Project-TDS Meter

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER
7TH SEMESTER E&C
PROJECT REPORT
ON
TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER

Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
2013-14
Under the able guidance of

Prof. Vrushank Shah
By
Dhruv Patel
(100250111051)
Kevin Bhavsar
(100250111025)
PAGE 1 OF 49
INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

RANCHARADA, AHMEDABAD.
DECEMBER-2013
ABSTARCT
Conductivity meter principle is a digital representation of solution conductivity with

conduction current capacity. The electrical conductivity of the water and the
inorganic acid, alkali, salt content have a certain relationship, when their low
concentration, conductivity increases with concentration, therefore, the index is used
to speculate that the total concentration of ions in the water or salt content.
Conductivity ( G ) is a invers resistance ( R ). So when the two electrodes (usually
platinum or platinum black ) into the solution, can be used to measure the resistance
between two electrodes R. According to the Ohm's law, certain temperature, the
value of this resistor and electrode spacing of L ( cm ) is proportional to the crosssectional area, and the electrode A ( cm^2 ) inverse, which depends on the nature of
the material. According to the type, the electrical conductor ( G ) can be expressed as
the type : G=1/R= (1/ ) x ( A/L ) =K ( 1/J ), K=1/ called conductivity, J=L/A
called electrode constant electrolyte solution conductivity refers to the distance of
1cm between two parallel electrodes is filled with 1cm3 solution with conductance.
Based on the formula of visible, when known electrode constant ( J ), and to test the
solution resistance or conductance ( R ) ( G ), can be obtained by conductivity, after
the measurement of conductivity we can simply convert it to TDS(Total Dissolved
Solid).Calculation between conductivity and TDS depends on the nature of water and
temperature so we also have used temperature sensor to sense the temperature and to
accurate the required output as per our need.
Application of conductivity meter conductivity meter is laboratory measurements of
electrical conductivity of water solution necessary equipment, it is widely used in
petroleum, chemical, biological, pharmaceutical, sewage treatment, environmental
monitoring, mining smelting and tertiary institutions and scientific research units and
TDS meter is most widely used to measure the water impurities and petroleum
impurities and also used in industries of water bottler where water purity is more
needed.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
ACKNOLWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a proud moment for us to present our project TDS and Conductivity
Meter.
However it would be incomplete without rendering our heartily thanks to the various
people, who guided us throughout this hardworking task.
We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and regard to
Prof. Vrushank Shah, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
IITE, Indus University, Ahmedabad for his continuous encouragement and able
guidance, we needed to complete our desired work for the project.
We render our sincere most thanks to our H.O.D Prof. R. N. Mutagi (Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Indus University, Ahmedabad)
for their valuable comments and suggestions that have helped us to make it a success
and also thankful to our Department Co-ordinator Prof. Bhavin Gajjar (Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IITE, Indus University, Ahmedabad)
for the valuable and fruitful discussion with him and it was of immense help without
which it would have been difficult to present this TDS and Conductivity Meter
Project in its present form.
Finally we are also grateful to our beloved parents for their encouragement and help,
which made this project seen much easier than it really was.
Dhruv Patel_____________
Kevin Bhavsar_____________
PAGE 3 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Certificate
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that project titled
TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER
Submitted by:
1. Dhruv Patel
2. Kevin Bhavsar
Of B.E 7th semester, Electronics & Communication Engineering, in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics & Communication Engineering by the Gujarat Technological
University (GTU), Gujarat.
During the academic year 2013-14 is their original endeavor carried out
under my supervision and guidance and has not been presented anywhere
else.
GUIDE
Prof. Vrushank Shah
PAGE 4 OF 49
H.O.D
Prof. R.N.Mutagi
CO-ORDINATOR
EXAMINER
Prof. Bhavin Gajjar
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Table of Contents
Pages
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Certificate
Table of Contents
Table of figure
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Purpose of This Document
Chapter 2: Description of Project
2.1 What is project.?
2.2 Definitions
2.2a Conductivity
2.2b TDS(Total Dissolved Solid)
2.3 Applications of the project
2.4 Novelty in our project
Chapter 3: Block diagram and each block description
3.1 Frequency selection circuit
3.2 Oscilattor and Driver circuit
3.3 Measuring conductivity cell
3.4 Current sensing circuit
3.5 Rectifiers and Filter
3.6 Temperature PROBE
3.7 Temperature Sensing circuit
3.8 Analog to digital converter
3.9 Multiplexer
3.10 Microcontroller/Microprocessor
3.11 Display
Chapter 4: List of components used for TDS and Conductivity meter
Chapter 5: Circuit Design & description
Chapter 6: Future work
6.1 Overall schedule of project
References
Appendix
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
List of Figures
Figure
Title
Conductivity measuring cell
Block diagram of TDS and Conductivity meter
12
Working of measuring cell
14
Polarization effect
16
2-to-1 Multiplexer
18
Used measuring cell in project
28
Circuit diagram of Rectifier and filter
29
Circuit diagram of ADC(Analog to Digital convertor)
30
Circuit diagram of Timing circuit
31
10
PT100 Temperature PROBE
31
11
Circuit diagram of Temperature sensing circuit
32
12
Circuit diagram of Multiplexer
33
13
Circuit diagram of Microcontroller
34
14
Circuit diagram of Display selection
34
15
Circuit diagram of interfacing with 7-segment LED display
35
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 1
Introduction
Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electric current. The
principle by which instruments measure conductivity is simpletwo plates are
placed in the sample, a potential is applied across the plates (normally a sine
wave voltage), and the current is measured. Conductivity (G), the inverse of
resistivity (R), is determined from the voltage and current values according to
Ohms law.
G = 1/R = amps/volts
Where TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) is the measurement of water impurities
like salt, silicon, any solid impurities Conductivity and TDS are
mathematically relates each other by the simple calculation of multiplication,
and also correlates to the ability of water to conduct electricity.
TDS and Conductivity depends on the temperature of room or environment
where the device is in the working situation. So we also have to take care of
temperature on our measurement and to overcome that problem we have taken
temperature sensing circuit and temperature PROBE to measure and control
the effect of temperature on the result of measured conductivity and TDS. We
can calculate the degree to which temperature affects conductivity varies from
solution to solution and can be calculated using the following formula:
Gt = Gtcal{1 + a(t-tcal)}
Mostly all meters in the market have fixed temperature compensation and it
will not give us accurate result so we have taken adjustable automatic
temperature compensation explained above.
And we also have to calibrate our device for accurate results in our
measurement so we have to only calibrate the result of conductivity
measurement cell because as above explained TDS only depends on
conductivity of liquid and this is the method and techniques by which we will
calibrate our device. First conductivity meters and cells should be calibrated to
a standard solution before using. Selecting a standard that is closest to the
conductivity of the solution to be measured. A polarized or fouled electrode
must be replatinized or cleaned to renew the active surface of the cell. In most
situations, hot water with a mild liquid detergent is an effective cleanser.
Acetone easily cleans most organic matter, and chlorous solutions will remove
algae, bacteria, or molds. Do not use abrasives to clean an electrode.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
1.1 Purpose of this Document

