,000) 2
1, 252 103 mm3
2
165 N/mm

W360 79,
S 1, 270 103 mm3
W410 75,
S 1,330 103 mm3
W460 74,
S 1, 460 103 mm3
W530 66,
S 1,340 103 mm3

W530 66
Ans.

constructed from a standard steel W-shape using
an allowable bending stress of 165 MPa.
(a) Develop a list of four acceptable shapes that
could be used for this beam. Include the
most economical W360, W410, W460, and
W530 shapes on the list of possibilities.
(b) Select the most economical W shape for this
beam.
FIGURE P8.39
Solution
M = 238.57 kN-m
M
x
S
M
S
(238.57 kN-m)(1,000) 2
1, 446 103 mm3
2
165 N/mm

W360 101, S 1, 690 103 mm3
W410 85,
S 1,510 103 mm3
W460 74,
S 1, 460 103 mm3
W530 74,
S 1,550 103 mm3

W460 74 or W530 74
Ans.
P8.40 The beam shown in Figure P8.40 will be constructed from a

standard steel W-shape using an allowable bending stress of 165 MPa.
(a) Develop a list of four acceptable shapes that could be used for this
beam. Include the most economical W310, W360, W410, and W460
shapes on the list of possibilities.
(b) Select the most economical W shape for this beam.
FIGURE P8.40
Solution
The maximum bending moment magnitude occurs at the base of the cantilever beam:
1
1
M max (15 kN)(3.0 m) (40 kN/m)(3.0 m) (3.0 m)
2
3
6
105.0 kN-m 105.0 10 N-mm
M
x
S
M (105.0 kN-m)(1,000) 2
S
636 103 mm3

2
x
165 N/mm
W310 60,
S 844 103 mm3
W360 44,
S 688 103 mm3
W410 46.1, S 773 103 mm3

W460 52,
S 944 103 mm3

W360 44
Ans.

constructed from a standard steel HSS-shape
using an allowable bending stress of 30 ksi.
(a) Develop a list of three acceptable shapes that
could be used for this beam. On this list,
include the most economical HSS8, HSS10,
and HSS12 shapes.
(b) Select the most economical HSS-shape for this
beam.
FIGURE P8.41
Solution
M = 45.56 kip-ft
M
x
S
M
S
(45.56 kip-ft)(12 in./ft)

18.22 in.3
30 ksi
(a) Acceptable steel HSS shapes

HSS8 none are acceptable
HSS10 4 3 / 8,
S 20.8 in.3
HSS10 6 3 / 8,
S 27.4 in.3
HSS12 6 3 / 8,
S 35.9 in.3
HSS12 8 3 / 8,
S 43.7 in.3
(b) Most economical HSS shape

HSS10 4 3 / 8
Ans.
P8.42 A composite beam is fabricated by bolting two 3 in. wide 12 in. deep timber planks to the sides
of a 0.50 in. 12 in. steel plate (Figure P8.42b). The moduli of elasticity of the timber and the steel are
1,800 ksi and 30,000 ksi, respectively. The simply supported beam spans a distance of 20 ft and carries
two concentrated loads P, which are applied at the quarter points of the span (Figure P8.42a).
(a) Determine the maximum bending stresses produced in the timber planks and the steel plate if P = 3
kips.
(b) Assume that the allowable bending stresses of the timber and the steel are 1,200 psi and 24,000 psi,
respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for concentrated loads P. (You may neglect
the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.42a
FIGURE P8.42b
Solution
Let the timber be denoted as material (1) and the steel plate as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
16.6667
E1 1,800 ksi
Transform the steel plate (2) into an equivalent amount of wood (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 16.6667(0.50 in.) = 8.3333 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 12 in. 0.50
in. steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 12 in. deep and 8.3333-in. thick.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal centroidal axis
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
timber (1)
864
0
transformed steel plate (2)
1,200
0
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
dA
(in.4)
0
0
IC + dA
(in.4)
864
1,200
2,064 in.4
Maximum bending moment in beam for P = 3 kips

The maximum bending moment in the simply supported beam with two 3-kip concentrated loads is:
M max (3 kips)(5 ft) 15 kip-ft 180 kip-in.
Bending stress in timber (1)
From the flexure formula, the maximum bending stress in timber (1) is:
My
(180 kip-in.)( 6 in.)
0.5233 ksi 523 psi

I
2, 064 in.4
Ans.
Bending stress in steel plate (2)

The bending stress in the transformed material must be multiplied by the modular ratio n. Therefore, the
maximum bending stress in steel plate (2) is:
My
(180 kip-in.)( 6 in.)
2 n
(16.6667)
8.7209 ksi 8,720 psi
Ans.
I
2,064 in.4
Determine maximum P
If the allowable bending stress in the timber is 1,200 psi, then the maximum bending moment that may
be supported by the beam is:
I (1.200 ksi)(2, 064 in.4 )
My
1
M max 1
412.80 kip-in.
I
y
6 in.
If the allowable bending stress in the steel is 165 MPa, then the maximum bending moment that may be
supported by the beam is:
2 I (24.00 ksi)(2, 064 in.4 )
My
2 n
M max
495.36 kip-in.
I
ny
(16.667)(6 in.)
Note: The negative signs were omitted in the previous two equations because only the moment
magnitude is of interest here.
From these two results, the maximum moment that the beam can support is 412.80 kip-in. The
maximum concentrated load magnitude P that can be supported is found from:
M max (5 ft)P
M max 412.80 kip-in.
6.88 kips
5 ft
(5 ft)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
P8.43 The cross section of a composite beam that

consists of 4-mm-thick fiberglass faces bonded to a 20mm-thick particleboard core is shown in Figure P8.43.
The beam is subjected to a bending moment of 55 N-m
acting about the z axis. The elastic moduli for the
fiberglass and the particleboard are 30 GPa and 10 GPa,
respectively. Determine:
(a) the maximum bending stresses in the fiberglass
faces and the particleboard core.
(b) the stress in the fiberglass at the joint where the two
materials are bonded together.
FIGURE P8.43
Solution
Let the particleboard be denoted as material (1) and the fiberglass as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30 GPa
n 2
3
E1 10 GPa
Transform the fiberglass faces into an equivalent amount of particleboard by multiplying their width by
the modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(50 mm) = 150 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 50 mm 4 mm
fiberglass faces are replaced by particleboard faces that are 150-mm wide and 4-mm thick.
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
transformed fiberglass top face
800.00
12.00
particleboard core
33,333.33
0
transformed fiberglass bot face
800.00
12.00
dA
(mm4)
86,400.00
0
86,400.00
Bending stress in particleboard core (1)

From the flexure formula, the maximum bending stress in the particleboard core is:
My
(55 N-m)( 10 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
1
2.65 MPa
I
207,733.33 mm4
IC + dA
(mm4)
87,200.00
33,333.33
87,200.00
207,733.33 mm4
Ans.
Bending stress in fiberglass faces (2)

maximum bending stress in the fiberglass faces (2) is:
My
(55 N-m)( 14 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
2 n
(3)
11.12 MPa
Ans.
I
207,733.33 mm4
Bending stress in fiberglass (2) at interface
At the interface between the particleboard and the fiberglass, y = 10 mm:
My
(55 N-m)( 10 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
2 n
(3)
7.94 MPa
I
207,733.33 mm4
Ans.
P8.44 A composite beam is made by bonding two brass [E = 110

GPa] bars to two aluminum [E = 70 GPa] bars, as shown in
Figure P8.44. The beam is subjected to a bending moment of 380
N-m acting about the z axis. Using a = 5 mm, b = 40 mm, c = 10
mm, and d = 25 mm, calculate:
(a) the maximum bending stress in the aluminum bars.
(b) the maximum bending stress in the brass bars.
FIGURE P8.44
Solution
Let the aluminum be denoted as material (1) and the brass as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 110 GPa
n 2
1.5714
E1 70 GPa
Transform the brass bars into an equivalent amount of aluminum by multiplying their width by the
modular ratio: ctrans = 1.5714(10 mm) = 15.714 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 10 mm 25
mm brass bars are replaced by aluminum bars that are 15.714-mm wide and 25-mm tall.
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
top aluminum bar
416.667
15
left brass bar (transformed)
20,460.938
0
right brass bar (transformed)
20,460.938
0
bottom aluminum bar
416.667
15
dA
(mm4)
45,000.000
0
0
45,000.000
(a) Maximum bending stress in aluminum bars

From the flexure formula, the maximum bending stress in each aluminum bar is:
My
(380 N-m)( 17.5 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
1
50.5 MPa
I
131,755.210 mm4
IC + dA
(mm4)
45,416.667
20,460.938
20,460.938
45,416.667
131,755.210 mm4
Ans.
(b) Maximum bending stress in brass bars

maximum bending stress in the brass bars is:
My
(380 N-m)( 12.5 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
2 n
(1.5714)
56.7 MPa
Ans.
I
131,755.210 mm4
P8.45 An aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] bar is bonded to a steel [E = 30,000 ksi] bar to form a composite
beam (Figure P8.45b). The composite beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = +300 lb-ft about
the z axis (Figure P8.45a). Determine:
(a) the maximum bending stresses in the aluminum and steel bars.
(b) the stress in the two materials at the joint where they are bonded together.
FIGURE P8.45a
FIGURE P8.45b
Solution
Denote the aluminum as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
3
E1 10,000 ksi
Transform the steel bar (2) into an equivalent amount of aluminum (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 2.00 in. 0.75 in. steel
bar is replaced by an aluminum bar that is 6.00-in. wide and 0.75-in. thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
aluminum bar (1)
transformed steel bar (2)
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
2.00
6.00
Height h
(in.)
0.50
0.75
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.00
4.50
5.50
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.25
0.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
0.2500
3.9375
4.1875
4.1875 in.3
5.50 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
aluminum bar (1)
0.02083
0.5114
0.2109
0.1136
dA
(in.4)
0.2615
0.05811
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.2823
0.2690
0.5514 in.4
(a) Maximum bending stress in aluminum bar (1)

From the flexure formula, the maximum bending stress in aluminum bar (1) is:
My
(300 lb-ft)( 0.7614 in.)(12 in./ft)
1
4,970 psi (T)

I
0.5514 in.4
Ans.
(a) Maximum bending stress in steel bar (2)

maximum bending stress in steel bar (2) is:
My
(300 lb-ft)(1.250 in. 0.7614 in.)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
2
(3)
9,570 psi (C)
I
0.5514 in.4
(b) Bending stress in aluminum bar (1) at interface
My
(300 lb-ft)(0.50 in. 0.7614 in.)(12 in./ft)
1
1,706 psi (T)

I
0.5514 in.4
(b) Bending stress in steel bar (2) at interface
My
(300 lb-ft)(0.50 in. 0.7614 in.)(12 in./ft)
2
(3)
5,120 psi (T)
I
0.5514 in.4
Ans.
Ans.
P8.46 An aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] bar is bonded to a steel [E = 30,000 ksi] bar to form a composite
beam (Figure P8.46b). The allowable bending stresses for the aluminum and steel bars are 20 ksi and 30
ksi, respectively. Determine the maximum bending moment M that can be applied to the beam.
FIGURE P8.46a
FIGURE P8.46b
Solution
Denote the aluminum as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
3
E1 10,000 ksi
Transform the steel bar (2) into an equivalent amount of aluminum (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 2.00 in. 0.75 in. steel
bar is replaced by an aluminum bar that is 6.00-in. wide and 0.75-in. thick.
Shape
aluminum bar (1)
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
2.00
6.00
Height h
(in.)
0.50
0.75
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.00
4.50
5.50
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.25
0.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
0.2500
3.9375
4.1875
4.1875 in.3
5.50 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
aluminum bar (1)
0.02083
0.5114
0.2109
0.1136
dA
(in.4)
0.2615
0.05811
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.2823
0.2690
0.5514 in.4
(a) Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable aluminum stress

