Dual Water Model

Intellectual Property
This presentation is sole the property
of the INDONESIA TRAINING
CENTRE.
It is not to be duplicated or used by
anyone other than the individual for
personal use who has attended the
course.

1
1

Dual Water Model

Dual Water Model

Schlumberger 1999

2
2

Dual Water Model

Shale and Saturation

The Archie equation has to be changed to take
account of the shale effect.
The shale looks like low resistivity so another
term is added to the equations.
The result is an equation which will can be used
to compute water saturation in shaly sands.
All these equations return to Archies equation if
there is no shale present.

3
3

Dual Water Model

Saturation Equations
Indonesia Equation

Sw =

1
Vcl
1
2
Vcl

Rcl

1
*
Rt
e
Rw

Nigeria Equation

1 V
e 2 n
Sw
=
+
Rt Rcl
aRw
1.4
cl

Waxman-Smits Equation

1
Sw2
BQv Sw
= * +
*
Rt F Rw
F
Dual Water Equation

Ct =

Swb
C
+
(
C

C
)
w
wb
w

a
Swt

m
t

n
wt

4
4

Dual Water Model

Saturation equations 2

One of the difficulties is the number of

equations available for shaly sands.
They are often country oriented, Nigeria,
Venuzeula..
The choice of equation was (is) dictated by
local practice.
Waxman-Smits (WS) and Dual Water
(DW) approach the problem from
experiments on the clay properties and are
thus more realistic and universal.

5
5

Dual Water Model

Dual water

The Dual Water Model takes the basic work of

Waxman Smits and expands it for use with logged
information

It divides the formation into solids and fluids.

It splits the clay into dry clay and its associated
water, called bound water

The standard definitions for porosity and

saturation to describe the fractions of fluids in the
formation are expanded to include the new model.

6
6

Dual Water Model

Dual water model definitions

hydrocarbon

total
porosity
fluids
unit
volume

far
water

hy
wf

bound
water

wb

dry
clay

Vdcl

effective
porosity

e = wf+ hy

Vcl
wet clay

solids

clean
matrix

7
7

Dual Water Model

Clean to Shale

t
Matrix

Far Water

t
Matrix

t
Matrix

Dry Colloid

t
Dry Colloid

Bound water

8
8

Dual Water Model

Dual Water definitions 2

The total porosity is given by

t = e + wb = t (1 Swb ) + t Swb
the porosities are combined to give the saturations of the
fluids present

Swb

wb
=
t

Swf =

wf
t

hy
Shy =
t
Swt = Swf + Swb

Swt + Shy = 1
V cl = V dcl + t Swb

saturation of bound water

saturation of far water (this is Sw)

Hydrocarbon saturation

Total water saturation is the sum

of the saturations of the two waters
total water saturation plus
hydrocarbon saturation must be
one
wet clay volume includes the volume
of bound water

9
9

Dual Water Model

Simplified DWM
Archie Equation can be generalized into the following form;

2
Swt

Rf
= 2
t Rt

where;
Swt

- total water saturation

ft

- total porosity

Rt

- true formation resistivity

Rf

- resistivity of the water(s)

The equation can be solved if Rf is known.

10
10

Dual Water Model

Simplified DWM 2
1) Clean water bearing zone
Swt = 1
t2Rt = Rf
This is Rwf, the resistivity of Far water
2) Clean 100% shale zone
Swt = 1
t2Rt = Rf
This is Rwb, the resistivity of Bound water
These are the two end points. To give a universal
solution they are combined linearly using the
volume of shale.

11
11

Dual Water Model

Practical DWM 2
The standard equation for the water saturation
is expressed in terms of the conductivity, as it is
linear.

S
S wb
Ct =
C wf +
(C wb C wf )
a
Swt

m
t

n
wt

This equation is in terms of measured quantities,

porosity and resistivity and parameters that can
be found, the far and bound water conductivities.

12
12

Dual Water Model

DWM Saturation solution

The solution to the equation is

Ct F0
Swt = x + x +
Cw
2

where

x=

Swb (Cw Cwb )

2Cw

and

a
Fo = m

13
13

Dual Water Model

Practical outputs
The equations give total water saturation Swt
and total porosity t. These have to be
transformed into effective saturation, Sw and
effective porosity, wf (or e)

Swt Swb
Sw =
1 Swb
wf = t (Swt Swb )

14
14

Dual Water Model

Dual water equation solution

This derivation of the Dual Water equations is
valid for any rock with any mixture of fluids
It is possible to use the Dual Water Model to
make a manual computation of a shaly zone.
However computer programs are best
equipped to handle the calculations.
The selection of key parameters is essential to
obtain the correct answers,
Cwf - free water conductivity
Cwb - bound water conductivity
Swb - bound water saturation

t - total porosity

15
15

Dual Water Model

Rwa-GR crossplot
FREQUENCY PLOT
10.00

3.16
Hydrocarbon Sands
Rwa

1.00

Shales

.32
Rwb
.10
Rw

Water Sands

.03
0

30

60

90

120

150

Gamma Ray API

wa

in clean zones R
in shale zones R

= R

wa

= R
wa

wb

16
16

Dual Water Model

Appendix
This appendix contains a brief introduction to the
behaviour of clays in the formation.
Full details are available in the relevant technical
papers.

17
17

Dual Water Model

Clays
Clays are usually present as sheet like particles
with very large surface areas compared to their
volume
There is an excess negative charge inside the
sheet due to atoms with 3 units of positive
charge (e.g. Al) being substituted by atoms
with 2 (e.g. Mg)
The system is balanced by positive counterions
on the surface of the clay sheets
This is measured by the Cation Exchange
Capacity - CEC
the units are milli-ion equivalent per 100gr of
dry clay material
It is different for each clay type
Montmorillonite

- 1.00 meq/gr

Illite

- 0.20 meq/gr

Kaolinite

- 0.05 meq/gr

18
18

Dual Water Model

Clay charge
When the clays are immersed in water (as in a
reservoir)
- the force keeping the counterions on the clay
surface are reduced by the dielectric properties
of the water
- the counterions leave the clay surface
- they move in a layer of water close to the
surface
- they contribute to the electrical conductivity
of the rock

19
19

Dual Water Model

Diffuse layer

The sodium ions (Na+) from the salt water are

at a high concentration close to the clay surface
This decreases until far away they reach
equilibrium with the chlorine
The negative chlorine (Cl-) behaves in the
opposite sense
The thickness of the layer where the positive
ions are at a higher concentration is governed
by the Gouy model and depends on the salinity
of the water
20
20

Dual Water Model

Exclusion Layer

The simple situation is complicated by the finite

size of the molecules involved.
There is a layer of water molecules adsorbed on
the clay surface and a shell around the sodium
ion
This gives a minimum thickness of the layer at
the Outer Helmholtz Plane of xH
This distance at standard temperatures and
pressures is 6.18 angstroms ()
21
21

Dual Water Model

Diffuse layer thickness

The diffuse layer thickness, xd has its minimum

of xH at a water resistivity, Rw of 0.245 ohm-m
(at standard temperature and pressure)
Above this resistivity
xd = x H
where depends on the resistivity (salinity),
i.e.
= 1=

xd
,
xH

if Rw < 0.245 ohm-m

22
22