87 - Glossary of Terms

FUCHS LUBRICANTS (UK) PLC
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
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A
About FUCHS Lubricants (UK) Plc: FUCHS UK is part of FUCHS PETROLUB AG, the worlds largest
independent lubricant company. Manufacturing from the largest independent oil plant in the UK, the UK plant
contains onsite research and development laboratories as well as a highly trained team of engineers and
technical advisors, offering expert advice and support to all customers.
www.fuchslubricants.com

A
Abrasion: The process of scuffing, polishing, scratching, cracking, marring or erosion.
Hard materials are more likely to have a higher resistance to abrasion.
Absolute Viscosity: See Dynamic Viscosity.
ACEA: Association des Constructeurs Europeens dAutomobiles (European Automobile
Manufacturers Association). The ACEA classification system categorises various
applications of motor oils with letters:
A For gasoline engine oils
B For small capacity diesel engines in vans, cares and transporters
C For cars fitted with particle filters
Additives: Material added to a base oil to provide improved performance such as antiwear, anti-foam, oxidation stability etc.
Adhesion: The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another.
Adhesion tends to take place when the boundary lubrication layer in the lubricant is broken
down.
Adsorbtion: The adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid
to a surface.
Aeration: Entrained bubbles of air in the lubricant which can cause oil oxidation, reduced
compressibility of hydraulic fluids, loss of power transmission efficiency etc. Aeration is
different to foaming and correct diagnosis of the problem is paramount treating an aeration
problem with silicone anti-foam will exacerbate the problem.
AGMA: American Gear Manufacturers Association. US based association for gear
manufacturers and industry.
AGRIFARM: FUCHS range of agricultural lubricants including milking machine oils, chain
saw oils, specialist tractor and machinery oils, gearbox-hydraulic oils and greases.
Aluminium/ Aluminium Complex Grease: A lubricating oil thickened with aluminium or
aluminium complex soap.
AMT: Automated Manual Transmission. Based on a manual gearbox, but with computer
control to handle clutch activation and gear changes.
Aniline Point: The minimum temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and oil are
completely miscible. The aniline point gives an indication of the aromatic structure of an oil
and is used to help characterise the hydrocarbon structure of mineral oils.
Anti-Foam Agents: See Defoamers

Antioxidants: A molecule which inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Used as an
additive in lubricants.
API: American Petroleum Institute. Trade association that represents all aspects of
Americas oil and natural gas industry. API specifications classify motor oils according to the
American demands and quality criteria they fulfil.
Asperity: A microscopic projection from a surface, formed during machining operations or
finishing treatments. Even highly polished surfaces are not truly smooth on an atomic scale.
They are rough, with sharp, rough or rugged projections, termed "asperities".
ASPO: Association for the Study of Peak Oil. ASPO regularly reviews the rate at which
reserves are identified in new oil and gas fields, the rate at which they are exploited, brought
into production, coupled with global energy use, future demands, and changing political
scenes.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials. A body for developing standards for
materials and test methods.
ATF: Automatic Transmission Fluid. ATFs have many performance-enhancing chemicals
added to the fluid to meet the demands of each transmission.
Auto Luber/ Auto Greaser: A self contained unit which provides a constant, controlled flow
of grease where it is required. The FUCHS Autoluber has 7 variable discharge periods,
ranging from 1 12 months, depending on the users requirements.
AW: Anti-Wear.

B
Biocide: Inhibits the growth of bacteria. Biocides should not be used as a preventative
method but as a fast, cost-effective way of removing infections of bacteria, fungi and yeasts
from the coolant system.
Biodegradable: Capable of being decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria.
Biodegradable Lubricant: Biodegradability of at least 60% according to OECD 301 or 80%
according to CEC L-33-A-93 is the usual criteria for a lubricant to marketed as
biodegradable.
Boring: Enlarges an existing hole using a single point cutter.
Boundary Lubrication: Where the lubricating film is present between two surfaces but at
the same thickness as the surface roughness, so the asperities of the two surfaces are in
contact.
Broaching: Sever machining operation. A broach cutter consists of spaced teeth which
take progressively deeper cuts to produce holes, grooves or slots.