Based on an allowable bending stress of 20 ksi for the aluminum, the maximum bending moment
magnitude that be applied to the cross section is:
My
I
(20 ksi)(0.5514 in.4 )
(a)
1
M 1
14.484 kip-in.
I
y
0.7614 in.
Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable steel stress
Based on an allowable bending stress of 30 ksi for the steel, the maximum bending moment magnitude
that be applied to the cross section is:
My
I
(30 ksi)(0.5514 in.4 )
(b)
2 n
M 2
11.285 kip-in.
I
ny
(3)(1.25 in. 0.7614 in.)
From the values obtained in Eqs. (a) and (b), the maximum bending moment that can be applied to the
cross section is
Ans.
M max 11.285 kip-in. 940 lb-ft
P8.47 Two steel [E = 30,000 ksi] plates are securely

attached to a Southern pine [E = 1,800 ksi] timber
to form a composite beam (Figure P8.47). The
allowable bending stress for the steel plates is
24,000 psi and the allowable bending stress for the
Southern pine is 1,200 psi. Determine the maximum
bending moment that can be applied about the
horizontal axis of the beam.
FIGURE P8.47
Solution
Denote the timber as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
16.6667
E1 1,800 ksi
Transform the steel plates into an equivalent amount of timber by multiplying their width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 16.6667(8 in.) = 133.3333 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 8 in. 0.25 in.
steel plates can be replaced by wood plates that are 133.3333-in. wide and 0.25-in. thick.
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
transformed steel plate at top
0.1736
8.125
timber (1)
3,413.3333
0
transformed steel plate at bottom
0.1736
8.125
dA
(in.4)
2,200.52
0
2,200.52
IC + dA
(in.4)
2,200.694
3,413.333
2,200.694
7,814.72 in.4
(a) Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable Southern pine stress
Based on an allowable bending stress of 1,200 psi for the Southern pine timber, the maximum bending
moment magnitude that be applied to the cross section is:
I
My
(1.200 ksi)(7,814.72 in.4 )
(a)
1
M 1
1,172.208 kip-in.
I
y
8 in.
Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable steel stress
Based on an allowable bending stress of 24,000 psi for the steel plates, the maximum bending moment
magnitude that be applied to the cross section is:
2I
My
(24 ksi)(7,814.72 in.4 )
(b)
2 n
M
1,364.021 kip-in.
I
ny
(16.6667)(8.25 in.)
From the values obtained in Eqs. (a) and (b), the maximum bending moment that can be applied to the
cross section is
Ans.
M max 1,172.208 kip-in. 97.7 kip-ft
P8.48 The simply supported beam shown in Figure P8.48a/49a carries a uniformly distributed load w on
overhang BC. The beam is constructed of a Southern pine [E = 12 GPa] timber that is reinforced on its
upper surface by a steel [E = 200 GPa] plate (Figure P8.48b/49b). The beam spans are L = 4 m and a =
1.25 m. The wood beam has dimensions of bw = 150 mm and dw = 280 mm. The steel plate dimensions
are bs = 230 mm and ts = 6 mm. Assume that the allowable bending stresses of the wood and the steel
are 9 MPa and 165 MPa, respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for distributed load
w. (You may neglect the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.48a/49a
FIGURE P8.48b/49b
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
200 GPa
n 2
16.6667
E1
12 GPa
Transform the steel plate into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular
ratio: bs,trans = 16.6667(230 mm) = 3,833.333 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 230 mm 6 mm
steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 3,833.333-mm wide and 6-mm thick.
Shape
wood beam
transformed steel plate
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(mm)
150
3,833.333
Height h
(mm)
280
6
Area Ai
(mm2)
42,000
23,000
65,000
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
140
283
yi Ai
(mm3)
5,880,000
6,509,000
12,389,000
12,389,000 mm3
190.600 mm (measured upward from bottom of cross section)
65,000 mm2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
wood beam
274,400,000
50.6
69,000
92.4
dA
(mm4)
107,535,120
196,368,480
IC + dA
(mm4)
381,935,120
196,437,480
578,372,600 mm4
Determine maximum w
If the allowable bending stress in the wood is 9 MPa, then the maximum bending moment that may be
My
I (9 N/mm2 )(578,372,600 mm4 )
1
M max 1
27.3104 106 N-mm
I
y
190.6 mm
If the allowable bending stress in the steel is 165 MPa, then the maximum bending moment that may be
My
2I
(165 N/mm2 )(578,372,600 mm 4 )
2 n
M max
60.0198 106 N-mm

I
n y (16.6667)(280 mm 6 mm 190.6 mm)
From these two results, the maximum moment that the beam can support is 27.3104106 N-mm. A
formula for the maximum bending moment can be easily derived using the process described in Chapter
7. For this simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load on the overhang, the maximum
bending moment occurs at support B and it has a value given by:
wa 2
M max
2
Using this formula, the maximum distributed load magnitude w that can be supported is found from the
following calculation:
2M max 2(27.3104 106 N-mm)(1 m/1000 mm)
Ans.
w
34,957.3 N/m 35.0 kN/m

a2
(1.25 m)2
P8.49 The simply supported beam shown in Figure P8.48a/49a carries a uniformly distributed load of w
= 28 kN/m on overhang BC. The beam is constructed of a Southern pine [E = 12 GPa] timber that is
reinforced on its upper surface by a steel [E = 200 GPa] plate (Figure P8.48b/49b). The beam spans are
L = 5.5 m and a = 1.75 m. The wood beam has dimensions of bw = 215 mm and dw = 325 mm. The
steel plate dimensions are bs = 250 mm and ts = 10 mm. (You may neglect the weight of the beam in
your calculations.) At the location of the maximum bending moment for the beam, determine:
(a) the vertical distance from point K to the neutral axis of the composite beam.
(b) the bending stress in the steel at H.
FIGURE P8.48a/49a
FIGURE P8.48b/49b
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
200 GPa
n 2
16.6667
E1
12 GPa
Transform the steel plate into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular
ratio: bs,trans = 16.6667(250 mm) = 4,166.667 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 250 mm 10 mm
steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 4,166.667-mm wide and 10-mm thick.
Shape
wood beam
Width b
(mm)
215
4,166.667
Height h
(mm)
325
10
yi
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
69,875
162.5
11,354,687.5
41,666.667
330
13,750,000
111,541.667
25,104,687.5
(a) Vertical distance from point K to the neutral axis of the composite beam.
yi Ai 25,104,687.5 mm3
y
225.070 mm 225 mm
Ai
111,541.667 mm2
Ans.

d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
wood beam
615,045,572.9
62.570
347,222.2
104.930
dA
(mm4)
273,560,967.4
458,762,704.1
IC + dA
(mm4)
888,606,540.3
459,109,926.3
1,347,716,467 mm4
(b) Bending stress in the steel at H.

A formula for the maximum bending moment in this beam can be easily derived using the process
described in Chapter 7. For this simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load on the
overhang, the maximum bending moment occurs at support B and it has a value given by:
wa 2
M max
2
For a uniformly distributed load of 28 kN/m, the maximum bending moment is:
wa 2
(28 kN/m)(1.75 m) 2
M max
42.875 kN-m 42.875 106 N-mm

2
2
maximum bending stress in the steel at H is:
My
( 42.875 106 N-mm)(335 mm 225.070 mm)
Ans.
H n
(16.6667)
58.3 MPa (T)
I
1,347,716,467 mm4
P8.50 Two steel plates, each 4 in. wide and 0.25 in.
thick, reinforce a wood beam that is 3 in. wide and
8 in. deep. The steel plates are attached to the
vertical sides of the wood beam in a position such
that the composite shape is symmetric about the z
axis, as shown in the sketch of the beam cross
section (Figure P8.50). Determine the maximum
bending stresses produced in both the wood and the
steel if a bending moment of Mz = +50 kip-in is
applied about the z axis. Assume Ewood = 2,000 ksi
and Esteel = 30,000 ksi.
FIGURE P8.50
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel plates as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
15
E1
2,000 ksi
Transform the steel plates (2) into an equivalent amount of wood (1) by multiplying the plate
thicknesses by the modular ratio: b2, trans = 15(0.25 in.) = 3.75 in. (each). Thus, for calculation purposes,
each 4 in. 0.25 in. steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 4-in. tall and 3.75-in. wide.
Centroid location: Since the transformed section is doubly symmetric, the centroid location is found
from symmetry.
Moment of inertia about the z centroidal axis
Shape
IC
(in.4)
wood beam (1)
128
two transformed steel plates (2)
40
d = yi y
(in.)
0
0
dA
(in.4)
0
0
Bending stress in wood beam (1)

From the flexure formula, the maximum bending stress in wood beam (1) is:
M c (50 kip-in.)(4 in.)
1 z
1.190 ksi 1,190 psi
Iz
168 in.4
IC + dA
(in.4)
128
40
168 in.4
Ans.
Bending stress in steel plates (2)

maximum bending stress in the steel plates (2) is:
Mc
(50 kip-in.)(2 in.)
Ans.
2 n z (15)
8.93 ksi 8,930 psi
Iz
168 in.4
P8.51 A glue-laminated timber beam is reinforced by carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) material
bonded to its bottom surface. The cross section of the composite beam is shown in Figure P8.51b. The
elastic modulus of the wood is 1,700 ksi and the elastic modulus of the CFRP is 23,800 ksi. The simply
supported beam spans 24 ft and carries two concentrated loads P, which act at the quarter-points of the
span (Figure P8.51a). The allowable bending stresses of the timber and the CFRP are 2,400 psi and
175,000 psi, respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for the concentrated loads P.
(You may neglect the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.51a
FIGURE P8.51b
Solution
Denoted the timber as material (1) and denote the CFRP as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
23,800 ksi
n 2
14
E1 1,700 ksi
Transform the CFRP into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular ratio:
b2, trans = 14(3 in.) = 42 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 3 in. 0.125 in. CFRP is replaced by a
wood board that is 42-in. wide and 0.125-in. thick.
Shape
timber (1)
transformed CFRP (2)
y
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
5.5
42.0
Height h
(in.)
12
0.125
Area Ai
(in.2)
66
5.25
71.25
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
6.125
0.0625
yi Ai
(in.3)
404.25
0.3281
404.5781
404.5781 in.3
71.25 in.2

d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
timber (1)
792
0.4467
transformed CFRP (2)
0.00684
5.6158
dA
(in.4)
13.1703
165.5697
IC + dA
(in.4)
805.170
165.577
970.747 in.4
Determine maximum P
If the allowable bending stress in the timber is 2,400 psi, then the maximum bending moment that may
I (2.40 ksi)(970.747 in.4 )
My
1
M max 1
361.393 kip-in.
I
y
(12.125 in. 5.6783 in.)
If the allowable bending stress in the CFRP is 175,000 psi, then the maximum bending moment that may
I (175 ksi)(970.747 in.4 )
My
2 n
M max 2
2,137 kip-in.
I
ny
(14)(5.6783 in.)
From these two results, the maximum moment that the beam can support is 351.393 kip-in. = 30.116
kip-ft. The maximum concentrated load magnitude P that can be supported is found from:
M max (6 ft)P
M max 30.116 kip-ft
5.02 kips
6 ft
6 ft
Ans.
P8.52 A steel pipe assembly supports a

concentrated load of P = 22 kN as shown in
Figure P8.52. The outside diameter of the pipe
is 142 mm and the wall thickness is 6.5 mm.
Determine the normal stresses produced at
points H and K.
FIGURE P8.52
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 142 mm 2(6.5 mm) 129 mm
A D 2 d 2 (142 mm)2 (129 mm) 2 2, 766.958 mm 2