This project report is prepared as the part of B.E final year project in
Electronics and Communication Department, IITE, Ahmedabad.
The purpose of this project report is to give the detailed description of the
algorithms used for TDS and Conductivity measurement, hardware for
conductivity measurement and software programs used for the calibration
method, selection of frequency as per liquid, for input current required by
measuring cell and temperature effect which effects to the measurements.
And in this project report of TDS and Conductivity meter we also have shown
our work out in 7th semester.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 2
Description of Project
2.1 What is project.?
The project targets the measurement and practical implementation of TDS and
Conductivity. In this project we measure TDS in ppm(parts per million) and
Conductivity in mS(milliSiemens) and S(microSiemens).
Conductivity and TDS are mathematically relates to the each other because
TDS correlates the ability of water to conduct electricity through it and passing
electricity is the conductivity of the liquid.
2.2 Description:
2.2a Conductivity
The electrical conductivity of a solution of an electrolyte is measured by
determining the resistance of the solution between two flat or cylindrical
electrodes separated by a fixed distance.
An alternating voltage is used in order to avoid electrolysis. A conductivity
meter also measures the resistance. Typical frequencies used are in the range
13 kHz.
The dependence on the frequency is usually small, but may become
appreciable at very high frequencies, an effect known as the Debye
Falkenhagen effect.
Consider two vertical plates each of area A, separated by a distance L,

immersed in a liquid. If a potential difference V is applied across the plate, the
current I flowing through the plates has a relation as shown in below figure.
Figure 1
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
V=IXR or R=V/I, Where R is the resistance between the two plates. The
resistance R is given by
R = (L/A) X Resistivity of the liquid.
We know,
Resistivity = 1 / Conductivity (G) Therefore,
R = (L/A) X (1/G) or V/I = (L/A) X (1/G) , or G = (L/A) X (I/V).
Thus, for a given value of A, L, and V, conductivity C is calculated by
measuring the current I flowing between the two plates.
The two plates constitute what is called a conductivity cell. The plates as such
are called electrodes of the conductivity cell.
2.2b TDS(Total Dissolved Solid)
TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) is the measuring of the amount of salts in a
solution.
TDS correlates to the ability of water to conduct electricity.
It is also an index used to determine the concentration of dissolved minerals.
The more minerals that are dissolved, the more conductive the water will be.
A TDS meter is calibrated to read in parts per million (PPM). TDS is the
concentration of a solution as the total weight of dissolved solids. (1 ppm = 1
milligram/liter. TDS is a mass estimate and is dependent upon the mix of
nutrients as well as the concentration.
TDS is depended on the conductivity, so after the a measurement of
conductivity by meter we can easily calculate TDS by simple mathematical
operation.
To convert the electrical conductivity of a water sample into the approximate
concentration of total dissolved solids, the conductivity(mS/cm) is multiplied
by a simple conversation factor.
The conversation factor depends on the chemical composition of the TDS and
can very between 0.54-0.96. A value of 0.67 is commonly used as an
approximation if the actual factor is not known.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
2.3 Applications of the project