C
Calcium/ Calcium Complex Grease: A lubricating oil thickened with calcium or calcium
complex soap.
Case Hardening (of Metal): The process of hardening the outer surface of a metal whilst
retaining a tough inner core. Achieved through the introduction of elements, such as carbon
or nitrogen, into the surface to produce a thin layer of a harder alloy.
CASSIDA: FUCHS fully synthetic, comprehensive range of food grade lubricants to satisfy
the requirements of the food, beverage, animal feed and pharmaceutical industries as well
as related application fields.
Cavitation: The implosion of liquid-free bubbles which have been entrained in the lubricant.
When the bubbles implode, highly energetic liquid is produced and shock waves are emitted
causing excess noise and also surface fatigue.
CLP: Classication, Labelling and Packaging. A globally harmonised system for classifying
and labelling chemicals. Companies need to notify ECHA of the classication and labelling
that they use for their chemicals.
Coefficient of Friction (): The ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface
and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface.
Continuous Variable Transmission Fluids (CVTFs): CVTFs are similar to ATFs but in
addition to their ATF properties, they are specially formulated to provide the necessary
friction parameters in the variator pulley belt metal-to-metal contact zones. As CVTs
normally use powerful hydraulic pumps (to set and lock the pulley ratios), CVTFs have to
display particularly good foam suppression and excellent air release to avoid cavitation in the
hydraulic pump.
Corrosion Inhibitors: Additives, when added to a lubricant or oil, which resist the effect of
corrosion on metal surfaces by water and other contaminants.
COSHH: Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health. UK Statutory Instrument that states
general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the
hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health
surveillance and incident planning.
CPM: Chemical Process Management. CPM is FUCHS complete lubricant supply
programme which is unique and flexible to meet the requirements of our customers needs.
CPM is a carefully managed, structured system of operations in which all aspects and
consequences of fluid usage are monitored and assessed
cSt: Centistoke. Unit of measure of viscosity.

CVT: Continuous Variable Transmission. A transmission that can change steplessly through
an infinite number of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values.

D
DCT: Dual Clutch Transmission.
DD: Detergents and Dispersants.
Defoamers: Additives which reduce and inhibit the formation of foam. Should only be used
to minimise foaming where aeration is the problem, defoamers can stabilise the air
bubbles thereby exacerbating the problem.
Demulsibility: The ability of an oil to release water. When demulsibility is poor, the oil will
become clouded and foam.
Density: An objects mass per unit volume. Usually denoted kg/m3.
Detergents: Neutralise strong acids present in the lubricant and help minimise corrosion
from acidic attack on metal surfaces.
DHD: Diesel Heavy Duty. A performance specification for engine oils used in high-speed,
four stroke, heavy duty diesel engines.
DIN: Deutsches Institut fr Normung (The German Institute for Standardisation). Standards
body that represents German interests in European and international standards
organisations.
Dispersants: Keep foreign particles (such as sludge, varnish and insoluble) in the lubricant
in suspension and evenly dispersed through the oil.
Drop Point (Grease): The temperature at which the grease passes from a semi-solid to a
liquid under the test conditions. The drop point is an approximate guide to the upper working
temperature of the grease. The upper working temperature is approximately two thirds of
the drop point.
Dual Clutch Transmission Fluids (DCTFs): As dual clutch transmissions are built similarly
to conventional manual gearboxes, a DCTF must satisfy the requirements of a normal
manual gear oil. Dual clutch units are normally wet plate-based and make demands similar
to ATFs. DCTs have hydraulic pumps which increases the need for foam suppression.
Dynamic Friction: See Kinetic Friction
Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity: The measure of the internal resistance of the fluid.
Common unit of measure is the Poise (P).

E
ECHA: European CHemicals Agency. Regulatory authority on the safe use of chemicals.
ECOCOOL: FUCHS range of technologically advanced water soluble coolants designed to
offer optimum machining performance and surface finish, exceptional long life performance
and the ultimate in machine cleanliness for an improved working environment.
ECO-Label: The EU Ecolabel helps identify products that have a reduced environmental
impact throughout their life cycle, from the extraction of raw material through to production,
use and disposal.
EDM: Electro-Discharge Machining.
Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication (EHD): Where two surfaces (usually in a roller
bearings) deform under high loads, enlarging the contact area and causing an increase in
lubricant viscosity and load carrying ability.
Emulsion: A mixture of two or more liquids, such as water and oil, in which one is dispersed
in the other in droplets (e.g. oil in water emulsion, or water in oil emulsion). Emulsifiers ( e.g.
soaps) are added, which form a film on the droplets surface, to stabilise the emulsion.
EP: Extreme Pressure.
Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubrication: Where wear between metal surfaces is minimised
using a lubricant which chemically modifies the surface asperities. The chemical reaction
between the lubricant additives and metal surfaces releases compounds (such as iron
phosphides) which provide a protective coating.