4
4
D 4 d 4
(142 mm) 4 (129 mm) 4 6,364,867 mm 4
Iz
64
64
Internal forces and moments
F 22 kN 22,000 N
M z (22,000 N)(370 mm) 8,140,000 N-mm
Stresses
axial
bending
F
22,000 N
7.951 MPa (C)

A 2,766.958 mm 2
M c (8,140,000 N-mm)(142 mm/2)
z
90.802 MPa
Iz
6,364,867 mm 4
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 7.951 MPa 90.802 MPa 98.753 MPa 98.8 MPa (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 7.951 MPa 90.802 MPa 82.851 MPa 82.9 MPa (T)
Ans.
P8.53 The screw of a clamp exerts a compressive

force of 350 lb on the wood blocks. Determine the
normal stresses produced at points H and K. The
clamp cross-sectional dimensions at the section of
interest are 1.25 in. by 0.375 in. thick.
FIGURE P8.53
Solution
Section properties
A (0.375 in.)(1.250 in.) 0.468750 in.2
Iz
(0.375 in.)(1.250 in.)3

0.061035 in.4
12

F 350 lb
M z (350 lb)(3.75 in. 1.25 in./2) 1,531.25 lb-in.
Stresses
axial
bending
F
350 lb
746.667 psi (T)

A 0.468750 in.2
M c (1,531.25 lb-in.)(1.250 in./2)
z
15,680.0 psi
Iz
0.061035 in.4
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 746.667 psi 15,680 psi 16,426.667 psi 16,430 psi (T)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 746.667 psi 15,680 psi 14,933.333 psi 14,930 psi (C)
Ans.
P8.54 A 30-mm-diameter steel rod is formed into a

machine part with the shape shown in Figure P8.54.
A load of P = 2,500 N is applied to the ends of the
part. If the allowable normal stress is limited to 40
MPa, what is the maximum eccentricity e that may
be used for the part?
FIGURE P8.54
Solution
Section properties
A
I
(30 mm) 2 706.858 mm 2
64
(30 mm) 4 39,760.782 mm 4

F 2,500 N
M (2,500 N)e
Stresses
axial
bending
F
2,500 N
3.537 MPa (T)

A 706.858 mm 2
Mc (2,500 N)(30 mm / 2) e
I
39,760.782 mm 4
Maximum eccentricity
Since the axial stress is tension, the largest combined stress will occur for the combination of the tension
axial stress plus the tension bending stress. Therefore:
axial bending 40 MPa
3.537 MPa
(2,500 N)(30 mm / 2) e
40 MPa
39,760.782 mm 4
(40 MPa 3.537 MPa)
e
(39,760.782 mm 4 )
(2,500 N)(15 mm)
e 38.662 mm 38.7 mm
Ans.
P8.55 The offset link shown in Figure P8.55 is subjected

to a load of P = 1,100 lb. The link has a rectangular cross
section with a thickness of 0.375 in. at section aa. A
minimum clearance of y = 1.5 in. is specified for this link.
If the tension normal stress must be limited to 15,000 psi
at section aa, calculate the minimum depth d required
for the link.
FIGURE P8.55
Solution
Section properties
A (0.375 in.)d
I
(0.375 in.)d 3
12

F 1,100 lb
M (1,100 lb) 1.5 in.
2
Stresses
axial
F
1,100 lb
2,933.3333 lb/in.
A (0.375 in.)d
d
bending
dd
(1,100 lb) 1.5 in.
Mc
d
2 2 17,600 lb/in.
1.5 in.
3
2
(0.375 in.)d
I
d
2
12
axial bending 15,000 psi
2,933.3333 lb/in. 17,600 lb/in.

d
1.5 in. 15,000 psi

2
d
d
2
d
(2,933.3333 lb/in.)d (17,600 lb/in.) 1.5 in. (15,000 psi)d 2
2
Expand this equation and replace the inequality to derive:
(15,000 psi)d 2 (2,933.3333 lb/in.)d (8,800 lb/in.)d 26,400 lb 0
(15,000 psi)d 2 (11,733.3333 lb/in.)d 26,400 lb 0

Solve this quadratic equation for d:
11,733.3333 lb/in. ( 11,733.3333 lb/in.) 2 4(15,000 psi)( 26,400 lb)

2(15,000 psi)
11,733.3333 lb/in. 1,721,671,110 lb 2 / in.2

30,000 psi
11,733.3333 lb/in. 41, 493.0248 lb/in.
30,000 psi
and take the positive root to find d:

d 1.774212 in. 1.774 in.
Ans.
P8.56 The machine component shown in Figure P8.56

has a rectangular cross section with a depth of d = 3.00
in. and a thickness of 0.75 in. The component is
subjected to a tension load of P = 9,000 lb. A milling
operation will be used to remove a portion of the cross
section in the central region of the component. If the
allowable tension stress at section aa must be limited to
30,000 psi, determine the maximum depth of cut y that is
permissible.
FIGURE P8.56
Solution
Section properties
A (0.75 in.)(d y )
I
(0.75 in.)(d y )3
12

F 9,000 lb
d d y
M (9,000 lb)
(4,500 lb)y
2
2
Stresses
axial
F
9,000 lb
12,000 lb/in.
A (0.75 in.)(d y )
dy
bending
d y
(4,500 lb)y
2 36,000 lb/in.
Mc
y
(0.75 in.)(d y )3
I
(d y ) 2
12
12,000 lb/in. 36,000 lb/in.
y 30,000 psi
dy
(d y ) 2
(12,000 lb/in.)(d y ) (36,000 lb/in.) y (30,000 psi)(d y ) 2
Expand this equation and replace the inequality to derive:
(12,000 lb/in.)d (12,000 lb/in.)y (36,000 lb/in.)y (30,000 psi)d 2 (60,000 psi) d y (30,000 psi) y 2
Substitute d = 3.0 in. and simplify to obtain the following equation:
(30,000 psi) y 2 (204,000 lb/in.) y 234,000 lb 0
Solve this quadratic equation for y:

y
204,000 lb/in. ( 204,000 lb/in.)2 4(30,000 psi)(234,000 lb)

2(30,000 psi)
204,000 lb/in. 13.536 109 lb2 / in.2
60,000 psi
204,000 lb/in. 116,344.3167 lb/in.
60,000 psi
5.3391 in., 1.4609 in.
The first root can be discarded since it would produce a value of y that is greater than d, a result that is
clearly not possible for this situation. Therefore, the maximum permissible depth of cut must be:
Ans.
y 1.461 in.
P8.57 A tubular steel column CD supports

horizontal cantilever arm ABC, as shown in
Figure P8.57. Column CD has an outside
diameter of 10.75 in. and a wall thickness of
0.365 in. Determine the maximum compression
stress at the base of column CD.
FIGURE P8.57
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 10.750 in. 2(0.365 in.) 10.020 in.
A D 2 d 2 (10.750 in.)2 (10.020 in.)2 11.908 in.2

4
4
D 4 d 4
(10.750 in.)4 (10.020 in.)4 160.734 in.4
Iz
64
64
F 700 lb 900 lb 1, 600 lb
M (700 lb)(13 ft) (900 lb)(23 ft) 29,800 lb-ft 357, 600 lb-in.
Stresses
axial
bending
F
1, 600 lb
134.36 psi (C)

A 11.908 in.2
M c (357, 600 lb-in.)(10.75 in./2)
11,958.27 psi
I
160.734 in.4
Maximum compression stress at base of column

compression 134.36 psi 11,958.27 psi 12,092.63 psi 12.09 ksi (C)
Ans.
P8.58 Determine the normal stresses acting at points H and K for the structure shown in Figure P8.58a.
The cross-sectional dimensions of the vertical member are shown in Figure P8.58b.
FIGURE P8.58b Cross section

FIGURE P8.58a
Solution
Section properties
A (4 in.)(8 in.) 32 in.2
Iz
(4 in.)(8 in.)3
170.6667 in.4
12

F 1,200 lb 2,800 lb 4,000 lb
M z (1,200 lb)(12 in. 8 in./2) 19,200 lb-in.
Stresses
axial
bending
F 4,000 lb
125 psi (C)

A
32 in.2
M c (19,200 lb-in.)(8 in./2)
z
450 psi
Iz
170.6667 in.4
Normal stress at H
H 125 psi 450 psi 575 psi 575 psi (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
K 125 psi 450 psi 325 psi 325 psi (T)
Ans.
P8.59 A W18 35 standard steel shape is

subjected to a tension force P that is applied
15 in. above the bottom surface of the
wide-flange shape as shown in Figure
P8.59. If the tension normal stress of the
upper surface of the W-shape must be
limited to 18 ksi, determine the allowable
force P that may be applied to the member.
FIGURE P8.59
Solution
Section properties (from Appendix B)
Depth d 17.7 in.
A 10.3 in.2
I z 510 in.4
Stresses
axial
bending
F
P
A 10.3 in.2
M c P(15 in. 17.7 in./2)(17.7 in./2) P(6.15 in.)(8.85 in.) P(54.4275 in.2 )
z
Iz
510 in.4
510 in.4
510 in.4
Normal stress on the upper surface of the W-shape

The tension normal stress on the upper surface is equal to the sum of the axial and bending stresses.
Since these stresses are expressed in terms of the unknown force P, the tension normal stress is given
by:
P
P(54.4275 in.2 )
upper surface
10.3 in.2
510 in.4
P(0.097087 in.2 0.106721 in.2 )
(0.203808 in.2 ) P
The normal stress on the upper surface of the W-shape must be limited to 18 ksi; therefore,
(0.203808 in.2 ) P 18 ksi
18 ksi
P
88.3 kips
0.203808 in.2
Ans.
P8.60 A WT305 41 standard steel shape is

subjected to a tension force P that is applied 250
mm above the bottom surface of the tee shape, as
shown in Figure P8.60. If the tension normal
stress of the upper surface of the WT-shape must
be limited to 150 MPa, determine the allowable
force P that may be applied to the member.
FIGURE P8.60
Solution
Section properties (from Appendix B)
Depth d 300 mm
Centroid y 88.9 mm (from flange to centroid)

A 5, 230 mm 2
I z 48.7 106 mm 4
Stresses
axial
bending
F
P
P(1.9120 104 mm2 )

2
A 5, 230 mm
M c P(250 mm 88.9 mm)(300 mm 88.9 mm)
z
Iz
48.7 106 mm 4
P(161.1 mm)(211.1 mm)
48.7 106 mm 4
P(6.9832 104 mm 2 )
Normal stress on the upper surface of the WT-shape