To measure the amount of salt in inductive of the levels of other stuff in a
solution.
TDS/PPM meters used for gardening and aquariums figure the amount of salt
in Parts Per Million by measuring the Electrical Conductivity of the solution
under test.
A conductivity meter also measures the resistance so we can also use it for
electric purpose.
Conductivity and TDS measurements are used to monitor quality in public
water supplies, in hospitals, in boiler water and industries, which depend on
water quality such as brewing and petrol pump or petroleum industries.
TDS meter is used in controlling dissolved solid in boiler .If TDS value is high
then it caused carryover and if TDS value is low then it caused Priming.
2.4 Novelty in our project

Most widely using meters have to use different current selection circuit for the
current as AC input for the conductivity measurement cell because the
polarization effect but we are using Microcontroller to generate AC pulse code
signal for the conducting cell.
Our system offers automatic temperature correction in measurement of
conductivity and we also can adjust desired temperature for measurement.
Conductivity Range of our device: 0.1 S to 200 mS.
TDS Range of our device : 0.1 ppm to 200 ppm.
We can change Temperature range automatically and manually according to
our requirement.
TDS and Conductivity meter is having accuracy of +/-1% of the F.S , +/-1
digit.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 3
Block diagram and each block description
The block diagram of the proposed system for the TDS and Conductivity meter
is shown in Figure.
Figure 2
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
3.1 Frequency selection circuit

Frequency selection circuit is used in our project for the required selection of
the frequency which is used for oscilattor to generate required sine wave for
further operations.
This selection of required frequency is managed by microcontroller/
microprocessor.
A frequency selection circuit which is equivalent to an LCR series resonant
circuit, though not provided with inductance and which can adjust resonant
frequency, selectivity or quality factor Q and circuit impedance at resonance
independently of one another, merely by adjusting resistance.
The circuit comprises an operational amplifier connected to receive an input
signal at its non-inverting input, a band rejection filter connected to an output
of the operational amplifier, a positive feedback resistor connected between an
output of the band rejection filter and the non-inverting input of the operational
amplifier, and a voltage divider connected between the output of the band
rejection filter and the output of the operational amplifier and connected at its
output to an inverting input of the operational amplifier. The band rejection
filter comprises a series combination of a first resistor and a first capacitor and
a parallel combination of a second resistor and a second capacitor.
The first and second resistors have the same resistance, and the first and second
capacitors have the same capacitance.
The resonant frequency of the frequency selection circuit depends solely on the
resistance of the first and second resistors and the capacitance of the first and
second capacitors in the band rejection filter.
The circuit impedance at resonance depends solely on the feedback resistor,
and the selectivity solely on a dividing factor of the voltage divider.
3.2 Oscilattor and Driver circuit

Oscilattor is used to generate repeatative sine wave for the conductivity
measuring cell of the project.
There are any types of oscillators as Crystal oscilattor, Bridge oscilattor, Wein
bridge Oscilattor, Linear oscilattor, Relaxation oscilattor etc.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Bt we are going to use wein bridge oscilattor for our project because of its
small size and easy fabrication over the PCB and its also very greatful to
generate repeatative sine wave with large range of frequency.
The wein bridge oscilattor can be consider as a combination of diffrential

amplifier and wein bridge,connected in a positive loop between the op-amp
output and diffrential input.
At the oscilatting frequency the bridge is almost balanced and has very small
transfer ratio.
The loop gain is product of very high op-amp gain and very small bridge ration
as discussed above.
And driver circuit is used to drive the current to the measuring cell as per
requirment.
Driver circuit is used to drive a controllable amount of current through the

measuring cell, and enabling as short current rise and fall times as possible for good
performance.
3.3 Measuring conductivity cell

Measuring cell is used to measure the conductivity of Liquid and it transfers it
to Microcontroller for further calculation.
In this project we are using Conductivity measuring cell of cell constant c =
0.8cm-1 as shown in below figure.
Figure 3
Measured conductivity of liquid is in digital form and is given to

microcontroller/microprocessor for the calculation of effect of temperature on
the conductivity of liquid, which is done by also measuring temperature aysame time.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
And we cannot measure conductivity by measuring cell by applying DC

