Osmosis Manual English

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
Index
I
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.2.1
1.4.2.2
1.4.2.3
1.4.2.4
1.4.2.5
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
General Information
How Reverse Osmosis Works
How to Use Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis Membrane and Module Designs
Spiral Wound Elements
Reverse Osmosis System Design
Feedwater Pretreatment
Fouling
Membrane Scaling
Metal Oxide Precipitation
Device Clogging
Colloidal Fouling
Biological Fouling
Pretreatment Section
Desalination Section
Post-Treatment Section
Factors Influencing Reverse Osmosis Performance
Pressure
Temperature
Feedwater Salt Concentration
Recovery
2.
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
2.1.5
2.1.5.1
2.1.5.2
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.7.1
2.1.8
2.2
System Description
Process Description
Feedwater Inlet
Filtration (disc filter unit)
Dechlorination (NaHSO3 dosing)
RO-membrane protection ( Dosing Scale Inhibitor)
Fine Filter (cartridge filter)
Reverse Osmosis System
High Pressure Pump
Modules (Pressure Vessels and Membrane Elements)
Clean Water System
Brine System (Concentrate)
Flushing Tank [B3]
Flushing and Circulation Cleaning System
Technical Data
3.0
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3.1
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
Function of the Main Components

Disc Filter
Technical Data
operating the filter equipment
backwashing the filter equipment
First Filling with Water
Maintenance
Dechlorinator (NaHSO3 dosing unit)
Technical Data dosing equipment for dechlorination
Dosing System for Scaling Inhibitor
Technical data
Fine Filter
High Pressure Pump
RO-Modules
Adjustment of the RO-System

3.7
3.8
3.8.1
3.9
Flushing and Cleaning System

Chlorination dosing unit
Technical data
EMSR Electronic Measuring and Control Equipment
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4
4.5
System Operation Instruction

Safety Instructions
Noises
Sources of Danger
Commissioning and Start Up
Requirements
Requirements before Start Up
General Information
Removal of Conservation
Manual Start Up
Requirements
Execution
Shut Off
Automatic Start Up
Measuring and Control Equipment
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
Maintenance
Membrane Elements
Conservation
Reconservation
Exchange of the Module
Sampling
Operation log
Disturbance, fault analysis and repair hints
General Cleaning Instructions
Glossary of terms in water treatment

10
Documentation of individual components

1
general arrangement
PID
valve chart
instrumentation list
power consumption list
design computing
2
general description for installation and commissioning
Drawing
program
SPS program
floppy disc
OP7
control equipment
wiring diagrams
soft starter
electrical parts
floppy disc
membranes and pressure vessels
filters
disc filters
cartridge filter
aggregates
booster pump
high pressure pump
rinsing pump
dosing pumps
armatures
10
measuring and regulation instruments

temperature
conductivity
Redox potential
flow
level
pressure
11
common spare part list
12
safety data sheets
certificates

General Information
This manual describes how the unit should be operated and maintained. It also contains
some general information on the reverse osmosis process. The operating and safety
instructions of this manual must be observed carefully.
The SRO unit is shipped workshop-tested and ready for connection. Wrong operation or
misuse may affect the performance and can involve :
danger to life and limp of the operating staff,
damages to the SRO unit,
affect the quality of the produced water
All persons involved in commissioning, operating, servicing, and maintaining the SRO unit
must be adequately qualified and must be familiar with the content of this manual.
Some sections of this manual incorporate special warnings. Underlined letters denotes the
type of warning:
DANGER!
Denotes an immediate danger. Disregard of this warning involves danger to life and limb.
WARNING!
Denotes a potentially dangerous situation. Disregard of this warning involves danger to life
and limb.
CAUTION!
Denotes a dangerous situation. Disregard of this warning can involve serious injuries.
NOTE!
Denotes tips and other useful information. Disregard of this warning involves danger to
the SRO-unit and other property.

Important Phone and Fax Numbers

RWO Repair and Service
Tel. : + 49 421 5370535
Fax : + 49 421 5370540
RWO Spare Part Service
Tel. : + 49 421 5370518
Fax : + 49 421 5370540
RWO Eqipment Sales
Tel. : + 49 421 5370511
Fax: + 49 421 5370542
Important:
Please always specify the RWO order number and the equipment
serial number.

