REVIEW TEAM : 2015-16

FOR CLASS XII

Sl. No.

Name

Designation

GROUP LEADER
Dr. Vandita Kalra
Vice Principal

SKV, Moti Nagar

TEAM MEMBERS
1.

Sh. Devender Kumar

(PGT Maths)

RPVV Hari Nagar, New Delhi

2.

Dr. Arun Kumar

(PGT Maths)

SBM SSS Shivaji Marg, New Delhi

3.

Sh. Ashok Kumar Gupta

(PGT Maths)

GBSSS, SU Block, Pitam Pura, Delhi

CLASS XII (2015 - 2016)

MATHEMATICS
Units

No. of
Periods

Weightage
(Marks)

(i)

Relations and Functions

30

10

(ii)

Algebra

50

13

(iii)

Calculus

80

44

(iv)

Vector and Three Dimensional Geometry

30

17

(v)

Linear Programming

20

06

(vi)

Probability

30

10

240

100

Total :

Unit I : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1.

Relations and Functions

(15 Periods)

Types of Relations : Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence

relations. Functions. One to one and onto functions, composite functions,
inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(15Periods)

Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse

trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric
functions.

Unit II : ALGEBRA
1.

Matrices

(25 Periods)

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity

matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
[Class XII : Maths]

[2]

Operation on Matrices : Addition and multiplication and multiplication

with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar
multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence
of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations.
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists;
(Here all matrices will have real entries).
2.

Determinants

(25 Periods)

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 3 matrices), properties of

determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding
the area of a triangle. adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables
(having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit III : CALCULUS

1.

Continuity and Differentiability

(20 Periods)

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule,

derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function.
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives.
Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric
forms. Second order derivatives. Rolles and Lagranges mean Value
Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.
2.

Applications of Derivatives

(10 Periods)

Applications of Derivatives : Rate of change of bodies, increasing/

decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in
approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated
geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple
problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject
as well as real-life situations).
3.

Integrals

(20 Periods)

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of

functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of
simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

[3]

[Class XII : Maths]

dx

x 2 a2 ,
px q

dx
x 2 a2

ax 2 bx c dx ,

dx

a2 x 2

px q
2

ax bx c

ax 2 bx c dx and

dx
dx
,
ax bx c
ax 2 bx c
2

dx , a 2 x 2 dx ,

px q

x 2 a 2 dx ,

ax 2 bx c dx

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of
definite integrals.
4.

Applications of the Integrals

(15 Periods)

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines,

circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between any of
the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5.

Differential Equations

(15 Periods)

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential

equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given.
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first
degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:
dy
py q , where p and q are functions of x or constants
dx
dx
px q , where p and q are functions of y or constants
dy

Unit IV : VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1.

Vectors

(15 Periods)

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines

and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel
and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector,
components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by
a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and applications of scalar
(dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple
product of vectors.
[Class XII : Maths]

[4]

2.

Three-Dimensional Geometry

(15 Periods)

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
(i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from
a plane.

Unit V : LINEAR PROGRAMMING

(20 Periods)
1.

Linear Programming : Introduction, related terminology such as constraints,

objective function, optimization. Different types of linear programming (L.P.)
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of
solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions
(bounded and unbounded) feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal
feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit VI : PROBABILITY
1.

Probability

(30 Periods)

Conditional probability, Multiplication theorem on probability, independent

events, total probability, Bayes theorem, Random variable and its
probability distribution, mean and variance of a random variable. Repeated
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

QUESTION-WISE BREAK UP
Type of
Questions

Marks per
Question

Total Number
of Questions

Total
Marks

VSA

06

LA - I

13

52

LA - II

42

26

100

Tot al

[5]

[Class XII : Maths]

MATHEMATICS (CODE NO. 041)

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS - XII (2015-16)
Time : 3 hours
Sl.No.

Max. Marks 100

Typology of Questions

Very
Long Long Marks
%
Short AnswerAnswer
WeighAnswer
I
II
tage
(1 M) (4 M) (6 M)

1. Remembering (Knowledge based

Simple recall questions, to know
specific facts, terms, concepts,
principles, or theories; Identify,
define, or recite, information)

20

20%

2. Understanding (Comprehensionto be familiar with meaning and to

understand conceptually, interpret,
compare,
c ontrast,
ex plain,
paraphrase information)

22

22%

3. A p p l i c at i o n (Use abstract
information in concrete situation, to
apply knowledge to new situations;
Use given content to interpret a
situation, provide an example, or
solve a problem)

29

29%

4. Hi g h Ord er Th i n k i n g Sk i l l s
(Analysis & Synthes is-class ify,
compare, contrast, or differentiate
between different pieces of
information; O rganise and/or
integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of
sources)

15

15%

1+1
(values
based)

14

14%

100

100%

5. Evaluation (Appraise, judge, and/

or justify the value or worth of a
decision or outcome, or to predict
outcomes based on values)

61= 134= 76=

6
52
42

TOTA L

[Class XII : Maths]

[6]

CONTENTS
S.No.

Chapter

Page

1.

Relations and Functions

2.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3 & 4. Matrices and Determinants

17
23

5.

Continuity and Differentiation

39

6.

Applications of Derivatives

47

7.

Integrals

61

8.

Applications of Integrals

84

9.

Differential Equations

89

10.

Vectors

100

11.

Three-Dimensional Geometry

110

12.

Linear Programming

121

13.

Probability

126

Model Papers

135

[7]

[Class XII : Maths]

[Class XII : Maths]

[8]

CHAPTER 1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

Relation R from a set A to a set B is subset of A B.

A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}.

If n(A) = r, n (B) = s from set A to set B then n (A B) = rs.

and number of relations = 2rs

is also a relation defined on set A, called the void (empty) relation.

R = A A is called universal relation.

Reflexive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be reflexive

iff (a, a) R a A

Symmetric Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be symmetric

iff (a, b) R (b, a) R a, b, A

Transitive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be transitive

if (a, b) R, (b, c) R (a, c) R a, b, c A

Equivalence Relation : A relation defined on set A is said to be

equivalence relation iff it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

One-One Function : f : A B is said to be one-one if distinct elements

in A have distinct images in B. i.e. x1, x2 A such that x1 x2 f(x1)
f(x2).
OR
x1, x2 A such that f(x1) = f(x2)

x1 = x2
One-one function is also called injective function.
[9]

[Class XII : Maths]

Onto function (surjective) : A function f : A B is said to be onto iff

Rf = B i.e. b B, there exists a A such that f(a) = b

A function which is not one-one is called many-one function.

A function which is not onto is called into function.

Bijective Function : A function which is both injective and surjective is

called bijective function.

Composition of Two Functions : If f : A B, g : B C are two

functions, then composition of f and g denoted by gof is a function from
A to C given by, (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) x A
Clearly gof is defined if Range of f domain of g. Similarly fog can be
defined.

Invertible Function : A function f : X Y is invertible iff it is bijective.

If f : X Y is bijective function, then function g : Y X is said to be
inverse of f iff fog = I y and gof = I x
when I x, I y are identity functions.
1.

g is inverse of f and is denoted by f

Binary Operation : A binary operation *defined on set A is a function

from A A A.

* (a, b) is denoted by a * b.

Binary operation * defined on set A is said to be commutative iff

a * b = b * a a, b A.

Binary operation * defined on set A is called associative iff a * (b * c)

= (a * b) * c a, b, c A

If * is Binary operation on A, then an element e A is said to be the

identity element iff a * e = e * a = a a A

Identity element is unique.

If * is Binary operation on set A, then an element b A is said to be

inverse of a A iff a * b = b * a = e

Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.

[Class XII : Maths]

[10]

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

If A is the set of students of a school then write, which of following

relations are Universal, Empty or neither of the two.
R1 = {(a, b) : a, b are ages of students and |a b| 0}
R2 = {(a, b) : a, b are weights of students, and |a b| < 0}
R3 = {(a, b) : a, b are students studying in same class}

2.

Is the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined as

R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} reflexive?

3.

If R, is a relation in set N given by

R = {(a, b) : a = b 3, b > 5},
then does element (5, 7) R?

4.

If f : {1, 3} {1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4} be given by

f = {(1, 2), (3, 5)}, g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)},
write gof.

5.

Let g, f : R R be defined by
g x

6.

If

x 2
, f x 3x 2. write fog x
3

f : R R defined by
f x

2x 1
5

be an invertible function, write f 1(x).

x
x 1, write
x 1

7.

If f x

fo f x .

8.

Let * be a Binary operation defined on R, then if

(i)

a * b = a + b + ab, write 3 * 2

(ii)

a*b

a b 2
3

, write 2 * 3 * 4.

[11]

[Class XII : Maths]

9.

If n(A) = n(B) = 3, then how many bijective functions from A to B can

be formed?

10.

If f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = x 1, then (gof) (3) = ?

11.

Is f : N N given by f(x) = x2 one-one? Give reason.

12.

If f : R A, given by
f(x) = x2 2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.

13.

If f : A B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?

14.

If f : R R defined by f x

15.

x 1
, find (fof) (x)
2
R = {(a, b) : a, b N, a b and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason

16.

Is f : R R, given by f(x) = |x 1| one-one? Give reason

17.

f : R B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.

18.

1 x
2x
, show that f
2f x .
If f x log
1 x
1 x 2

19.

If *is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by a * b

then write the identity element in Q.

20.

ab
5

If * is Binary operation on N defined by a * b = a + ab a, b N, write

the identity element in N if it exists.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

21.

22.

Check the following functions for one-one and onto.

2x 3
7

(a)

f : R R, f (x )

(b)

f : R R, f(x) = |x + 1|

(c)

f : R {2} R, f x

(d)

f : R [1, 1], f(x) = sin2x

3x 1
x 2

Consider the binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by

a * b = H.C.F. of a and b. Write the operation table for the operation *.

[Class XII : Maths]

[12]

23.

Let f : R

4
4
R
3
3

be a function given by f x

1
that f is invertible with f x

4x
. Show
3x 4

4x
.
4 3x

24.

Let R be the relation on set A = {x : x Z, 0 x 10} given by

R = {(a, b) : (a b) is divisible by 4}. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Also, write all elements related to 4.

25.

Show that function f : A B defined as f x

3x 4
where
5x 7

7
3
A R , B R is invertible and hence find f 1.
5
5

26.

27.

Let * be a binary operation on Q such that a * b = a + b ab.

(i)

Prove that * is commutative and associative.

(ii)

Find identify element of * in Q (if it exists).

If * is a binary operation defined on R {0} defined by a * b

then check * for commutativity and associativity.

28.

2a
b2

If A = N N and binary operation * is defined on A as

(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd).
(i)

Check * for commutativity and associativity.

(ii)

Find the identity element for * in A (If it exists).

29.

Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R(c, d) a + d = b + c on

the set N N is an equivalence relation.

30.

Let * be a binary operation on set Q defined by a * b ab , show that

4
(i) 4 is the identity element in Q.
(ii)

Every non zero element of Q is invertible with

a 1

31.

16
,
a

a Q 0 .

