MCs 2 HowMCsWork

Electrical Energy
Conversion and
Power Systems
Universidad
de Oviedo
Lesson 2 How Computers Work

Semester 1 Microcontrollers
Lecturers: Juan Daz
Jorge Garca
Presentation:
Ignacio lvarez Garca
ISA-Uniovi 2004
Outline
Introduction
Blocks in a Computer
Instructions execution
A computer
Machine that executes instructions sequentially
Instructions and Data stored in MEMORY
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Program=sequence of instructions
Memory organized in addresses
Instructions, data and operations in BINARY CODE

Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
MOV X,3
01101101
MOV Z,X
Instructions in binary code
Decode
instruction
Store result
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
0
00000111
7
00000010
2
Data in binary code
Get
operands
Calculate
result
11101011
ADD Z,Y
...
...
Parts of a computer
Control Unit (CU): organizes the
operation of the computer
Artimetihc-Logic Unit (ALU):

executes arithmetic (+,-,*,/) and
logic (bit level) (AND, OR, )
operations
CU
ALU
Registers: Temporary places for

storing information
CPU
registers
Memory
Memory: Main place of

information storage (code and
data)
I/O Devices: Allow

communication with the outer
world
I/O
Execution of Instructions
Example: x=3; z=x+y;
Prog. Count.
Inst1
CPU
Instruction:
Operand 1:
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
00000111
00000010
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst1
Instruction:
11101100
CPU
Operand 1:
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
00000111
00000010
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst1
Instruction:
11101100
MOV X,3
CPU
Operand 1:
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
00000111
00000010
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst1
Instruction:
MOV X,3
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
00000111
00000010
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst1
Instruction:
MOV X,3
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000000
00000111
00000010
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst1
Instruction:
MOV X,3
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000000
00000111
00000010
3
0
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Inst1
Instruction:
MOV X,3
Operand 1:
00000011
+1
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV X,3
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV Z,X
11101011
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV Z,X
Operand 1:
00000011
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV Z,X
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
3
7
2
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV Z,X
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000010
00000011
3
7
2
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
MOV Z,X
Operand 1:
00000011
+1
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
MOV Z,X
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000011
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000011
00000111
CPU
Operand 2:
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000111
Operand 2:
00000011
CPU
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000111
Operand 2:
00000011
CPU
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00001010
00000011
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
3
7
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
Inst3
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000111
Operand 2:
00000011
CPU
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00001010
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
00001010
3
7
10
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Prog. Count.
???
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000111
Operand 2:
00000011
CPU
ALU
Result:
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
00001010
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
00001010
3
7
10
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y
Repeat
Address
000..00
000..01
000..10
Prog. Count.
???
Inst2
Instruction:
11101011
ADD Z,Y
Operand 1:
00000111
Operand 2:
00000011
CPU
ALU
Result:
00001010
Content
01101100
00101110
11111100
...
Inst1:
Inst2:
Inst3:
11101100
11101011
01101101
...
MOV X,3
MOV Z,X
X:
Y:
Z:
00000011
00000111
00000011
00001010
3
7
10
3
...
Read instruction
from memory
Fetch next
instruction
Decode
instruction
Store result
Get
operands
Calculate
result
ADD Z,Y

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Electrical Energy

Lesson 2 How Computers Work

Machine that executes instructions sequentially

Instructions and Data stored in MEMORY

Instructions, data and operations in BINARY CODE

Instructions in binary code

Data in binary code

Artimetihc-Logic Unit (ALU):

Registers: Temporary places for

Memory: Main place of

I/O Devices: Allow

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

Example: x=3; z=x+y;

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