Nomenclature
o Ketones have priority over alcohols
Find the longest chain with the carbonyl in it.
Name the parent and replace the e with one
Say where the carbonyl is.
When the ketone is not the high-priority group, you call the
carbonyl oxo to name it.
Common names: Name the two pieces coming off the
carbonyl and call it ketone
Chromic Acid
RCOOH
Ketone
NR
o Ozonolysis of alkenes
KMnO4
RCOOH
Ketone
NR
PCC
RCHO
Ketone
NR
Swern
RCHO
Ketone
NR
Hydroboration-oxidation
LiCuR2
o LiCuR2 is like a specialty version of a Grignard that only replaces
the Cl of acid chlorides.
Wittig Reactions
o Overall reaction: turn a carbonyl into a carbon-carbon double
bond.
The carbon of the alkyl halide replaces the oxygen of the
carbonyl.
Hydration
o Acid-catalyzed
o Base-catalyzed
o Rates
This reaction doesnt happen to a large degree with most
ketones
It happens a little more with aldehydes
Keq for formaldehyde is 40
Formation of Cyanohydrins
o HCN is a toxic gas, so most often it is made in situ from excess
NaCN and HCl.
o Step one: cyanide ion attacks the carbonyl.
Hydrolysis
Formation of imines
o Overall: The nitrogen replaces the oxygen of the carbonyl,
forming a carbon-nitrogen double bond.
It should be mildly acidic; pH between 4 and 5.
o Mr. Baker said that you are not responsible for the mechanism,
but here it is in case you want to look at it.
o Step one: protonation of the carbonyl
Formation of acetals
o You could call an acetal a geminal diether
A hemiacetal is what you have when youre halfway there.
It is one hydroxyl and one alkoxy group coming off the
same carbon.
o Step one: protonation of the carbonyl
Removing acetals
o Use very dilute acid
o The mechanism of hydrolysis of an acetal is just the same thing
going backwards.
Acetals and hemiacetals in sugars
o Sugars exist in their cyclic forms as hemiacetals
The carbon which is the hemiacetal or acetal is called the
anomeric carbon.
When the OH is up, its Beta; when its down, its alpha.
o Something you dont need to know for this class, but the MCAT
expects you to know:
Sugars that differ by only one chiral center are called
epimers.
Protecting groups
o Requirements of a good protecting group
Easy to put on
Nonreactive under the reaction conditions
Easily removable
Oxidation of aldehydes
o Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids by KMnO4 and chromic
acid
Reductions of ketones and aldehydes
o The following reductions which have already been seen work on
ketones and aldehydes:
NaBH4
LiAlH4
H2/ Raney
Ni
Zn(Hg)/HC
l (aq)
N2H4/base
Ketone
2 ROH
2 ROH
2 ROH
Alkane
Alkane
Aldehyde
1 ROH
1 ROH
1 ROH
Alkane
Alkane