1
is bijective where R+ is the
2x
set of all non-zero positive real numbers.

Show that f : R+ R+ defined by f x

[13]

[Class XII : Maths]

32.

Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...., 12} and R be a relation in A A defined by (a, b)

R (c, d) if ad = bc (a, b), (c, d) A A. Prove that R is an
equivalence relation. Also obtain the equivalence class [(3, 4)].

33.

If *is a binary operation on R defined by a * b = a + b + ab. Prove that

* is commutative and associative. Find the identify element. Also show
that every element of R is invertible except 1.

34.

If f, g : R R defined by f(x) = x2 x and g(x) = x + 1 find (fog) (x)

and (gof) (x). Are they equal?

35.

f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f x x

36.

f : R R, g : R R given by f(x) = [x], g(x) = |x| then find

fog

1
, find f 1 x .
x

2
2
and gof .
3
3

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 Marks)

37.

Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on
N N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Show that
R is an equivalence relation.

38.

Let f : N R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15.

Show that f : N S, where S is the range of f, is invertible. Also find
the inverse of f.

ANSWERS
1.

R1 : is universal relation.
R2 : is empty relation.
R3 : is neither universal nor empty.

2.

No, R is not reflexive.

3.

(5, 7) R

4.

gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}

5.

(fog)(x) = x x R

[Class XII : Maths]

[14]

5x 1
2

6.

f 1 x

7.

fof x

8.

x
1
,x
2x 1
2

(i)

3 * 2 = 11

(ii)

1369
27

9.

10.

11.

Yes, f is one-one x 1, x 2 N x12 x 22 .

12.

A = [1, ) because Rf = [1, )

13.

n(B) = 10

14.

fof x x 3

15.

No, R is not reflexive a, a R a N

16.

f is not one-one function

f(3) = f (1) = 2
3 1 i.e. distinct elements have same images.
17.

B = [1, 1]

19.

e = 5

20.

Identity element does not exists.

21.

(a)

Bijective

(b)

Neither one-one nor onto.

(c)

One-one, but not onto.

(d)

Neither one-one nor onto.

[15]

[Class XII : Maths]

22.

24.

Elements related to 4 are 0, 4, 8.

25.

f 1 x

26.

0 is the identity element.

27.

Neither commutative nor associative.

28.

7x 4
5x 3

(i)

Commutative and associative.

(ii)

(1, 1) is identity in N N

32.

3, 4 3, 4 , 6, 8 , 9, 12

33.

0 is the identity element.

34.

(fog) (x) = x2 + x
(gof) (x) = x2 x + 1
Clearly, they are unequal.
x x2 4
2

35.

f 1 x

36.

fog

2
0
3

gof

2
1
3

f 1 y

38.

[Class XII : Maths]

y 6 3
2

[16]

CHAPTER 2

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT POINTS

sin1 x, cos1 x, ... etc. are angles.

If sin x and , then = sin1x etc.
2 2

Function

Domain

Range
(Principal Value Branch)

sin1x

[1, 1]

2 , 2

cos1x

[1, 1]

[0, ]

tan1x

,
2 2

cot1x

(0, )

sec1x

R (1, 1)

0,

cosec1x

R (1, 1)

2 , 2 0

sin1 (sin x) = x x ,
2 2
cos1 (cos x) = x x [0, ] etc.

sin (sin1x) = x x [1, 1]

cos (cos1x) = x x [1, 1] etc.
[17]

[Class XII : Maths]

1
sin 1x cosec 1 x 1, 1
x
tan1x = cot1 (1/x) x > 0
sec1x = cos1 (1/x), |x| 1

sin1(x) = sin1x x [1, 1]

tan1(x) = tan1x x R
cosec1(x) = cosec1x |x| 1

cos1(x) = cos1x [1, 1]

cot1(x) = cot1x x R
sec1(x) = sec1x |x| 1

sin 1 x cos 1 x

tan1 x cot 1 x

x R
2

sec 1 x cosec 1x

, x 1, 1
2

x 1
2

xy
tan1

1
xy

xy
tan1 x tan1 y tan1
1
xy

xy
tan1
1 xy

xy
tan1

1 xy

xy

tan1 x tan1 y tan1

1 xy

xy
tan1
1 xy

[Class XII : Maths]

[18]

if xy 1
if xy 1 ; x 0
y0
if xy 1 ; x 0
y0
if xy 1
if xy 1 ; x 0
y0
if xy 1 ; x 0
y0

2x
2 tan 1 x tan1
, x 1
1 x 2
2x
2 tan1 x sin1
, x 1,
1 x 2
1 x 2
2 tan1 x cos1
, x 0.
1 x 2

sin1x sin1y = sin1(x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

2.

Write the principal value of

1

(i)

sin

(iii)

tan

(v)

cot

(vii)

sin

3 2

(ii)

cos

(iv)

cosec1 ( 2).

(vi)

sec1 ( 2).

.
3

3 2 .

3
1 1
1

cos tan 1 3
2
2

What is the value of the following functions (using principal value).

(i)

tan

1 2
1

sec
.
3
3

sin

(iv)

cosec

(iii)

tan1 (1) cot1 (1).

(v)

tan1 (1) + cot1 (1) + sin1 (1).

(vi)

sin

(viii)

sin
.
5

cosec

1
1 3
cos
.
2
2

(ii)

(vii)

tan

tan
.
6

2 sec

2.

cosec
.
4

[19]

[Class XII : Maths]

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

3.

Show that tan

4.

Prove that
1

tan

Prove that tan

6.

Prove that
1

1 cos x

x
.

1 cos x
4
2

1 1 cos x
cos x

cot
1 sin x
1 cos x
4

5.

cot

1 cos x

1 cos x

x 0, 2 .

2
2

x
a x
1 x
1

.
sin
cos

a
a
a2 x 2

1 8
1
1 8
1 300

2 tan cos
tan 2 tan sin
tan
.
17
17
161

7.

Prove that tan

8.

Solve :

cot

1 x

1 x

2x cot

1
1 2

cos x .
2
4
2
1 x
1 x

3x

9.

x [0, ]

m
m n
Prove that tan1 tan1
, m, n 0
n
m n 4

10.

2
1
xy
2x 1
1 1 y

cos
Prove that tan sin1

2
2
1 x 2
1 y 1 xy
2

11.

x 2 1
2
1 2x
Solve for x, cos1 2

tan
2
x 1
1 x 3

12.

Prove that tan1

13.

Solve for x ,

[Class XII : Maths]

1
1
1
1
tan1 tan1 tan1
3
5
7
8 4

tan cos 1 x sin tan1 2 ; x 0

[20]

14.

1
1
32
Prove that 2 tan1 tan1 tan 1
4
5
43

15.

Evaluate

16.

a cos x b sin x
a
tan1 x
Prove that tan1
b cos x a sin x
b

17.

Prove that

1
3
tan cos 1
11
2

1
cot tan1 x tan1 cos 1 1 2x 2 cos 1 2 x 2 1 , x 0
x

18.

Prove that

a b
b c
c a
tan1
tan1
tan1
0 where a, b,,
1 ab
1 bc
1 ca

c > 0
19.

Solve for x, 2 tan1(cos x) = tan1 (2 cosec x)

20.

Express

21.

If tan1a + tan1b + tan1c = then

prove that

22.

sin 1 x 1 x x 1 x 2

in simplest form.

a + b + c = abc

If cos1x + cos1y + cos1z = , prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1

[Hint : Let cos1 x = A, cos1 y = B, cos1 z = c then A + B + C =
or A + B = c
Take cos on both the sides].

23.

1
1
1
1
1
If tan1
tan
... tan
tan then
1 1.2
1 2.3
1 n (n 1)

find the value of .

5 2
then find x.
8

24.

If (tan1x)2 + (cot1x)2 =

25.

If sin [cot1 (x + 1)] = cos (tan1 x), then find x.

[21]

[Class XII : Maths]

ANSWERS
1.

2.

8.

(ii)

(iii)

(vi)

2
3

(vii)

.
6

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(i)

(v)

(iv)

(iv)

(viii)

.
4

11.

13.

5
3

19.

21.

Hint:

15.

.
4

Let

tan

2 3
12

11 3
2

20

sin1 x sin1 x.

24.

x = 1

tan1 a =
tan1 b =
tan1 c =

then given,

take tangent on both sides,

tan ( ) = tan
n
n2

23.

25.

x =

1
2

[Class XII : Maths]

[22]

CHAPTER 3 & 4

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Matrix : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.

The numbers or functions are called the elements of the matrix.

Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix. Number
written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix.

Order of Matrix : A matrix having mrows and ncolumns is called the

matrix of order mxn.

Square Matrix : An mxn matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n.

Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column is called a column

matrix i.e. A = [aij]mx1 is a column matrix of order mx1.

Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix
i.e. B bij 1xn is a row matrix of order 1xn.

Zero Matrix : A matrix having all the elements zero is called zero matrix
or null matrix.

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero.

Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are

equal is called a scalar matrix.

Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 1, is

called an identity matrix or a unit matrix. It is denoted by I.

I = [eij]n

where,

1 if i j
eij
0 if i j

[23]

[Class XII : Maths]

Transpose of a Matrix : If A = [ai j ]m n be an m n matrix then the

matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is
called the transpose of the matrix. Transpose of A is denoted by A or
AT = [aji]n m.
Properties of the transpose of a matrix.
(i)
(iii)

(A) = A

(ii)

(A + B) = A + B

(kA) = kA, k is a scalar

(iv)

(AB) = BA

Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij ] is symmetric if aij = aji

i, j. Also a square matrix A is symmetric if A = A.

Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric,

if aij = aji i, j. Also a square matrix A is skew - symmetric, if
A = A.

Determinant : To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n n, we can

associate a number (real or complex) called determinant of A. It is denoted
by det A or |A|.
Properties
(i)

|AB| = |A| |B|, where A & B are square matrics.

(ii)

|kA|n

(iii)

Area of triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given
by

= kn |A|n

x1
1

x2
2
x3

where k is a scalar.

y1
y2
y3

1
1
1

x1
The points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are collinear x 2
x3

y1 1
y2 1 0
y3 1

Adjoint of a Square Matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose

elements have been replaced by their cofactors and is denoted as
adj A.
Let

A = [aij]n

adj A = [Aji]n

where Aij is cofactor of aij.

[Class XII : Maths]

[24]

Properties
(i)

A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I

(ii)

If A is a square matrix of order n then |adj A| = |A|n1

(iii)

adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).

(iv)

|k adj A| = kn |A|n

Note :

1.

Correctness of adj A can be checked by using

A.(adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I

Singular Matrix : A square matrix is called singular if |A| = 0, otherwise

it will be called a non-singular matrix.
Inverse of a Matrix : A square matrix whose inverse exists, is called
invertible matrix. Inverse of only a non-singular matrix exists. Inverse of
a matrix A is denoted by A1 and is given by
A

. adj A

Properties
(i)

AA1 = A1A = I

(ii)

(A1)1 = A

(iii)

(AB)1 = B1A1

(iv)

(AT)1 = (A1)T

(v)

1
, A 0
A

Solution of system of equations using matrices :

If AX = B is a matrix equation then its solution is X = A1B.
(i)

If |A| 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.