1.1 How Reverse Osmosis Works

Osmosis occurs when pure water flows from a dilute saline solution through a membrane into
a higher concentrated saline solution.
The phenomenon of osmosis is illustrated in Fig.1.1. A semipermeable membrane is placed
between two compartments, with a salt solution in one compartment and pure water in the
other compartment. Semipermeable means that the membrane is permeable to some
species, and not to others. Assume that the membrane is permeable to water, but not to salt.
The membrane will then allow water to permeate through it to the other side.
Pressure
Osmotic head
(pressure)
Pure
water
Salt
solution
Pure
water
semi-permeable membrane
(a) Osmotic flow
(b) Osmotic equilibrium
Salt
solution
(c) Reverse osmosis
Fig. 1.1 Principles of osmosis and reverse osmosis.
As a fundamental rule of nature, this system will try to reach equilibrium. That means, it will
try to reach the same salt concentration on both sides of the membranes. The only possible
way is for water to pass from the pure water compartment to the salt-containing
compartment, to dilute the salt solution.
Fig. 1.1 also shows that under this condition osmosis can cause a rise in the height of the
salt solution. This height will increase until the pressure of the column of water is so high that
the force of the column stops the water flow. The equilibrium point of this water column
height in terms of water pressure against the membrane is called osmotic pressure or
osmotic head (see Fig. 1.1(b)).
By application of a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure to this column of water, the
direction of water flow through the membrane can be reversed. This, shown in Fig. 1.1(c), is
the basis of the reverse osmosis process. Note that the reversed flow produces pure water
from the salt solution, since the membrane is not permeable to salt.
1.2 How to Use Reverse Osmosis

Today reverse osmosis is a widely known and accepted versatile separation process. It can
reduce the TDS of the feedwater by up to 99,9 %. In practice >95 % rejection is usual.
Rejection of bacteria, viruses, and pyrogens is 100 %. After removal of suspended matter
and pre-treatment reverse osmosis is suitable to upgrade seawater of up to 50000 ppm,
brackish water, and saline wells to produce potable water.
A simplified reverse osmosis process is shown in Fig. 1.2. Reverse osmosis is operated as a
continuous process. With a high pressure pump, pressurised saline feed water is
continuously pumped to the module system. Within the module, consisting of a pressure
vessel (housing) and a membrane element, the feed water will be split in a low-saline
product, called permeate and a high-saline brine, called concentrate or reject. A flow

regulating valve, called concentrate valve, controls the percentage of feedwater that is going
to the concentrate flow and the permeate which will be obtained from the feed.
Concentrate valve
Concentrate
Feedwater
High pressure pump
Module
(Pressure vessel & element)
Permeate
Fig. 1.2. Reverse osmosis process
1.3 Reverse Osmosis Membrane and Module Designs

Four basic types of RO module designs are in commercial use: tubular, plate-and-frame,
hollow fibre, and spiral wound modules. The first two designs seldom compete with spirals
and hollow fibre modules in desalination and water purification. Of the two other element
types the spiral wound elements are the most important for offshore and naval applications.
Typically spiral wound configuration offers significantly lower replacement costs, simpler
plumbing and greater design freedom than other configurations.
1.3.1 Spiral Wound Elements

The design of spiral wound elements, Fig. 1.3, contains two layers of membrane glued backto-back onto a permeate collector fabric (permeate channel spacer). This membrane
envelope is wrapped around a perforated tube into which the permeate empties from the
permeate channel spacer. A plastic netting is wound into the device to maintain the
feedstream channel spacing .
Feed Water
Channel Spacer
Reverse Osmosis
Membranes
Permeate Tube
Fig. 1.3. Spiral Wound Element (Glue Line Dotted).
Permeate Channel
Spacer
One specific advantage of spiral wound elements is that they can be linked together into a
series of two to seven elements within a single pressure vessel. Thus, up to seven times the
flow of product water can be handled with only a single set of plumbing connections for feed,
concentrate and permeate to a pressure vessel.
In case of a spiral wound module consisting of a pressure vessel and several spiral wound
elements, pressurised water flows into the vessel and through the feedstream channels
between the spiral windings. The feed water becomes more and more concentrated and will
enter the next element, and at last exits from the last element to the concentrate valve where
the pressure will be released. The permeate of each element will be collected in the common
permeate tube installed in the centre of each element and flows to the permeate collecting
pipe outside of the pressure vessel.

Spiral wound elements are standard devices for seawater desalination because they show a
high rejection rate, low susceptibility to plugging and a wide pH and temperature range
tolerance as well as relatively low purchase and operating costs.

1.4 Reverse Osmosis System Design

In practice an entire RO water desalination system consists of the pretreatment section, the
desalination section, and the post-treatment section. Pretreatment techniques are used to
minimise fouling, scaling, and membrane degradation.
Common techniques are filtration and chemical treatment for the adjustment of operating
variables. Post-treatment is employed to achieve the required product quality.
1.4.1 Feedwater Pretreatment

Pretreatment may be based on membrane considerations, such as dechlorination for polyamide membranes or pH adjustment to prevent hydrolysis for cellulose acetate-based
membranes. However the major pretreatment requirement for any reverse osmosis unit is the
prevention of membrane fouling.
1.4.2 Fouling
The phenomenon of fouling is complex, and is complicated because the word is used to
describe several related problems. Fouling affects all types of membranes and devices, but
this short review presents only basic concepts of fouling with respect to the reverse osmosis
elements and techniques.
All aspects of fouling involve the trapping of some type of material within the RO unit itself or
on the surface of the membrane. Since causes, symptoms and cures are different, five
potential problems should be considered:
1.4.2.1 Membrane scaling

Membrane scaling is caused by the precipitation of some salts dissolved in the feedwater.
Since the salts are concentrated in the reverse osmosis process, their solubility limits can be
exceeded, and thus precipitation can occur. Three basic approaches are used to control
scale:
Conversion control to avoid exceeding solubility.
Removal of one of ions responsible for a scale-forming compound. This can be achieved
by softening or addition of acid.
Inhibiting the crystal growth of a scale forming compound by addition of an inhibitor.
1.4.2.2 Metal Oxide Precipitation

Soluble species in the feedwater can be oxidised in the reverse osmosis system ahead of the
modules, or in the element itself, to form insoluble species which can then deposit in the
elements. Iron is the prevalent cause for fouling by this mechanism. Iron fouling may be
avoided by two approaches:
Removal of the iron from the feed supply by clarification and/or filtration processes.
Prevention of oxidation from ferrous (soluble) to the ferric (oxidised) state.
1.4.2.3 Device Clogging

Plugging is caused by mechanical filtration in which particles too large to pass through the
feed-brine passage are trapped in the device. Most units however are adequately protected
by the minimum-prefiltration system consisting of cartridge filters.
1.4.2.4 Colloidal Fouling

Colloidal fouling means the entrapment of colloids on the membrane surface and is
caused by the coagulation of the colloids during the reverse osmosis process. The two
main parameters which control the rate of coagulation, and thus the rate of fouling, are:

Concentration of colloids. There are several techniques which can be used to lower the
colloidal concentration to an acceptable level, .e.g. filtration, using sand, carbon, etc., or
coagulation followed by sedimentation and gravity sand filtration.
Stability of the colloids. In theory there are several techniques to stabilise colloids, but to
date only ion exchange softening has proven practical.
1.4.2.5 Biological Fouling

Biological fouling is caused by the growth of micro-organisms in the reverse osmosis system.
The aromatic polyamide membranes used in the spiral wound configuration are completely
impervious to bacterial attack. However, precautions should be taken to minimise bacterial
proliferation in all types of permeators.
For potable water the most commonly used biocide is chlorine. Feedwater containing
chlorine should be de-chlorinated prior to the RO system, because chlorine reacts with the
polyamide membrane material.
1.4.3 Pretreatment Section

The pretreatment on ships would ideally adjust to the changing feedwater quality. However, the
pretreatment is usually reduced to precautions against membrane scaling, colloid fouling and
biological fouling.
For seawater the only scalant encountered is calcium carbonate, and preventing its precipitation is accomplished by pH adjustment to pH 6.0 - 6.5 or by addition of a scale inhibitor. With a recovery rate below 15 % scale prevention techniques are often unnecessary.
The stabilisation of the colloids is usually impractical. Thus only the reduction of the
concentration of the colloids is used to control colloidal fouling. The minimum pre-filtration
system used with most units consists of 5 or 10 m cartridge filters. Prior to the cartridge
filters additional pressure media filters may be installed to remove the bulk of the suspended
matter and the colloids. The specification in regard to the Silt Density Index is less than 5 for
spiral wound elements.
Preautions used to prevent biological fouling on feed-brine side are ultraviolet sterilisation,
sodium bisulphite shock treatment (500 ppm for 20-30 min once a day), and chlorinationdechlorination.
1.4.4 Desalination Section

The desalination section includes a set of membrane elements, housed in pressure vessels
which can be arranged in arrays. In a single-array system, two or more modules are arranged in
parallel, while in multi-array systems two or more arrays are arranged in series. Feed,
product and concentrate are connected to manifolds. A high pressure pump is used to feed
the modules. Instrumentation, spare parts and tools for services are added as required.
A cleaning-in-place (CIP) system facilitates the cleaning of the membranes. It may also be
used as automatic flushing system to remove high salinity seawater from the system after
shutdown and power failures. The desalination section is complete with an inlet feedwater
and outlets for permeate and concentrate.
1.4.5 Post-Treatment Section

Post-treatment should be chosen according to end-product use. In seawater desalination for
drinking water production this is usually pH adjustment, rehardening and disinfection.
Permeate contains a certain amount of of free carbon dioxide, which can reduce the pH of
the permeate down to below 7.0 In the post-treatment system the free carbon dioxide is
neutralised with hydrated lime or caustic soda, or it is filtered through dolomitic materials.
A suitable means for disinfection are UV sterilizers. Additional chlorination may be required if
the water is stored in a reservoir for an extended time period.

1.5 Factors Influencing Reverse Osmosis Performance

The permeate flux and the salt rejection are the key performance parameters of the RO
process. They are mainly influenced by variable parameters which are as follows:
Pressure
Temperature
Feed water salt concentration
Recovery
The graphs below show the impact of each of those parameters when the other parameters
are kept constant. They are intended to help the operator to adjust the plant performance to
varying feedwater temperatures and salt concentrations. In practice, there is normally an
overlap of two or more effects.
The arrows attached to the curves point to the corresponding axis of ordinate
1.5.1 Pressure
With increasing effective feed pressure the permeate salinity will decrease while the
permeate flux will increase as shown in Fig. 1.4.
Permeate
Flux
Fig. 1.4. Performance vs. Pressure
Salt
Rejection
Pressure
1.5.2 Temperature
If the temperature increases and all other parameters are kept constant, the permeate flux
and the salt passage will increase (see Fig. 1.5)
Permeate
Flux
Fig. 1.5. Performance vs. Temperature
Salt
Rejection
Temperature

1.5.3 Feedwater Salt Concentration

Fig. 1.6 shows the impact of the feedwater salt content on the permeate flux and the salt
rejection. With increasing salt concentration the permeate flux will decrease and the salt
passage will increase.
Permeate
Flux
Salt
Rejection
Feed Concentration
Fig. 1.6. Performace vs. Feedwater Salt Concentration
1.5.4 Recovery
The recovery rate is ratio of permeate flow to feed flow. In case of increase of recovery the
permeate flux will decrease and stop if the salt concentration reaches the value where the
osmotic pressure of the concentrate is as high as the applied feed pressure. The salt
rejection will drop with increasing recovery (see Fig. 1.7).
Permeate
Flux
Fig. 1.7. Performance vs. Recovery.
Salt
Rejection
Recovery
Increasing
Effective Pressure
Temperature
Feed Salt Concentration
Recovery
increasing
decreasing
Table 1.1. Main factors influencing reverse osmosis performance.
Permeate
Flow
Salt
Passage

2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
System Description
In the following sections, the components of the plant and their function will be explained.
The abbreviations used in the text, e.g. KA1, refer to the flow diagram of the plant. Fittings,
pipelines etc are only shown in individual cases. If there is a need, refer to the detail drawing
in the Appendix.
The following rule applies to operation, maintenance and repair of the plant and it is
imperative that it be held to. If not, the guarantee is null and void.
It is generally the case that membrane equipment is designed to operate in a
continuous mode, as far as possible. Interruptions of longer than 48 hours are to be
avoided. If such an interruption does occur, the equipment must be re-conserved
following the shutdown and de-conserved before re-commissioning and starting up.

2.1
Process Description
2.1.1 Feedwater Inlet

The inlet of the untreated seawater will be delivered by the external installed booster pump.
The pump will be started from control board of the SRO. After start the water flows into the
system through KA1 which will be opened after start automatically. The water must be at the
specified inlet conditions. The inlet pressure is controlled by the pressure switch [PSA-1]
which gives the possibility to check booster pumps function and will occur a system shut
down (alarm suppression adjustable; standard: 10 sec during normal operation). The
volumetric flow of untreated water is measured and indicated by FQIS1, so the actual value
is given to Profi bus and a pulse signal is used for counting.
2.1.2 Filtration (disc filter unit)

The untreated water flows to filtration, splits in 4 equal streams which are fed to 4 disc filter
systems each consisting 5 single filters. So 20 single filters are arranged in parallel. The
water enters via incoming line, flows through the single filter vessel in radial direction and
leaves the filter via effluent line. Two batteries each consisting of 10 single filters are
arranged. Whole procedure (also backwashing automatic started by PDIS1- measuring the
existing pressure drop) is mentioned below in the special 3.1.
Backwashing is possible by switching the arranged pneumatic valves. For control air
preparing an air service unit is fitted in filter area (see chapter 10).
2.1.3 Dechlorination (NaHSO3 dosing)

The filtered water flow then passes the line to the fine filter. Here is installed an injection
point for dosing of NaHSO3. This was built in to be sure of preventing the destruction of the
membranes by any free chlorine which might be present in the incoming water because of
chlorination in ships system before. The dosing is designed for max. content of 2 mg/l Cl.
The dosing pump is controlled by a Redox measurement QI1. The measurement will give
alarm for new adjustment of pump in case the Redox potential is becoming out of desired
range. The dosing unit is consisting of chemical vessel B2 and a dosing pump PD2 as well
as the necessary valves, hoses etc. A low level switch LSA-2.1 is used to check the level of
the chemical solution inside the vessel and to prevent pumps dry running. Further pumps
operation is coupled to the open position of KA1 and minimal flow rate (adjustable) at FQIS1.
For function of dosing unit see chapter 3.2 and 10.
2.1.4 RO-Membrane Protection (Dosing Scale Inhibitor)

The next stage of the water treatment is the addition of a scale inhibitor to prevent scale
deposits. The injection point is located after the Redox measurement. The dosing unit
consists of the chemical vessel (B1) and a dosing pump (PD1) as well as the necessary
valves, hoses etc. A low level switch [LSA-1.1] is used to check the level of the chemical
solution inside the vessel and to prevent pumps running empty. Further pumps operation is
coupled to the open position of KA1 and minimal flow rate (adjustable) at FQIS1. For function
of dosing unit see chapter 3.2 and 10.

2.1.4.1 Fine Filter (Cartridge Filter)

The last stage of treatment of the inlet water is the fine filtration using a cartridge filter. The
filter housing [F1] contains 7 pcs. of 40 cartridges with fineness of 1 micron. The cartridges
are there to remove the finely suspended particles which have managed to get past all the
previous barriers.
Two pressure gauges [PI3, PI4] allow the pressure drop across the filter to be measured and
so to decide when the cartridges should be replaced. For filter instruction see chapter 3.4
and 10.
2.1.5 Reverse Osmosis System

The water flow from the pretreatment stage is now led to the reverse osmosis system. The
first step is to raise the pressure of the water to the necessary one by a high pressure pump.
2.1.5.1High Pressure Pump

The high pressure pump [P3] is a multi stage centrifugal pump with a V-belt drive. Pump,
motor and belts housing are all mounted on the main frame of the equipment. A safety valve
[SV1] is fitted at the pressure side of the pump to prevent overloading the pipelines on the
pressure side.
On the suction side, the [PSA-2] prevents the pump running dry. The system is also shut
down if the suction pressure drops < 2 bar. This ensures the necessary pressure rise and
"catches" any failure in the untreated water supply.
From the high pressure pump, the untreated water (which will now be referred to as
feedwater) is fed to the feedwater inlet of the first membrane module. A pressure gauge
[PI5] and a pressure switch [PSA+1] are mounted between the high pressure pump and the
first module. The pressure gauge serves to monitor and adjust the operating pressure
whereas the transmitter is an overpressure protection which operates at p > 70 bar for
membranes protection. By hand valve [FH4] and [PI6] a raw pressure adjustment is possible
when necessary.
2.1.5.2 Modules (Pressure Vessels and Membrane Elements)