F
Fatigue: Progressive damage caused by cyclic loading. Fatigue life is affected by a number
of factors including temperature, surface finish, presence of inert chemicals etc.
Fine Blanking: Fine blanking is a highly sophisticated manufacturing process used to
produce highly-accurate blanked parts. The process is characterised by the flowshearing
stage in which the component is cleanly punched out of the material in the process zone.
Special metalworking lubricants are required which can effectively protect the tools against
wear caused by smearing.
Fire Point: The temperature at which the vapours of a lubricating oil will continue to burn
after source of ignition is removed.
Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids: Conventional mineral oils will readily ignite if sprayed
under pressure from a fractured hydraulic pipe or hose. Fire resistant hydraulic fluids should
be used where a risk of fire exists, such as in underground mines.
Flash Point: The lowest temperature that an oil can be ignited. There are two tests, one in
an open cup (OC) and the other in a closed cup (CC). The oil is heated steadily until the
gases given off can be ignited by a flame situated over the cup.
FM: Friction Modifier.
Foaming: Bubbles of air which rise to the surface and accumulate. Foaming decreases the
lubricants effect causing oil starvation. (Not to be confused with aeration/ air entrainment).
Food Grade Lubricants: Must perform the same lubrication functions as a standard
lubricant, but also:
Be physiologically inert, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic and harmless
Resist degradation from food products, chemicals, water and steam
Be compatible with seals and elastomers in use
See NSF.
Four Ball Weld Test: A polished steel ball bearing is rotated against three fixed polished
steel ball bearings under defined conditions of load, speed, time and temperature. The three
fixed balls are immersed in a lubricant or grease. The test measures wear scarring of the
balls to assess the anti-wear properties of the lubricant.
Forging: Manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal blanks using localised
compressive force such as hammering.
Four Stroke Engine: An internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four
separate strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) during two separate revolutions
of the engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle.

Fretting Wear: Localised wear which occurs between two contacting materials which
oscillate at small amplitudes.
Friction: The force required to shear (break) the adhesive junctions between surfaces in
close contact, when one surface moves relative to another surface.
Friction Modifier: An additive added to a lubricant to reduce the surface friction of the
lubricated parts.

G
Gear Hobbing: A continuous gear cutting operation where the tool meshes as though it
were a gear itself.
Grease: A liquid lubricant with a solid or semi-fluid thickener, such as soap or PTFE.

H
HDDEO: Heavy duty diesel engine oil
Honing: Polishing process using an abrasive stone along a controlled path.
HSE: Health and Safety Executive. The UKs independent regulator for work-related health
and safety.
Hydraulic Fluid: The medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery.
Modern hydraulic systems usually employ rotary pump units to minimise and reduce the
mechanical wear an oil with good anti-wear properties is required.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication (Fluid Film): Where moving surfaces are separated from each
other by a wedge of lubricating fluid. The fluid film is produced by relative motion of two
surfaces at sufficient speeds that the lubricant becomes trapped (wedged) between the two
surfaces, keeping them apart.
Hydrostatic Lubrication: Similar to hydrodynamic lubrication, in that two surfaces are
completely separated by the lubricating fluid. However, instead of the fluid film being self
generating, it is provided by an external oil pump.
Hygroscopy: The ability of a substance to attract and hold water molecules from the
surrounding environment.

I
IBC: Intermediate Bulk Container. Container for transporting and storage of lubricants,
typically ranging from 500L 3,000L.
ISO: International Standards Organisation. A body who develop and publish international
standards.
ISO 21469: The ISO 21469 certification of a lubricant or manufacturing plant is conducted
through a hygiene risk assessment to address not just the chemical safety of the lubricant
but also the potential for physical risk from the ingression of dirty, dust metals or biological
risk due to the formation of pathogens or other biologically active agents from long-term
storage, spoilage etc.
ISO Viscosity Classification: Kinematic viscosity of lubricants at 40C (ISO VG), using
mm2/s (cSt) units. The ISO VG number indicates to the nearest whole number, the mid
points of their corresponding brackets. E.g. an ISO VG 46 relates to the viscosity bracket
41.4 to 50.6 mm2/s, the mid-point of which is 46.