(ii)

If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B 0 then system is inconsistent and has

no solution.

(iii)

If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is either consistent and

has infinitely many solutions or system is inconsistent and has
no solution.

[25]

[Class XII : Maths]

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1.

4 5 4
x 3
If

, find x and y.
y 4 x y 3 9

2.

i
If A
0

3.

Find the value of a23 + a32 in the matrix A = [aij]3

0
0
and B
i
i

i
, find AB .
0
3

2i j
if i j
where aij
.
i 2 j 3 if i j

4.

If B be a 4 5 type matrix, then what is the number of elements in the

third column.

5.

5 2
3 6
and B
If A

find 3A 2B.
0 9
0 1

6.

2 3
1 0
If A
and B

find A B .
7 5
2 6

7.

2
If A = [1 0 4] and B 5 find AB .
6

8.

x 2
4
If A
is symmetric matrix, then find x.
2x 3 x 1

9.

3
0 2
2 0
4 is skew symmetric matrix.
For what value of x the matrix
3 4 x 5

10.

11.

2 3
If A
P Q where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric
1 0
matrix, then find the matrix Q.

a ib
Find the value of c id

[Class XII : Maths]

c id
a ib

[26]

2x 5

5x 2

12.

If

13.

k
For what value of k, the matrix
3

14.

sin 30
If A
sin 60

15.

0, find x .

cos 30
, what is |A|.
cos 60

Find the cofactor of a12 in

1

16.

17.
18.

2
has no inverse.
4

Find the minor of a23 in

6
1

0
5

4
7

3 2

4 5
3 5

6 .
2

1 2
Find the value of P, such that the matrix
is singular..
4 P

Find the value of x such that the points (0, 2), (1, x) and (3, 1) are
collinear.

19.

Area of a triangle with vertices (k, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 3) is 5 unit. Find the
value (s) of k.

20.

If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 2, find the value of |3A|.

21.

If A = 2B where A and B are square matrices of order 3 3 and |B| =

5, what is |A|?

22.

(i) What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 3 with each
entry 0, 1 or 2.
(ii) What is the number of all possible non zero matrices of order 2
3 with each entry 0, 1 or 2.

23.

Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0) and (4, 3).

24.

If

25.

x y

If A z
1

2x 4 6 3

, find x .
1 x
2
1

y z
x
1

z x
y , write the value of det A.
1

[27]

[Class XII : Maths]

26.

Write the value of the following determinant

2
5
6x

27.
28.
29.

3
4
6
8
9x 12x

If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 and |A| = 3 find |adj A|.

5 3
If A
find adj A
6 8
Given a square matrix A of order 3 3 such that |A| = 12 find the value
of |A adj A|.

30.

If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A| = 81 find |A|.

31.

Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 3 find |adj A| if

|A| = 10.

32.

2 1
If A
find
3 4

33.

3
If A 1 2 3 and B 4 find |AB|.
0

A 1 1 .

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

34.
35.

2x z
5
x y
1
Find x, y, z and w if

.

3x w
13
2x y
0
Construct a 3 3 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given by
1 i j if i j

aij = i 2 j if i j
2

36.

1 2 3
3 0 1
Find A and B if 2A + 3B =
and A 2B

.
2 0 1
1 6 2

37.

1
If A 2 and B 2 1 4 , verify that (AB) = BA.
3

[Class XII : Maths]

[28]

38.

39.

3 1
3

Express the matrix 2 2 1 P Q where P is a symmetric and

4 5 2
Q a skew-symmetric matrix.
cos
If A =
sin

sin
cos n sin n
, then prove that An

cos
sin n cos n

where n is a natural number.

40.

2 1
5 2
2 5
Let A
, B
, C

, find a matrix D such that

3 4
7 4
3 8

CD AB = O.

41.

1 3 2

Find the value of x such that 1 x 1 2 5 1

15 3 2

42.

Prove that the product of the matrices

1
2 0

x

cos 2
cos 2
cos sin
cos sin
and

2
2
cos sin sin

cos sin sin

is the null matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of

.
2

43.

5 3
2
1
If A
, show that A 12A I = 0. Hence find A .
12 7

44.

2 3
2
Show that A 3
4 satisfies the equation x 6x + 17 = 0. Hence

find A1.

45.

4
If A
2

46.

1 2 3 7 8 9
Find the matrix X so that X

.
4 5 6 2 4 6

3
, find x and y such that A2 xA + yI = 0.
5

[29]

[Class XII : Maths]

47.
48.

2 3
1 2
If A
then show that (AB)1 = B1A1.
and B

1 4
1 3
Test the consistency of the following system of equations by matrix
method :

3x y = 5; 6x 2y = 3
49.

Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix

50.

6 3
, if possible.
A
1
2
By using elementary column transformations, find the inverse of

(i)

(iii)

51.

3 1
A

5 2

2 1
A

4 7

(ii)

2 3
A

4
3

cos sin
If A
and A + A = I, then find the general value of .
sin cos
Using properties of determinants, prove the following : Q 52 to Q 59.
a b c

2a

b c a
2b
a b c
2c
c a b

2b
2c

52.

2a

x 2 x 3 x 2a

53.

x 3 x 4 x 2b 0 if a, b, c are in A.P .
x 4 x 5 x 2c

sin cos sin

54.

sin

cos

sin 0

sin

cos

sin

55.

c
b
c

a
c

[Class XII : Maths]

a
c

a
2

b
2

2
2

a b

2 2 2

4a b c .
2

[30]

56.

b c

c a

a b

q r
y z

r p
z x

p q 2 p
x y
x

q
y

r .
z

57.

58.
59.

bc

a ab

ab

x a

x
yz

(i)

(ii)

61.

2
2 2 2

ac

bc

4a b c .

c
2
c
x x a b c .
x c

a
x b
a
b
Show that :
x

60.

ac c

z y z z x x y yz zx xy .
xy

y
zx

If the points (a, b) (a, b) and (a a, b b) are collinear, show

that ab = ab.
2
If A
2

0
Given A
2

5
4
and B

1
2

1
2

3
verify that AB A B .
5

0
2
and B 1
0
1

1
0 . Find the product AB and
1

also find (AB)1.

62.

63.

Solve the following equation for x.

a x

a x

a x

a x
a x

a x
a x

a x 0.
a x

0
If A
tan

2
that,

tan 2
and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show
0

cos
I A I A
sin

[31]

sin
cos

[Class XII : Maths]

64.

Use matrix method to solve the following system of equations :

5x 7y = 2, 7x 5y = 3.

65.

66.

67.

68.

2 1
If A
and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then show that
1 2
A2 = 4A 3I and hence find A1.
1
1 1
a
If A
and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, then find the
and B

2 1
b 1
values of a and b.

Using properties of determinants, prove that

1

a2

a2

a2

(1 a 3 )2

In a parliament election, a political party hired a public relations firm to

promote its candidates in three waystelephone, house calls and letters.
The cost per contact (in paise) is given in matrix A as
140 telephone
A 200 house calls
150 letters

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given
in the matrix B as
Telephone House calls Letters

1000
B
3000

500
1000

5000 City X
10000 City Y

Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities. What should
one consider before casting his/her vote Partys promotional activity or
their social activities?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

69 .

Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations

2 1 4
(i) 4 0 2 .

3 2 7

[Class XII : Maths]

(ii)

[32]

1 2 3
2 5 7

2 4 5

70.

1 1 0
2 2 4

If A 2 3 4 and B 4 2 4
0
2 1 5
1 2

are two square matrices, find

AB and hence solve the system of linear equations :

x y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7.
71 .

Solve the following system of equations by matrix method, where x 0,

y 0, z 0
2 3 3
1 1 1
3 1 2
10,
10,
13.
x y z
x y z
x y z

72.

Find
where A 2
3
equations :

A1,

3
3

3
2 , hence solve the system of linear
4

x + 2y 3z = 4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x 3y 4z = 11
73.

The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from

twice the first number, we get 3. By adding double the second number
and the third number we get 0. Represent it algebraically and find the
numbers using matrix method.

74.

Compute the inverse of the matrix.

3
A 15
5

75.

1
5 and verify that A1 A = I3.
5

6
2

1
If the matrix A 0
3

1
2
2

2
1
1

3 and B 0
1
4

2
3
0

0
1 , then
2

compute (AB)1.
76.

Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :

2x y = 4, 2y + z = 5, z + 2x = 7.

[33]

[Class XII : Maths]

77.

Find A

0 1 1
A2 3 I
if A 1 0 1 . Also show that A 1
.
2
1 1 0
b

78.

c
ba

Show that

ab
c

ca

79.

a
a c
Show that
a b

ac

2
2

cb

a b

b c
b
b a

2 2 2

bc

4a b c
2

c b
2
2
2
c a a b c a b c
c

80.

cos sin 0
If A sin cos 0 , verify that A . (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I3.
0
0
1

81.

2 1 1
For the matrix A 1 2 1 , verify that A3 6A2 + 9A 4I = 0,
1 1 2
hence find A1.

82.

Find the matrix X for which

3 2
1 1 2 1
7 5 . X . 2 1 0 4

83.

By using properties of determinants prove the following :

1 a2 b 2

2ab

2b

2ab

1 a2 b 2

2a

2b

2a

1 a2 b 2

y z 2
84.

xy

xy

x z

xz

yz

[Class XII : Maths]

1 a 2 b 2 .

zx
2

yz

2xyz x y z .

x y 2
[34]

85.

86.

87.

ab

a b c

2a 3a 2b 4a 3b 2c a 3 .
3a 6a 3b 10a 6b 3c

x2

1 x 3

If x, y, z are different and y

y2

1 y 3 0, show that xyz = 1.

z2

1 z 3

If x, y, z are the 10th, 13th and 15th terms of a G.P. find the value of
log x 10 1

log y 13 1 .
log z 15 1

88.

Using the properties of determinants, show that :

1 a 1

1 1 1

1 b 1
abc 1 abc bc ca ab
a b c
1
1 c

1
1

89.

Using properties of determinants prove that

bc

b 2 bc c 2 bc

a 2 ac

ac

a 2 ab b 2 ab

90.

3
If A 4
7
3x + 4y +

c 2 ac ab bc ca

ab

1
1 2 , find A1 and hence solve the system of equations
3 3
7z = 14, 2x y + 3z = 4, x + 2y 3z = 0.

ANSWERS
1.

x = 2, y = 7

2.

0 1
1 0

3.

11.

4.

[35]

[Class XII : Maths]

5.

9 6
0 29 .

6.

3 5
3 1 .

7.

AB = [26].

8.

x = 5

9.

x = 5

10.

0
1

11.

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2.

12.

x = 13

13.

14.

|A| = 1.

15.

46

16.

17.

P = 8

18.

19.

20.

54.

21.

40.

22.

(i) 729

23.

9 sq. units

24.

x = 2

25.

26.

27.

28.

8 3
6 5 .

29.

1728

30.

|A| = 9

31.

100

32.

11

33.

|AB| = 11

34.

x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 10

35.