voltage directly to the measuring cell because of the polarization effect take
place.
We simply apply AC voltage generated by wein bridge oscillator in sine wave,
square wave or triangular wave.
Working of the measuring cell is already defined in the above topics of the
report.
3.4 Current sensing circuit
A current sensing circuits sensor is a device that detects and converts current to
an easily measured output voltage, which is proportional to the current through
the measured path.
In our project current passed through liquid by conductivity measuring cell is
applied as input to current sensing circuit.
And converted voltage by current sensing circuit is further used for the
calculation of TDS and then applied to other devices.
There are a wide variety of sensors, and each sensor is suitable for a specific
current range and environmental condition. No one sensor is optimum for all
applications.
Among these sensors, a current sensing resistor is the most commonly used. It
can be considered a current- to-voltage converter, where inserting a resistor
into the current path, the current is converted to voltage in a linear way of
V = I R.
Current sensing cuircuit is most widely by register because of advantages like
Low-cost, High measurement accuracy, Measurable current range from very
low to medium.
Current passed through conductivity measuring cell is very low in value then
input because of the resistance and other impurities of water or any liquid, so
current sensing circuit have to use low side current sensing technique for
conversion.
In low current sensing technique sensing register is connected between load
and ground and sensed voltage is very low in value so we have to amplifies
that voltage for measurable voltage output.
Main advantage of register current sensing circuit is that it is very low in cost
and it eliminates ground disturbances which will very our measured output
voltage.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
3.5 Rectifiers and Filter

Rectifier and filter is used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage.
Rectifiers are most widely used in voltage convertor and here we are going to
use wein bridge rectifier for voltage conversion and filter is used here to filter
only required voltage output form the rectifier and both are internally
connected.
We are converting AC voltage to DC voltage here because of polarization
effect of measuring operation.
And here a question arise that Why we are not using DC voltage from the
starting of the circuit instead of AC
Polarization effect in our project is described by below figure.
Figure 4
And answer is that we cannot measure conductivity of salt using DC current

because it will rip the molecules apart, and since the molecules are what
conducts the electricity you get a constantly changing reading that is useless.
And so that polarization takes place and we will get very different output at
instance time so rectifier and filter are used to convert AC to DC, because in
further work of device DC voltage is required.
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of
constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current),

and yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center
tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source
(including a transformer without center tap), are needed. Single semiconductor
diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode
bridges, are manufactured as single components.
For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes backto-back (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode, depending upon output
polarity required) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many turns are
required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage than
for a bridge rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged.
3.6 Temperature PROBE
As discussed in above topics that temperature is effecting parameter on the
measurement of the conductivity and TDS both, we have to manage it for
accurate result.
And to overcome that problem of temperature effect we have made new
method to manage it so for that we have to measure temperature first by
temperature PROBE.
We are going to use PT-100 temperature PROBE for the simple measurement
of temperature.
PT100 temperature sensor have platinum resistor thermometer, which offers
the best overall advantage in measurement.
Platinum resistance temperature sensor is built into steel tube V4A, 1/2 inch,
suitable for installation in pipes. Thermal response time T0,9 in the air 255 s,
in water 45 s.
2-wire transmission technique is used in our project for PT100.
3.8 Analog to digital converter
Analog to digital convertor are used to convert analog signal to digital signal.
In our system for further calculations of the measurement we have used
microcontroller/microprocessor, and as we know from our study that
microprocessor or controller both needs digital data or signal for their
execution so we have used A to D convertor.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
A/D converters are electrical circuits that have the following characteristics.
The input to the A/D converter is a AC or DC voltage, and as discussed above
that we have used DC Voltage in our circuit so our A/D converters may be
designed for voltages from 0 to 10v, from -5 to +5v, etc., but they almost
always take a voltage input. (Some rare exceptions occur with current inputs!)
In any event, the input is an analog voltage signal for most cases. The output of
the A/D converter is a binary signal, and that binary signal encodes the analog
input voltage. So, the output is some sort of digital number.
A comparator can be used as a simple one-bit A/D converter. Although a
converter with just one bit isn't particularly useful in our project, so we have
used integrated circuit as A/D convertor.
And this converted binary or digital data is directly given to the
microcontroller or microprocessor, which we have used.
3.9 Multiplexer
We are using multiplexer here to rest the load on our device in selection of
measurement between conductivity measurement cell or tempreture sensing
device which is more complex.
So we have to use 2-to-1 multiplexer for our desired work.
Multiplexers can implement arbitrary functions.
A 2^n-to-1 multiplexer sends one of 2^n input lines to a single output line.
A multiplexer has two sets of inputs, one is for 2^n data input lines and second
one is for n select lines, to pick one of the 2^n data inputs.
As defined above that we are going to use 2-to-1 multiplexer.this is the
common block diagram of pin connection.
Figure 5
Here D1 is Temperature sensor PIN and D0 is Conductivity cells PIN, and

