TA 1/19/2016

Summary:

Name, Email
Sign in
Write your name of this paper and fold it
Quiz Thursday: chapter 3 and part of chapter 4
Goal: to get at least 70% of the quiz (Pass)

Preview:

The four macromolecules:

o Where are the four macromolecule in a Bic Mac?
o Answer: how about nucleic acid?
Polymer and Monomer:
o Poly: many, and Mono: 1
o Nucleic acids are polymer of nucleotide
o Proteins are polymer of amino acid
o Lipids are polymers of fatty acid
o Pop quiz: Carbohydrate are polymer of .. monosaccharide
Dehydration vs hydrolysis reaction:

o
o
o

Dehydration: release water, form bond; hydrolysis: use water, break bond
Pop Quiz: How do I connect two nucleotides together to form a nucleic acid? Ans:
dehydration
o Pop Quiz: How do I break down a lipds into smaller chain of fatty acid? Ans: hydrolysis
Monomers and Polymers of Carbohydrate:
o Pop Quiz: What is a monomer of carbohydrate? = monosaccharide
o Another question: IS Glucose a monosaccharide?
o IF glucose is a monosaccharide, is fructose a monosaccharide or a polymer?
o How about Galactose?
o What are the differences between Glucose, fructose, and galactose?
1. Whats the difference between structural isomer and stereoisomer?

If I give you 2 structures, if the molecular formula of the 2 structure are

the same, but they have different connectivity, then we call the
relationship between the structure are structural isomer.
IF they have the same molecular formular, same connectivity, but not
the same molecule because they are mirror, then we call them
stereoisomer.
2. Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
3. Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose.
o Fructose and glucose uptake:
1. Fructose: take longer to be absorbed into our body.
2. Why is sugar in fruit healthier?
o Can the enzyme that break down glucose be used to break down fructose?
1. No, the enzymes are very specific :D
o Pop Quiz: How does fructose related to glucose? Galactose related to glucose?
o So we just talked about monosaccharide, now lets talk about disaccharide?
o How do we make disaccharide from monosaccharide? Dehydration synthesis
o 3 disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
o Alpha glucose + fructose = sucrose
o Now we move to polysaccharide:
o There are four polysaccharides total that you have to know, but now lets just talk about
the first two:
1. Starch and glycogen
Starch: a lot of alpha glucose you get amylose (1-4 linkage), or
amylopectin (1-6 linkage), found in plant
Glycogen: alpha glucose, more branches than starch, found in animal
2. Cellulose: unbranched, beta glucose, Beta 1-4 linkage
Monomer and polymer of Nucleic acid:
o Monomer: nucleotide
1. How does a nucleotide look like?
sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
sugar is deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA
Nitrogenous bases include
Purines (double ring): adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines (single ring): thymine, cytosine, uracil
Nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds

Polymer: DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid/RNA ribose nucleic acid

o
o
o

AT has 2 bond, CG has 3 bonds

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
1. DNA: double helix, and doesnt have uracil.
Another type of nucleotide is ATP
1. Pop quiz: what are the three structure of a nucleotide?
2. What is in atp?

3. Adenotriphosphate (atp), adenodiphosphate (adp), adenomonophosphate

(amp)
Monomer and polymer of Protein:
o Monomer: amino acid

1. 8 amino acids (notebook)

2. The bond formed by dehydration synthesis is called: peptide bond
Four structures: