ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 1

PART IV: Methods of Analysis I

Professor
Engr. Michael C. Pacis
BSEE, MEP-EE,
PhD EEE-Major in Power Systems
(candidate)

I. NODAL ANALYSIS
-provides a general procedure for analysis circuits
using node voltage as the circuits variables.
-using node voltages instead of element voltages
as circuit variables is convenient and reduces the
number of equations one must solve
simultaneously.
-basis of nodal analysis is the
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

STEPS TO DETERMINE NODAL

VOLTAGES
1. Select a node as a reference node.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the
reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 reference nodes.
Use Ohms Law to express the branch currents
in terms of the node voltage.
3. Solve for the simultaneous equations to
obtain the unknown voltages.

I. NODAL ANALYSIS

I. NODAL ANALYSIS

I. NODAL ANALYSIS

Solving for currents,

(1)

I. NODAL ANALYSIS
Solving for currents,
(2)
(3)
Applying KCL at node 1 and 2
at node 1

(4)

at node 2

(5)

I. NODAL ANALYSIS
Substitute eqns (1), (2), (3) to eqns (4) and (5) respectively
(6)
(7)

or in terms of conductances,
(8)
(9)

I. NODAL ANALYSIS
For this circuit, we solve Eqs. (6) and (7) or (8) and (9) to obtain
the node voltages v1 and v2 using any standard method, such as
the substitution method, the elimination method, Cramers
rule, or matrix inversion. For equation (8) and (9), the matrix
representation will be:

Sample Problems

Sample Problems

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Here,
(11)

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

KCL must be satisfied at a supernode like any other
node. At the circuit:

or

(11)

I. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

To apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the supernode in the
figure, we redraw the circuit as shown below. Going around
the loop in the clockwise direction gives

(12)
From Eqs. (10), (11), and (12), we obtain the node voltages.

Sample Problems

Sample Problems

II. MESH ANALYSIS

the basic of mesh analysis is Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
using mesh currents instead of element currents as
circuit variables is convinient and reduces the number
of equations.
Mesh analysis applies only on a planar circuit.

PLANAR CIRCUIT

NON-PLANAR CIRCUIT

However, this circuit is nonplanar, because there is no way to

redraw it and avoid the branches crossing. Nonplanar circuits
can be handled using nodal analysis.

II. MESH ANALYSIS

II. MESH ANALYSIS

For example, paths abefa and bcdeb are meshes, but path
abcdefa is not a mesh. The current through a mesh is known
as mesh current. In mesh analysis, we are interested in
applying KVL to find the mesh currents in a given circuit.

STEPS IN DETERMINING MESH

CURRENTS

STEPS IN DETERMINING MESH

CURRENTS

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

FOR MESH 1

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

FOR MESH 2

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

PUTTING IT INTO MATRIX FORM

It is CLEAR that:

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Solutions
Problem no.1
Simplifying:
(1)

Simplifying:
(2)

Solutions
By substitution
substitute eq (2) to eq (1)

From (2)

Solutions
By Cramers Rule
eq (1) and (2) in matrix form

Thus,

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Solutions
Problem no.2
Simplifying:

(1)

Simplifying:
(2)

Solutions

Simplifying:
(3)

Solutions
By Cramers Rule

(1)
(2)
(3)

Solutions

Solutions

MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT

SOURCES

MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT

SOURCES

MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT

SOURCES

MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT

SOURCES

PROPERTIES OF A SUPERMESH

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Solution to Problem
Assuming mesh currents
KCL at pt R is not applicable because
it is between 2 supermeshes!
R

The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger supermesh as shown.

Applying KVL to the larger supermesh,

Solution to Problem
Simplifying,
(1)

(2)

(3)

Solution to Problem
Simplifying,
(4)
from (2),

i1=i2-5, substitute to (1), simplifying

4i2 + 6i3 4i4 = 5

(5)

from (3) multiply by 4 and by using elimination (substraction) to (5)

10i3 16i4 = 5

(6)

Solution to Problem
from (4) multiply by 2.5, and by using elimination (substraction) to (6)

we have,
from eq 4,
from eq 3,

i4 = 2.143A
i3 = 3.928A
i2 = -2.5A
i1 = -7.5A

III. LINEARITY PROPERTY

III. LINEARITY PROPERTY

III. HOMOGENITY PROPERTY

requires that if the input also called the excitation is
multiplied by a constant, then the output also called the
response is multiplied by the same constant.

III. ADDITIVITY PROPERTY

requires that the response to a sum of inputs is
the sum of the responses to each input applied separately.

III. LINEARITY PROPERTY

III. LINEARITY PROPERTY

NON LINEAR EXAMPLE

NON LINEAR EXAMPLE

NON LINEAR EXAMPLE

NON LINEAR EXAMPLE

Sample Problems

Solution to Problem 1
(1)
(2)
Eq (2) will become
(3)
Adding eq (2) and (3)
(4)
(5)

Solution to Problem 1
Subs (5) to (1)
(6)

Conclusion: showing that when the source value is doubled, io

doubles.

Sample Problems

Solution to Prob 2

reversing the solution:

Solution to Prob 2

Therefore, Is = 5 A. This shows that assuming Io = 1 gives Is = 5 A;

Hence, Is/Io =5 (constant K)
If Is=15A

Io=3A

If Is=30

Io=6A

or

Io/Is = 1/5