when S=0 then D1 PIN input is as Output and S=1 then D0 PIN input is as
output. This is very good decision to use multiplexer in our project circuit
which will mostly rest down the complex building blocks and load on our
microprocessor or microcontroller.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
3.10 Microcontroller/Microprocessor
Microcontroller/processor are core devices which are used to simplify the
calulation of very large or complex digits.
Here we are going to use microcontroller instead of microprocessor because of
lots of advantages of microcontroller over microprocessor as below.
Microprocessor have diffrent memory storage of RAM and ROM, so it is very
bulky and complex design for our circuit and it also need much more large
integrating space on PCB.
So we are using microcontroller in our project device, now its very irritating
desicion in selection of which microcontroller we have to use.? Because there
are many types and family of microcontroller like 8051, 89S52, 8053 etc.
8051 and 89S52 both microcontroller are best suited for our circuit design as
both are compatible for our calculation.
But we are using 89S52 instead of 8051 because the 89S51 has an RISC
structural design and holds fewer no of codes which makes it easy for
programming through SPI as compared with a microcontroller such as the
8051.
However as compared to other microcontrollers they have very few differences
but 89S52 is best microcontroller for our requirement.
This below listed are specs of AT89S52
- 8K bytes of In-System Programmable(ISP) flash memory.
- 4.0 to 5.5V operating range.
- Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz.
- Three level program memory lock.
- 256*8-bit internal RAM.
- 32 programmable I/O lines.
- Three 16-bit timers/counters.
- Eight interrupt source.
- Low power idle and power down modes.
- Watchdog timer(WDT) and dual data pointer.
- Fast programming time.
- Power off flag and flexible ISP programming(Byte and page mode).
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
3.11 Display
Display is used to show down our result of the measurement.
Mainly 2-types of display are present 1>LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
2>LED Display(Light Emitting Diode)
For not more complex output of our device we are using LED display instead
of LCD.
The decimal outputs of digital instruments such as digital voltmeter (DMDS)
and frequency counters are often displayed using 7-segment indicators.
Such indicators are constructed by using fluorescent bars, liquid crystal bars or
LED bar for each signal.
LED type indicators are convenient because they are directly compatible with
TTL circuits , and do not require higher voltage for the work.
A LED display is nothing but a light output to shown an information in the
visual form.
This displays are divided into two categories, 1> Character display-which will
give visual indication of numbers and letters. 2>Graphical display-which will
give pictorial as well as alphanumeric information.
This displays are in response to digital signals given by microcontroller.
Here we are using Character display to display our measured outputs.
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 4
List of components used for TDS and Conductivity meter
Semiconductor:
- AT89S52
- ICL7135
- NE555
- 76LS138
- 76LS164
- 4052
Resistors(5% Carbon):
- Resistor (Quantity-70)
Capacitors
- Capacitors(Quantity-65)
Miscellaneous:
- PCB(Programmable Circuit Board)(Quanity-3)
- 7-segment LED(Quantity-8)
- Diodes(Quantity-20)
- Transistors(Quantity-10)
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7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 5
Circuit Design & description
VCC
DGND
16
8
1 3
Q6
C2
1 3
Q8
2
T6
VCC
U8
VCC
R36 10K,5%
2N2907
2N2907(OPEN)
P0.4
VCC
1
2
P0.5
VCC
A
B
100,5% X 8
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
QA
QB
QC
QD
QE
QF
QG
QH
CLK
CLR
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
J1
LED1
LED2
LED3
LED4
LED5
LED6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
74LS164
P0.7
P0.6
28
23
27
21
POL
ORANG
INT0
X2402
CT10
IN+
INR/H
STRB
AGND
4
5
6
R20
27,1%
22
CLK
100K,1% R21
C4
10
9
25
26
C5
104
CONDIN
TEMPIN
12
14
15
11
AGND
AGND
1
5
2
4
6
MUXSEL 10
9
Q9
C15
R25
R23
R24
3.9K,1%
1K,1%
1 AGND
INHI
INLO
P2.0
P2.1
P2.2
P2.3
P2.4
VCC
P2.5
LED1
2N2907
LED2
LED3
LED_COM
DGND
VCC
THR
CV
TR
C7
680pf
NE555
10K(103), PRESET
P3-SPAN
3
1
56,1%
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R37
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R26 1K,1%
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A
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56,5%
R29
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1
VCC
2
3
R28 1K,1%
R27
10K,1%
R30
56,5%
C17
104
3.3K,1%
R32
47K,1%
R31
VCC
AGND
-VCC
P2-ZERO
1K(102), PRESET
AGND
C40 104
6
OP07
U10
TEMPIN
AGND
C30 104
4052
P2.6
1K,1%
R19
DIS
VCC
1
16
8
7
X0
X1
X2
X3
CLK
INLO
R39 10K,5%
VDD
VSS
VEE
U3
D3,4148
R22 100K,5% INHI
VCC 3
C33
104
0.47uF,Poly ,BOX
C3
1uF,Poly ,BOX
ICL7135
C23
104
VCC
U5
CLK
D1
LM336, 2.5V ZENER
DGND
VCC
-VCC
INTOUT
AUTO0
BFOUT
CRFCRF+
1u,63V,ELE
ALGCOM
UNDRNG
POL
OVRNG
BUSY
7
8
VCC-
DGND
REF
2.2K,1%
R18
-VCC
6
5
VCC
P1-ADC
104
4
8
SCL
SDA
8
7
C25
7
1
GND
VCC
TEST
R17
470,1%
VCC
A0
A1
A2
C26
104
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
B1
B2
B4
B8
7 SEGNEMT (8 PIN)
1
2
3
20
19
18
17
12
13
14
15
16
e
f
g
dp
a
b
c
VCC
10K(103), PRESET
24
11
U4
U6
C34
104
C24 104
C27
104(OPEN)
VCC+
VCC
DGND
VCC
CRYSTAL GND
103(OPEN)
1uF,Tantalum
DIGITS (12 PIN)
2N2907
VCC
CT1
2N2907
Q7
104
VCC
GND
31
VCC
1 3
C28
LED4
LED5
LED6
LED_COM
3
1 3
Q5
-VCC
EA/VPP
VCC
Y1
89C52
VCC
XTAL1
XTAL2
RST
ALE/PROG
19
18
9
Q4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PSEN
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q3
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
VCC
DGND
29
P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2-EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
VCC
VCC
GND
20
40
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
Q2
14
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7
10K,5% RESI NETWORK