The tension normal stress on the upper surface is equal to the sum of the axial and bending stresses.
Since these stresses are expressed in terms of the unknown force P, the tension normal stress is given
by:
upper surface P(1.9120 104 mm2 ) P(6.9832 104 mm2 )
(8.8953 104 mm2 ) P
The normal stress on the upper surface of the WT-shape must be limited to 150 MPa; therefore,
(8.8953 104 mm 2 ) P 150 MPa
150 N/mm 2
168,629 N 168.6 kN
8.8953 10 4 mm 2
Ans.
P8.61 A pin support consists of a vertical

plate 60 mm wide by 10 mm thick. The pin
carries a load of 1,200 N. Determine the
normal stresses acting at points H and K for
the structure shown in Figure P8.61.
FIGURE P8.61
Solution
Section properties
A (60 mm)(10 mm) 600 mm 2
(60 mm)(10 mm)3

5, 000 mm 4
12

F 1,200 N
M (1,200 N)(30 mm 10 mm/2) 42,000 N-mm
Stresses
axial
bending
F
1, 200 N
2.00 MPa (T)

A 600 mm 2
M c (42,000 N-mm)(10 mm/2)
42.00 MPa
I
5,000 mm 4
Normal stress at H
H 2.00 MPa 42.00 MPa 40.00 MPa 40.0 MPa (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
K 2.00 MPa 42.00 MPa 44.00 MPa 44.0 MPa (T)
Ans.
P8.62 The bracket shown in Figure P8.62 is

subjected to a load of P = 1,300 lb. The bracket
has a rectangular cross section with a width of b =
3.00 in. and a thickness of t = 0.375 in. If the
tension normal stress must be limited to 24,000
psi at section aa, what is the maximum offset
distance y that can be used?
Solution
Section properties
A (3.00 in.)(0.375 in.) 1.1250 in.
I
(3.00 in.)(0.375 in.)3

0.013184 in.4
12
FIGURE P8.62
F 1,300 lb
0.375 in.
M (1,300 lb) y
(1,300 lb) y 243.75 lb-in.
2
Stresses
axial
F
1,300 lb
1,155.5556 psi
A 1.1250 in.2
bending
Mc
(1,300 lb) y 243.75 lb-in.

0.013184 in.4
0.375 in.
(243.75 lb-in.) y 45.7031 lb-in.2

0.013184 in.4
(243.75 lb-in.) y 45.7031 lb-in.2
24,000 psi
0.013184 in.4
15.2348 lb-in.2 (243.75 lb-in.) y 45.7031 lb-in.2 316.4160 lb-in.2
1,155.5556 psi
Solve this equation for y:

316.4160 lb-in.2 45.7031 lb-in.2 15.2348 lb-in.2 255.4781 lb-in.2
y
243.75 lb-in.
243.75 lb-in.
1.048 in.
Ans.
P8.63 A load of P = 2,400 lb is applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a rectangular structural tube
as shown in Figure P8.63a. The cross-sectional dimensions of the structural tube are given in Figure
P8.63b. If a = 20 in. and b = 2 in., calculate the normal stresses produced at points H and K.
FIGURE P8.63a
FIGURE P8.63b
Solution
Section properties
A (4 in.)(6 in.) (3.75 in.)(5.75 in.) 2.4375 in.2
(4 in.)(6 in.)3 (3.75 in.)(5.75 in.)3

Iz
12.5908 in.4
12
F 2,400 lb
6 in.
M z (2,400 lb)
2 in. 12,000 lb-in.
2
Stresses
axial
bending
F
2,400 lb
984.615 psi (T)

A 2.4375 in.2
M c (12,000 lb-in.)(6 in./2)
z
2,859.2305 psi
Iz
12.5908 in.4
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 984.615 psi 2,859.2305 psi 3,843.841 psi 3,840 psi (T)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 984.615 psi 2,859.2305 psi 1,874.611 psi 1,875 psi (C)
Ans.
P8.64 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.64b is used as a short post to support a load of P = 4,600 lb.
The load P is applied at a distance of 5 in. from the surface of the flange, as shown in Figure P8.64a.
Determine the normal stresses at points H and K, which are located on section aa.
FIGURE P8.64b Cross-sectional dimensions

FIGURE P8.64a
Solution
Centroid location in x direction:
Shape
flange
stem
width b
(in.)
12
2
height h
(in.)
2
10
xi Ai
164 in.3
x
3.7273 in.
Ai
44 in.2
8.2727 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
24
20
44 in.2
xi
(from left)
(in.)
1
7
xi Ai
(in.3)
24
140
164 in.3
(from left side to centroid)

(from right side to centroid)

Shape
IC
d = xi x
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
flange
8
2.7273
178.5160
stem
166.6667
3.2727
214.2113
IC + dA
(in.4)
186.5160
380.8790
567.3940

F 4,600 lb
M z (4,600 lb)(5 in. 3.7273 in.) 40,145.455 lb-in.
Stresses
F 4,600 lb
104.545 psi
A
44 in.2
M x (40,145.455 lb-in.)( 3.7273 in.)
H ,bending z
263.720 psi
Iz
567.3940 in.4
axial
K ,bending
M z x (40,145.455 lb-in.)(8.2727 in.)
585.329 psi
Iz
567.3940 in.4
Normal stress at H
H 104.545 psi 263.720 psi 368.265 psi 368 psi (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
K 104.545 psi 585.329 psi 480.784 psi 481 psi (T)
Ans.
P8.65 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.65b is used as a short post to support a load of P. The load P is
applied at a distance of 5 in. from the surface of the flange, as shown in Figure P8.65a. The tension and
compression normal stresses in the post must be limited to 1,000 psi and 800 psi, respectively.
Determine the maximum magnitude of load P that satisfies both the tension and compression stress
limits.

FIGURE P8.65a
Solution
Shape
flange
stem
width b
(in.)
12
2
height h
(in.)
2
10
xi Ai
164 in.3
x
3.7273 in.
Ai
44 in.2
8.2727 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
24
20
44 in.2
xi
(from left)
(in.)
1
7
xi Ai
(in.3)
24
140
164 in.3


Shape
IC
d = xi x
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
flange
8
2.7273
178.5160
stem
166.6667
3.2727
214.2113
IC + dA
(in.4)
186.5160
380.8790
567.3940

FP
M z P(5 in. 3.7273 in.) (8.7273 in.)P
Stresses
F
P
(0.022727 in.2 ) P
A
44 in.2
M x (8.7273 in.)P( 3.7273 in.)
H ,bending z
(0.057331 in.2 ) P
Iz
567.3940 in.4
axial
K ,bending
M z x (8.7273 in.)P(8.2727 in.)
(0.127246 in.2 ) P
Iz
567.3940 in.4
Compression stress limit (at H)

H (0.022727 in.2 ) P (0.057331 in.2 ) P (0.080058 in.2 ) P
(0.080058 in.2 ) P 800 psi

P 9,992.76 lb
Tension stress limit (at K)
K (0.022727 in.2 ) P (0.127246 in.2 ) P (0.104519 in.2 ) P
(0.104519 in.2 ) P 1, 000 psi

P 9,567.64 lb
Maximum magnitude of load P
Pmax 9,570 lb
Ans.
P8.66 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.66b is used as a post that supports a load of P = 25 kN, which
is applied 400 mm from the flange of the tee shape, as shown in Figure P8.66a. Determine the
magnitudes and locations of the maximum tension and compression normal stresses within the vertical
portion BC of the post.
FIGURE P8.66a
Solution
Shape
stem
flange
width b
(mm)
20
120
height h
(mm)
130
20
xi Ai
505, 000 mm3

x
101.0 mm
Ai
5,000 mm2
49.0 mm
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,600
2,400
5,000
xi
(from left)
(mm)
65
140
xi Ai
(mm3)
169,000
336,000
505,000


d = xi x
Shape
IC
dA
IC + dA
4
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm )
(mm4)
stem
3,661,666.67
36.0
3,369,600.00
7,031,266.67
flange
80,000.00
39.0
3,650,400.00
3,730,400.00
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm ) = 10,761,666.67
F (25 kN) cos 35 20.4788 kN 20, 478.8 N
(vertical component)
V (25 kN) sin 35 14.3394 kN 14,339.4 N
(horizontal component)
at B M z (20, 478.8 N)(400 mm 49.0 mm) 9,194,981.2 N-mm
at C M z (20, 478.8 N)(400 mm 49.0 mm) (14,339.4 N)(1,200 mm) 8, 012, 298.8 N-mm
Normal stress at H at location B

F 20, 478.8 N
axial
4.0958 MPa
A 5, 000 mm 2
M x (9,194,981.2 N-mm)( 101.0 mm)
H ,bending z
86.2964 MPa
Iz
10,761,666.67 mm4
H 4.0958 MPa 86.2964 MPa 82.2 MPa

Normal stress at H at location C
M x (8, 012, 298.8 N-mm)( 101.0 mm)
H ,bending z
75.1967 MPa
Iz
10,761,666.67 mm4
H 4.0958 MPa 75.1967 MPa 79.3 MPa

Normal stress at K at location B
M x (9,194,981.2 N-mm)(49.0 mm)
K ,bending z
41.8666 MPa
Iz
10,761,666.67 mm4
K 4.0958 MPa 41.8666 MPa 46.0 MPa

Normal stress at K at location C
M x (8, 012, 298.8 N-mm)(49.0 mm)
K ,bending z
36.4816 MPa
Iz
10,761,666.67 mm4
K 4.0958 MPa 36.4816 MPa 32.4 MPa

Maximum tension stress
max tension 82.2 MPa (T)
at location B
Ans.
Maximum compression stress

max compression 79.3 MPa (C)
at location C
Ans.
P8.67 The steel pipe shown in Figure P8.67 has an outside diameter of
195 mm, a wall thickness of 10 mm, an elastic modulus of E = 200 GPa,
and a coefficient of thermal expansion of = 11.7 106 /C. Using a =
300 mm, b = 900 mm, and = 70, calculate the normal strains at H and K
after a load of P = 40 kN has been applied and the temperature of the pipe
has been increased by 25C.
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 195 mm 2(10 mm) 175 mm
A D 2 d 2 (195 mm) 2 (175 mm) 2 5,811.95 mm 2

4
4
D 4 d 4
(195 mm) 4 (175 mm) 4 24,936,883 mm 4
I
64
64
FIGURE P8.67

F (40,000 N)sin 70 37,587.7 N
M (40,000 N)sin 70(300 mm) (40,000 N)cos70(900 mm) 23,589,036.6 N-mm
Stresses
axial
bending
F
37,587.7 N
6.4673 MPa (C)

A 5,811.95 mm 2
Mc (23,589,036.6 N-mm)(195 mm / 2)
92.2301 MPa
I
24,936,883 mm 4
Normal stresses at H and K
H 6.4673 MPa 92.2301 MPa 98.6974 MPa

K 6.4673 MPa 92.2301 MPa 85.7628 MPa
Normal strains at H and K due to load P

98.6974 MPa
H
493.5 106 mm/mm
200,000 MPa
85.7628 MPa
K
428.8 106 mm/mm
200,000 MPa
Thermal strain
T T (11.7 106 /C)(25C) 292.5 106 mm/mm
Total normal strains at H and K due to load P and temperature change
H 493.5 292.5 201
K 428.8 292.5 721
Ans.
Ans.
P8.68 The U-shaped aluminum bar shown in