J
JASO: Japanese Automotive Standards Organisation.

K
Kiln Car Lubricants: Lubricants for kiln car wheels. Kiln cars can be subject to
temperatures up to 1250C depending on the product being fired, and the lubricants need to
be able to withstand these extreme temperatures. Lubricants can either be a suitable carrier
which is blended with a dispersion of graphite or other solid lubricant, through to synthetic
fluids.
Kinetic Friction (Dynamic Friction): The force between two surfaces of contact which are
moving relative to each other. Kinetic friction is usually less than static friction.
Kinematic Viscosity: The measure of a fluids resistance to flow under the force of gravity
at a specific temperature. Common unit of measure is the Centistoke (cSt).

L
Laws of Friction:
1. The force of friction is proportional to the applied load
2. The force of friction is independent of the surface of contact
3. The force of friction between an object and the surface on which it rests is
independent of the speed at which the object moves
Lithium/ Lithium Complex Grease: A lubricating oil thickened with lithium or lithium
complex soap.
LS: Limited slip. LS oils are gear oils for limited slip differentials.
Lubricity: Measure of a lubricants ability to reduce friction and/or wear. Often related to
film strength.

M
Manual Transmission Fluids (MTF): Perform a number of functions, one of which
determines driving comfort by influencing shifting quality. Manual gearboxes are fitted with
dry clutches and the frictional characteristics of the lubricant is exactly matched to the
synchromesh (if fitted) requirements. Manual gear oils are therefore not suitable for wet
clutches.
Masterbatch (Greases): One batch of grease can be manufactured which is later split and
mixed with more base fluid at a later date to produce grease of various consistencies. For
example, a masterbatch of NLGI 2 grease can be used to prepare greases from NLGI 000 to
NLGI 2.
Material Safety Data Sheet: Document to provide users of the material with information on
how to handle the product safely, storage and disposal instructions, hazard information, and
physical data of the material.
Metal Passivation: The control of the chemical reaction of a metals surface and some
additives, in which corrosion is strongly inhibited.
MFO: Multifunctional Oil. Agricultural oil for the same applications as STOU and also final
drives with off-set pinions.
Micropitting: Refer to Pitting. The difference between pitting and micro pitting is the size of
the holes created, pits caused by micropitting are approximately 10-20 m in depth.
Minimum Quantity Lubrication: The process of applying very small quantities of high
lubricity oil, mixed with air, at the point of precise contact between the tool and the
workpiece.
Mobile Coolant Testing Kit: FUCHS testing kit is an ideal way for machining companies to
monitor bacteria levels in used coolant and act accordingly, helping them to protect their
employees, ensure compliance with HSE guidelines and improve the commercial
performance of their business. By using the test kit, companies can manage their fluids more
effectively, control contamination levels and improve their overall productivity.
MQL: Minimum Quantity Lubrication.
MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet.
MTF: Manual Transmission Fluid.
MWF: Metal Working Fluid.

N
Neat Cutting Oil: A coolant which is used in its concentrate form, without mixing with water.
Newtonian Fluids: Fluids whose viscosity is not affected by rate of flow (shear rate).
Non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids whose rate of shear is not proportional to the corresponding
stress.
NLGI: National Lubricating Grease Institute. Trade association which serves gear lubricant
and grease industry. Also publishes industry standards for grease.
NLGI Consistency Number: Relative hardness of a grease as a lubricant. There are nine
classifications in total, ranging from NLGI 000 (fluid) to NLGI 6 (very hard).
NSF International: The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) is an independent, non-profit
making organisation. The NSF H1 standard is globally accepted as confirming the food
grade lubricant is safe for use in applications where incidental food contact may occur.
H1 Acceptable for use where there is incidental food contact.
H2 Acceptable for use where there is no possibility of food contact.
H3 Acceptable for use as a soluble oil
HT1 Acceptable for use as a heat transfer fluid where this is possibility of incidental
food contact
3H Acceptable for use as a release agent on hard surface in direct contact with
meat and poultry

O
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer.
Oxidation: Chemical reaction of substances with oxygen. The rate of oxidation is
accelerated by high temperatures, water, acids and catalysts such as copper. Oxidation will
lead to an increase in the oils viscosity and the build up of deposits, thereby reducing the
service life of the oil.
Oxidation Inhibitors: Additives added to a petroleum product to help increase the products
resistance to oxidation, thereby extending the service life of the oil.
Oxidation Stability: The ability of a lubricant to resist oxidation.