2
1
VCC
3
4
U2
5
6
P0.0
1
7
P0.1
2 A
8
P0.2
3 B
C
9
C
P1.0
VCC 6
P1.1
P0.3 4 G1
P1.2
DGND 5 G2A
G2B
P1.3
P1.4
74LS138
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
CRY STAL 12MHz
103(OPEN)
C1
P0.0
P0.1
P0.2
P0.3
P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
VCC
GND
RXD
TXD
INT0
INT1
CLK
MUXSEL
ORANG
POL
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
J4
R38
GND
VCC
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
104
104
U1
P2.0
P2.1
P2.2
P2.3
P2.4
P2.5
P2.6
P2.7
VCC
Q1
C22
C21
VCC
DGND
VCC
Circuit Diagram
J3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
KEY BOARD
PAGE 22 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Circuit Diagram
J10
1
2
CELL (2 PIN)
C46
680pf
VCC
2
P6-OFF
1
100K(1O4), PRESET
3
P4-VOLT
10K(103), PRESET
R56
JP3
TLO84
C67
104
11
C57
104
R58 10K,1%
R60
10K,1%
AGND
JUMPER
7
4
JUMPER
10 +
9 U14C
-
LF356
1K,1%
TLO84
R57 10K,1%
U17
JP2
JUMPER
VCC
-VCC
U14B
JP1
R54
22K,5%
11
1
5
R59
10K,1%
R70
R64
10K,1%
74LS04
U16E
10K,1%
R77 10K,1%
4148
C47
10uF, ELE
VCC
P7-OFF
1
-VCC
CONDIN
D20
R69
LF356
VCC
-VCC
2
4148
5.1K,1%
R73
4.7K,5%
4.7K,5%
C58
104
R72
3 U18
JUMPER
11
R68 10K,1%
C68
104
U19A
1
TLO84
7
4
VCC
JP4
7
TLO84
1
5
11
TLO84
14
12 U14D
13
10K,1%
5 U19B
C69
104
-VCC
R66
100K(104), PRESET
3
R76 10K,1%
R75
10K,1%
R74
4.7K,1%
100K,1%
R67
R65
100K,1%
74LS04
14
P1.4 11
7
U16D
7
8
2
6
10K,1%
R71
D19
D18
RL7
11
C56
104
2
6
14
1
VCC
7
8
14
P1.3 9
7
U16C
D17
RL6
10
R63
1K,1%
74LS04
14
1
VCC
7
8
R62
100,1%
74LS04
RL5
2
6
D16
14
P1.1 3
7
VCC 14
P1.0 1
7
U16B
14
1
VCC
7
8
14
P1.2 5
7
74LS04
RL4
2
6
D15
R61
10,1%
U16A
14
1
VCC
7
8
2
6
D14
RL3
14
1
VCC
JP5
JUMPER
VCC
C59
104
AGND
PAGE 23 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
POWER SUPPLY
Introduction
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics
circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of
blocks, each of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V
regulated supply can be shown as below
Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of

the individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the
power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit
diagram and a graph of their output:
Transformer
A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we
are using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts
peak to peak value.
The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC
motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier
and a smoothing capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier
circuit.
PAGE 24 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Rectifier
A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several
types of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage
using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is
shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge.
The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge.
The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes
will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows
through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and
D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and
D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows
through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bidirectional wave is converted into unidirectional.
The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is
not suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for
electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
PAGE 25 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Smoothening of filter
The smoothing block smoothness the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple
and the ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its
DC value. Smoothing is also named as filtering.
Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The
action of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during
the conduction period and delivers this energy to the loads during the no
conducting period. In this way, the time during which the current passes
through the load is prolonging Ted, and the ripple is considerably decreased.
The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.
PAGE 26 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Regulator
Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage
regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5V, 12V and 15V) or variable
output voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available Many of the
fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance).
They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an
example of fixed regulator which is shown here.
PAGE 27 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
5.1 Measuring Cell

We are going to use a platinum 4-plate conductivity probe with integrated
fixed cable.
Nominal cell constant: 0.80 /cm.
We have selected welltronix conductivity measuring cell for our project and
description of measuring cell is as shown below.
Figure 6
Shaft material of measuring cell is glass and temperature is between 0-100C.

