NAME : ..
CLASS : ..
WAJA F4 Chemistry
ion, H3O+.
Acid can be classified as a.acid or a .acid based
3
4
on its basicity.
Basicity is the number of ionisable . atoms per molecule of an acid.
A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a ... and water only.
Bases include metal hydroxides and metal oxides which dissolve in water which are
known as..
Give the names of four common acids and write out their formulae and basicity:
Name of acid
Formula of acid
Basicity
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
a)
HCl (aq)
b)
(aq)
c)
H2SO4 (aq)
d)
CH3COOH (aq)
. . ..(aq)
Cl-
H+ (aq)
NO3 - (aq)
..
.
.
(aq)
CH3COO- (aq)
Activity 2 :
Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
1
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Give the names of two common alkalis and write out their formulae.
Name of alkali
Formula of alkali
(i)
(ii)
NaOH (aq)
(aq)
4
.(aq)
H2O (l)
OH-
NH4+ (aq)
(aq)
. (aq)
2
3
Inference
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Inference
Aqueous (dissolved in
water)
Dissolved in propanone
(Refer to page 118 -119 F4 Chemistry textbook and page 84 86 F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
Write an equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and copper(II) oxide.
...
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Acids react with reactive metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas.
Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc .
3
...
Acids react with carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide gas.
Write an equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium carbonate.
...
(Refer to page 119 - F4 Chemistry textbook and page 87 90 - F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and benzoic acid.
2
...
When a mixture of an alkali and an ammonium salt is heated, ammonia gas is liberated.
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Write an equation for the reaction sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride .
3
...
Alkalis react with most metal ion solutions to produce the insoluble metal hydroxides
(precipitation reaction)
Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and iron(II) sulphate.
...
(Refer to page 120 - F4 Chemistry textbook and page 91- F4 Chemistry Practical Book )
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Acids
0
1
Neutral
7
Very.
10
11
12
Alkalis
13 14
Very.
Strong acid
Weak acid
Degree of dissociation
Ionization in water
Concentration of ions
pH value
Examples
2
Write the equation for the ionisation of the following substances in water :
(a)
nitric acid
(b)
..
sulphuric acid
(c)
..
hydrochoric acid
(d)
.
ethanoic acid
..
Strong alkali
Weak alkali
Degree of dissociation
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Ionization in water
Concentration of ions
pH value
Examples
2
(a)
Write the equation for the ionisation of the following subtances in water :
sodium hydroxide
(b)
..
potassium hydroxide
(c)
..
ammonia
.
C:
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
State the meaning of concentration
State the meaning of molarity
State the relationship between the number of moles with molarity and volume of a solution
Describe the methods for preparing standard solutions
Describe the preparation of a solution with a specified concentration using dilution method
Relate pH values with the molarity of acids and alkalis
Solve numerical involving molarity of acids and alkalis
WAJA F4 Chemistry
(b) Concentration (mol dm-3) also known as molarity or molar concentration (M)
=
2
X Molar mass
Concentration (..)
What is the mass of sodium carbonate required to dissolve in water to prepare 200 cm3
solution that contains 50 g dm-3 ?
[Answer: 10 g]
(Refer to page 123 -124 - F4 Chemistry textbook )
4.0 g of sodium carbonate powder, Na2CO3 , is dissolved in water and made up to 250
cm3. What is the molarity of the sodium carbonate solution?
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; O, 16; Na, 23]
n = M x
or
V
1000
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Calculate the number of moles of ammonia in 150 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 aqueous ammonia.
A student pipetted 20.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide , KOH solution into a conical flask.
The concentration of the alkali was 1.5 mol dm -3 . Calculate the number of moles of
potassium , KOH in the flask.
Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen ions present in 200 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid.
Preparation of standard solutions can be carried out by :Weighing method (mass of solute)
n = mass
molar mass
molar mass
MV
X
1000
molar mass
n = MV
1000
Examples: To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
Calculate the mass of NaOH needed.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]
mass
MV
1000
X
X
molar mass
molar mass
10
WAJA F4 Chemistry
=
=
2.0 X 100
1000
8g
40 [23 + 16 + 1]
Try this: To prepare 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 needed.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
0.25 mol dm-3 solution of sodium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving x g of sodium
hydroxide in 750 cm3 of water. What is the value of x ?