The 6 modules located on the wall side of the equipment are arranged as 2 x 3 in parallel.
Each module consists of a pressure vessel and 3 reverse osmosis membrane elements (or
permeators). The membrane elements are spiral-wound sea-water elements SW made from
thin-film composite membranes that are particularly well suited to the desalination of sea
water.
In normal operation, the high pressure pump feeds the saline feedwater to the modules.
Inside the modules, the feedwater splits into a product stream with extremely low salinity
(permeate) and a concentrate stream with increasing salinity. The concentrate of the first
element is the feed of the following element. The product headers of the 3 elements are
joined by a so-called interconnector and connected to the permeate connector of the
modules. The whole procedure is taking place in a 2 array manner. So the concentrate
coming from the first one (3 pressure vessels in parallel) will be used as feed for the second
array (also 3 pressure vessels in parallel).

2.1.6 Clean Water System

The permeate produced in the modules is collected in the permeate header outside the
modules. Sample valves are fitted to take samples from single pressure vessel. The
permeate flows to the conductivity measuring cell [QI2] of the salinity meter. The measured
conductivity is the criterion for the product quality control. If the conductivity lies above the
limit setting, an alarm is given. As conductivity is temperature-dependent, the signal is
temperature compensated. The reference temperature for the compensation of the
conductivity is 25 C. After that the permeate passes the flowmeter FQIS2. This is installed
for monitoring systems production and for controlling the regulation valve VR1. The
regulation of this needle valve where the pressure relieve is taking place is organised so, that
the permeate production will be constant. This is important for changing feed temperatures in
different regions. Additionally FQIS2 gives the signal for creating the dosing pulse for NaOCl
dosing unit [B4+PD4] for disinfection before permeate is leaving the unit. After that a
pressure switch PSA+2 is installed. The purpose of this pressure switch is protection against
too high permeate back pressure which can, for example, cause a backflow. High back
pressures lead to membrane damage as these cannot tolerate reverse flows. The pressure
on the concentrate side must therefore always be above that on the permeate side. This is
always the case when the plant is in operation this can, however, change when the plant is
stopped. This is where the installed non return valve comes into play.
In the permeate line are also installed two motor valves [MV3,MV4]. During normal operation
MV4 is open, MV2 is closed. Permeate will leave the plant. MV2 will be opened (MV3 is
closed then) after systems start only for filling up the rinsing tank B3 with permeate at first.
This is necessary for systems flushing when unit will be stopped the next time.
2.1.7 Brine System (Concentrate)

The concentrate of the first element is the feed water of the second and, so on. The fluid held
back becomes more and more concentrated until it leaves the last element. The pressure
loss across the two modules can be determined from the two pressure gauges PI6 and PI7.
With the start of the high pump, depending on adjustment of VR1, the pressure is built up
and the permeate production begins. The concentrate flows through the needle valve VR1,
which is used to adjust the necessary pressure for desired permeate production at given feed
temperature. So VR1, the concentrate flow control valve, controls the volumetric ratio of
concentrate to permeate flow. The operating pressure, i.e. the feed water pressure
generated by the high pressure pump, is displayed by the pressure gauge PI7.
After VR1 the pressure will be at atmospheric range. For preventing high pressure in the line
pressure switch PSA+3 is installed which causes a system shut down too. By reading flow
meter FI1 the concentrate flow rate is shown and so the recovery rate can be computed.
2.1.7.1 Flushing Tank [B3]

In case of chemical cleaning the concentrate flow can be diverted into the vessel of the
flushing and cleaning system (volume 1500l) via a branch pipe. The diversion is made
opening the hand valves FH5, KH4 and PV2 after closing FH7. This allows a circulating flow
over the modules during chemical cleaning of the plant.

2.1.8 Flushing and Circulation Cleaning System

After the sensor of the conductivity measurement QI1, there is a branch line from the main
permeate pipe to the flushing and circuit cleaning system. This is used to displace
concentrate when the plant is shut down and in cleaning/maintaining the membranes. The
inlet is controlled by the motorised valve VM3.
After each start of the plant, the valve VM3 is opened so that the first permeate charge is
used to fill the vessel B3. When the level of the switch LS+3.1 is reached, the valve VM3 is
closed and VM4 will be opened so that the outflow of permeate from the plant begins.
After each stop in plant operation, the permeate in B3 is used to discharge the concentrate
on membranes surface.
With the start of the concentrate discharge, the motorised valve KA1 in the untreated water
line closes. The pump P3 starts to feed permeate from B3 into the untreated water line. The
permeate flows over the cartridge filter and the high pressure pump to the modules.
Apart from displacing the concentrate, the flushing and cleaning system also is used to
maintain the membranes. An aqueous cleaning solution can be put into the vessel B3 and be
used to clean the membranes. The pump runs till LS-3.1 is reached. The discharge pressure
can be read from PI8. Also for preparing the chemical solution the pump is useful. By closing
PV2 and opening KH5 an internal circuit for mixing can be organised.
Additionally a temperature alarm TSA+1 is installed. During cleaning circuit the temperature
will raise. Max. acceptable temperature is 40C. When the value is reached an alarm will be
given and the cleaning has to be finished (or make a break) or new solution has to be used.