P
PAO: Polyalphaolefin.
PAG: Polyalkylene Glycols.
PCDO: Passenger car diesel oil
PCMO: Passenger car motor oil (gasoline engine)
Penetrometer: Equipment used to measure the consistency (thickness) of a grease.
pH value: Indicates whether an oil is acidic (pH<7) or alkaline (pH>7).
Phosphate Ester Fluids: Are anhydrous and derive the properties which provide fire
resistance characteristics from their molecular structure. These products have excellent
'lubricity' and 'stability' and when correctly applied will provide long life with minimum fluid
maintenance.
Pitting: Localised corrosion leading to the creation of small holes in the metal, caused by
metal fatigue.
PLANTO: FUCHS PLANTO oils are high performance lubricants based on renewable raw
materials, such as rapeseed and sunflowers, combined with downstream esters and
specially selected additives. All of the products are rapidly biodegradable using them
minimises environmental damage and reduces clean-up and disposal costs in the event of
leaks or equipment defects.
Pour Point: The lowest temperature at which a lubricant will flow under normal conditions.
Pour Point Depressants (PPD): Additives (viscosity modifiers) which lower the pour point
of a lubricant by controlling wax crystal formations at lower temperatures.
PPD: Pour Point Depressant.
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment.
Prodata: Online system operated by FUCHS to assist registered users with access to
technical and safety data sheets as well as background information.
PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene. (DuPont brand name, Teflon). Can be used as a solid
lubricant.

R
REACH: REACH is the current EU legislation for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation
and restriction of Chemicals which came into effect on June 1st 2007. All substances must
be registered with the ECHA through the submission of a registration dossier.
Refractometer: Device for measuring coolant concentration.
Refrigeration Compressor Oil: The principal function of a compressor oil is to lubricate the
pistons or rotors and to lubricate and seal the valves and, in some cases, the slipring seals.
The refrigeration oil must dissipate heat away from hot compressor components and assist
in sealing the compression chambers and valves.
Reiner Cartridge/ Grease Gun: FUCHS screw in cartridge and grease gun system. The
special piston shape of the cartridge means it can be completely emptied. Makes
maintenance simple.
RENISO: FUCHS range of specialist refrigeration oils.
RENOCAST: FUCHS range of mould release agents for concrete, bricks and tiles
manufactured using wet or dry casting.
Re-Refining: Cleaning of used oil through the separation of solid impurities, volatile parts,
additives and refining reaction products so that the re-refined oil is similar to its original state.
Rheopectic Fluids: Non-Newtonian fluids whose viscosity increases when subjected to
applied stress.

S
Saponification: Process that produces soap, for example for grease thickener.
SAE International: Society of Automotive Engineers. US based organisation who research
and develop standards for the Automotive, Aerospace and Commercial Vehicle industries.
SAE J300 Viscosity Classification: Classification of automotive engine oils. The
classification refers to the weight of the engine oil. There are eleven viscosity grades for
monograde engine oils of which 6 are considered winter grades and are given a W
designation. E.g. SAE 20W. For multi-grade oils, e.g. SAE 10W-40, the first number
describes how thin the oil is at low temperatures, the second number describes the viscosity
of the oil at high temperatures. The two numbers used are individually defined by SAE J300
for single-grade oils.
SAE J306 Viscosity Classification: Classification of automotive gear oils. There is no
correspondence between engine oil and gear oil classifications; a gear oil and engine oil with
the same viscosity will have different SAE viscosity classifications.
SAPS: Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulphur. Used in reference to automotive engine oils.
Seizure: The welding together of metal surfaces sliding over each other, caused be
frictionally generated heat.
SG: Specific Gravity.
Shear Rate: Rate at which internal adjacent layers of fluid move with respect to each other.
SILKOLENE: FUCHS Silkolene is a market leading, high performance motorcycle lubricants
range which has been developed on the race track to ensure ultimate performance and
protection.
Silicone Defoamers: Additive, with silicone as the active component, which reduces and
inhibits foam formation.
Soluble Cutting Oil: Concentrated coolant containing additives, which when mixed with
water forms an emulsion, or micro-emulsion. Concentration levels can be measured using a
refractometer.
Solvent: A substance that is used to dissolve another resulting in a solution.
Spalling: Spalls are flakes of material which are removed from the main body through
corrosion, cavitation or excessive loading. Spalling describes the process of surface failure
by the shedding of spall. Caused by high contact stress, low fatigue strength or inadequate
lubricant film thickness.