Cable lenght of measuring cell is 1.0m and connector is mini-DIN connector.
PAGE 28 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
5.2 Rectifier & Filter

As explainded above that it converts AC voltage to DC voltage and in some
cases it also converts current.
In this project we are using Wien-Bridge Rectifier for the voltage converter
and Filter as shown in the below figure.
Figure 7
It is connected between current sensing circuit and multiplexer.
We are using wein bridge convertor because of its easy fabrication method on
PCB and small space for fabrication.
5.3 ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
In this project we are using ADC to convert signal to Digital form and then
applying it to Microcontroller.
Here we are converting our Analog signal to Digital signal because
Microcontroller only accept the Digital signal. And we are using ICL7135 IC
as ADC as shown in the figure.
In ICL7135, we are applying power supply of -Vcc to pin 1 and power supply
of +Vcc to pin 11, signal input is given to pin 9 from any sensor like
temperature sensor or conductivity measuring cell.
Pin 24 is grounded and clocked signal is applied to pin 22 , and pins from 12 to
20 and 23 are connected to 7-segment LED display decoder as shown in the
figure.
PAGE 29 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Figure 8
Input of ICL7135 is from multiplexer, and we have used 120kHz clocked pulse
to clock our ADConvertor and PIN 3 is gronded.
5.4 Timing Circuit
We are using NE555 IC in timing circuit.
It used as frequency generator, and it will generate 100Hz and 1kHz as per our
requirement.
Here we have created frequency for the use of our measurement in different
types of liquid.
We are using NE555 IC because of its applications like below.
- Precision timing.
- Required pulse generation.
- Time Delay generation.
- Sequential timing.
This is the circuit diagram of timing circuit where we are using NE555 timer in
our project.
PAGE 30 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Figure 9
In NE555IC PIN 1 is grounded.
PIN 2 is trigger pin.
PIN 3 is output pin.
PIN 4 is reset pin.
PIN 5 is power input of +Vcc.
PIN 6 is discharge pin.
PIN 7 is threshold pin.
PIN 8 is control voltage pin.
5.5 Temperature Sensing Circuit and Temperature PROBE

Output of temperature sensor PROBE PT100 is directly given as input to
temperature sensing circuit as shown above.
Working of temperature sensing circuit is to convert the measured output of
PT100 PROBE to voltage unit.
And we are using PT100 as temperature sensing PROBE and the figure of the
measuring PROBE of temperature is as below.
Figure 10
PAGE 31 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
A conductor is a material in which the electrons of the outer orbit of the atom
are less bonded. If the energy of the material is increased, for example by
heating up, the atoms will move more and more and at a certain moment these
electrons can leave their orbit and move freely in the space between the atoms.
The resistance increased due to movement of electron around material, this in
fact means that the resistance of the material has increased. So this tells that
there is a relationship between temperature and resistance.
And due to the relation between resistance and temperature we can easily
measure the temperature of the liquid or any material.
And output of temperature PROBE PT100 is given to the temperature sensing
circuit and the circuit diagram of temperature sensing circuit of our project is
as shown below.
Figure 11
Output from PT100 Probe is given to inverting and non-inverting terminal of
the Op-Amp as shown in the figure and we have used AD509SH Operational
Amplifier for the current sensing circuit.
And output of temperature sensing circuit is directly given to the multiplexer
which will select between two inputs.
PAGE 32 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
5.6 Multiplexer
We have already explained that why we have used multiplexer in our device
circuit.
In our project we have used IC 4519BD as 2-to-1 multiplexer.
Temperature output from temperature sensing circuit and conductivity
measurement form measurement cell are given as input of the IC.
Figure 12
Output from temperature PROBE and measuring cell is given to the IC4519BD
via PIN 6 and PIN 7.
PIN 10 is output of IC and PIN 14 is grounded.
5.7 Microcontroller
ATMEL 89S52 Microcontroller.
Here we are using 89S52 microcontroller in our project for digital calculation.
Pins of microcontroller are connected with the other circuits of our project as
described below.
PIN Connection
- P0.0 to P0.7 are connected with the 10 register network.
- P3.4 is directly connected with the Clock cycle.
- P3.5 is connected with the multiplexer.
- P1.3 and P1.4 are connected with the Crystal oscillator to
generate the sine wave.
- P4.0 is power input of +Vcc.
- P2.0 is grounded.
PAGE 33 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Circuit diagram and PIN connection are as below shown diagram.
Figure 13
5.8 Display selection segment
As described above that we are using LED screen display, here we will show
the circuit diagram and connection of LED display in our Project.
For the interfacing between Microcontroller and 7-segment LED display we
have used IC 74LS1380 as shown in the figure.
Figure 14
PAGE 34 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Pins of IC 74LS1380 1 to 4 are directly connected with the microcontrollers