Figure P8.68 is used as a dynamometer to
determine the magnitude of the applied load P.
The aluminum [E = 70 GPa] bar has a square cross
section with dimensions a = 30 mm and b = 65
mm. The strain on the inner surface of the bar was
measured and found to be 955 What is the
magnitude of load P?
FIGURE P8.68
Solution
Section properties
A (30 mm)2 900 mm2
(30 mm)4
67,500 mm4
12

FP
M P(65 mm 30 mm/2) (80 mm)P
Stresses
axial
bending
F
P
A 900 mm 2
M c (80 mm)P(30 mm/2)
P
(17.7778 10 3 mm 2 )P
4
I
67,500 mm
56.25 mm 2
Normal stress on the inner surface

By inspection, the bending stress on the inner surface will be tension; therefore, the normal stress on the
inner surface can be expressed by:
P
P
P
2
2
900 mm
56.25 mm
52.94118 mm2
Normal strain on the inner surface
The normal strain on the inner surface was measured as 995 Use this value and the previous
expression for in Hookes Law to solve for P:
P
(70,000 N/mm 2 )(955 106 mm/mm)
2
52.94118 mm
P 3,539.118 N 3.54 kN
Ans.
P8.69 A short length of a rolled-steel [E = 29 103 ksi] column supports a rigid plate on which two
loads P and Q are applied as shown in Figure P8.69a/70a. The column cross section (Figure
P8.69b/70b) has a depth of d = 8.0 in., an area of A = 5.40 in.2, and a moment of inertia of Iz = 57.5 in.4.
Normal strains are measured with strain gages H and K, which are attached on the centerline of the outer
faces of the flanges. Load P is known to be 35 kips, and the strain in gage H is measured as H = +120
106 in./in. Using a = 6 in., determine:
(a) the magnitude of load Q.
(b) the expected strain reading for gage K.
FIGURE P8.69a/70a
FIGURE P8.69b/70b
Solution
(a) Magnitude of load Q
The axial normal stress caused at H by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at H caused by load Q will be compression, and the bending stress at H caused by load P will be
tension. The normal stress at gage H can be expressed by:
Q
P
Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
H
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
P
P (24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 ) 35 kips (35 kips)(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
8.1272 ksi
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Normal strain at H
The normal strain at H was measured as 120 106 in./in. Use this value and the previous expression
for in Hookes Law to solve for Q:
H E H
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
8.1272 ksi (29,000 ksi)(120 10 6 in./in.)

5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
1
24 in.2
Q
8.1272 ksi (29,000 ksi)(120 10 6 in./in.)

2
4
5.40 in. 57.5 in.
Q 0.6025765 in.2 4.6472 ksi
Q 7.7122 kips 7.71 kips
Ans.
(b) Expected strain reading for gage K

The axial normal stress caused at K by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at K caused by load Q will be tension, and the bending stress at K caused by load P will be
compression. The normal stress at gage K for the value of Q determined in part (a) is:
Q
P
Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
K
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
7.7122 kips 35 kips (7.7122 kip)(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) (35 kips)(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
5.40 in.2
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
1.4282 ksi 6.4815 ksi 3.2190 ksi 14.6087 ksi
19.2993 ksi
Use Hookes Law to calculate the expected strain reading at gage K.
K E K
K
E
19.2993 ksi
665.5 106 in./in. 665
29,000 ksi
Ans.
P8.70 A short length of a rolled-steel [E = 29 103 ksi] column supports a rigid plate on which two
loads P and Q are applied as shown in Figure P8.69a/70a. The column cross section (Figure
P8.69b/70b) has a depth of d = 8.0 in., an area of A = 5.40 in.2, and a moment of inertia of Iz = 57.5 in.4.
Normal strains are measured with strain gages H and K, which are attached on the centerline of the outer
faces of the flanges. The strains measured in the two gages are H = 530 106 in./in. and K = 310
106 in./in. Using a = 6.0 in., determine the magnitudes of loads P and Q.
FIGURE P8.69a/70a
FIGURE P8.69b/70b
Solution
The axial normal stress caused at H by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at H caused by load Q will be compression, and the bending stress at H caused by load P will be
tension. The normal stress at gage H can be expressed by:
P
Q
P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
H
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
P
P(24 in.2 )
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
(a)
(0.2322061 in.2 ) P (0.6025765 in.2 )Q
The axial normal stress caused at K by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at K caused by load Q will be tension, and the bending stress at K caused by load P will be
compression.
Q
P
Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
K
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
P
P(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
(b)
( 0.6025765 in.2 ) P (0.2322061 in.2 )Q
Normal stresses from measured strains
The normal strains at H and K were measured as H = 530 106 in./in. and K = 310 106 in./in.
From these values, the stresses at H and K can be calculated from Hookes Law:
H E H (29,000 ksi)( 530 106 in./in.) 15.3700 ksi
K E K (29,000 ksi)( 310 106 in./in.) 8.9900 ksi

Substitute these values in Eqs. (a) and (b), respectively, to obtain the following equations.
15.3700 ksi (0.2322061 in.2 ) P (0.6025765 in.2 )Q

2
8.9900 ksi (0.6025765 in. ) P (0.2322061 in. )Q
(c)
(d)
Solve Eqs. (c) and (d) simultaneously to obtain the values for P and Q:
Load P
15.3700 0.6025765
8.9900
0.2322061
0.6025765
0.2322061
( 15.3700)(0.2322061) ( 8.9900)( 0.60257565)
0.6025765
(0.2322061) 2 ( 0.6025765) 2
0.2322061
8.9861629
29.0645 kips 29.1 kips
0.3091788
Ans.
Load Q
0.2322061
Q
15.3700
0.6025765 8.9900
(0.2322061)( 8.9900) ( 0.60257565)( 15.3700)
0.2322061 0.6025765
(0.2322061) 2 ( 0.6025765) 2
0.6025765 0.2322061
11.3491206
36.7074 kips 36.7 kips
0.3091788
Ans.
P8.71 A beam with a box cross section is subjected to a

resultant moment magnitude of 2,100 N-m acting at the angle
shown in Figure P8.71. Determine:
(a) the maximum tension and the maximum compression
bending stresses in the beam.
(b) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the +z axis.
Show its location on a sketch of the cross section.
FIGURE P8.71
Solution
Section properties
(90 mm)(55 mm)3 (80 mm)(45 mm)3
Iy
640,312.5 mm 4
12
12
3
(55 mm)(90 mm) (45 mm)(80 mm)3
Iz
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
12
12
Moment components
M y (2,100 N-m)sin 30 1, 050 N-m
M z (2,100 N-m) cos 30 1,818.65 N-m

(a) Maximum bending stresses

For a shape having at least one axis of symmetry, Eq. (8-24) can be used to determine bending stresses.
Compute normal stress at y = 45 mm, z = 27.5 mm:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(1,050 N-m)(27.5 mm)(1,000 mm/m) ( 1,818.65 N-m)(45 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
640,312.5 mm 4
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
45.0952 MPa 57.5827 MPa
102.6779 MPa 102.7 MPa (T)
Ans.
Compute normal stress at y = 45 mm, z = 27.5 mm:

M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(1,050 N-m)( 27.5 mm)(1,000 mm/m) ( 1,818.65 N-m)( 45 mm)(1,000 mm/m)
640,312.5 mm 4
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
45.0952 MPa 57.5827 MPa
102.6779 MPa 102.7 MPa (C)
Ans.
(b) Orientation of neutral axis

For a shape having at least one axis of symmetry, Eq. (8-25) can be used to determine the orientation of
the neutral axis:
M yIz
(1,050 N-m)(1,421,250.0 mm 4 )
tan
1.2815
M z I y ( 1,818.65 N-m)(640,312.5 mm 4 )
52.03
(i.e., 52.03 CCW from z axis)
Ans.
P8.72 The moment acting on the cross section of

the T-beam has a magnitude of 22 kip-ft and is
oriented as shown in Figure P8.72. Determine:
(a) the bending stress at point H.
(b) the bending stress at point K.
(c) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the
+z axis. Show its location on a sketch of the cross
section.
FIGURE P8.72
Solution
Section properties
Shape
top flange
stem
Width b
(in.)
7.00
0.75
Height h
(in.)
1.25
7.75
yi Ai
95.80469 in.3
y
6.5789 in.
Ai
14.5625 in.2
2.4211 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
8.7500
5.8125
14.5625
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
8.375
3.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
73.28125
22.52344
95.80469


d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
1.1393
1.7961
28.2273
stem
29.0928
2.7039
42.4956
IC + dA
(in.4)
29.3666
71.5884
100.9550
Moment of inertia about the y axis:

(1.25 in.)(7.00 in.)3 (7.75 in.)(0.75 in.)3
Iy
36.0016 in.4
12
12
Moment components
M y (22 kip-ft) cos 55 12.6187 kip-ft 151.4242 kip-in.
M z (22 kip-ft)sin 55 18.0213 kip-ft 216.2561 kip-in.
(a) Bending stress at H

To compute the normal stress at H, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.4211 in. and z = 3.5 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
( 151.4242 kip-in.)( 3.50 in.) ( 216.2561 kip-in.)(2.4211 in.)
36.0016 in.4
100.9550 in.4
14.7211 ksi 5.1862 ksi
19.9074 ksi 19.91 ksi (T)
Ans.
(b) Bending stress at K

To compute the normal stress at K, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 6.5789 in. and z = 0.375 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
( 151.4242 kip-in.)(0.375 in.) ( 216.2561 kip-in.)( 6.5789 in.)
36.0016 in.4
100.9550 in.4
1.5773 ksi 14.0927 ksi
15.6700 ksi 15.67 ksi (C)
Ans.
(c) Orientation of neutral axis

the neutral axis:
M y I z ( 151.4242 kip-in.)(100.9550 in.4 )
tan
1.9635
MzIy
( 216.2561 kip-in.)(36.0016 in.4 )
63.01
(i.e., 63.01 CW from z axis)
Ans.
P8.73 A beam with a box cross section is subjected

to a resultant moment magnitude of 75 kip-in.
acting at the angle shown in Figure P8.73.
Determine:
(c) the maximum tension and the maximum
compression bending stresses in the beam.
(d) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the
section.
Figure P8.73
Solution
Section properties
(4 in.)(6 in.)3 (3.25 in.)(5.25 in.)3
Iy
32.8096 in.4
12
12
3
(6 in.)(4 in.) (5.25 in.)(3.25 in.)3
Iz
16.9814 in.4
12
12
Moment components
M y (75 kip-in.) cos 20 70.4769 kip-in.
M z (75 kip-in.)sin 20 25.6515 kip-in.