Specific Gravity: The ratio of density of the liquid to the density of water at a specified
temperature.
Static Friction: The friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative
to each other. Static friction is usually greater than kinetic friction.
Stick-Slip: Stick-slip is caused by surfaces alternating between sticking to each other and
sliding over each other, with a corresponding change in the force of friction. Typically, the
static friction coefficient between two surfaces is larger than the kinetic friction coefficient. If
an applied force is large enough to overcome the static friction, then the reduction of the
friction to the kinetic friction can cause a sudden jump in the velocity of the movement.
STOU: Super Tractor Oil Universal. Agricultural oil for gearboxes, hydraulic systems and
transmissions as well as engines.
Swarf: Fine metallic filings removed by the cutting process. Swarf can damage machine
tools, leading to a decrease in the quality of surface finish.

T
Tackiness Additives: Additives added to a grease to improve its ability to adhere to
surfaces.
TBN: Total Base Number.
TDS: Technical Data Sheet.
Technical Data Sheet: Document providing information on a product including advantages,
application, approvals and specifications as well as physical data.
Thermal Stability: The ability of a lubricant to resist the chemical degradation which can
occur through exposure to high temperatures.
Thixotropic Fluids: Newtonian fluids whose viscosity decreases when subjected to applied
stress.
TITAN: FUCHS TITAN is a range of products developed for motor cars, trucks, buses,
agricultural and plant equipment. A range of premium quality lubricants from engine oils to
ATFs, with products suitable for passenger cars through to municipal fleets.
Total Base Number: The alkalinity required for neutralisation of a lubricant. The higher the
TBN, the more effective the lubricant is at suspending contaminants and reducing the
corrosive effects of acids over time.
Total Loss: In total loss lubrication systems, the lubricated points are lubricated with fresh
oil at specified intervals. The used lubricant is not recirculated.
Tramp Oil: Unwanted, residue oil which has seeped or leaked into the coolant system.
Tribology: The scientific study of friction, lubrication and wear between surfaces.
Two Stroke Engine: An internal combustion engine in which the piston completes two
separate strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) during one separate revolution
of the engine's crankshaft. Almost all two stroke engine used total loss lubrication.

U
UKLA: United Kingdom Lubricants Association. The Trade Association representing the
interests of UK lubricant producers and allied sectors.
UTTO: Universal Tractor Transmission Oil. Agricultural oil for gearboxes, hydraulic systems
and transmissions.

V
VELVETONE: FUCHS brand name for the car care and hand care ranges of products.
VGC: Viscosity-Gravity Constant
VI: Viscosity index
Viscosity: The resistance to flow of a fluid.
Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC): Index of the chemical characteristic of crude oil. The
constant is low for paraffinic oils (around 0.800)and higher for naphthenic or aromatic oils
(around 1.000)
Viscosity Index (VI): Measure of the change in viscosity with temperature, measured on an
arbitrary scale. A fluid with a VI of 0 shows a very rapid decrease in viscosity with an
increase in temperature. A fluid with a higher VI shows a slower decrease in viscosity with
an increase in temperature. Similarly, as temperature decreases, the viscosity of an oil with
a higher VI will increase slower than an oil with a lower VI.
Viscosity Index (VI) Improvers: Modify the viscosity/ temperature characteristics of a base
oil. Multi grade oils have VI improvers to increase the viscosity of the base oil at high
temperatures, but ensuring the oil isnt too thick at low temperatures.
Viscosity Modifier: See Viscosity Index Improvers.
VM: Viscosity Modifier

W
Wear: Deterioration in the properties or performance of moving surfaces, caused by
constant mechanical interaction (friction) as a result of continual action or use. Types of
wear include adhesion, abrasion and fatigue.
Worked Penetration (Grease): The consistency of a grease is often measured using a
worked penetration test (as opposed to an unworked sample). The grease is worked by a
plunger which is forced through a sample of the grease at a rate of 60 10 stokes per
minute before being tested with a penetrometer.
WRAS: Water Regulations Advisory Scheme. WRAS operates a system whereby products
can be tested to ascertain their suitability for contact with potable water.

Z
ZDDP: Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates. Used as an anti-wear additive initially adsorb onto
steel surfaces and then react to form iron phosphide and iron sulphide films that protect the
metal surface. Most effective under boundary lubrication conditions.

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