2.2 Technical Data (see also PID Schematic, Drawing No. 700062_MZ )
Unit
Design data
Untreated water volumetric flow
Flushing water volumetric flow
(untreated water)
Permeate production
Max. salt content in permeate
Recovery rate
Design temperature
Operating pressure
pH value
Untreated water specification
raw water temperature range
raw water feed pressure at inlet
raw water salinity
Dissolved solids/TDS max.
Blocking index SDI, max.
Free chlorine, max.
pH value
- Normal operation
- For short periods [up to 30 min]
Dimensions
Length
Width
Height
Connections
Untreated water inlet
Concentrate outlet
waste water discharge
Permeate outlet
Air for pneumatic control
Weight
Operational weight
Power supply
Supply voltage/frequency
Power (general)
Main supply
Table 2.1. Technical Data
l/h
l/h
l/h
S/cm
%
C
bar
[-]
C
bar
ppm
ppm
[-]
ppm
[-]
[-]
mm
mm
mm
35000 at p= 5 bar
43000 at p= 5 bar
10420
500
35
25
approx. 56 (at T= 25C)
approx. 6.0 (without post treatment)
2-40 C
5
36.000
36.500
5
0,1
2-11
1-12
common length (pretreatment +
osmosis) 11.000 mm
2000
2200
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
DN 80
DN 80
DN 80/50 (filter)
DN 50
G 3/4
kg
approx. 8400
V/Hz
kW
[-]
3 x 450 / 60
App. 105
3 Phase/PEN

3 DESCRIPTION OF MAIN COMPONENTS
Function of the main components
3.1
Disc Filter
The documentation for the individual components should also be read in combination
with this description.
A disc filter installation of 4 x IF2/5/010/PP is used to treat the water before it goes to
the reverse osmosis.
The filter installation consists of four lines disc filters with 4 x 5 single battery
elements. Fineness is carried out with 10 m. Elements are made from PP with
internal backflushing.
The rated performance is 42 m/h (parallel operation of the filters).
The necessary operating inlet pressure is approx. 5 bar.
The first filtration takes place over special formed discs.
Seawater that has been cleaned by passing through the single filter vessels is used
for back flushing another one. Backflushing is started when single pressure drop of
0.5 bar in PDS1 is reached (adjustable) and operates automatically. All elements will
be flushed step by step now. Additionally an adjustable time for starting of
backflushing is implemented (changeable). Also a max. number of rinsing cycles per
hour (standard adjustment 3 - changeable) is seted for sending an alarm because
of bad feed conditions. The upstream pressure at the inlet is monitored via PSA-1. If
the pressure drops below the seted value, the complete plant is shut down. The alarm
is suppressed for 30 s during start procedure and 10 s during normal operation to
prevent a false signal. This values are adjustable via OP7.
Note:
- The plant is purely for use in filtering sea water. The supplier is not liable for
damage caused by inappropriate use.
- Chemicals are not necessary to run the plant. To prevent bacterial growth, a
conservation of the plant is recommended if it will be stored for longer times.
- Re-commissioning of the plant is done according to the special chapter 10/7.
3.1.1 Technical Data

Type:
IF2/5/010/PP
Manufacturer:
Arkal
No. Of filters:
4 pcs.
Filter rate:
35 m/h
Maximum capacity:
43 m/h (parallel operation)
Operating temperature:
2-40 C
Operating gauge pressure:
4 - 6 bar
Permitted press. difference:
0,5 bar
Pipe size, inlet :
DN 80 PVC
Valves:
pneumatic
Filter :
160 mm
Cylindrical height of housing: 410 mm
Backflushing water flow:
43 m/h
Necessary flushing water pressure: 5,0 bar
Start of backflushing:
automatic; initiated by PDS 1
Flushing water run off:
free of back pressure, with gradient