3 3 2 5 2
4 5
2 .

5 6
7

3
2

7 13
, .
2 2

[Class XII : Maths]

[36]

1
.
0

5
.
3

(ii) 728

36.

4
11
7 7
A
1 18
7
7

38.

1
2

5
2

1
2
2
2

40.

191
D
77

43.

9
5

7
7
, B
4
4

7
7

0
2

3
2

2
7
12

5
2

3
2

0
3

110
.
44

1
7

41.

x = 2 or 14

7 3
A 1
.
12 5

44.

A 1

45.

x = 9, y = 14

46.

1 2
x
.
2 0

48.

Inconsistent

49.

Inverse does not exist.

50.

2 1
(i) A 1

5 3

51.

2n

61.

1
AB
2

62

0, 3a

(ii) A 1

7
10

2
5

1 4 3
.
17 3 2

1
10

1
5

(iii) A 1

1 4 3

17 3 2

, n z
3

2
1
1
, AB
2
6

2
2

64.

2
.
1

11
24

[37]

, y

24

[Class XII : Maths]

1 2 1
3 1 2

65.

A 1

68.

` 990000, ` 2120000

70.

1
(i) A 11

AB = 6I

71.

72.

69.

66.

1
2
1

1
2

75.

AB 1 1 21 11 7 .

19

16 12

10 2

1 1 1
1
1 1 1 .
2
1 1 1

77.

82.

16 3
X
.
24 5

A1

3
4
2

2
1
0

1
1
1

6 17 13
1

14 5 8 , x 3, y 2, z 1
67
15 9 1

x = 1, y = 2, z = 2

90.

(ii) A

1
1
1
, y , z
2
3
5

73.

a = 1, b = 4

2 0 1
5 1 0
0 1 3

74.

76.

x = 3, y = 2, z = 1.

81.

87.

3
1

1
4
1

5
3 9
1
26 16 2
= 62
; x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.
19
5
11

[Class XII : Maths]

[38]

1
3
1

1
1 .
3

CHAPTER 5

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

POINTS TO REMEMBER

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c iff lim f x f c

x c

i.e.,

lim f x lim f x f c

x c

x c

f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at x c c a, b .

f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

f(x) is continuous in (a, b)

lim f x f a ,

x a

lim f x f b

x b

Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.

Every polynomial function is continuous on R.

If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions at x = a and c R then

(i)

f (x) g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.

(ii)

g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.

(iii)

f x
is continuous at x = a provided g(a) 0.
g x

f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff

[39]

[Class XII : Maths]

lim

x c

f x f c
f x f c
lim
, and is finite
x c
x c
x c

The value of above limit is denoted by f (c) and is called the derivative
of f(x) at x = c.

d
dv
du
u v u v
dx
dx
dx

d u

dx v

If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then

du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
dy

dt

If y = f(u),

dy
du

du

f u .g t (Chain Rule)

dt

x = g(u) then,

dy
dy
du
f u

.
dx
du
dx
g u

d 1
sin x
dx

1
1 x2

d
1
tan1 x
,
dx
1 x2

d
1
sec 1 x
,
dx
x x2 1
d x
e
dx

ex ,

d
cos1 x
dx

1
1 x2

d 1
1
cot x
dx
1 x2

d
1
cosec 1x
dx
x x2 1
d
1
log x
dx
x

f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all
x R Z.

Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and

f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0.

[Class XII : Maths]

[40]

Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in

(a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f c

f b f a

b a

f (x) = logex, (x > 0) is continuous function.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

For what value of x, f(x) = |2x 7| is not derivable.

2.

Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x 1| + |x + 1|.

3.

What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.

4.

What are the points of discontinuity of f x

5.

Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].

6.

x 3 if x 2

The function, f x
4 if x 2 is a continuous function for all

2x if x 2

x 1 x 1
.
x 7 x 6

x R, find .

7.

tan 3x
, x 0

For what value of K, f x sin2x

is continuous x R.
2K ,
x 0

8.

Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.

9.

If f(x) = x2g(x) and g(1) = 6, g(x) = 3 find value of f (1).

10.

Write the derivative of the following functions :

(i)
(iii)

log3 (3x + 5)
e 6 loge

x 1

(ii)

log 2 x

,x 1

[41]

[Class XII : Maths]

(iv)

sec 1 x cosec 1 x , x 1.

(v)

sin1 x 7 2

(vi)

logx 5, x > 0.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

11.

12.

Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated points.

(i)

x x
, x 0

f x x

2,
x 0

(ii)

sin 2x
3x , x 0

g x
at x 0.
3
x 0
2

(iii)

x 2 cos 1 x x 0
f x
at x 0.
0
x 0

(iv)

f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1.

(v)

x x , x 1
f x
at x 1.
0
x 1

at x 0.

3x 2 kx 5,
For what value of k, f x
1 3x

0 x 2
is continuous
2 x 3

x 0, 3 .

13.

For what values of a and b

f x

[Class XII : Maths]

x 2

a
x 2
a b
x 2
2b
x 2

if x 2
if x 2

is continuous at x = 2.
if x 2

[42]

14.

Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = 1, but not derivable at

x = 1.

15.

For what value of p,

x p sin 1 x x 0
f x
is derivable at x = 0.
0
x0

1
2

1 2 x
dy
1
2 tan1 , 0 x 1, find
.
tan
2

x
dx
1 x

16.

If y

17.

1 x
dy
?
If y sin 2 tan1
then
1

x
dx

18.

If 5x + 5y = 5x+y then prove that

19.

If x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 a then show that

1 x 1 y a x y

dy
5y x 0 .
dx

dy
1 y 2

.
dx
1 x 2

dy
1 y 2

.
then show that
dx
1 x 2

20.

If

21.

If (x + y)m

22.

2x
1 2x
w.r.t. sin1
.
Find the derivative of tan

2
1 x
1 x 2

23.

Find the derivative of loge(sin x) w.r.t. loga(cos x).

24.

If xy + yx + xx = mn, then find the value of

25.

If x = a cos3, y = a sin3 then find

+ n

= xm . yn then prove that

[43]

dy y
.
dx x

dy
.
dx

d 2y
.
dx 2

[Class XII : Maths]

26.

x = aet (sint cos t)

If

y = aet (sint + cost) then show that

27.

1
2
If y sin x 1 x x 1 x then find

28.

If y x loge x loge x

29.

x
Differentiate x

30.

Find

31.

1 sin x
If y tan1
1 sin x

then find

dy

at t is 1 .
dx
4
dy
.
dx

dy
.
dx

w.r.t. x.

dy
y
x
, if cos x cos y
dx

Hint : sin

1 sin x

dy
where 2 x find dx .
1 sin x

x
x

cos for x , .
2
2
2

32.

1
If x sin loge
a

33.

Differentiate log x log x , x 1 w .r .t . x

34.

If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that

35.

If y = sin1x, find

36.

If

37.

a cos
If y e

38.

If y3 = 3ax2 x3 then prove that

y then show that (1 x2) y xy a2y = 0.

2
dy sin a y

.
dx
sin a

d 2y
in terms of y.
dx 2

d 2y
b 4
x2 y2

.
then
show
that

1
,
dx 2 a 2 y 3
a2 b 2
1

[Class XII : Maths]

, 1 x 1, show that 1 x 2

[44]

d 2y
dx 2

d 2y
dy
x
a2 y 0
2
dx
dx

2a 2 x 2
y5

39.

Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x2 + 2 in the interval [a, b]

where a = 2, b = 2.

40.

Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x2 in [2, 4]

ANSWERS
7
.
2

1.

3.

5.

Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.

2.

4.

x = 6, 7

Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because lim f x 3 f 3 .

x 3

3
.
4

6.

7
.
2

7.

8.

cot x

9.

15

10.

(i)

(ii)

e log2

(iii) 6 (x 1)5

(iv)

7 x2 x
.
2 1 x 7

(vi)

(i) Discontinuous

(ii)

Discontinuous

(iv)

continuous

(v)
11.

3
log3 e
3x 5

(iii) Continuous

1
.log2 e.
x

loge 5
x loge x

(v) Discontinuous
12.

k = 11

13.

a = 0, b = 1.

15.

p > 1.

16.

22.

17.
23.

x
1 x 2

cot2x logea
[45]

[Class XII : Maths]

24.

x
y 1
y x log y
dy x 1 log x yx

.
dx
x y log x xy x 1

25.

d 2y
1

cosec sec 4 .
2
3a
dx

27.

dy
1
1

.
2
dx
2 x 1 x
1 x

28.

x log x

29.

x
dy
1

x x . x x log x 1 log x
.
dx

x log x

30.

dy y tan x logcos y

dx x tan y log cos x

31.

dy
1
.
dx
2

33.

log x log x

35.

sec2y tany.

2log x
x 1

log x
log log x .
x
log x

1 log log x

, x 1
x
x

[Class XII : Maths]

[46]

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
POINTS TO REMEMBER

Rate of Change : Let y = f (x) be a function then the rate of change

of y with respect to x is given by

dy
f x where a quantity y varies
dx

with another quantity x.

dy
or f x 0 represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x0.
dx x x 0

If x = f (t) and y = g (t)

By chain rule
dy dy

dx dt

(i)

dx
dx
if
0.
dt
dt

A function f (x) is said to be increasing (non-decreasing) on an

interval (a, b) if x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2 (a, b).
Alternatively if f x 0 x a, b , then f (x) is increasing function
in (a, b).

(ii)

A function f(x) is said to be decreasing (non-increasing) on an

interval (a, b). If x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2
(a, b). Alternatively if f (x) 0 x (a, b), then f (x) is decreasing
function in (a, b).

The equation of tangent at the point (x0, y0) to a curve y = f(x) is given
by
dy
y y0
x x0 .

dx x 0 , y 0
[47]

[Class XII : Maths]

dy
slope of the tangent at the point x 0 , y 0 .
dx x 0 ,y 0

where

(i)

If

dy
does not exist then tangent at (x0, y0) is parallel to
dx x 0 , y 0

y-axis and its equation is x = x0.

If tangent at x = x0 is parallel to x-axis then dy
0 and
dx ( x 0 ,y 0 )
its equation is y = y0.

(ii)

Slope of the normal to the curve at the point (x0, y0) is given by

.
dy

dx ( x 0 ,y 0 )

Equation of the normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point (x0, y0) is given by
y y0

If

1
dy
dx x 0 ,y 0

x x 0 .

dy
0.
dx x 0 ,y 0

then equation of the normal is x=x0 and equation of the tangent is y=y0

dy
If dx
does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and the
x 0 ,y 0

equation of the normal is y = y0.

Let

y = f (x)

x = the small increment in x and

y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x
Then approximate change in y is given by

dy
dy
x
dx

or

dy = f (x) x

The approximate change in the value of f is given by

f x x f x f x x
[Class XII : Maths]

[48]

Let f be a function. Let point c be in the domain of the function f at which

either f(x) = 0 or f is not derivable is called a critical point of f.

First Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an open interval

I. Let f be continuous at a critical point c I. Then if,

(i)

f (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through

c, then c is called the point of the local maxima.

(ii)

f (x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through

c, then c is a point of local minima.