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; H, 1]
[Answer : 26.50g]
[Answer : 7.5 g]
11
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Example: 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution from 2.0 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution
Before dilution
After dilution
M1
V1
M2
V2
2.0 mol dm-3
?
0.1 mol dm-3
50 cm3
2.0 x V1 = 0.1 x 50
V1 = 0.1 x 50
2.0
= 2.5 cm3
Try this: 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution from
1.0 mol dm-3 potassium manganate(VII) ,KMnO4 solution.
[Answer : 50 cm3]
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
12
WAJA F4 Chemistry
(d)
concentration
hydrogen
hydroxide
alkali
2
3
4
D:
NEUTRALISATION
Learning Outcomes
You should be able: Explain the meaning of neutralisation.
Activity 15 : Neutralisation
..
What are the only products of neutralisation?
.
Write a balanced equation for the neutralisation of each of the following:(a) nitric acid and barium hydroxide
13
WAJA F4 Chemistry
What is titration?
.
What is the function of an indicator?
..
Complete the table below.
Indicator
Alkali
Write out the procedure for carrying out an acid-base titration to determine the
molarity of nitric acid (0.5 mol dm-3) and label the diagram.
14
WAJA F4 Chemistry
(Refer to page 130 F4 Chemistry textbook and Page 103 F4 - Chemistry Practical Book)
MaVa
=
MbVb
b
n = MV
n
=
no of moles
Ma
=
molarity of acid
Mb
=
molarity of alkali
Va
=
volume of acid
Vb
=
volume of alkali
a and b = mole ratio of acid to alkali (balanced equation)
Example:
In an experiment, 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of unknown concentration
required 26.50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid for complete reaction in titration.
Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide.
Write out a balanced chemical equation:
2NaOH
2 mol
MaVa
1
MbVb =
2
,
1.0 X 26.50 =
Mb X 25.00
+ H2SO4
Na2SO4 +
1 mol
1
2
15
2H2O
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Mb = 2 X 1.0 X 26.50
25.00
1 What is the volume of 1.5 mol dm-3 aqueous ammmonia required to completely
neutralise 30.00 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid ?
2NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)) 2SO4
[Answer: 20 cm3]
2 Calculate the volume in cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid that is required to react
completely with 2.65 g of sodium carbonate.
[Relative atomic mass: Na, 23 ; O, 16 ; C, 12]
[Answer: 25 cm3]
3 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid was neutralised with 18.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol
dm-3. Calculate
(a) the number of moles of sulphuric acid that is used in this reaction.
(b) the molarity of sulphuric acid
-3
16
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Activity 18
1 A student carried out an experiment to determine the end-point for the titration of 25.0
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid. Phenolphthalein is
used as the acid-base indicator.
Table 1 shows the three titrations that were conducted and the magnification of the
burette readings.
Titration No.
II
13
1
hydrochloric
acid
hydrochloric
acid
14
26
hydrochloric
acid
13
2
Initial burette
reading
III
27
.
..
13
..
38
hydrochloric
acid
17
26
hydrochloric
acid
WAJA F4 Chemistry
14
39
hydrochloric
acid
27
Final burette
reading
Table 1
(a)
Record the burette readings for the three titrations in the space provided in Table 1.
(b)
Construct a table and record the initial burette reading, final burette reading and the
volume of acid used for each titration.
(c)
(d)
(e)
If the experiment is repeated by replacing 1.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid with 1.0
mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid, predict the end-point of the titration.
.
(f)
Acids can be classified into strong acid and weak acid. Classify the following acids
into strong acids and weak acids.
18
WAJA F4 Chemistry
Strong acids
Weak acids
(g)
State the colour change of the phenolphthalein indicator at the end point of titration.
(h)
(i)
Write a chemical equation for the neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide.
.
19