To compute the normal stress at H, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.0 in. and z = 3.0 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(70.4769 kip-in.)( 3.0 in.) (25.6515 kip-in.)( 2.0 in.)
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
3.4231 ksi 3.42 ksi (C)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.0 in. and z = 3.0 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(70.4769 kip-in.)(3.0 in.) (25.6515 kip-in.)(2.0 in.)
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
3.4231 ksi 3.42 ksi (T)
Ans.
(c) Maximum bending stresses

The maximum tension normal stress occurs at the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.0 in. and z = 3.0 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(70.4769 kip-in.)(3.0 in.) (25.6515 kip-in.)( 2.0 in.)
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
9.4653 ksi 9.47 ksi (T)
Ans.
The maximum compression normal stress occurs at the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.0 in. and z = 3.0 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(70.4769 kip-in.)( 3.0 in.) (25.6515 kip-in.)(2.0 in.)
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
9.4653 ksi 9.47 ksi (C)
Ans.
(d) Orientation of neutral axis

the neutral axis:
M y I z (70.4769 kip-in.)(16.9814 in.4 )
tan
1.4220
M z I y (25.6515 kip-in.)(32.8096 in.4 )
54.88
Ans.
P8.74 The moment acting on the cross section of the

wide-flange beam has a magnitude of M = 12 kN-m and
is oriented as shown in Figure P8.74/75. Determine:
(c) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the +z
axis. Show its location on a sketch of the cross section.
FIGURE P8.74/75
Solution
Section properties
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
web
4,860,000
0
0
bottom flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
IC + dA
(mm4)
30,003,750
4,860,000
30,003,750
64,867,500

(15 mm)(210 mm)3 (180 mm)(10 mm)3
Iy 2
23,167,500 mm4
12
12
Moment components
M y (12 kN-m)sin 35 6.8829 kN-m 6.8829 106 N-mm
M z (12 kN-m) cos 35 9.8298 kN-m 9.8298 106 N-mm

To compute the normal stress at H, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 105 mm and z = 105 mm:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(6.8829 106 N-mm)( 105 mm) (9.8298 106 N-mm)(105 mm)
23,167,500 mm 4
64, 867,500 mm 4
31.1948 MPa 15.9114 MPa
47.1062 MPa 47.1 MPa (C)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use the (y, z) coordinates y = 105 mm and z = 105 mm:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(6.8829 106 N-mm)(105 mm) (9.8298 106 N-mm)( 105 mm)
23,167,500 mm 4
64,867,500 mm 4
31.1948 MPa 15.9114 MPa
47.1062 MPa 47.1 MPa (T)
Ans.
(b) Orientation of neutral axis

the neutral axis:
M y I z (6.8829 kN-m)(64,867,500 mm 4 )
tan
1.9605
M z I y (9.8298 kN-m)(23,167,500 mm4 )
62.98
Ans.
P8.75 For the cross section shown in Figure

P8.74/75, determine the maximum magnitude of the
bending moment M so that the bending stress in the
wide-flange shape does not exceed 165 MPa.
FIGURE P8.74/75
Solution
Section properties
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
web
4,860,000
0
0
bottom flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
IC + dA
(mm4)
30,003,750
4,860,000
30,003,750
64,867,500

(15 mm)(210 mm)3 (180 mm)(10 mm)3
Iy 2
23,167,500 mm4
12
12
Moment components
M y M sin 35
M z M cos35

The maximum tension bending stress should occur at point K, which has the (y, z) coordinates y = 105
mm and z = 105 mm:
M z M y M sin 35(105 mm) M cos 35( 105 mm)
x y z
165 MPa
Iy
Iz
23,167,500 mm4
64,867,500 mm4
M 2.59957 106 mm 3 1.32595 106 mm3 165 N/mm2

M 42.0327 106 N-mm 42.0 kN-m
Ans.
P8.76 The unequal-leg angle is subjected to a bending

moment of Mz = 20 kip-in. that acts at the orientation
shown in Figure P8.76/77. Determine:
compression bending stresses in the cross section.
(d) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the +z
axis. Show its location on a sketch of the cross section.
FIGURE P8.76/77
Solution
Section properties
Shape
Width b
(in.)
0.375
2.625
upright leg
bottom leg
y
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(in.)
4.000
0.375
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.5000
0.9844
2.4844
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.00
0.1875
yi Ai
(in.3)
3.00
0.18457
3.18457
3.18457 in.3
1.2818 in.(from bottom of shape to centroid)
2.4844 in.2
2.7182 in.
Centroid location in z direction:

Shape
zi
(from right edge)
(in.)
0.1875
1.6875
Area Ai
(in.2)
upright leg
1.5000
bottom leg
0.9844
2.4844
zi Ai 1.94243 in.3
z
0.7818 in.
Ai
2.4844 in.2
2.2182 in.
z i Ai
(in.3)
0.2813
1.6612
1.94243
(from right edge of shape to centroid)

(from left edge of shape to centroid)

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
upright leg
2.000
0.7182
0.77372
bottom leg
0.011536
1.0943
1.17881
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.7737
1.1903
3.9640

Shape
IC
d = zi z
dA
(in.4)
(in.)
(in.4)
upright leg
0.017578
0.5943
0.52979
bottom leg
0.565247
0.9057
0.80750
Moment of inertia about the y axis (in.4) =
Product of inertia about the centroidal axes:
Shape
Iyz
yc
zc
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.)
upright leg
0
0.7182
0.5943
bottom leg
0
1.0943
0.9057
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.5474
1.3727
1.9201
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.5000
0.6402
0.9844
0.9757
Product of inertia (in.4) =
Iyz
(in.4)
0.6402
0.9757
1.6159

Since the angle shape has no axis of symmetry, Eq. (8.21) or Eq. (8.22) must be used to determine the
bending stresses. Equation (8.22) will be used here. Note that the bending moment component about
the y axis is zero (i.e., My = 0); therefore, the first term in Eq. (8.22) is eliminated. To compute the
normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 2.7182 in. and z = 0.4068 in.:
I y I yz z
x y
Mz
2
I y I z I yz
(1.9201 in.4 )(2.7182 in.) ( 1.6159 in.4 )( 0.4068 in.)
(20 kip-in.)
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
5
4.5619 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
18.2469 ksi 18.25 ksi (C)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 0.9068 in. and z = 2.2182 in.:
I y I yz z
x y
Mz
2
I y I z I yz
(1.9201 in.4 )( 0.9068 in.) ( 1.6159 in.4 )(2.2182 in.)
(20 kip-in.)
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
5
1.8432 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
7.3728 ksi 7.37 ksi (C)
Ans.

Since the angle shape has no axis of symmetry, Eq. (8.23) must be used to determine the orientation of
the neutral axis:
M y I z M z I yz (20 kip-in.)( 1.6159 in.4 )
tan
0.8416
M z I y M y I yz
(20 kip-in.)(1.9201 in.4 )
40.08
Ans.
(c) Maximum bending stresses

Sketch the orientation of the neutral axis. By inspection, the points on the angle cross section that are
farthest from the neutral axis are point H and the corner of the angle. The bending stress at H has
already been computed. To compute the normal stress at the corner of the angle, use (y, z) coordinates
of y = 1.2818 in. and z = 0.7818 in.
I y I yz z
x y
Mz
2
I y I z I yz
(1.9201 in.4 )( 1.2818 in.) ( 1.6159 in.4 )( 0.7818 in.)
(20 kip-in.)
4
4
4 2
(1.9201
in.
)(3.9640
in.
)
1.6159
in.
)
5
3.7245 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
14.8977 ksi 14.90 ksi (T)
Therefore, the maximum compression bending stress is:
x 18.25 ksi (C)
Ans.
and the maximum tension bending stress is:

x 14.90 ksi (T)
Ans.

unequal-leg angle shape does not exceed 24 ksi.
FIGURE P8.76/77
Solution
Section properties
Shape
Width b
(in.)
0.375
2.625
upright leg
bottom leg
y
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(in.)
4.000
0.375
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.5000
0.9844
2.4844
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.00
0.1875
yi Ai
(in.3)
3.00
0.18457
3.18457
3.18457 in.3
1.2818 in.(from bottom of shape to centroid)
2.4844 in.2
2.7182 in.

Shape
zi
(from right edge)
(in.)
0.1875
1.6875
Area Ai
(in.2)
upright leg
1.5000
bottom leg
0.9844
2.4844
zi Ai 1.94243 in.3
z
0.7818 in.
Ai
2.4844 in.2
2.2182 in.
z i Ai
(in.3)
0.2813
1.6612
1.94243


d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
upright leg
2.000
0.7182
0.77372
bottom leg
0.011536
1.0943
1.17881
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.7737
1.1903
3.9640

Shape
IC
d = zi z
dA
(in.4)
(in.)
(in.4)
upright leg
0.017578
0.5943
0.52979
bottom leg
0.565247
0.9057
0.80750
Shape
Iyz
yc
zc
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.)
upright leg
0
0.7182
0.5943
bottom leg
0
1.0943
0.9057
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.5474
1.3727
1.9201
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.5000
0.6402
0.9844
0.9757
Iyz
(in.4)
0.6402
0.9757
1.6159
Orientation of neutral axis

Since the angle shape has no axis of symmetry, it is helpful to determine the orientation of the neutral
axis from Eq. (8.23) before beginning the stress calculations:
M y I z M z I yz (20 kip-in.)( 1.6159 in.4 )
tan
0.8416
M z I y M y I yz
(20 kip-in.)(1.9201 in.4 )
40.08
Allowable moments based on maximum tension and compression bending stresses

farthest from the neutral axis are point H and the corner of the angle. To compute the normal stress at
H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 2.7182 in. and z = 0.4068 in.:
I y y I yz z
(1.9201 in.4 )(2.7182 in.) ( 1.6159 in.4 )( 0.4068 in.)
x
Mz
Mz
2
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
I y I z I yz
4.5619 in.5
M z (0.9124 in.3 )M z
8
5.0001 in.
Therefore, based on an allowable bending stress of 24 ksi at H, the maximum magnitude of Mz is:
(0.9124 in.3 )M z 24 ksi

M z 26.3054 kip-in.
(a)
To compute the normal stress at the corner of the angle, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 1.2818 in. and z =
0.7818 in.
I y y I yz z
(1.9201 in.4 )( 1.2818 in.) (1.6159 in.4 )( 0.7818 in.)
x
Mz
Mz
2
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
I y I z I yz
3.7245 in.5
M z (0.7449 in.3 ) M z
8
5.0001 in.
Therefore, based on the bending stress at the corner of the angle, the maximum magnitude of Mz is:
(0.7449 in.3 )M z 24 ksi
M z 32.2197 kip-in.
(b)
Maximum bending moment Mz

Compare the results in Eqs. (a) and (b) to find that the maximum bending moment that can be applied to
the angle shape is:
Ans.
M z 26.3 kip-in.

the zee shape has a magnitude of M = 40 kN-m
and is oriented as shown in Figure P8.78.
Determine:
(d) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to
the +z axis. Show its location on a sketch of the
cross section.
FIGURE P8.78
Solution
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm )
(mm4)
top flange
130,208.3
112.5
2,500
31,640,625.0
web
10,666,666.7
0
3,200
0
bottom flange
130,208.3
112.5
2,500
31,640,625.0
IC + dA
(mm4)
31,770,883.3
10,666,666.7
31,770,883.3
74,208,333.3

Shape
IC
d = zi z
Area Ai
dA
IC + dA
4
2
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm )
(mm )
(mm4)
top flange
2,083,333.3
42.0
2,500
4,410,000
6,493,333.3
web
68,266.7
0
3,200
0
68,266.7
bottom flange
2,083,333.3
42.0
2,500
4,410,000
6,493,333.3
Moment of inertia about the y axis (mm4) = 13,054,933.3
Shape
yc
zc
(mm)
(mm)
top flange
112.5
42.0
web
0
0
bottom flange
112.5
42.0
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
Iyz
(mm2)
(mm4)
(mm4)
2,500
11,812,500
11,812,500
3,200
0
0
2,500
11,812,500
11,812,500
Product of inertia (mm4) = 23,625,000
Moment components
M y (40 kN-m)sin15 10.3528 kN-m 10.3528 106 N-mm
M z (40 kN-m) cos15 38.6370 kN-m 38.6370 106 N-mm

Since the zee shape has no axis of symmetry, Eq. (8.21) or Eq. (8.22) must be used to determine the
bending stresses. Equation (8.21) will be used here.
M z I y M y I yz y M y I z M z I yz z
x
I y I z I yz2
I y I z I yz2
(38.6370 106 N-mm)(13,054,933.3 mm 4 ) ( 10.3528 106 N-mm)(23,625,000 mm 4 )

y
(13,054,933.3 mm 4 )(74,208,333.3 mm 4 ) ( 23,625,000 mm 4 ) 2
(10.3528 106 N-mm)(74,208,333.3 mm 4 ) (38.6370 106 N-mm)( 23,625,000 mm 4 )
z
(13,054,933.3 mm 4 )(74,208,333.3 mm 4 ) ( 23,625,000 mm 4 ) 2
3
3
(0.63271 N/mm ) y (0.35197 N/mm )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 92 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )(125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )( 92 mm)
46.7073 MPa 46.7 MPa (T)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 92 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )( 125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )(92 mm)
46.7073 MPa 46.7 MPa (C)
Ans.