(iii)

f (x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is

neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima. Such
a point is called a point of inflexion.

Second Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an interval I and

let c I. Then
(i)

x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0.

f (c) is local maximum value of f.

(ii)

x = c is a point of local minima if f (c) = 0 and f "(c) > 0. f (c) is

local minimum value of f.

(iii)

The test fails if f(c) = 0 and f(c) = 0.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate
of increase of perimeter of the square.

2.

The radius of the circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the
rate of increase of its circumference?

3.

If the radius of a soap bubble is increasing at the rate of

4.

A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed
of 4 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm,
how fast is the enclosed area increasing?

1
cm sec. At
2
what rate its volume is increasing when the radius is 1 cm.

[49]

[Class XII : Maths]

5.

The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units of a

product is given by
R(x) = 13x2 + 26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue when x = 7.

6.

Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f (x) = sin 2x + 5.

7.

Find the maximum and minimum values (if any) of the function
f (x) = |x 1| + 7 x R .

8.

Find the value of a for which the function f (x) = x2 2ax + 6, x > 0 is
strictly increasing.

9.

Write the interval for which the function f (x) = cos x, 0 x 2 is

decreasing.

10.

What is the interval for which the function f x

increasing?

log x
, x 0, is
x

4 3
x is increasing?
3

11.

For which values of x, the function y x 4

12.

Write the interval for which the function f x

13.

Find the sub-interval of the interval (0, /2) in which the function
f (x) = sin 3x is increasing.

14.

Without using derivatives, find the maximum and minimum value of

y = |3 sin x + 1|.

15.

If f (x) = ax + cos x is strictly increasing on R, find a.

16.

Write the interval in which the function f (x) = x9 + 3x7 + 64 is increasing.

17.

What is the slope of the tangent to the curve f = x3 5x + 3 at the point

whose x co-ordinate is 2?

18.

At what point on the curve y = x2 does the tangent make an angle of 45

with positive direction of the x-axis?

19.

Find the point on the curve y = 3x2 12x + 9 at which the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.

[Class XII : Maths]

[50]

1
is strictly decreasing.
x

20.

What is the slope of the normal to the curve y = 5x2 4 sin x at x = 0.

21.

Find the point on the curve y = 3x 2 + 4 at which the tangent is

1
perpendicular to the line with slope .
6

22.

Find the point on the curve y = x2 where the slope of the tangent is
equal to the y co-ordinate.

23.

If the curves y = 2ex and y = aex intersect orthogonally (cut at right

angles), what is the value of a?

24.

Find the slope of the normal to the curve y = 8x2 3 at x

25.

Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r
and height h with respect to radius when height is equal to the radius of
the base of cylinder.

26.

Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius.
How fast is the area changing w.r.t. its radius when its radius is 3 cm?

27.

For the curve y = (2x + 1)3 find the rate of change of slope of the tangent
at x = 1.

28.

Find the slope of the normal to the curve

x = 1 a sin

; y = b cos2

at

1
.
4

29.

If a manufacturers total cost function is C(x) = 1000 + 40x + x2, where x

is the output, find the marginal cost for producing 20 units.

30.

Find a for which f (x) = a (x + sin x) is strictly increasing on R.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

31.

A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the

curve at which the y co-ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x coordinate.

32.

A ladder 5 metres long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the

ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 2 cm/
sec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4 metres away from the wall?
[51]

[Class XII : Maths]

33.

A balloon which always remain spherical is being inflated by pumping in

900 cubic cm of a gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of
the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.

34.

A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute

away from a lamp post 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of
his shadow increases.

35.

Water is running out of a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm3/sec. If the

radius of the base of the funnel is 10 cm and altitude is 20 cm, find the
rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 5 cm from the top.

36.

The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec and

the width y is increasing as the rate of 2 cm/sec when x = 12 cm and
y = 5 cm. Find the rate of change of
(a)

Perimeter

(b) Area of the rectangle.

37.

Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12c.c/sec. The falling sand
forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone
is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?

38.

The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48 cm2/

sec. The length of the rectangle is always equal to the square of the
breadth. At what rate is the length increasing at the instant when the
breadth is 4.5 cm?

39.

Find a point on the curve y = (x 3)2 where the tangent is parallel to

the line joining the points (4, 1) and (3, 0).

40.

Find the equation of all lines having slope zero which are tangents to
the curve y

1
.
x 2x 3
2

41.

Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k2 = 1.

42.

Find the equation of the normal at the point (am2, am3) for the curve
ay2 = x3.

43.

Show that the curves 4x = y2 and 4xy = k cut as right angles if k2 = 512.

44.

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y 3 x 2 which is parallel

to the line 4x y + 5 = 0.

[Class XII : Maths]

[52]

45.

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

x y a at the point

a2 a 2
, .
4 4
16
.
3

46.

Find the points on the curve 4y = x3 where slope of the tangent is

47.

Show that

48.

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve given by x = 1 cos ,

x y
1 touches the curve y = bex/a at the point where the
a b
curve crosses the y-axis.

y = sin at a point where

49.

.
4

Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = log (1 + x)

x
, x 1
1 x

is increasing or decreasing.
50.

Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = x3 12x2 + 36x + 17 is

(a)

Increasing

(b)

Decreasing.

51.

Prove that the function f (x) = x2 x + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing

in [0, 1].

52.

Find the intervals on which the function f x

53.

Prove that f x

54.

Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x, 0 x

x
is decreasing.
x2 1

x3
x 2 9x , x 1, 2 is strictly increasing. Hence find
3
the minimum value of f (x).

is
2

increasing or decreasing.
55.

Find the least value of 'a' such that the function f (x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly
increasing on (1, 2).

[53]

[Class XII : Maths]

56.

Find the interval in which the function f x 5x 2 3x 2 , x 0 is strictly

decreasing.

57.

Show that the function f (x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x), is strictly increasing on

the interval 0, .
4
58.

59.

Show that the function f x cos 2x is strictly increasing on

4
3 7
,
.
8 8
Show that the function f x

sin x
is strictly decreasing on 0, .
2
x

Using differentials, find the approximate value of (Q. No. 60 to 64).

1

60.

0.009 3 .

62.

0.0037 2 .

64.

25.02 .

61.

80 4 .

63.

0.037.

65.

Find the approximate value of f (5.001) where f(x) = x3 7x2 + 15.

66.

Find the approximate value of f (3.02) where f (x) = 3x2 + 5x + 3.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

67.

Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has
the maximum area.

68.

Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the
product x2y5 is maximum.

69.

Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest
perimeter.

70.

Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface area and given
volume has an altitude equal to

[Class XII : Maths]

[54]

2 times the radius of the base.

71.

Show that the semi vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface
1
area and maximum volume is sin1 .
3

72.

A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance aand bfrom the

sides of the triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse
is

2
a3

3
2 2
b3

73.

Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
8
sphere of radius R is
of the volume of the sphere.
27

74.

Find the interval in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x,
0 x 2 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.

75.

Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = (x + 1)3 (x 3)3 is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing.

76.

Find the local maximum and local minimum of f (x) = sin 2x x,

77.

Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 1 is
strictly increasing or decreasing. Also find the points on which the tangents
are parallel to x-axis.

78.

A solid is formed by a cylinder of radius r and height h together with two

hemisphere of radius r attached at each end. It the volume of the solid is

x .
2
2

1
metre min. How fast
2
must h (height) be changing when r and h are 10 metres.

constant but radius r is increasing at the rate of

79.

Find the equation of the normal to the curve

x = a (cos + sin ) ; y = a (sin cos ) at the point and show
that its distance from the origin is a.

80.

For the curve y = 4x3 2x5, find all the points at which the tangent passes
through the origin.

81.

Find the equation of the normal to the curve x2 = 4y which passes through
the point (1, 2).

[55]

[Class XII : Maths]

82.

Find the equation of the tangents at the points where the curve 2y = 3x2
2x 8 cuts the x-axis and show that they make supplementary angles
with the x-axis.

83.

Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola

at the point (x0, y0).

x2 y2

1
a2 b 2

84.

A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral

triangle. Given that the perimeter is 16 metres. Find the width of the
window in order that the maximum amount of light may be admitted.

85.

A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x2 + 2. A soldier is placed

at the point (3, 2). What is the nearest distance between the soldier and
the jet?

86.

Find a point on the parabola y2 = 4x which is nearest to the point

(2, 8).

87.

A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top

by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the
box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the volume
of the box is the maximum.

88.

A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi circular

opening. The total perimeter of the window is 30 metres. Find the dimensions
of the rectangular part of the window to admit maximum light through the
whole opening.

89.

An open box with square base is to be made out of a given iron sheet of area
27 sq. meter, show that the maximum value of the box is 13.5 cubic metres.

90.

A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces
is to be made into a square and other into a circle. What should be the
length of two pieces so that the combined area of the square and the circle
is minimum?

91.

Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume which can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is

92.

2R
3

. Also find the maximum volume..

Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that
4r
can be inscribed is a sphere of radius r is
.
3

[Class XII : Maths]

[56]

93.

Prove that the surface area of solid cuboid of a square base and given
volume is minimum, when it is a cube.

94.

Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in
a right circular cone of height h and semi-vertical angle is

4
h 3 tan2 .
27

95.

Show that the right triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a
circle is an isosceles triangle.

96.

A given quantity of metal is to be cast half cylinder with a rectangular box

and semicircular ends. Show that the total surface area is minimum when
the ratio of the length of cylinder to the diameter of its semicircular ends
is : ( + 2).

ANSWERS
1.

0.8 cm/sec.

2. 4.4 cm/sec.

3.

2 cm3/sec.

4. 80 cm2/sec.

5.

Rs. 208.

6.

Minimum value = 4, maximum value = 6.

7.

Maximum value = 7, minimum value does not exist.

8.

a 0.

9.

[0, ]

10.

(0, e]

11.

x 1

12.

( , 0) U (0, )

13.

0, .
6

14.

Maximum value = 4, minimum valve = 0. 15. a > 1.

16.

17. 7

18.

1 1
, .
2 4

19. (2, 3)

20.

1
4

21. (1, 7)

[57]

[Class XII : Maths]

1
.
2

22.

(0, 0), (2, 4)

23.

24.

1
.
4

25. 6h

26.

2r cm2/cm, 6 cm2/cm

27. 72

28.

30.

a > 0.

31.

4, 11

33.

a
.
2b

29. Rs. 80.

32.

8
cm sec.
3

1
cm sec.

34.

4 metres/minute

35.

4
cm sec.
45

36.

(a) 0 cm/sec., (b) 14 cm2/sec.

37.

1
cm sec.
48

38.

7.11 cm/sec.

39.

7 1
, .
2 4

40.

42.

2x + 3my = am2 (2 + 3m2)

44.

48x 24y = 23

45.

2x + 2y = a2

46.

128
8 128 8
,
, ,
.
3 27
3
27

48.

49.

Increasing in (0, ), decreasing in (1, 0).

50.

Increasing in ( , 2) (6, ), Decreasing in (2, 6).

31

and 4, .

2 1 x y 2 2 1

[Class XII : Maths]

1
.
2

.
4

[58]

25
.
3

52.