Pin P0.0 to P0.3 after the register network of 10 registers.
Output pins of IC 74LS1380 are connected to 7-segment LED display through
transistors as shown in the figure.
In transistor base is connected directly with the output pins of IC, Emitter is
connected with the 7-segment LED display and Collector is connected with the
power supply +Vcc.
This LED display will display the character output on the Display like error,
temperature, wait, etc.
5.9 Interfacing with 7-segment LED display
For 7-segment LEDs display segment we have used IC 74LS164D.
IC pin 1 is directly connected with the microcontrollers pin P0.4 after the
register network, pin 2 is connected with the power supply +Vcc, pin 7 is
connected to ground, and pin 9 is connected with the clock.
Output pins of IC 3 to 6 and 10 to 13 are connected to 7-segment LED through
registers R1 to R8 as shown in the figure.
Figure 15
PAGE 35 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Chapter 6
Future work
6.1 8th semester workout plan
Now we already have finalized the required hardware for project and also we
have made circuit diagram of TDS and conductivity meter in OrCAD and NI
Multisim 12.0.
In future we have to first make program codes for our project and then we will
start hardware implementation of project.
After successful hardware implementation of our project we will start using it
and suppose any error in coded program or in hardware implementation of
project occurs then we will troubleshoot it and hardly try to solve it.
PAGE 36 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Work Schedule of Project
Task 1- Component selection and circuit design

Task 2- To study different type of sensor for conductivity and temperature
Task 3- To study control of 230V-12V step down transformer
Task 4- To study about Temperature sensor and Temperature PROBE
Task 5- To study microcontroller AT89S52
Task 6- To study Current sensing and Range selection circuit using relays
Task 7- To study Rectifiers & filters and Scaling Circuit
Task 8- To study ADC(ICL7135 IC) and Multiplexer
Task 9- To study Kell C Programming
Task 10- Hardware implementation
Task 11-Troubleshooting
Task 12- Demonstration
PAGE 37 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
References
Dean G Jarrett, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 46(325).
V. G. Kher, C S Adgankar Ind. J. Pure & Appl. Physics.10(902).
Oliver B. M. and Cage J. M. Electronics Measurement and
Instrumentation(McGraw Hill).
Jung W. G. IC Op-Amp Cookbook, BPB publication, New Delhi.
Roychaudhary D & Jain Shail, Linear integrated circuits(New Age
International).
M.S. Lanjewar, S.M. Sawarkar, C.S. Adgaonkar & A.R. Khobragade,
Proceeding of International conf. on Micro-wave and Opto Electronics,
Abad(M.S.) India 2007.
Keithly Data acquisition and control hand book, a guide to hardware and
software for computer based measurement and control.
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janica G. Mazidi The 8051 microcontroller and
embedded system Pearson Publication.
IC Control applications notes, Volume-4.2
http://www.iccontrols.com/files/4-2.pdf
http://www.filtersfast.com/HM-TDS-Guide.pdf
PAGE 38 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
Appendix
Pin Diagrams of Different Electronic Components
PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEL89S52
PAGE 39 OF 49
PAGE 40 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
PAGE 41 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
7TH SEMESTER E&C
74LS1380
PAGE 42 OF 49
PAGE 43 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
7TH SEMESTER E&C
4519BD_5V
PAGE 44 OF 49
PAGE 45 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
7TH SEMESTER E&C
ICL7135
PAGE 46 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
NE555
PAGE 47 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C
LM7805/7809
PAGE 48 OF 49
PAGE 49 OF 49
7TH SEMESTER E&C

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TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

TDS AND CONDUCTIVITY METER

Under the able guidance of

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Conductivity meter principle is a digital representation of solution conductivity with

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

Prof. Bhavin Gajjar

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

Conductivity measuring cell

Block diagram of TDS and Conductivity meter

Working of measuring cell

Used measuring cell in project

Circuit diagram of Rectifier and filter

Circuit diagram of ADC(Analog to Digital convertor)

Circuit diagram of Timing circuit

PT100 Temperature PROBE

Circuit diagram of Temperature sensing circuit

Circuit diagram of Multiplexer

Circuit diagram of Microcontroller

Circuit diagram of Display selection

Circuit diagram of interfacing with 7-segment LED display

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

1.1 Purpose of this Document

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

Consider two vertical plates each of area A, separated by a distance L,

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

2.3 Applications of the project

2.4 Novelty in our project

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

TDS AND CONDUCTICITY METER

7TH SEMESTER E&C

3.1 Frequency selection circuit

3.2 Oscilattor and Driver circuit

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING