Scheduled Bank: As per sec 2 (e) of RBI Act 1934, a schedule bank means a bank whose
name is included in the 2nd schedule of RBI Act 1934. A schedule bank should satisfy the
conditions laid down in sec 42 (6). It may be
1. A state cooperative bank
2. A company defined in companies act 1956
3. An institution notified by central govt.
Nationalized banks
State bank of India and its associates
Regional rural bank (RRBs)
Foreign Banks
Indian private sector banks
Scheduled co-operative banks
Scheduled urban co-operative banks
Non-scheduled Bank
A bank that is not included in the 2nd schedule of RBI is called non-scheduled bank.
Public Sector Banks
All those banks in which share holding of the government is 51% or more, At present all
these banks are public sector banks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
= 19
= 5
= 1
= 1
= 1
27
Private Sector Banks: - The share of individuals 26% and up to 74% FDI is allowed. These
are registered under Indian companies act, 1956. They are of two types
1. Old generation Pvt. sector bank
2. New generation Pvt. sector bank
Foreign Banks
Banks with their registered office outside India are called foreign banks. Standard charted is
the largest foreign bank in India.
NAME OF THE BANK
HEAD QUARTER
Mumbai
Bank of India
Mumbai
Mumbai
Dena bank
Mumbai
New Delhi
New Delhi
Canara Bank
Bangalore
Vijaya bank
Bangalore
Kolkata
UCO bank
Kolkata
Allahabad bank
Kolkata
Indian bank
Chennai
Chennai
Bank of Baroda
Vadodara
Bank f Maharashtra
Pune
Andhra bank
Hyderabad
Corporation bank
Mangalore
Gurgaon
Specialized Bank:
There are some banks, which cater to the requirements and provide overall support for
setting up business in specific areas of activity.
1. Export import bank of India (1982)
2. Small industrial development bank of India (1990)
3. National bank for agriculture and rural development (1981)
Small Bank & Payment Bank
The idea of small and payment banks was first proposed by the Nachiket More
Committee on financial inclusion.
Small bank will offer both deposits as well as loan products
Payment bank will be used only for transaction and deposits purposes
Minimum paid up capital of each Rs. 100 Crore
Banking Ombudsman
The banking ombudsman scheme enables a forum to bank customers for resolution
of their complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks
RBI introduced this scheme under powers granted U\s 35-A of Banking Regulation
Act 1949.
All scheduled commercial banks; RRBs and scheduled Primary Co-operative banks
are covered under the scheme.
Limit of compensation 10 lakh (other cases)
1 lakh (credit card)
Period of solution of a problem by banks 30 days
Appellate authority is vested with a Deputy Governor of the RBI
Period for appeal is 30 days
Development Bank
Business often requires medium and long term capital for purchase of machinery and
equipment, for using latest technology, or for expansion and modernization. Such financial
assistance is provided by development banks. Development banks are mentioned as under.
1. Industrial finance corporation of India.
2. State financial corporations
NBFC Non Banking Financial companies
A non-Banking financial company is a company registered under the companies act. 1956.
Its principle business is lending, investment in various types of shares\stocks\bonds, its
principle business is receiving deposits under any scheme. The asset size is Rs. 100 crore
or more to be a systemically important NBFC
RBI
It the central bank of the country
It was established on April 1935 with a capital of Rs. 5 crore under RBI Act 1934
It was nationalized on Jan 1, 1949
The governor is the chairman of the board and chief executive of the bank.
RBI financial year is July 1 to June 30
Present Governor is Dr. Raghuram Rajan.
It has two fully owned subsidiaries
1. DICGC Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India.
2. BRBNMPL = Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited
Functions of RBI
1. Issuance of Currency: U\s 22 of RBI Act 1934, RBI is the authority in India to issue
currency notes under signature of governor.
2. One rupee note called currency note is issued by the central govt. and signed by
finance secretary.
3. Bankers bank:- It keeps a part of deposits of commercial banks (as CRR) and acts
as lender of last resort by providing financial assistance to banks.
4. Controller of banks:- It issues directions, carries inspection and exercise
management control.
5. Controller of credit : U\s 21 and 35 A, of BR act, RBI can fix interest rates (including
Bank Rate)
Statutory Reserves:- RBI ensures that the banks maintain certain % of their assets
in liquid \ cash form under SLR \ CRR rules.
Collection of information:- RBI collects credit information and can share this
information with other banks.
Maintenance of external value:- RBI is responsible also for maintaining external
value of Indian currency as well as the internal value.
Monetary and credit policy:- RBI control monetary and credit policy
Other activities
1. Licensing of banks
2. Inspection of banks
3. Deposit insurance
4. Inflation control
SEBI Securities & Exchange Board of India.
Established in 1988
SEBI is the apex body and act as regulator and development institution for the capital
market. It has semi-executive, semi-legislative and semi-judicial functions for the three
different players in the capital markets viz.
1. The investors;
2. The market intermediaries
3. The issues of securities
IRDA insurance regulatory and development authority
IRDA is an autonomous apex statutory body which regulates and develops the insurance
industry in India. The IRDA Act, 1999 was passed as per the major recommendation of the
Malhotra Committee report (1994)
Objectives & mission: IRDA serves as an authority to protect the interests of holders of
insurance policies, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry.
****##****
CHAPTER 2
IMPORTANT TERMS OF BANKING
Universal banking: universal banking means allowing financial institutions and banks to
undertake all types of banking or development financing activity.
Examples of Activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Accepting deposits
Granting loans
Investing in securities
Credit cards
Insurance etc.
Objective: To offer world class financial services by using information technology and cross
selling to reduce cost and increase per customer revenue.
RH khan committee had recommended the concept of universal banking.
Narrow Banking
A narrowing banking is the system of banking under which a bank places its funds in riskfree assets with maturity period matching its liability maturity profile.
Retail Banking
Retail banking sector is characterized by 3 basic characteristics.
1. Multiple products (deposits, credit cards, insurance, investments etc)
2. Multiple delivery channels (call centre, branch, internet and kiosk)
3. Multiple customer group (consumer, small business and corporate)
Door step banking: - The services can be delivered by the banks either through,
1. Own employees
2. Through the agents
Merchant banking:- Merchant banking stands for providing various services relating to
capital market and financing the corporate sector.
Major merchant banking services
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Project counseling
Loan syndications
Technology tie-ups
Mutual funds
Portfolio management
Mergers and amalgamations
International banking
Different banks are active in the foreign exchange markets within and outside India. The
different types of services provided by them, for this purpose are international banking
services.
Green Banking:- To make banking processes and the use of IT and physical infrastructure
as efficient and effective as possible, with zero or minimal impact on the environment.
Virtual Banking
Under virtual banking concept, banking services are delivered by way of a computer
controlled system that does not directly involve interface with the customers.
Tele Banking:
It refers to telephone based banking, using any mode of telephone \ mobile, where
customer queries are attended to either by answering machines or Tele callers. No
transaction is allowed in tale-banking. Here only information can be shared about various
bank products\accounts.
Lobby Banking:- Lobby Banking facilities offer the customers an access to an internet
banking kiosk, phone banking, cheque drop facility and Automated Teller machine (ATM), all
set up in a tailor-made lobby like premises.
Para Banking:With the changing time, banks have taken up a variety of other functions such as selling
insurance products, mutual funds, debit\credit card business, accepting variety of fees,
earnest money etc. All these activities form part of Para banking.
Shadow Banking:Banking activities called out by the entities outside the purview of the regular banking
system. Acceptance of deposits and loans made by NBFCs (Non-Banking finance
company)
Electronic Banking:Electronic banking or e-banking is virtual banking or on-line banking.
Following are the e-banking
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Smart card
Credit card
ATM
Debit card
Internet banking
Cheque truncation payment systems.
Electronic fund transfer
Mobile banking
****##****
CHAPTER 3
BANKING PRODUCTS
1. Saving bank account:- At present, RBI stipulates all banks to pay a minimum floor
of interest rate on saving bank account at 4% per annum however, it has freed the
upper ceiling; as such the banks are free to determine their interest rates payable on
saving accounts. Interest up to Rs. 10000\- per annum is exempted from income tax.
2. Current Account:- A current account is an account which can be opened by any
individual, a businessman or an organization. This account may also be operated
upon any number of times during a working day. No interest is paid for credit balance
in this account.
3. Time Deposits
1. Fixed Deposit account:- Fixed deposit accounts are opened by the banks for a
minimum period of 7 days and maximum period of 10 years. The banks pay
higher rate of interest on these accounts. Pre-mature withdrawal is restricted but
not totally banned.
4. Sweep accounts: Basically sweep accounts are saving bank account or current
account with facility of fixed deposit interest rate benefits. In these accounts a
specified amount above the minimum balance is reserved as fixed deposit for higher
rate of interest.
5. Dormant and Inoperative accounts:- If an account saving or current account is not
operated for the last six months, it becomes dormant and if not operated for two
years it becomes Inoperative Accounts.
6. Unclaimed account:- if there is no transaction in an account for 10 years or more
the account is classified as an unclaimed account as per the provisions of banking
regulation act, 1949.
7. Nomination facility:- As per section 45 z of the banking regulation act, all bank
deposits can have the facility of nomination as per which the deposit account holders
can nominate any person of any age (even a minor) as their nominee to receive the
amount outstanding in the account, after their death.
Facility of nomination is available in only these types of accounts
1. All deposit accounts
2. Safe custody accounts
3. Safe deposit locker accounts
The facility is not available in any of loan accounts.
****##****
CHAPTER-4
SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
1. Base rate:It is the rate below which a bank is not allowed to charge interest on any loan. All banks
have to declare their base rate publically. In three exceptional cases banks are allowed
to charge a rate lower than base rate:
1. Loan against banks own deposits
2. Loan to banks own staff
3. Loan under differential rate of interest scheme
BPLR (Bench mark prime lending rate): It was introduced wef. 1.7.2010 on the
recommendation of the Deepak Mohanty committee.
2. Spread:- The different between average rate of interest earned and average rate of
interest paid is known as spread.
Net interest income = interest earned interest paid
3. Sub-venation:- it is a kind of subsidy announced by government on interest payable
to banks by the borrowers. Specially given in priority sector lending, agriculture and
self help groups.
4. Margin money (down payment)
When a customer is sanctioned a loan, the bank does not give loan for the full value
of the item to be purchased.
The contribution that the customer is expected to make from his own resources.
Priority Sector:- These are small value loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities,
micro and small enterprises, poor people for housing, students for education and other low
income groups and weaker sections.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Agriculture
Micro and small enterprises
Education
Housing
Export credit
Others
= 40 %
Total agriculture
= 18%
Weaker section
= 10%
Foreign bank
= 32%
Rate of interest for loans under priority sector will be as per RBIs directives issued from
time, which is linked to base rate of banks at present.
CGTMSE
Credit guarantee fund trust for micro and small enterprises (CGTMSE)
It is a government body set up to provide insurance cover to the banks which provide
collateral\security free loans of up to Rs Crore to the entrepreneurs in micro and small
sector.
The trust provides cover of up to 80% of amount in default.
Skimming:- it is the illegal copying of information\data from the magnetic strip of a credit or
debit card.
Phishing:- Phishing is a type of online identity theft. It uses fraudulent emails and websites
that are designed to steal your personal data or information such as credit card numbers,
passwords, account data etc.
Kite flying:- kite flying is originally a technical term used for a type of cheque fraud but, this
teerm has now been extended to credit card as well. Kite flying is when your use one or
more credit card to withdraw cash at an ATM as cash advance and pay dues on another
credit card.
Mode of Remittances
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cheque
Draft
Pay order
NEFT
RTGS
ECS
10
allow credit to the card holder up to a pre-approved limit to which a holder can make
purchases.
Debit Card: - A debit card is a plastic card that provides the cardholder electronic access to
his bank account. The card can be used as an alternative payment method to cash when
making purchases.
Smart Card:- Cards which contain seal value in the form of electronic money which
someone has paid for n advance. These cards look like any other plastic card with an
integrated circuit chip installed
Mobile Banking:- M-banking
transactions, payments, etc.
OTP = One time password: - is the latest tool used by banks to fight against cyber fraud.
OTPs are requested by consumers each-time they want to perform transactions using the
online or mobile banking interface. The password expires once it has been used or once its
scheduled life cycle has expired.
Point of Sale POS = any place where a card swipe machine is installed is known as
point of sale terminal.
Core banking solution:- care banking may stand for centralized online real time exchange.
It means a centralized branch computerization model where all the branches of a bank are
connected to a central hub.
Basel III:- The basel committee on banking supervision (BSBS) issued a comprehensive
reform package entitled Based III:
Objective:- (a) to improve banking sectors ability to absorb shocks arising from financial
and economic stress (b) to reduce the risk of spillover from financial sector to the real
economy.
The based III framework is based on 3 components called 3 pillars
1. Minimum capital standards
2. Supervisory review
3. Market discipline
Credit rating:- RBI allows use of ratings by credit rating agencies
Domestic credit rating agencies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
International Agencies
1. Fitch
2. Moodys
3. Standard & Poors
IFRS = International financial reporting standards
11
IFRSs are the principles based set of standards which establish broad rules. These are the
standers and interpretations adopted by the international accounting standards board.
(IASB)
NOFHC = Non-operative financial holding company
GUIDELINES ON LICENSING OF NEW BANKS IN PRIVATE SECTOR
Minimum voting equity capital
Foreign Shareholding
49%
Prompt Corrective Action:- It is a system under which RBI can initiate a corrective action in
case of a bank which is found to be having low CAR or profit or high NPAs.
Best Practices code (BPC):- Based on the recommendations of Mitra committee, RBI
issued guidelines. The BPC should cover all the functional areas like cash, safe custody of
valuables, deposit accounts, investment portfolio, credit portfolio etc.
Risk Management
The potential loss from a banking transaction, which a bank can suffer due to variety of
reasons
Asset Liability Management: it is the management of structure of balance sheet
(liabilities and assets) to maximize net earning from interest within overall risk preference
present and future) of the bank. ALCO is the top most committee to oversee implementation
of ALM system.
Stress testing in Indian banks
Stress testing is described as the evaluation of a banks financial position under a severe but
plausible scenario, to assist in decision making within the bank. It enables a bank in forward
looking assessment of risks.
Business Process Re-engineering
In the banking industry, the business process re-engineering (BPR) means transforming the
select processes and procedures to empower the bank with contemporary technologies,
business solutions and innovations that enhances the competitive advantage.
It takes into account 4 important aspects; (1) customer (2) competition (3) change
(4) cost
Objectives:- To reduce the transaction process time without sacrificing security aspects,
quality and real time service to clients and extensive propagation of single window concept.
BPR basically aimed at maintaining long term profitability and strengthening the competitive
edge of banks in conforming with transforming market realities.
Corporate Governance and banks:The corporate governance refer to conducting the affairs of a banking organization by
following the best business practices, in such a manner that gives a fair deal to all the stake
holders i.e. shareholders, bank customers, regulatory authorities, society at large,
employees etc.
12
The following aspects require special mention while judging the standard of corporate
governance in a banking institution:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Money Laundering
It is a process for conversion of money obtained illegally to appear to have originated from
legitimate sources. Indian Parliament passed the prevention of money laundering act 2002
for prevention of money laundering. Offences are cognizable \ non-bailable. Punishment is
imprisonment for not less than 3 years but up to 7 years and fine upto Rs. 5 lac.
Branch Authorization Policy
The opening of new branches and shifting of existing branches of banks is governed by
section 23 of the BR Act 1949. With prior approval of RBI only, the banks can open a new
place of business in India or abroad or change.
Centre classification on the basis of population (census 2011),
Rural Centre
up to 9999
Semi-urban centre
10000 to 99999
Urban centre
100000 to 999999
Metro centre
Tier 1
Tier 2
50000 to 99999
Tier 3
20000 to 49999
Tier- 4
10000 to 19999
Tier-5
5000 to 9999
Tier-6
13
Business Correspondents: - The scheduling RRBs and local area banks (LABs) may
engage business correspondents (BCs) with the approval of their board of directors.
Bank may engage the following individuals / entities.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ULTRA SMALL BRANCHES: These branches may be set up between the base branch and
BC locations for about 8-10 BC unites at a reasonable distance of 3-4 kilometers. These
branches should have minimum infrastructure such as a core banking solution (CBS)
terminal linked to a pass book printer and a safe for cash retention for operating large
customer transactions.
Financial inclusion: financial inclusion is the delivery of financial products, at affordable
costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society. As per United
Nations, the goal of financial inclusion is, to ensure access to a full range of financial
services, at a reasonable cost, too ensure continuity and certainty of investment.
RBI set up Rangarajan committee in 2004 to look into financial inclusion.
Financial inclusion first featured in 2005 and Mangalam became the first village in India
where all households were provided banking facilities.
(SVS) Sampoorn Viteeya Samaveshan was launched on Aug. 15, 2014
To ensure access to financial services and timely and adequate credit to weaker
sections and low income groups.
SVS comprises 6 pillars
1. Universal access to banking facilities: each bank to have min. one fixed point banking
outlet to cater to 1000-1500 household.
2. Financial literacy program
3. Providing basic banking account
4. Micro credit availability and creation of credit guarantee fund for coverage of defaults
in such account.
5. Micro insurance: IRDA has created a special insurance policies for weaker section
with a life insurance cover of Rs. 50000/DBT Direct Benefit Transfer: To facilitate DBT for delivery of social welfare benefits by
direct credit to the bank accounts of beneficiaries, banks were advised by RBI to open
accounts for all eligible individuals in camp mode with the support of local government
authorities.
SWABHIMAAN:It is a financial security programme to provide the following services to the rural India:
1. Bring basic banking services to unbanked villages
2. To provide need-based credit and remittance facilities.
3. Increase the demand for credit among the millions of small and marginal farmers and
rural artisans.
14
CROSS SELLIING
Crossselling stands for offering to the existing and new customer, some additional banking
products, with a view to expand banking business, reduce the per customer cost of
operations and provide more satisfaction and value to the customer.
SUBPRIME LENDING:- also referred to as B-paper, near prime, or second chance
lending. It is a practice followed by lenders in various countries to sanction loan to the
borrowers, who do not sanction loan to the borrowers, who do not qualify for the best market
interest rates, due to certain deficiency in their credit history.
****##****
15
CHAPTER 5
MONEY MARKETS
Money Market: It is a market for short-term debt securities, such as commercial paper,
repos, negotiable certificates of deposit, and treasury bills with a maturity of one year or less.
Major Money market instruments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
16
17
Certificate of Deposit
This scheme was introduced in July 1989, to enable the banking system to moblies bulk
deposits from the market.
Who can issue:- SCB (except RRBs) all India financial institutions.
Maturity Min 7 days Max 12 Moths
Amount Min Rs 1 Lac, beyond which in multiple of one lac.
Commercial Paper: - CP introduced during 1990, is a short term money market instrument
issued as an unsecured usance promissory note.
Maturity: Min 7 days & Max up to one year
Amount: 5 lakh or multiples
Non-convertible debentures:- NCD is a debt instrument issued by a corporate (including
NBFCs)
Maturity Min 90 days and maximum one year.
Denomination:- Minimum Rs 5 lakh and in multiple of Rs 1 lakh
Derivatives:- As per RBI, derivative means financial instruments to be settled at a future
date, whose value is derived from change in some other variables such as interest rate,
foreign exchange rate, idex of pricing etc.
Option:- It is a contract that provides a right but not impose any obligation to buy or sell a
financial instrument.
Futures:- A futures is a standard contract based on an agreement, to buy or sell an assets
at a certain price at a certain price at certain time.
Forward:- The forward is a contract that is traded off the stock exchange.
Forward is an OTC product.
Forward can be for any odd amount.
SWAP:- A Swap is a contract that binds two counterparties to exchange the different
streams of payments over the specified period at specified rate.
Clearing Corporation of India
Clearing corporation of India ltd was incorporated on 30th of April, 2001, as the
countrys first clearing house for the govt. securities, forex and other related market
segments.
Credit Rating
Agencies
SMERA
CRISIL
8 Moodys
ICRA
9 Fitch
CARE
18
RATING INDIA
Bricwick rating
Venture Capital:- Venture capital is a source of funds used to finance new proposal / idea
involving new technology or product which are silky but with a potential of high return.
CAPITAL MARKETS IN INDIA
Capital Market is the market for long term funds unlike the money market. Capital market
refers to all the facilities and institutional arrangements for borrowing and lending medium
and long term funds.
Equity Shares: An equity share commonly referred to as ordinary shareholders in the ratio
of their existing holding of shares
Bonus Shares: Shares issued by the companies to their shareholders free of cost by
capitalization of accumulated reserves from the profit earned in the earlier years.
Preference shares:- Owners of these kinds of shares are entitled to a fixed dividend or
dividend calculated at a fixed rate to be paid regularly before dividend can be poid in
respect of equity shares.
Debentures:- An instrument issued by a company bearing a fixed interest rate payable half
yearly on specific dates and principal amount repayable on particular date on redemption.
Bond: - it is normally unsecured, issued by a company, or government agency.
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment is an investment by non-resident entity / person resident outside
India in the capital of an Indian company under schedule 1 of FEM.
FDI Cap 74% Private Sector Banks
FDI Cap 20% Public Sector Banks
(FDI & Portfolio Investment)
Mutual Funds:- Mutual funds are associations or trusts of members of public who wish to
make investment in the financial instruments or assets of the business secotor orcorporate
sector for the mutual benefit of its members.
Dematerialization:- Dematerialization is a process by which the paper certificates of an
investor are taken back by the company / registrar and actually destroyed and equivalent
number of securities are credited in electronic holdings of that investor.
Important recent committees on Banking
1. BPLR
Benchmark prime lending rate
2. Review lead bank scheme
3. Business correspondent model
4. Currency distribution
5. Sound regulation & transparency
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Deepak Mohaty
Usha Throat
Pvijya Bhaskar Rao
Usha Throat
Dr. rakesh Mohan and Mr. Tiff
Macklem
Dr. Rakesh Mohan
Dr. C. Rangarajan
19
2. Return on Equity
3. Cost of deposits
4. Cost of borrowings
5. Cost of funds
20
6. Return on advances
7. Net interest margin
=
=
8. Intermediation coast
9. Operating profit
10. Burden
IEA / Advances
Is defined as the total interest
earned less total interest paid.
Is defined as the total operating
expenses
Total earnings less total
expenses, excluding provisions
and contingencies.
The total non-inters expenses
less total non-interest income.
Bit coin = Bit coin launched in 2008, is a digital currency. It is generated through a computer
program and can be converted into cash after being deposited into virtual wallets.
Casino Banking: A practice of commercial banks engaging in unduly speculative or risky
financial activities to record high profit.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
CSR represents the activities of a company for its sustainability in the long run, that benefit
the community around the company in terms of employment, development of infrastructure
and other development activities.
Provisions of companies Act, 2013 = section 135 of the companies act 2013 has made
mandatory CSR provisions. Compliance of CSR is mandatory, if a company meets any of
the following a criterion.
a. Net worth of Rs. 500/- core or more
b. Turnover of Rs. 1000/- core or more
c. Net profit of Rs. 5 crore or more during any financial year
The company spends at least 2% of average net profit of 3 financial years immediately
preceding.
****##****
21
CHAPTER 6
Credit Policy: For policy purpose the period, the period April Sept is known as slack
season and the Oct to March is called busy season
Bank Rate: - it is defined in sec 49 of RBI Act 1934 as the standard rate at which RBI is
prepared to buy or discount bills of exchange.
Over the year, the repo rate has taken the place of the bank rate and interest rates presently
move in line with the repo rate
NDTL =
NPCI =
CRR: =
CRR refers to the ratio of banks cash reserve balances with RBI with
reference to the banks net demand and time liabilities to ensure the liquidity
and solvency of the scheduled banks.
SLR
22
Multiple Banking
In a multiple banking arrangement, the banks allow credit facilities without a formal
arrangement among themselves. They make their own assessment of credit needs.
Credit Risk
The credit risk refers to the possibility of loss that the bank or financial institution may suffer
as a consequence of inability of the counter-party.
NPA
Non-performing assets are those assets which have become out of order in a period of 90
days.
SARFAESI
Securitization and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest, Act
2002
CDR
40%
23
Agriculture
18%
Weaker Section
10%
32%
RRBs
60%
Weaker Section
15%
Urban Co-operative
40%
(In India)
(Abroad)
Education Loan
MICRO FINANCE: - In India, the concept of micro finance, was launched in the year 1992.
As per RBI, the micro finance is the provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and
products of very small amount to the poor in rural, semi-urban and urban areas.
SWAROJGAR CREDIT CARD SCHEME
Scheme prepared by NABARD is implemented by commercial banks, To provide adequate /
timely credit to small artisans and other micro entrepreneurs.
Weavers credit card
Kissan credit scheme 2012
Lead Bank scheme
The lead bank scheme administered by RBI, was introduced in Dec 1969 on the
recommendations of Prof. Gadgil Committee and FKP Bariman committee. The scheme was
reviewed during 2010 by Usha throat committee.
Lead Bank for coordination of activities of banks and other developmental agencies to
promote banks role in overall development of rural sector.
Service Area Approach
The service area approach was implemented wef. 1-9-1989, as a result of recommendations
of PD Ojha committee. The approach is applicable only in rural and semi-urban areas.
Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojna Presently
CGTME
CREDIT GUARANTEE FUND TRUST FOR MICRO & SMALL ENTEERPRISES
It was set up by govt. of India and SIDBI in Aug 2000 to make collateral free credit facilities,
available to MSEs.
National Equity Fund
To provide equity type support to small entrepreneurs, the national equity fund is being
administered by SIDBI and central Govt.
24
25
Consumer protections act was initially enacted during 1986 and implemented wef april 15,
1987 to enable the consumers to enforce his rights as consumer through a simple legal
procedure. It was amended on Dec 17, 2002
Pecuniary (financial) jurisdictions
Distt. Forum
20 lac
State Commission
100 lac
National Commission
current account
There is no legal bar on opening of current account but IBA deposit guidelines stipulate that
no current account should be opened in the name of illiterate persons.
Operation in accounts of illiterate persons where the illiterate person wishes to give a
mandate authorizing somebody to operate his account, the mandate should be attested by a
notary public.
RBI directions (June 04, 2008) on accounts of visually challenge (Blind) persons
26
Banks are to ensure that all the banking facilities such as cheque book facility including third
party cheques, ATM, Net banking, locker, retail loans, and credit cards etc. facilities to be
invariably offered to the visually challenged without any discrimination.
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Womans Property Act, 1874
Indian Succession Act, 1925
INSANE PERSON
Accounts of insane person cannot be opened Right of set off can be exercised in insane
account.