( , 1) and (1, ).

53.

54.

Increasing in , Decreasing in 0, .
4
4 2

55.

a = 2.

56.

Strictly decreasing in (1, ).

60.

0.2083

61.

2.9907

62.

0.06083

63.

0.1923

64.

5.002

65.

34.995

66.

45.46

68.

25, 10

74.

Strictly increasing in 0, , 2
4
4

5
Strictly decreasing in ,
.
4 4
75.

Strictly increasing in (1, 3) (3, )

Strictly decreasing in (, 1) (1, 1).

76.

Local maxima at x

Local max. value

2
6

Local minima at x

Local minimum value

77.

2
6

Strictly increasing in (, 2) (3, )

Strictly decreasing in (2, 3).

[59]

[Class XII : Maths]

Points are (2, 29) and (3, 28).

78.

3
metres min.

79.

x + y tan a sec = 0.

80.

(0, 0), (1, 2) and (1, 2).

81.

x + y = 3

82.

5x y 10 = 0 and 15x + 3y + 20 = 0

83.

xx 0
a2

yy 0
b2

1,

y y0
2

a y0

x x0
b 2x 0

0.

16

84.

6 3

85.

86.

(4, 4)

87.

4cm

88.

60
30
,
.
4 4

90.

144
36
m,
m.
4
4

91.

4R 3
3 3

[Class XII : Maths]

[60]

CHAPTER 7

INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER

Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.

Let

These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of

integration.

From geometrical point of view an indefinite integral is collection of family

of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves
parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.

d
F x f x then we write
dx

f x dx F x c .

STANDARD FORMULAE

1.

2.

x n 1

c
x dx n 1

log x c
n

n 1
n 1

ax b n 1
c

ax b n dx n 1 a
1
log ax b c
a

3.

sin x dx

5.

tan x . dx

cos x c .

4.

n 1
n 1

cos x dx

sin x c .

log cos x c log sec x c .

[61]

[Class XII : Maths]

6.

cot x dx

8.

cosec x . dx

log sin x c .

cot x c .

sec

9.

sec x . tan x . dx

10.

cosec x cot x dx

11.

sec x dx log sec x tan x

12.

cosec x dx log cosec x cot x

13.

x
x
e dx e c .

15.

1
1 x

16.

1 x

17.

18.

19.

20.

dx sin

1
x

c.

x
1
a

1
x

dx

log

2a

dx

x c , x 1.

[Class XII : Maths]

1
a

a x

c.

a x

log

2a

dx

x c , x 1.

c.

x c.

dx sec

x . dx tan x c.

cosec x c .

14.

dx tan

7.

tan

x a

c.

x a
1

c.

[62]

dx

ax
c
log a

sec x c .

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

1
a

1
2

a x
1
x

dx sin

c.

dx log x

a x

dx log x

a x dx

a x dx

a x

2
2

a dx

a x

c.

sin

2
2

c.

c.

log x

a x

log x

c.

2
x

c.

RULES OF INTEGRATION
1.

k .f x dx k f x dx .

2.

k f x g x dx k f x dx k g x dx .

2.

x
x
e f x f ' x dx e f x c .

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
1.

2.

f x

f x dx

log f x c .

f x n 1
n

f x f x dx
c.
n 1

[63]

[Class XII : Maths]

3.

f x

f x

f x n 1

dx

c.

n 1

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

f x . g x dx

f x . g x dx

f x . g x dx dx .

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b

f x dx

F b F a , where F x

f x dx .

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUMS.

b

f a f a h f a 2h

f x dx lim h

..... f a n 1 h
h 0

where

b a

or

f x dx lim h
f a rh
h0

r 1

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b

1.

[Class XII : Maths]

f x dx .
c

f x dx

f t dt .

f x dx

(i)

f x dx

f x dx

4.

2.

3.

f x dx f x dx .

f a b x dx .

(ii)

[64]

f x dx

f a x dx .
0

5.

f x dx

0; if f x is odd function.

6.

f x dx 20 f x dx ,

if f(x) is even function.

2a

7.

2 f x dx , if

f x dx 0
0,

f 2a x f x

if f 2a x f x

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Evaluate the following integrals
1

1.

3.

1
sin

x cos 1 x dx .

1 sin2 x dx .

2.

dx .

x8

6.

x log x log log x dx .

8.

5.

99

cos4 x dx .

4 3 sin x
log
dx .
4 3 cos x

7.

9.

cos 2x 2sin2 x
dx .

cos2 x

11.

10 4x x 2 dx .

8 x
dx .
x 8

4.

a log x

e x log a dx .

10.

sin

x dx .

12.

[65]

d
f x dx .
dx

[Class XII : Maths]

13.

sin2 x cos2 x dx .

15.

log x

17.

dx .

e x dx .

14.

16.

ex
a x dx .

18.

x x 1

x
x 1
e

dx .

dx .

20.

22.

x cos 1 dx .

sec x .log sec x tan x dx .

24.

cos x sin dx .

25.

cot x .log sin x dx .

26.

x x dx .

27.

x 2 3 log x dx .

28.

x cos x dx .

29.

1 cos x
sin x dx .

30.

x e 1 e x 1
x e e x dx .

32.

ax ax dx .

19.

x 12 dx .

21.

cos

23.

dx .

dx .

x 1

31.

33.

34.

0 x dx

1 sin x

x log x dx .

cos x dx .

where [x] is greatest integer function.

[Class XII : Maths]

[66]

35.

36.

a f x f a b x dx .

38.

1x x dx .

39.

If

40.

a f x dx b f x dx .

42.

sin2x dx .

9 4x 2

dx

f x

37.

dx .

0 1 x 2

, then what is value of a.

4
a

41.

sin x

43.

log x 1 log x

sin x dx .

45.

f x dx f a b x dx .
a

46.

1
sec x tan x dx .

48.

1 tan x dx .

1 tan x

dx .

sin x sin 2x dx .
b

44.

2 x

47.

sin2 x
1 cos x dx .

49.

ax b x
dx .
cx

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

50.

(i)

(iii)

x cosec

tan1x 2

1 x

dx .

sin x a sin x b

(ii)

dx .

[67]

(iv)

x 1

x 1

x 1

x 1

dx .

cos x a

cos x a dx .
[Class XII : Maths]

(v)

cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx .

2

(vii)

sin

(ix)

x cos x dx .

sin x cos x
2

(vi)

cos

(viii)

cot

x dx .

x cosec

x dx .

dx .

a sin x b cos x

[Hint : put a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x = t or t2]

(x)

dx . [Hint : Take sec2 x as numerator]

cos x cos x a
6

(xi)
51.

sin x cos x
2

(xii)

dx .

sin x cos x

sin x cos x

dx .

sin 2x

Evaluate :
(i)

x
4

(ii)

x 6 log x

(iii)

1 x x

(v)

(vi)

(viii)

dx

1
2

7 log x 2

x a x b
5x 2
2

4x x

[Hint : put log x = t]

1
9 8x x

dx .

dx .

dx .

(vii)

2x 1

x 2

[Class XII : Maths]

dx .

(iv)

3x

[Hint : put x2 = t]

dx .

(ix)

dx .

[68]

x
2

dx .

6 x 12
2

1 x x dx .

(x)

3x 2

x 1 dx .

(xi)

sec x 1 dx .

[Hint : Multiply and divide by

52.

sec x 1 ]

Evaluate :

dx

(i)

x x

(ii)

1 cos x 2 3 cos x dx .

(iii)

cos

(iv)

sin x

sin cos
2

d .

cos 2

x 1

x 1 x 2 x 3 dx .
x

x 2

(v)

x 2 x 1 dx .

(vi)

x 2 1 x 2 2
x 3 3 x 2 4 dx .

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

dx

2x 1 x
x

tan x dx .

[Hint : x2 = t ]

dx .

[69]

[Class XII : Maths]

53.

Evaluate :
5

(i)

(ii)

sec

sin x dx .
3

x dx .

[Hint : Write sec3x = sec x . sec2 x and take sec x as first function]
(iii)

ax

cos bx c dx .

(iv)

sin

6x

1 9x

dx .

[Hint : put 3x = tan ]

(v)

cos

x dx .
1 sin 2x

dx .
1 cos 2x

(vii)

2x

(ix)

2ax x dx .

(xi)

(xii)

log log x log x

(xiii)

6x 5

(xiv)

dx .

6 x x dx .

dx .

(xv)

2x 5

(xvi)

[Class XII : Maths]

(viii)

(x)

tan

x dx .

x 1
dx .

2
2x

x2

x 12

dx .

2 sin 2x
dx .
1 cos 2x

(vi)

4x 3 dx .

4 x 8 dx .

[70]

[Hint : put log x = t x = et ]

54.

Evaluate the following definite integrals :

(i)

sin x cos x

9 16 sin 2x dx .

(ii)

(iii)

cos 2x log sin x dx .

x
0

1 x
1 x

1 2

2
2

(iv)

dx .

sin

1 x 2 3 2

dx .

[Hint : put x2 = t ]

(v)

sin 2x

sin

dx .

(vi)

x cos x

5x
2

dx .

4x 3

(vii)

x sin x

1 cos x dx .
0

x sin x
x
sin x

as

Hin t : Write

1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos x
55.

Evaluate :
3

(i)

x 1 x 2 x 3 dx . (ii)

1 sin x dx .
0

(iii)

tan

1 x x

dx .
2
1 x

(iv)

x sin x

1 cos
0

dx .
x

2x x 3 when 2 x 1

3
f x dx where f x x 3x 2
when 1 x 1

3x 2
when 1 x 2.

2
2

(v)

Hint :

f x dx

[71]

f x dx

f x dx

f x dx

[Class XII : Maths]

(vi)

x sin x cos x

sin

(vii)

dx .

x cos x

x
2

dx .

cos x b sin x

Hint : Use

56.

f x dx

f a x dx

Evaluate the following integrals

(i)

(iii)

e
cos x

(iv)

dx

(ii)

tan x

cos x

x tan x

dx .

(v)

x 2 x 4 x 5 dx
1

59.

Evaluate

(i)

log x log sin x

dx .

sin1 x cos 1 x

sin

[Class XII : Maths]

2x
dx .

2
1 x

dx .

cos x

sec x cosec x

58.

sin
0

57.

x cos 1 x

dx , x 0, 1

[72]

a x
a x

dx .

(ii)

(iii)

x 2 1 log x 2 1 2 log x
dx
x4

(iv)

x sin x

(v)

sin

(vi)

dx

x2
cos x

dx

x
dx
a x

sin x cos x
sin 2x

dx

(vii)

3
2

(viii)

(ix)

x sin x dx .

(x)

(x

x cos x dx

sin( x a )
dx
a)

sin( x

x2
2

sin

4) ( x 2 9)

dx

(x)

cos x

dx

1 ex

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

60.

Evaluate the following integrals :

(i)

(iii)

5
5

dx .

(ii)

x
2x

dx

x 1 x

x 1 x 3

dx

(iv)

[73]

x
4

dx

dx

16

[Class XII : Maths]

(v)

cot x dx .

tan x

(vi)

(vii)

x tan

1 x
0

61.