Since the zee shape has no axis of symmetry, it is helpful to determine the orientation of the neutral axis
from Eq. (8.23) to help identify points of maximum stress.
M y I z M z I yz
tan
M z I y M y I yz
( 10.3528 kN-m)(74,208,333.3 mm 4 ) ( 38.6370 kN-m)( 23,625,000 mm 4 )
( 38.6370 kN-m)(13,054,933.3 mm 4 ) ( 10.3528 kN-m)( 23,625,000 mm 4 )
0.55629
29.09
(c) Maximum tension and compression bending stresses

Sketch the orientation of the neutral axis. By inspection, the points on the zee cross section that are
farthest from the neutral axis are on the top and bottom surfaces at the outside corners of the web. To
compute bending stresses at the upper point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 8 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )(125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )(8 mm)
81.9045 MPa 81.9 MPa (T)
Maximum tension bending stress
Ans.
To compute bending stresses at the lower point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 8 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )( 125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )( 8 mm)
81.9045 MPa 81.9 MPa (C)
Maximum compression bending stress
Ans.

the unequal-leg angle has a magnitude of 14 kN-m
and is oriented as shown in Figure P8.79.
Determine:
(d) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to the
section.
FIGURE P8.79
Solution
Section properties
Shape
Width b
(mm)
150
19
horizontal leg
vertical leg
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(mm)
19
181
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,850
3,439
6,289
854,154.5 mm3
135.82 mm
6,289 mm 2
64.18 mm
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
190.50
90.50
yi Ai
(mm3)
542,925.0
311,229.5
854,154.5


Shape
horizontal leg
vertical leg
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,850
3,439
6,289
zi
(from right edge)
(mm)
75.0
9.5
zi Ai
246, 420.5 mm3

z
39.18 mm
Ai
6,289 mm 2
110.82 mm
z i Ai
(mm3)
213,750.0
32,670.5
246,420.5

d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
horizontal leg
85,737.50
54.68
8,522,088.15
vertical leg
9,388,756.58
45.32
7,062,503.99
IC + dA
(mm4)
8,607,825.65
16,451,260.58
25,059,086.23

Shape
IC
d = zi z
dA
(mm4)
(mm)
(mm4)
horizontal leg
5,343,750.00
35.82
3,656,188.87
vertical leg
103,456.58
29.68
3,029,990.78
Moment of inertia about the y axis (mm4) =
Shape
Iyz
yc
zc
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm)
horizontal leg
0
54.68
35.82
vertical leg
0
45.32
29.68
IC + dA
(mm4)
8,999,938.87
3,133,447.36
12,133,386.23
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
Iyz
2
4
(mm )
(mm )
(mm4)
2,850
5,582,117.16
5,582,117.16
3,439
4,625,790.65
4,625,790.65
4
Product of inertia (mm ) = 10,207,907.81
Since the angle shape has no axis of symmetry, Eq. (8.21) or Eq. (8.22) must be used to determine the
M z I y M y I yz y M y I z M z I yz z
x
I y I z I yz2
I y I z I yz2
(14 106 N-mm)(12,133,386.23 mm 4 )

y
4
4
4 2
(12,133,386.23 mm )(25,059,086.23 mm ) (10, 207,907.81 mm )
(14 106 N-mm)(10, 207,907.81 mm 4 )
z
4
4
4 2
(12,133,386.23 mm )(25,059,086.23 mm ) (10, 207,907.81 mm )
(0.84997 N/mm3 ) y (0.71509 N/mm 3 )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 45.18 mm and z = 110.82 mm:
x ( 0.84997 N/mm3 )(45.18 mm) (0.71509 N/mm3 )(110.82 mm)
40.8444 MPa 40.8 MPa (T)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 64.18 mm and z = 39.18 mm:
x ( 0.84997 N/mm3 )(64.18 mm) (0.71509 N/mm3 )( 39.18 mm)
82.5685 MPa 82.6 MPa (C)
Ans.

axis from Eq. (8.23) to help identify points of maximum stress.
M y I z M z I yz
tan
M z I y M y I yz
(14 kN-m)(10, 207,907.81 mm 4 )
(14 kN-m)(12,133,386.23 mm 4 )
0.84131
40.07

farthest from the neutral axis are on the top corner (at K) and on the inside corner of the vertical leg.
To compute bending stresses at the lower point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 135.82 mm and z = 20.18
mm:
x ( 0.84997 N/mm3 )( 135.82 mm) (0.71509 N/mm3 )( 20.18 mm)
101.0129 MPa 101.0 MPa (T)
Ans.
The maximum compression bending stress is

x ( 0.84997 N/mm3 )(64.18 mm) (0.71509 N/mm3 )( 39.18 mm)
82.5685 MPa 82.6 MPa (C)
Ans.

the zee shape has a magnitude of M = 4.75 kip-ft
and is oriented as shown in Figure P8.80/81.
Determine:
(d) the orientation of the neutral axis relative to
the +z axis. Show its location on a sketch of the
cross section.
FIGURE P8.80/81
Solution
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
web
3.6458
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
IC + dA
(in.4)
9.4792
3.6458
9.4792
22.6042

Shape
IC
d = zi z
Area Ai
dA
(in.4)
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.6510
1.075
1.25
1.4445
web
68,266.7
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.6510
1.075
1.25
1.4445
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.0956
0.0179
2.0956
4.2091

Shape
yc
zc
(in.)
(in.)
top flange
2.75
1.075
web
0
0
bottom flange
2.75
1.075
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.25
3.6953
1.75
0
1.25
3.6953
Iyz
(in.4)
3.6953
0
3.6953
7.3906

M I
z y
M y I yz y
I yIz I
2
yz
I M z I yz z
y z
I y I z I yz2
(4.75 kip-ft)(12 in./ft)(4.2091 in.4 )
( 4.75 kip-ft)(12 in./ft)(7.3906 in.4 )

y
4
4
4 2
4
4
4 2
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(5.92065 kips/in.3 ) y (10.39584 kips/in.3 )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 2.325 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )(3 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )(2.325 in.)
6.4084 ksi 6.41 ksi (C)
Ans.

To compute the normal stress at K, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 2.50 in. and z = 2.325 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )( 2.50 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )( 2.325 in.)
9.3687 ksi 9.37 ksi (T)
Ans.

Since the zee shape has no axis of symmetry, it is helpful to determine the orientation of the neutral axis
from Eq. (8.23) to help identify points of maximum stress.
M y I z M z I yz
tan
M z I y M y I yz
( 4.75 kip-ft)(7.3906 in.4 )
( 4.75 kip-ft)(4.2091 in.4 )
1.7559
60.34

compute bending stresses at the upper point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 0.175 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )(3 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )( 0.175 in.)
19.5812 ksi 19.58 ksi (T)
Ans.
To compute bending stresses at the lower point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 0.175 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )( 3 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )(0.175 in.)
19.5812 ksi 19.58 ksi (C)
Ans.

zee shape does not exceed 24 ksi.
FIGURE P8.80/81
Solution
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
web
3.6458
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
IC + dA
(in.4)
9.4792
3.6458
9.4792
22.6042

Shape
IC
d = zi z
Area Ai
dA
(in.4)
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.6510
1.075
1.25
1.4445
web
68,266.7
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.6510
1.075
1.25
1.4445
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.0956
0.0179
2.0956
4.2091

Shape
yc
zc
(in.)
(in.)
top flange
2.75
1.075
web
0
0
bottom flange
2.75
1.075
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.25
3.6953
1.75
0
1.25
3.6953
Iyz
(in.4)
3.6953
0
3.6953
7.3906
Bending stresses in the section

bending stresses. Equation (8.21) will be used here. For this problem, My = 0 and from the sketch, Mz is
observed to be negative. The bending stress in the zee cross section is described by:
M I
z y
M y I yz y
I yIz I
2
yz
I M z I yz z
y z
I y I z I yz2
M z (4.2091 in.4 )
M z (7.3906 in.4 )

y
4
4
4 2
4
4
4 2
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(0.103871 in.4 ) M z y (0.182383 in.4 )M z z
M z (0.103871 in.4 ) y (0.182383 in.4 )z
Orientation of neutral axis

axis from Eq. (8.23) before beginning the stress calculations:
M y I z M z I yz M z (7.3906 in.4 )
tan
1.7559
M z I y M y I yz M z (4.2091 in.4 )
60.34
Allowable moments based on maximum tension and compression bending stresses

compute bending stresses at the upper point, coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 0.175 in. are used. Set the
bending stress at this point to the 24-ksi allowable bending stress and solve for the moment magnitude:
x M z (0.103871 in.4 )(3 in.) (0.182383 in.4 )( 0.175 in.) 24 ksi
Mz
24 ksi
69.86287 kip-in. 5.82 kip-ft
0.343530 in.3
Ans.
P8.82 A stainless-steel spring (shown in Figure

P8.82/83) has a thickness of in. and a change
in depth at section B from D = 1.50 in. to d =
1.25 in. The radius of the fillet between the two
sections is r = 0.125 in. If the bending moment
applied to the spring is M = 2,000 lb-in.,
determine the maximum normal stress in the
spring.
FIGURE P8.82/83
Solution
From Figure 8.18
r 0.125 in.
0.10
d 1.25 in.
D 1.50 in.
1.20
d 1.25 in.
K 1.69
Moment of inertia at minimum depth section:

(0.75 in.)(1.25 in.)3
I
0.122070 in.4
12
Nominal bending stress at minimum depth section:
My (2,000 lb-in.)(1.25 in./2)
nom
10.2400 ksi
I
0.122070 in.4
Maximum bending stress:
max K nom 1.69(10.2400 ksi) 17.3056 ksi 17.31 ksi
Ans.
P8.83 An alloy-steel spring (shown in Figure

P8.82/83) has a thickness of 25 mm and a change
in depth at section B from D = 75 mm to d = 50
mm. If the radius of the fillet between the two
sections is r = 8 mm, determine the maximum
moment that the spring can resist if the maximum
bending stress in the spring must not exceed 120
MPa.
FIGURE P8.82/83
Solution
From Figure 8.18
r
8 mm
0.16
d 50 mm
D 75 mm
1.50
d 50 mm
K 1.57
Determine maximum nominal bending stress:
120 MPa
nom max
76.4331 MPa
K
1.57
(25 mm)(50 mm)3
I
260,416.67 mm4
12
Maximum bending moment:
I (76.4331 N/mm2 )(260,416.67 mm 4 )
M max nom
796,178.3 N-mm 796 N-m
y
50 mm/2
Ans.
P8.84 The notched bar shown in Figure P8.84/85

is subjected to a bending moment of M = 300 Nm. The major bar width is D = 75 mm, the minor
bar width at the notches is d = 50 mm, and the
radius of each notch is r = 10 mm. If the
maximum bending stress in the bar must not
exceed 90 MPa, determine the minimum required
bar thickness b.
FIGURE P8.84/85
Solution
From Figure 8.17
r 10 mm
0.20
d 50 mm
D 75 mm
1.50
d 50 mm
K 1.76
Determine maximum nominal bending stress:
90 MPa
nom max
51.1364 MPa
K
1.76
Minimum bar thickness b:
M y M (d /2) 6M
nom
I
bd 3 /12 bd 2
6M
6(300 N-m)(1,000 mm/m)
b
14.08 mm
2
nom d
(51.1364 N/mm 2 )(50 mm) 2
Ans.
P8.85 The machine part shown in Figure P8.84/85 is

made of cold-rolled 18-8 stainless steel (see Appendix
D for properties). The major bar width is D = 1.50 in.,
the minor bar width at the notches is d = 1.00 in., the
radius of each notch is r = 0.125 in., and the bar
thickness is b = 0.25 in. Determine the maximum safe
moment M that may be applied to the bar if a factor of
safety of 2.5 with respect to failure by yield is specified.
FIGURE P8.84/85
Solution
From Figure 8.17
r 0.125 in.
0.125
d 1.00 in.
D 1.50 in.
1.50
d 1.00 in.
K 2.05

(0.25 in.)(1.00 in.)3
I
0.020833 in.4
12
Maximum allowable bending moment:
From the specified factor of safety and the yield stress of the material, the allowable bending stress is:
165 ksi
allow Y
66 ksi
FS
2.5
Thus, the maximum allowable bending moment can be determined from:
My
allow K
I
I (66 ksi)(0.020833 in.4 )
M max allow
1.3415 kip-in. 111.8 lb-ft
Ky
(2.05)(1.00 in./2)
Ans.
P8.86 The shaft shown in Figure P8.86/87 is

supported at each end by self-aligning bearings.
The major shaft diameter is D = 2.00 in., the
minor shaft diameter is d = 1.50 in., and the
radius of the fillet between the major and minor
diameter sections is r = 0.125 in. The shaft
length is L = 24 in. and the fillets are located at x
= 8 in. and x = 16 in. Determine the maximum
load P that may be applied to the shaft if the
maximum normal stress must be limited to
24,000 psi.
FIGURE P8.86/87
Solution
From Figure 8.20
r 0.125 in.
0.083
d 1.50 in.
D 2.00 in.
1.33
d 1.50 in.
K 1.78
Moment of inertia at minimum diameter section:
64
(1.50 in.)4 0.248505 in.4

My
allow K
I
I (24,000 psi)(0.248505 in.4 )
M max allow
4,467.50 lb-in.
Ky
(1.78)(1.50 in./2)
Bending moment at x = 8 in.:
P
P
M x (8 in.) P(4 in.)
2
2
Maximum load P:
P(4 in.) 4,467.50 lb-in.
P 1,116.88 lb 1,117 lb
Ans.
Check stress at midspan:

PL (1,116.88 lb)(24 in.)
M midspan
6,701.28 lb-in.
4
4
I
midspan
(2.00 in.) 4 0.785398 in.4

64
M y (6,701.28 lb-in.)(2.00 in./2)
8,532 psi 24,000 psi

I
0.785398 in.4
OK
P8.87 The C86100 bronze (see Appendix D for

properties) shaft shown in Figure P8.86/87 is
supported at each end by self-aligning bearings.
The major shaft diameter is D = 40 mm, the minor
shaft diameter is d = 25 mm, and the radius of the
fillet between the major and minor diameter
sections is r = 5 mm. The shaft length is L = 500
mm and the fillets are located at x = 150 mm and x
= 350 mm. Determine the maximum load P that
may be applied to the shaft if a factor of safety of
3.0 with respect to failure by yield is specified.
FIGURE P8.86/87
Solution
From Figure 8.20
r
5 mm
0.20
d 25 mm
D 40 mm
1.60
d 25 mm
K 1.48
64
(25 mm)4 19,174.76 mm4
331 MPa
allow yield
110.33 MPa
FS
3.0
My
allow K
I
I (110.33 N/mm 2 )(19,174.76 mm 4 )
M max allow
114,357.58 N-mm
Ky
(1.48)(25 mm/2)
Bending moment at x = 150 mm:
P
P
M x (150 mm) P(75 mm)
2
2
Maximum load P:
P(75 mm) 114,357.58 N-mm
P 1,524.77 N 1,525 N
Ans.
Check stress at midspan:

PL (1,524.77 N)(500 mm)
M midspan
190,596.25 N-mm
4
4
I
midspan
(40 mm) 4 125,663.71 mm 4
64
M y (190,596.25 N-mm)(40 mm/2)
30.33 MPa 110.33 MPa

I
125,663.71 mm 4
OK
P8.88 The machine shaft shown in Figure P8.88/89

is made of 1020 cold-rolled steel (see Appendix D
for properties). The major shaft diameter is D =
1.000 in., the minor shaft diameter is d = 0.625 in.,
and the radius of the fillet between the major and
minor diameter sections is r = 0.0625 in. The fillet
is located at x = 4 in. from C. If a load of P = 125
lb is applied at C, determine the factor of safety
with respect to failure by yield in the fillet at B.
FIGURE P8.88/89
Solution
For 1020 cold-rolled steel:
Y 62,000 psi
From Figure 8.20
r 0.0625 in.
0.10
d
0.625 in.
D 1.000 in.
1.6
d 0.625 in.
K 1.74
64
(0.625 in.)4 0.0074901 in.4
Bending moment at x = 4 in.:

M Px (125 lb)(4 in.) 500 lb-in.
Maximum bending stress:
My
(500 lb-in.)(0.625 in./2)
max K
(1.74)
36,297.7 psi
I
0.0074901 in.4
Factor of safety:
62,000 psi
FS Y
1.708
max 36,297.7 psi
Ans.
P8.89 The machine shaft shown in Figure P8.88/89

is made of 1020 cold-rolled steel (see Appendix D
for properties). The major shaft diameter is D = 30
mm, the minor shaft diameter is d = 20 mm, and
the radius of the fillet between the major and minor
diameter sections is r = 3 mm. The fillet is located
at x = 90 mm from C. Determine the maximum
load P that can be applied to the shaft at C if a
factor of safety of 1.5 with respect to failure by
yield is specified for the fillet at B.
FIGURE P8.88/89
Solution
From Figure 8.20
r
3 mm
0.15
d 20 mm
D 30 mm
1.5
d 20 mm
K 1.58
64
(20 mm)4 7,853.98 mm4
427 MPa
allow Y
284.6667 MPa
FS
1.5
My
allow K
I
I (284.6667 N/mm 2 )(7,853.98 mm 4 )
M max allow
141,504.2261 N-mm
Ky
(1.58)(20 mm/2)
Bending moment at x = 90 mm:
M Px P(90 mm)
Maximum load P:
P(90 mm) 141,504.2261 N-mm
P 1,572.3 N 1,572 N
Ans.
P8.90 The grooved shaft shown in Figure P8.90 is

made of C86100 bronze (see Appendix D for
properties). The major shaft diameter is D = 50 mm,
the minor shaft diameter at the groove is d = 34 mm,
and the radius of the groove is r = 4 mm. Determine
the maximum allowable moment M that may be
applied to the shaft if a factor of safety of 1.5 with
respect to failure by yield is specified.
FIGURE P8.90
Solution
From Figure 8.19
r
4 mm
0.118
d 34 mm
D 50 mm
1.471
d 34 mm
K 1.96
64
(34 mm)4 65,597.24 mm4
331 MPa
allow Y
220.6667 MPa
FS
1.5
My
allow K
I
allow I (220.6667 N/mm 2 )(65,597.24 mm4 )
M max
Ky
(1.96)(34 mm/2)
434,427.5 N-mm 434 N-m
Ans.

ch08 - Mechanics Book

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

ch08 - Mechanics Book

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

P8.1 During fabrication of a laminated timber arch, one of the 10 in. wide by 1 in.

thick Douglas fir [E =

12,000 MPa 7 MPa 10,000 mm

Moment of inertia about the z axis:

(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 175 mm 25 mm 110 mm = 40 mm)

(12 kN-m)(40 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)

25.743 MPa 25.7 MPa (C)

(c) Maximum bending stress:

(12 kN-m)( 110 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)

70.793 MPa 70.8 MPa (T)

Moment of inertia about the z axis:

(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 2 in.)

( 6.5 kip-ft)( 2 in.)(12 in./ft)

1, 249 psi 1, 249 psi (C)

(c) Maximum bending stress:

( 6.5 kip-ft)( 4.7 in.)(12 in./ft)

2,935.9 psi 2,940 psi (C)

19.67 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of section)

Moment of inertia about the z axis:

(b) Bending stress at point H: (y = 8 mm 19.672 mm = 11.672 mm)

(470 N-m)( 11.672 mm)(1,000 mm/m)

21.293 MPa 21.3 MPa (T)

(c) Maximum bending stress:

(470 N-m)(30.328 mm)(1,000 mm/m)

55.328 MPa 55.3 MPa (C)

6.077 in. 6.08 in.

(measured upward from bottom edge of bottom

Bending stress at point H:

967.9544 psi 968 psi (T)

666.2543 psi 666 psi (C)

Maximum bending stress

1,294.8 psi 1,295 psi (T)

1,294.8 psi 1,295 psi

P8.9 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are shown

33.864 mm 33.9 mm (measured upward from bottom of section)

(b) Bending stress at point H:

130.755 MPa 130.8 MPa (T)

P8.10 The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam shown in Figure

(4,500 psi)(6.4401 in.4 )

(b) Bending stress at point K:

P8.11 The dimensions of the double-box beam cross section

(17 N/mm 2 )(710,488 mm 4 )

483,131.8 N-mm 483 N-m

P8.12 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are shown in

(a) Determine maximum tension bending stress:

8.578 ksi 8.58 ksi (T)

4.258 ksi 4.26 ksi (C)

P8.13 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are

(b) Maximum internal bending moment Mz:

(165 N/mm 2 )(402,238,667 mm 4 )

P8.14 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are

(b) Maximum bending moment Mz:

(165 N/mm 2 )(19,471,680 mm 4 )

P8.15 The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam shown in

Moment of inertia about the z axis:

(a) Maximum tension bending stress:

(b) Maximum compression bending stress:

P8.16 The cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are

1.0253 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)

(a) Maximum tension bending stress:

3,266.446 psi 3,270 psi (T)

4,698.164 psi 4,700 psi (C)

617, 700 mm3