Talwar committee recommendations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
27
28
Legal Tender: As per provisions of coinage act 1906, bank notes, currency notes and coins
(Rs/and above) are legal tender for unlimited amount. The subsidiary coins (blow Rs) are
legal tenders for sum not exceeding Rs.
Mintage: Mintage of coins is governed by coinage act 1906. Presently coins in the
denomination of 50 (called small coins), one rupee, two rupees, five rupees and ten rupees
(called rupee coins) are available. Coins can be issued up to denomination of Rs 1000/- as
per coinage act 1906.
Discontinuation:-
Rupees
1, 2, 5, discontinued
29
****##****
CHAPTER 7
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FEMA
The Foreign exchange management act 1999 was enacted on Dec 02, 1999 to replace
foreign exchange regulation act 1973 (FERA) The act came into force on June 01, 2000
Objectives:1. Facilitating external trade and payments.
30
2. For promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market
in India.
Resident
A person residing in India for more than one hundred and eighty two days during the course
of the preceding financial year.
NRI
=
A person holding Indian passport, who has gone abroad for a gainful
employment, indicating an indefinite period of stay outside India or who is working abroad on
temporary foreign assignments
Foreign Exchange Transactions under FEMA
1.
Current Account :- These transitions are those that are not capital account
transactions and include
a. Foreign trade
b. Education
c. Medical care etc
2. Capital account transactions:- capital account transaction is a transaction which
alters the assets or liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or
liabilities in India of persons resident outside India and include:a. Investment in foreign securities
b. Transfer of immovable property outside India.
Convertibility of Currency
A currency is considered to be convertible if its holder can convert to at any time, into gold or
any other generally acceptable foreign currency at a predetermined fixed rate, without any
restriction from the monetary authority.
Current account convertibility
Full convertibility on current accounts was introduced by RBI on 19.08.1994.
Capital account convertibility:- S.S. Tara pore committee its report (1997) had
recommended a no. of relaxations that can be allowed for such transactions, many of which
have already been implemented.
Foreign Exchange
As per FEMA, the foreign exchange means foreign currency and includes,
1. Deposits, letter of credit
2. Drafts etc.
Exchange Rate: is the rate at which one currency is conversed into another currency.
Foreign Currency Accounts
NOSTRO, VOSTRO, LORO
International Commercial Terms
INCO terms are a series of international sales terms, and widely used in international
commercial transactions.
31
ECB refer to commercial loans in the form of bank loan, buyers credit ECB can be accessed
under two routs
1. Automatic Route
2. Approval Route
NRI Deposit Account
1. FCNR =
2. NRE =
3. NRO =
Accounts of residents
1. Resident foreign currency account (RFC)
2. Resident Foreign Currency (Domestic) Account RFD (D)
3. Exchange Earners Foreign currency account (EEFC Account)
MIBOR
MIFOR
LIBOR
EURIBOR
TIBOR
SIBOR
Balance of Payment: - BOP is the summary of the economic transactions of the residents
of a country with the non-residents outside India, during a specified period of one year.
Items:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Export of goods
Less import of goods
Balance of trade (1-2) surplus deficit)
Export of services (called invisibles)
Import of services (called invisibles)
Net position of invisibles (4-5) (+or 1)
Current account (Total of 3 and 6) (+ pr -)
Net position of capital account
Balance of payment (net of seven and 8)
CHAPTER 8
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & RATIO ANALYSIS
Financial Statements
1. A balance sheet
2. A trading & manufacturing and profit & loss account
32
Goodwill
Patents
Copyrights
Trade marks
Formulae
Loss incurred
Preliminary and formation expenses
Depreciation:- Depreciation means decline in the value of an assets as a result of wear and
tear due to actual use, passage of time, fall in market value.
Net working capital = current assets current liabilities
Break Even Point:- it is that level of activity, the total revenue cost is equal to total sale
value or where there is no loss or no profit.
CRR is the portion of deposits which commercial banks have to hold as reserves either in
cash or deposits with central bank.
At present CRR is 4%
Repo rate 7.25 (Now changed to 6.75)
Priority sector norms revised
The reserve bank of India revised priority sector lending norms on April 23, 2015, asking
banks to give 8 % of the total credit to small and marginal farmers, it also widened the
definition of priority sector by including medium enterprises, social infrastructure and
renewable energy.
33
****##****
CHAPTER 9
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & BANKING
Computerization in Bank:-
34
1. The process of computerization in Indian banks started when the first Rangaarajan
committee gave its recommendations in the year 1984.
2. The 2nd report of Rangarajan committee in the year 1989 gave the pace to expedite
the computerization.
The Payment and settlement system act 2007
Objective: Regulation and supervision of payment systems and designates RBI as
authority.
Regulations under the Act
1. BPSS Board for regulation and supervision of payment and settlement system, 2008
2. The payment and settlement systems regulation, 2008
Electronic Payment Systems
1. RTGS: - RTGS is a centralized payment system in which, inter-bank payment
instructions are processed and settled, on gross basis in a real time environment. It
uses INFINET and SFMS platforms.
In India, RTGS was implemented wef. March 26, 2004
It is operated by RBI
UTR = Unique Transaction Reference: Each message has to be assigned with a UTR
number and provided in the field transaction identification.
Structure of 22 characters UTR
XXXX
is RTGS
Channel of transaction
YYYY MD
nnnnnnnn
Sequence number
NEFT: - RBI operationalised the NEFT system during Nov 2005. It is a nationwide funds
transfer system to facilitate transfer of funds from any bank branch to any bank branch.
NEFT works on Net settlement, unlike
RTGS, that works on gross settlement.
NEFT is a batch based system, while
RTGS is an online real time system.
NEFT is an account to account funds transfer system hence, the remitter and beneficiary
should have account.
Operating hours
8 am to 7 pm (M to F)
8 m to 1 pm (Saturday)
AADHAR ENABLED PAYMENT SYSTEM
35
AEPS is a payment service offered by the national payments corporation of Indian to banks
using Aadhaar number and online UIDAI authentication through their respective business
correspondent service centers.
Speed Clearing:- Speed Clearing refers to collection of outstation cheques through the local
clearing.
CFMS:- CFMS was operated and maintained by RBI to enable operations on current
accounts maintained at various offices of the RBI, through standard message formats in a
secure manner.
MICR = Magnetic Ink character Recognition cock MICR technology based mechanized
clearing systems was introduced in 1986. It uses MICR code parameter on cheques as the
basis for clearing. The MICR code structure is as under
000
000
000
City code
bank code
branch code
AHPAOI
Bank identifier
zero
Branch Identifier
The first 4 digit identify the bank, 5th is numeric kept o) and last 6 characters identify the
bank branch.
IBAN = International Bank account Number (IBAN) IBAN is an international standard for
identifying bank accounts across national borders. It facilitate domestic / cross border inter
bank electronic payment and straight through processing.
MTSS = MTSS is a quick and easy way of transferring personal remittances from abroad to
beneficiaries in India. Under MTSS only inward personal remittances into Indian are
permissible. Outward remittance from India is not permissible.
Cheque Truncation:- Truncation is the process of stopping the flow of the physical cheque,
to the drawer bank branch. The instrument is truncated (i.e. movement of paper cheque is
stopped) at some point, enroute to the drawer branch and an electronic image of the cheque
is sent, along with the relevant information, like the MICR fields, date of presentation,
presenting banks etc.
Benefits of cheque truncation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Multi-city cheques:- All CBS enabled banks have been advised by RBI (Aug 2012) to issue
only payable at par/multi-city CTS 2010 Standard cheques to all eligible customers. Since
such cheques (Paya le at par) are cleared as local cheques in clearing houses, customers
should not be levied extra charges.
36
NPCI NPCI was incorporated in Dec 2008 as a section 25 company under companies act,
with authorized capital of Rs. 300 cr. And paid up capital is Rs. 100 cr.
Rupay is a domestic card scheme launched by NPCI. Rupay is the coinage of two terms
rupee and payment. The pilot launched of rupay debit card was made in March 2012.
ATM Models
Online ATMs: These ATMs are connected to data base of the bank and provide
transactions on real time basis, online.
Offline ATMs: Are not connected to banks data base. Withdrawals are permitted within a
pre-fixed limit irrespective of the amount balance.
Stand alone ATMs: are not connected to any ATM network. The transactions are restricted
to the ATM branch and link branch only.
Networked ATMs: These ATMs are connected an ATM network.
Onsite ATMs: - The ATMs that are installed within the bank branch promises.
Off site ATMs: The ATMs that are installed away from the bank branch promises, such as
in a shopping centre, air port, railway station etc.
White Label ATMs :- RBI permitted (on June 20, 2012)), the non-bank entities incorporated
in India under the companies Act 1956, to set up, own and operate ATMs in India. These are
called White Label ATMs (WLAs). These can be set up after obtaining RBI authorization
(valid for 1 year) under payment and settlement systems act 2007.
Services available at ATMs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cash dispension
Account information
Cash deposit
Regulation bill payment
Purchase of Re-load vouchers for mobiles.
Short statement
Loan account inquiry
PIN = Personal identification Number:PIN is the 4 digit numeric password for use at the ATM. The PIN is separately mailed to the
customer. Most bank force the customers to change the pin on the first use.
ATMs for Persons with disabilities:- Banks are to provide all ATMs with ramps so that
wheel chair users with disabilities can easily access them. All new ATMs should be installed
as talking ATMs with Braille keypads wef 1.7.2014.
Electronic Clearing Services
ECS is a mode of electronic funds transfer from one bank account to another bank account
using services of a clearing house for bulk transfers.
Types of ECS: There are two types of ECS called ECS (Credit) and ECS (debit)
37
RBI had issued a set of comprehensive guidelines (dec, 06, 2002) for operating the
mechanized cheque processing systems using MICR technology.
Standardization of cheque forms:- The instruments should be printed on MICR grade
quality paper with a read bank of 5/8 in width reserved at the bottom on which essential
particulars occur in special MICR ink.
Cheque Size 8 X 3 2/3
MICR Code Line Structure: The code line occurring in the read band is divided into 5 fields.
1. Cheque serial number :- of 6 numeric digits
2. Sort field or the city / bank / branch code: number consisting of a digits. The first 3
digits represent the city; the next 3 indicate the bank and the last 3 digits signify the
branch. The 9 digit sort code is unique for any bank branch in the country
3. Account number field consisting of 6 digits followed by a delimiter is an optional field.
4. Transaction Code:- field comprising of 2 digits is in all instruments except
government cheques drawn on RBI which has a 3 digit transaction code.
5. The last held represents the amount fields and consists of 13 digits bounded on both
sides by a delimiter. The amount is encoded in paisa without the decimal point.
Mobile Banking
Mobile banking transactions means undertaking banking transactions using mobile phones.
Transaction limit in mobile banking: Transaction upto Rs 5000/- can be without end to
end encryption. Banks can provide fund transfer services which facilitate transfer of funds
from their accounts for delivery in cash to the recipients
Max value shall be Rs 1000/- per transaction
Max value of Rs 25000/- per month per customer.
EBT Electronic Benefit Transfer
EBT is a product offered under financial inclusion,. Which facilitates payments to reach the
intended beneficiaries of govt. sponsored schemes, through bank accounts.
CORE Banking Solution:CBS is the process which is completed in a centralized environment i.e. under which the
information relating to the customers account is stored in the central server of the bank.
MICR Code and IFSC Code on passbook/statement of account
RBI has decided that this information should also be made available in the passbook /
statement of the account holders.
Electronic Signature
The digital signature has been accorded legal sanctity in India thought information
technology act 2000. ES is a means for authentication of an electronic record, in electronic
form, attached to the electronic record, by a person, in whose name the digital signature
certificate is issued.
Credit Cards: A credit card is a plastic card of 8.5 cm x 5.5 cm. The card bears the name
and the account number of the holder and also the date up to which the card holder can
obtain either goods or services
38
Credit Card:- The card holder, uses credit line, makes drawings within the sanctioned limit.
Debit Card: A debit card is also a payment card used to obtain cash, goods and services. In
this card, the card holder uses the balance available in his own deposit account.
Smart Card: A card which contains real value in the form of electronic money which
someone has paid for in advance.
Types of Smart Card
1. Stored value card: These are also known as pre-paid cards or value added cards.
Cards have magnetic stripe or a computer chip in which value is stored.
2. Magnetic Stripe Card: Conventional cards like ATM card, credit card are all
magnetic stripe cards. But the smart cards in the form of magnetic stripe card can
store much more information.
3. Re-loadable cards:- These are the cards where the value is replenished once it is
used.
4. Disposal cards:- These cards have specific value and once the value is used, these
are discarded.
5. Closed cards: The cards the value of which can be used for a specified purpose like
phone cards.
6. Open cards: These can be used for several issues and called electronic purse or
electronic wallet.
7. Electronic purse: The electronic cards have the provision for use of different types
of accounts of the user. This facility is known as electronic purse each having storage
of separate amount.
SWIFT
SWIFT was founded in 1973, as non-profit cooperative organization under Belgian law (with
its HQ in La Hulpe, near Brussels in Belgium), by 239 banks spread over 15 countries.
The objective of SWIFT is to create a unified international transaction processing and
transmission system to meet the ever growing telecommunication needs of the banking
industry. It makes use of encryption and checksum SWIFT undertakes financial liability for
the accuracy & timely delivery of validated messages from the point these enter the network
to the point they leave the network.
SWIFT provides protection against unauthorized access and protection of transmission.
SFMS: Structured Financial Messaging System
SFMS is an electronic data interchange (EDI) system that permits exchange of structured
messages.
Computer Security
The computer security should focus on important aspects such as proper
integrations, accessibility, control and audit ability. The security can be provided by use of
physical methods and by use of logical methods.
As regards the physical methods, the bank can provide guards, video surveillance,
biometric methods, locking up machines and terminals.
As regards the logical methods such as user ID and password, use of smart cards,
cryptography i.e. data encryption etc.
39
1983
1988
1994
1994
1998
40
1. All banks, who propose to offer transactional services on the internet, should obtain
prior approval from RBI. Only such banks which are licensed and supervised in India
and have a physical presence in India will be permitted to offer internet banking
products to residents of India.
2. Technology and Security Standers: Banks should designate a network and database
administrator with clearly defined roles. Bank should have a security policy duly
approved by the board of directors.
3. Legal issues: From a legal perspective, security procedure adopted by banks for
authenticating users needs to be recognized by law as a substitute for signature.
4. Regulatory and supervisory issues: banks will report to RBI every breach or failure of
security systems & procedures.
CYBER LAW (IT Act 2000)
Cyber law in India is based on information technology act 2000 which extends to whole of
India.
The act has been drawn on the lines of model law on electronic commerce adopted
in 1996 by UN commission on international trade law the act has been amended wef Oct
27, 2009.
The major provisions:1. Electronic records or contracts:- The act has legalized the electronic contracts to
make them legally enforceable. Records can be kept in an electronic form
2. Electronic form
3. Digital Signature
Computer Virus:- means any instruction, information, data or program that destroys,
damages, degrades or spoils the performance of a computer system.
RAM: it is a read and write memory and volatile in nature. If information is not saved the
information is lost when computer is shut down.
Ram is of two kinds
1. Dynamic Ram
2. Static RAM
DRAM
SRAM
ROM: Read only memory: It contains information that could be read only and nothing can
be written. Hence it is permanent.
Types
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
41
Communication processor
It is imperative in a data communication system that the data moves to the right place
with negligible error at lowest cost. The following equipment may be needed for effective
data communication.
a. Multiplexer
b. Concentrators
c. Front end processors
Protocol
It is a set of rules & procedures to control transmission between two points so that
the receiver can interpret properly, the bit stream transmitted by the sender. These are
technical guidelines that govern the exchange of signal transmission interception between
equipments.
42
Computer Networking
Networking in computer terminology means connecting computers and peripheral
devices in such a way that the networked computers are able to work together. These
networked computers may be located at different places or in the same premises. These
include local area network (LAN), Metropolitan Area network (MAN) or wide Area network
(WAN)
Networking Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Star Network
Ring topology
Bus topology
Hybrid topology
BANKNET
BANK NET is a payment network established by RBI (On the recommendations of
Layer committee) which functions within India and was launched during 1991.
RBI NET
It is a communication system operating over the bank net.
I-Net
I-net owned by Deptt. of Telecommunications is a packet switching public data
network (PSPDN) which was opened in 1983 for slow speed data communication. I-net user
telephone connections and satellite for communication.
NICNET
National Informatics centre network is a part of internet services was set up in 1975
to promote information culture. It provides multiple services to user departments which
include finance, agriculture, industry etc.
INFINET
Indian Financial network, the satellite based VSAT network developed by institute for
development and research in banking technology is fast and secure interbank and interbank
communication system.
E-COMMERCE
E- Commerce refers to buying and selling of goods and services through internet with
business sites on internet offering the customers, buying and selling options.
43
44
1024 KB
1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 MB
1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 GB
1 Terabyte (TB)
1021 TB
1024 PB
1 Exabyte (EB)
1024 EB
1 Zettabyte (ZB)
1024 ZB
1 Yottabyte (YB)
****##****
45
CHAPTER = 10
ECONOMY
Microeconomics: Microeconomics is that part of economic theory which deals with the
individual parts of economic system such as individual households, individual firms or
industries. Microeconomics refers mostly to the analysis of scarcity and choice problems
facing a single economic unit like a producer or a consumer. Microeconomic theory is called
price theory because it is primarily concerned with the determination of prices of individual
commodities and factors.
Macroeconomics: Macro economics is that part of economic theory which studies the
economy in its totality or as a whole. It is also known as Theory of Income and
Employment.
Important concepts
Economy: An economy is a system that provides people with the means to work and earn a
living in the process of production.
Market Economy: A market economy (capitalist economy) is one in which all economic
activities are organized through the market (through price mechanism)
Centrally planned economy: It is an economy (socialist economy in which all economic
activities are planned and decided by the central planning authority or the government.
Mixed Economy: It is an economy in which public sector and private sector co-exist with
each other.
Central Problem: The basic central problem of an economy is allocation of resources or
making choices among alternative uses of scarce resources. The choice problem finds
expression in the form of three central problems: what to produce, how to produce and for
whom to produce.
Production Possibility curve: is a curve which depicts all possible combinations of two goods
which an economy can produce with available technology and full and efficient use of given
resources. PP curve slopes down from left to right because in a situation of full employment,
production of one good can be increased only after sacrificing some quantity of the other
goods.
Opportunity cost: - opportunity cost of an activity is equal to the value of next best
alternative.
Positive Economic Analysis: - This deal with the things as they are It studies the actual as
they are and analyses cause and effect relationship involved therein.
46
Normative Economic Analysis: It deals with the things as they ought to be. It studies
idealistic situation instead of actual situation and passes moral judgments expressing good
or bad aspects of economic situation.
Consumers equilibrium: - A situation under which a consumer spends his given income
on purchase of a commodity (combination of two goods) in such a way that he gets
maximum satisfaction and he feels no urge to change.
Utility approach: - Utility is the power or capacity of a commodity to satisfy human wants. It
is measured in units of pleasure or utility called utils.
Indifference Curve: - An indifference curve is a curve which shows all those combinations
of two goods that give equal satisfaction to the consumer.
Demand: - Demand for a particular good by a consumer means the quantities of the goods
that he is willing to buy at different prices within a given period of time.
Money Cost: - Money cost of production refers to the money expenditure incurred on hiring
and buying of inputs for producing a given amount of commodity.
Break Even Point: - It is the point at which firms total revenue (TR) is equal to total cost
(TC).
National Income: - is the sum of money value of net flow of all the final goods and services
produced by normal residents of a country during a period of account.
Capital formation: - is the net addition to the capital stock of an economy during a given
period.
Final Goods: - All goods which are meant either (a) for consumption by consumers (b) for
investment by firms are called final goods.
Or
Goods which do not under go any further transformation (change) in the production process
are called final goods.
Per Capita Income: - Per capita income is the average per capita national income. It is
income per head of population.
Factors of Production
1.
2.
3.
4.
Land
Labour
Capital
Entrepreneur
GDP:- the market value of all the final goods and services produced in the domestic territory
of a country by normal residents during an accounting year including net factor income from
abroad.
Fiscal Policy:- Fiscal policy comprises of expenditure policy and taxation policy of the
government.
Main tools of fiscal policy are
1. Expenditure Policy:- The objective of expenditure policy should be to pump more
money in the system that gives a fillip to the demand.
47
2. Revenue policy:- (Reduce tax rate) tax on personal incomes and taxes on
expenditure on buildings etc. should be reduced. If possible tax on lower income
groups be abolished.
3. Deficit financing:- Printing of currency/notes should be encouraged
4. Government (public) borrowing should be discouraged.
Monetary Policy:- Monetary policy is the policy of the central bank of a country to control
credit and money supply.
Government Budget: A govt. budget is an annual financial statement showing item wise
estimates of expected revenue and anticipated expenditure during a fiscal year
Economic growth
Reduction of poverty and unemployment
Reeducation of inequalities
Reallocation of resources
Price stability
Management of public enterprises
Structure of Govt. Budget
Budget Receipt
Budget Expenditure
Revenue
Capital
Revenue
Capital
Receipts
Receipt
Expenditure
Expenditure
Budget Receipts: Budget receipt refers to estimated money receipts of the government
from all the sources during a fiscal year.
Revenue Receipts:
1. Government receipts which neither create liabilities nor
2. Reduce assets are called revenue receipts. These are proceeds of taxes, interest
and divided on govt. investment, cess and other receipts for services rendered by the
government.
1. Capital Receipts:- Government receipts which either
i.
Create liabilities
ii.
Reduced receipt assets are called capital receipts
a. Two examples of capital which create liability are borrowing and raising of
funds from public provident fund and small savings deposits
b. Two examples of capital receipts which reduce assets are disinvestment
and recovery of loans
Budget Receipts
Revenue Receipts
Capital Receipts
Tax Revenue
Direct tax
indirect tax
Non-tax revenue
a. recovery of loans
a. interest receipts
b. disinvestment
48
a. Income tax
a. sales tax b. profits and
b. Corporate tax b. custom duty
c. borrowing
Budget Expenditure
Revenue Expenditure
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Capital Expenditure
Payment of interest
Payment of salaries and pensions
Grants and subsidies
Educational and health services
Defense service
Plan Expenditure:- Plan expenditure refers to the estimated expenditure which is provided
in the budget to be incurred during the year on implementing various projects and
programmes included in the plan.
Non-Plan Expenditure:- The estimated expenditure provided in the budget for spending
during the year on routine functioning of the government.
Revenue deficit:- refers to the excess of total revenue expenditure of the government over
its total revenue receipts.
Revenue deficit
Fiscal deficit
Primary deficit
Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure revenue receipts capital receipt excluding borrowing
How fiscal deficit is met
1. Borrowing form domestic sources
2. Borrowing form external sources
3. Deficit financing (printing of extra currency)
Measures to reduce fiscal deficit
a. Measures to reduce public expenditure
1. A drastic reduction In expenditure on major subsides.
2. Reduction in expenditure bores, LTC, leave encashment
3. Austerity steps to curtail non-plan expenditure.
b. Measures to increase revenue are
1. Tax base should be broaden and concessions and reduction in taxes should be
curtailed
2. Tax evasion should be effectively checked
3. More emphasis on direct taxes to increase revenue
4. Restructuring and sale of shares in public sector units
Balance of Payment
A balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents
of a country and the rest of the world carried out in a specific period of time.
Component of Balance of Payment Account
49
1. Export and import of goods: The must straight forward way in which a country can
acquire foreign currency is by exporting goods... These are called visible items
because goods can be seen, touched and measured.
2. Services rendered, received (Shipping, banking, insurance, tourism, interest,
dividend, etc). Under this head, following types of earnings are included.
1. Non- factor income: Income from shipping, banking, insurance, tourism,
software services is called non-factor income.
2. Investment income (factor income) interest and dividends which citizens of a
country earn on investment abroad. Income from land, bond or share
3. Unilateral transfers:- Gift remittances, indemnities etc. from foreigners)
Indemnities = war indemnities paid by a defeated country
4. Capital receipt and payments: (borrowings, capital repayments, sale of assets,
changes in stock of gold and reserves of foreign currency. Etc.) it records
international transactions which affect assets and liabilities of domestic country
with rest of the world.
Difference between balance of trade and balance of payment (BOP)
a. Balance of trade: it is the difference between the money value of exports
and imports of material goods.
Account of a countrys balance of payment
Credits
Debits
1. Exports of goods
2. imports of goods
3. unilateral transfers
gifts, remittances,
indemnities, etc.
received form
foreignness
4. capital receipts borrowings
From abroad, capital repayments by,
or sell of assets to foreigners
5. imports of goods
6. imports of services
7. unilateral transfers gifts, idemnitters, etc., paid to foreigners
8. Capital payments lending to, capital repayments to, purchase of assets from
foreigners.
The balance of payment comprises two accounts: Current account and capital account
a. Current Account:- The correct account is that account which records imports and
export of goods, services and unilateral transfers during a year.
Components of current account (visible trade)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Capital Account:- The capital account of BOP records all such transactions between
residents of a country and the rest of the world which relate to purchase and sale of foreign
assets and liabblilites during a year.
50
Private transactions
Official transactions = Govt. Transaction
Direct Investment = Acquisition of a firm, house etc.
Portfolio investment = Purchase of share, bond
GATT = The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade was established in 1948 in Geneva to
pursue the objective of free trade in order to encourage growth an development of all
member countries. The principal purpose of GATT was to ensure competition in commodity
trade through the removal or reduction of trade barriers. The first seven rounds of
negotiations conducted under GATT were aimed at stimulating international trade through
reduction in tariff barriers and also by reduction in non-tariff restrictions on imports imposed
by member countries.
WTO: The world trade organization (WTO) was established on 1-1-1995
Finance Commission 2010-15 FC XIII was constituted by the president under article 280 of
the constition on 13 Nov 200. Dr Vijay Kelkar was appointed the chairman of the
commission.
Consolidated Fund:- This is the most important funds. All revenue raised by the govt.
money borrowed and receipt from loans given by the government flow into the consolidated
fund of India. All govt. expenditure is made from is fund. No money can be drawn from this
fund without parliaments approval.
Contingency Fund:- An urgent or unforeseen expenditure is met from this fund. The Rs 500
crore funds is at the disposal of the President. Any expenditure incurred from this fund
requires a subsequent approval from parliament the amount withdrawn is returned to the
fund from the consolidated ted fund.
MAT:- Minimum alternate Tax: This tax on corporate profit was introduced in 1996-97.
10% of the book profits are the minimum
The Finance Commission
Dr Y.V. Reddy
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