2 2

1
4

dx .

dx .

Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :

4

(i)

2x 1 dx .

(ii)

2
3x

3 dx .

2x 4 dx .

(iv)

3x

2x

dx .

(v)

(iii)

3x dx .

62.

Evaluate
1

(i)

cot

x x 2 dx

(ii)

dx

sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x cos x

1

(iii)

63.

log 1 x
1 x2

sin x sin2x dx .

[Class XII : Maths]

dx

(iv)

2 log sin x

log sin 2 x dx .

64.

[74]

3 sin 2 cos

5 cos2 4 sin d .

65.

0 x tan

67.

/2

x dx

66.

2x

cos 3 x dx .

log sin x dx

ANSWERS
1.

x c.

2.

2e 2

3.

tan x + c.

4.

8x
x9
x2

8log x
c.
log8 9
16

5.

6.

log log log x

7.

8.

x a 1
ax

c
a 1 log a

9.

tan x + c

11.

10.

x 2 x 2 4x 10
2

3log x 2 x 2 4x 10 c

12.

f (x) + c

13.

tan x cot x + c

14.

2 32 2
32
x x 1 c
3
3

15.

log |x| + c

16.

e

a

17.

2x e x
c
log 2e

18.

2
x 13 2 2 x 11 2 c.
3

19.

log x 1

20.

2e

21.

x cos2 + c

22.

log x cos 1
c.
cos

1
c.
x 1

[75]

log e a c

[Class XII : Maths]

23.

log sec x tan x 2 c

24.

log cos x sin

c
sin

25.

log sin x 2 c

26.

x4
1
3x 2
2
3 log x c.
4 2x
2

27.

1
log 2 3log x c .
3

28.

log |x + cos x | + c

29.

2 log |sec x/2| + c.

30.

1
log x e e x c .
e

31.

x log x 2 c

32.

33.

34.

35.

1 1 2x
sin c
3
2

36.

b a
2

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

x + log x + c.

42.

1
log sec x tan x c .
2

43.

1 sin3x
2

sin x c or sin3 x c

2 3
3

44.

2 2

45.

46.

log |1 + sin x| + c

47.

x sin x + c

48.

log |cos x + sin x| + c

49.

a c x
log a c

b c x
log b c

[Class XII : Maths]

c1.

[76]

x 2 log x

2x c .
2
a

50.

(i)

1
1

log cosec tan1 x 2 2 c .

2

(ii)

1 2
1
x x x 2 1 log x x 2 1 c .
2
2

(iii)
(iv)

sin a b

sin x b

12x 6 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 2 sin 6 x c .

48
2

sin x

(vi)

sin x

(vii)

1
1
1
1

2x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x c .

32
2
2
6

(viii)

4
cot6 x
cot x

c.
6
4

(ix)

1
2

a b

51.

sin x a

x cos 2a sin 2a log |sec (x a)| + c.

1

(v)

log

sin x c .

a sin x b cos x c

(x)

2 cosec a cos a tan x . sin a c .

(xi)

tan x cot x 3x + c.

(xii)

sin1 (sin x cos x) + c.

(i)

1
3

(ii)

log

tan

2x 2 1

c.

2 log x 1

3 log x 2

[77]

[Class XII : Maths]

(iii)

5 1 2x

log

(iv)

x 4
sin1
c.
5

(v)

2 log

5
(vi)

x a

x b c

log 3 x 2x 1

11

tan

3 2

(vii)

x 3 log x

(viii)

4x x

(ix)

5 1 2x

6 x 12 2 3 tan

4 sin

1 x x

3
2 2

3 x 1
c
2

x 3
c
3

x 2
c
2

2x 1 1 x x 2

5
16

52.

(x)

x2

(xi)

log cos x

(i)

x 1

3
2

log

[Class XII : Maths]

2x 1
c
5

2x 1

x x 1
7
4
c

1
2
2 3
x x 1
log x
2
8

cos x cos x c

sin

c
1

[78]

(ii)

(iii)

1 cos x

log

2 3 cos x
2

log cos 2

(iv)

log 1 cos c .

3
1

log x 1

(v)

log x 2

15

x 4 log

log x 3 c

x 2 2

x 1
(vi)

tan

(vii)

1 x
x

3 tan c
3
2

17

(viii)

log

x
x

tan

(i)

(ii)

tan

34

x 1

1
tan x
tan x 1
log

2 tan x
2 2
tan x

sec x tan x
e

2 tan x 1

2 tan x 1

log sec x tan x

ax

a b

(iv)

1 3
3
3
x cos x sin x c
3

(iii)

x 1

53.

log x

17

(ix)

log 2x 1

2x tan

a cos bx

3x

c b sin bx c c1

log 1 9 x

[79]

[Class XII : Maths]

(v)

2 x sin x cos x

(vi)

x4

4
1

(vii)

(ix)

2x

3
1
x
x
1

c.
tan x

12
4

tan x c .

(viii)

2
x a

2ax x

sin

(x)

x x 1
e
c.
x 1

(xi)

ex tan x + c.

(xii)

x log log x

c.

2x

x a

c
a

c.

log x

(xiii)

(xiv)

(xv)

2 32

2 6 x x

2x 1
25
2
1 2x
8
6 x x
sin
5
8
4

1
c

2 x 1

c
3

log x 1

3
2

x 1

x2

4x

log x

log x 2

tan

3
3

x 2

2
x

4x 3

4x 3 c

(xvi)

x 2

[Class XII : Maths]

4x 8 2 log x 2

[80]

4x 8 c

54.

(i)

(iii)

(v)

log 3.

(ii)

20

(iv)

/2.

log 2.

25

6
log .
5
2

5.

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

29
4

(i)

15
8

56.

(vii)

(vii)

5 10 log

(i)

(vi)

55.

(iv)

(vi)

16

2ab

(ii)

12

(iii)

/2.

(v)

a.

57.

13
2

58.

x cos x + sin x + c.

(iv)

[81]

log 2.

[Class XII : Maths]

59.

60.

(i)

2 2x 1
2 x x2
sin1 x
x c

(ii)

2 1 x cos 1 x

(iii)

(iv)

sin x x cos x
c
x sin x cos x

(v)

x a tan1 x ax c

1
3

1 2
x

3 2

x x2 c

1
2

log 1 2 3 c
x

2 sin1

(vi)

3 1
2

3
1
2.

(vii)

(ix)

(cos 2a) (x + a) (sin 2a) log |sin (x + a)| + c

(x)

(xi)

(i)

(viii)

4 log |x2 + 4| + 9 log |x2 + 9| + c

5
5

x 4 log x

log x 1

log x 1

log x

1
2

(ii)

(iii)

log x 1

2x

1
2

[Class XII : Maths]

10

log

81

log x 3

8
x 2
x 2

tan

10

log x 1

(iv)

log x

tan

x
c .
2

[82]

x
c .
2

27
2 x 3

c.

tan

x c.

(v)

(vi)

2.

tan

2 2

x2

2x

1
4 2

log

2x 1

2x 1

(vii)

/8.

(i)

14.

(ii)

(iii)

26.

(iv)

26

61.

141

(v)

62.

(i)

(iii)

3
1

127 e

log 2
2

(ii)

1
tan x 2
log
c
5
2 tan x 1

log 2.
8

(iv)

1
log .
2
2

63.

1
1
2
log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x c .
6
2
3

64.

3log 2 sin

65.

2 1
log 2
16 4 2

66.

e 2x
2cos 3x 3 sin 3x c .
13

67.

log 2
2

4
c.
2 sin

[83]

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 8

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
AREA OF BOUNDED REGION

Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis and between the ordinates,
x = a and x = b is given by
b

Area =

f x dx
a

y
y = f(x )

y = f(x )

Area bounded by the curve x = f(y) the y-axis and between abscissas,
y = c and y = d is given by
d

Area =

f y dy
c

y
d

d
x = f(y )

x = f(y )
c

c
x

[Class XII : Maths]

[84]

Area bounded by two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) such that 0 g(x)
f(x) for all x [a, b] and between the ordinates x = a and x = b is given
by
Y
y = f( x )
B

A
y = g (x )
a

f x g x dx

Area =

Required Area
k

f x dx f x dx .
a

Y
y = f(x )
A2

O A

A1

B ( k , 0) x = b

x=a

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

1.

Find the area enclosed by circle x2 + y2 = a2.

2.

Find the area of region bounded by x , y : x 1 y

3.

Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

x
a

[85]

2
2

y
b

2
25 x .

2
2

[Class XII : Maths]

4.

Find the area of region in the first quadrant enclosed by xaxis, the line
y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.

5.

Find the area of region {(x, y) : y2 4x, 4x2 + 4y 2 9}

6.

Prove that the curve y = x2 and, x = y2 divide the square bounded by

x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 into three equal parts.

7.

Find smaller of the two areas enclosed between the ellipse

x
a

and the line

2
2

y
b

2
2

bx + ay = ab.
8.

Find the common area bounded by the circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and

(x 2)2 + y2 = 4.

9.

Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are
(a)

10.

(1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2)

(b)

(2, 2) (0, 5) and (3, 2)

Using integration, find the area bounded by the lines.

(i)

x + 2y = 2, y x = 1 and 2x + y 7 = 0

(ii)

y = 4x + 5,

y = 5 x

and 4y x = 5.

11.

Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 1 x + y}.

12.

Find the area of the region bounded by

y = |x 1| and y = 1.

13.

Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x

and x-axis.
14.

Find the area bounded by semi circle y

15.

Find area of region given by {(x, y) : x2 y |x|}.

16.

Find area of smaller region bounded by ellipse

25 x

9
line 2x + 3y = 6.

[Class XII : Maths]

[86]

and x-axis..

1 and straight

17.

Find the area of region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and line

x = 4y 2.

18.

Using integration find the area of region in first quadrant enclosed by

x-axis, the line x

3 y and the circle x2 + y2 = 4.

19.

Find smaller of two areas bounded by y = |x| and x2 + y2 = 8.

20.

Find the area lying above x-axis and included between the circle
x2 + y2 = 8x and inside the parabola y2 = 4x.

21.

Using integration, find the area enclosed by the curve y = cos x,

y = sin x and x-axis in the interval 0, .

2

22.

Sketch the graph y = |x 5|. Evaluate

x 5 dx .

23.

Find the area enclosed between y = 4x and x2 = 6y.

24.

Using integration, find the area of the following region :

x, y :
25.

x 1 y

5 x2

Using integration, find the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis
and tangent and normal to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1,

26.

3 ).

Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line
x y + 2 = 0, the curve x

y and y-axis.

ANSWERS
1.

a2 sq. units.

2.

1
25 sq . units.
4
2

3.

ab sq. units

5.

2
6

9
8

9
4

4.

sin

1
sq. units
3

[87]

7.

4 sq. units

2 ab

sq. units

[Class XII : Maths]

8.
10.

2 3 sq. units

9.

(a) 4 sq. units (b)

15
sq. units
2

(a) 6 sq. units [Hint. Coordinate of vertices are (0, 1) (2, 3) (4, 1)]
(b)

15

sq. units

[Hint : Coordinate of vertices are ( 1, 1) (0, 5) (3, 2)]

11.

sq. units
4
2

12.

13.

3 sq. units

14.

1 sq. units

25

sq. units

2
1

15.

17.

3
9

sq. units

16.

2 sq. units

18.

sq. units

sq. units

19.

2 sq. units.

20.

4
8 3 sq. units
3

21.

22.

13 sq. units.

23.

384 sq. units.

24.

1
5
sq. units

4
2

25.

2 3 sq. units

26.

10
sq. units
3

2 sq. units.

[Class XII : Maths]

[88]

CHAPTER 9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
POINTS TO REMEMBER

Differential Equation : Equation containing derivatives of a dependant

variable with respect to an independent variable is called differential
equation.

Order of a Differential Equation : The order of a differential equation is

defined to be the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the
differential equation.

Degree of a Differential Equation : Highest power of highest order

derivative involved in the equation is called degree of differential equation
where equation is a polynomial equation in differential coefficients.

Formation of a Differential Equation : We differentiate the family of

curves as many times as the number of arbitrary constant in the given
family of curves. Now eliminate the arbitrary constants from these equations.
After elimination the equation obtained is differential equation.

Solution of Differential Equation

(i)

Variable Separable Method

dy
f x, y
dx
We separate the variables and get
f(x)dx = g(y)dy
Then

(ii)

f x dx

g y dy

c is the required solutions..

Homogenous Differential Equation : A differential equation of

the form

dy
dx

f x, y
g x, y
[89]

where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both

[Class XII : Maths]

homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y i.e., of

dy

the form
equation.

y
F is called a homogeneous differential
x
dx

For solving this type of equations we substitute y = vx and then

dy

dv

. The equation can be solved by variable

dx
dx
separable method.

(iii)

v x

L i n ear Dif f eren t ial Eq u at io n : An equation of the from

dy

Py Q where P and Q are constant or functions of x only

dx
is called a linear differential equation. For finding solution of this

type of equations, we find integrating factor (I .F .) e

Solution is y I .F .

Q. I.F . dx

P dx .

dx
Similarly, differential equations of the type dy Px Q where
P and Q are constants or functions of y only can be solved.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.

(i)

dy

(ii)

cos y 0.

dx
5

(iii)

d y
dx

(v)

(vii)

d 2y
sin x 2 .
dx

d 2y
1
2
dx
dx
d 3y
3
dx

[Class XII : Maths]

d 2y
2
dx

(iv)

(vi)

d y
dx

13

dy

dy

dx

d y
dx

4.

dy
log
0.
dx

dy
1

dx

32

sin x .

[90]

(viii)

dy

dy
tan
0
dx
dx

d y
dx

2.

Write the general solution of following differential equations.

(i)

dy

(ii)

x .

(iv)

dx

(iii)

dy

dx

(v)

dy

x y

1 cos 2x

(vi)

dy
dx

1 cos 2y

1 2y

3x 1

Write integrating factor of the following differential equations

(i)

dy
y cos x sin x
dx

(ii)

dy
2
y sec x sec x tan x
dx

(iii)

(v)

(vii)
4.

dy
dx

dx

3.

(ex + ex) dy = (ex ex)dx

dy
4
y x .
dx

dy
3
3y x
dx

dy
1

dx
1 x

dy
y log x x y
dx

(iv)

(vi)

dy
y tan x sec x
dx

y sin x

Write order of the differential equation of the family of following curves

(i)
(iii)

(v)

y = Aex + Bex

(x a)2 + (y b)2 = 9
x
a

(vii)

+ c

2
2

y
b

(ii)

Ay = Bx2

(iv)

Ax + By2 = Bx2 Ay

(vi)

y = a cos (x + b)

2
2

0.

y = a + bex+c

[91]

[Class XII : Maths]

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

5.

(i)

Show that y e

m sin

1 x
2

(ii)

d y
dx

is a solution of

dy
2
m y 0.
dx

Show that y = sin(sin x) is a solution of differential equation

2

d y
dx

tan x

dy
2
y cos x 0.
dx
2

x d y
dy
B
x
y 0.
is a solution of
2
dx
x
dx

(iii)

Show that y Ax

(iv)

Show that y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) is a solution of

x

d y
dx

(v)

dy
y 0.
dx

x 2 a2

Verify that y log x

equation :

a2
(vi)

x2

d 2y
dx

satisfies the differential

dy
0.
dx

Find the differential equation of the family of curves

y = ex (A cos x + B sin x), where A and B are arbitrary constants.

6.

(vii)

Find the differential equation of an ellipse with major and minor

axes 2a and 2b respectively.

(viii)

Form the differential equation representing the family of curves

(y b)2 = 4(x a).

Solve the following differential equations.

(i)

dy

y cot x sin 2x .

dx

[Class XII : Maths]

(ii)

dy
dx

[92]

2y x log x .

(iii)

dy

dx
(iv)

. y cos x

sin x

x
3

cos x

x 0.

dy

cos x sin x .

dx

7.

(v)

ydx x y

(vi)

ye dx y

dy

2xe

dy

Solve each of the following differential equations :

dy

dy
2
2y
.

dx
dx

(i)

y x

(ii)

cos y dx + (1 + 2ex) sin y dy = 0.

(iii)

x 1 y dx y 1 x dy 0.

1 x 2 1

(iv)
(v)
(vi)

dy xy

dx 0.

(xy2 + x) dx + (yx2 + y) dy = 0; y(0) = 1.

dy

y sin x cos x xy e .

dx

(vii)
8.

tan x tan y dx + sec2 x sec2 y dy = 0

Solve the following differential equations :

(i)

x2 y dx (x3 + y3) dy = 0.

(ii)

dy

xy y .

dx

(iii)

x2

dx

2xy dy 0, y 1 1.

[93]

[Class XII : Maths]

x
x

y sin
dx x sin
y dy .

(iv)

(v)

dy
dx

y
tan .
x
x

Hint : Put y v

dy

(vi)

dx

dy

(viii)

2xy

9.

10.

1 y

dx

1 x

3xy

(ix)

(vii)

dy

x y

2 y

x e .

dx

2
2

dx x 2

xy dy 0

(i)

Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching

y-axis at (0, 0).

(ii)

Form the differential equation of family of parabolas having vertex

at (0, 0) and axis along the (i) positive y-axis (ii) positive x-axis.

(iii)

Form differential equation of family of circles passing through origin

and whose centre lie on x-axis.

(iv)

Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first

quadrant and touching the coordinate axes.

Show that the differential equation

dy

dx

x 2y
x y

is homogeneous and

solve it.
11.

Show that the differential equation :

(x2 + 2xy y2) dx + (y2 + 2xy x2) dy = 0 is homogeneous and solve it.

12.

Solve the following differential equations :

(i)

dy

2y cos 3x .

dx

(ii)

sin x

[Class XII : Maths]

dy

2

y cos x 2 sin x cos x if y 1
2
dx

[94]

(iii)
13.

3e tan y dx 1 e
x

sec 2 y dy

Solve the following differential equations :

(i)

(x3 + y3) dx = (x2y + xy2)dy.

(ii)

x dy y dx

(iii)

y
y
y x cos y sin dx

x
x

y dx .

y
y
x y sin x cos dy 0.
x
x

(iv)

x2dy + y(x + y) dx = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1.

y

(v)

xe

y x

dy

0 if y(e) = 0

dx

(vi)
(vii)
14.

(x3 3xy2) dx = (y3 3x2y)dy.

dy

dx

y
cosec 0 given that y 0 when x 1
x
x

Solve the following differential equations :

2

dy
tanx y .
dx

(i)

cos x

(ii)

x cos x

(iii)

x
x

1 e y dx e y 1 x dy 0.

(iv)

(y sin x) dx + tan x dy = 0, y(0) = 0.

dy
y x sin x cos x 1.
dx

[95]

[Class XII : Maths]

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS EACH)

15.

Solve the following differential equations :

y
y
y dx y sin y dx x dy x cos
x
x

(i)

x dy

(ii)

3ex tan y dx + (1 ex) sec2 y dy = 0 given that y

, when
4

x = 1.
dy
y cot x 2x x 2 cot x given that y(0) = 0.
dx

(iii)

ANSWERS
1.(i)

order = 1,

degree = 1

(ii)

order = 2, degree = 1

(iii)

order = 4,

degree = 1

(iv)

order = 5, degree is not defined.

(v)

order = 2,

degree = 2

(vi)

order = 2, degree = 2

(vii)

order = 3,

degree = 2

(viii)

2.(i)

3.(i)

5x + 5 y = c

2(y x) + sin 2y + sin 2x = c.

(vi)

2 log |3x + 1| + 3log |1 2y| = c.

esin

(ii)

etan

(v)

c.

e 1

1
3

[Class XII : Maths]

e 1

e1/x

(iv)

2 log x c

log x 2

(iii)

y loge e

4
(v)

(ii)

6
(iii)

order = 1, degree is not defined

[96]

(iv)

(vi)

sec x

tan

(vii)

4.(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(vii)

dy
x
dx

5.(vi)

d y
dx

d y

dx

2y 0

dx

(viii)

dy

dy

dx

(ii)

dx

= y

4 loge

x 1

(iv)

y = tan x 1 + cetan

(vi)

x = y2ey + cy2

cy x 2 1 2y

(ii)

ex

y sin x

dy
dx

16

(iii)

d y

2 sin x

y sin x

xy

6.(i)

, x 0

c
x

(v)

7.(i)
(iii)

(iv)

(v)

xy

1 x

log

x2

1 y

1 y
1 y

1 y

2
2

2 sec y c

1 x

1 y

1 2

[97]

[Class XII : Maths]

(vi)

log y

cos x

cos x xe

6
3

1 cos 2x
x

cos 2x x 1 e c

16
3

(vii)

cos 2x

log tan y

4
8.(i)

x
3y

(iii)

x2 + y2 = 2x

(iv)

y ce

(v)

y
sin cx
x

(vii)

(ix)

9.(i)

2xy

(vi)

c x

(viii)

sin

y
log x c
x

10.

log x

11.
x

2xy

2xy

[Class XII : Maths]

c
x

x c

dy

dy

y '

xy y

y sin

(ii)

2y x

dy
dx

dx

(iv)

dx

(iii)

c
x

tan

cos x y

3
2

(ii)

log y c

x yy '
1

2 3 tan

x 2y

c
3x

[98]

y 2x

dy
dx

3 sin 3 x

2 cos 3x

2x

(ii)

y x log c x y

(ii)

cx

(iii)

y
xy cos c
x

(iv)

3x y y 2x

(v)

y x log log x , x 0

(vi)

c x y

(ii)

(iv)

2y = sin x

12.(i)

13

(iii)

13.(i)

(vii)

sin x

13

tan y k 1 e

cos

ce

cosec x

x 3

x y .

log x 1

14.

(i)
(iii)

15.

y = tan x 1 + ce tan x

x ye

x
y

(i)

y
c xy sec
x

(ii)

(1 e)3 tan y = (1 ex)3

(iii)

y = x2.

[99]

sin x
cos x
c
x
x

[Class XII : Maths]