3.1.2 Operating the Filter Equipment

A rough filtration of solids to bring 35 m/h seawater to service water is the
preparatory stage for the RO plant. The filter is ready equipped in the works.
The water flows through the filter from out to the inside. During operation, the
pressure difference increases from an initial value of about 0.1 bar to about 0.3 bar.
The automatic backflushing than sets in (standard 0.5 bar). The pressure difference is
measured for this purpose (PDS1). In addition, there is a timer integrated into the
control system which allows a time-dependent backflushing (see documents on the
timer setting). A counter for backflush cycles/time is also integrated to give an alarm
in case of too often backflushing.
3.1.3 Backflushing the Filter Equipment

The backflushing takes place automatically at p= 0.5 bar in PDS1 (standard
adjustment adjustable). On-board control air supply is used for controlling the
pneumatic valves. This air is fed from the installed control air maintenance unit. The
control air is monitored by a pressure switch. The backflushing of the filters takes
place during normal operation of the plant. The LEDs at solenoid valve plate for
control air supply to the pneumatic valves monitors the process. For details see
special chapter 10/7.
3.1.4 First Filling with Water

The filling takes place according to water entry from booster pump and the filter
coming into operation.
For quick deaeration of system it is helpful to start some cycles of backwashing by
hand at the beginning. After that the deaerator near water entry will ensure the
complete filling of the unit.
3.1.5 Maintenance
-
For maintenance, observe the rules and recommendations for the individual
components.
The switch contact PDS1 should be checked once a month and adjusted if
necessary.
For longer periods of standing still the filter has to be drained completely. Should
inside bacterial growth took place, it can be removed before new start by opening
the single batteries and clean the discs in a warm water solution with Permaclean
or adequate substance.

3.2
Dechlorinator (NaHSO3 dosing unit)

For this purpose a dosing unit (see special chapter 10/8) is installed. The unit
consists of chemical tank B2, dosing pump PD2 and Redox measuring instrument.
Further for control valve position of KA1 and min. flow rate at FQIS1 is used.
For used chemical see the safety data sheet Na2S2O5.
The adjustment of stroke length and pumps frequency is explained in special manual.
The dosing container is equipped with level indicator which occurs a message and
pumps stop.

dosing equipment for dechlorination
Pump type (PD2):
Manufacturer:
Material:
Q max.:
P max.:
P:
Dosing chemical:
Purpose:
Water flow rate:
Dosing quantity:
Dosing quantity Na2S2O5:
Capacity of dosing pump (P=85%):
Capacity of supply tank:
Total dosing quantity:
Content sufficient for:
gamma/L Gala 1000

Prominent
PPE
0.8 l/h
10 bar
0.02 KW
Na2S2O5
dechlorination
35 m/h (for 30% recovery)
3 g/m (for 100% concentration)
105 g/h
0.7 l/h
60l (with LSA-2.1 as dry run protection)
9 kg/tank
app. 85 h operation
Observe the instructions in the document for individual components.

Note:
The operating of dosing pump is coupled to the min. feed flow at FQIS1. Redox
potential measurement QI1 is used for defining are desired range. 2 limit values can
be seted for defining it. In case the measured value becomes out an alarm will be
given for new adjustment of pump. Additionally the operation is coupled with valve
KA1 which will open after systems start by the PLC (programmable logic controller).
The chemical can be dosed at 100% concentration. Only freshwater may be used for
dilution. The dosing pump should be adjusted to give the dosing quantity specified in
the instructions. The quantity given is for chlorine content of 2 mg/l max. If there are
variations in water quality, the supplier should be consulted because of danger of
damaging the membranes. The same is true for failure of dosing equipment or in case
of insufficient dosing.

3.3
Dosing Equipment for Scaling Inhibitor

The dosing of HD30 hinders the formation of scale on the membranes.
The system consists of a supply tank, the dosing pump, dosing fittings and piping.
3.3.1 Technical data:

Pump type (PD1):
Manufacturer:
Material:
Q max.:
P max.:
P:
Dosing chemical:
Purpose:
Water flow rate:
Dosing quantity for concentrate (100%):
Dosing quantity BF 1000:
Capacity of dosing pump (for P=85%):
Total dosing quantity HD 30 :
gamma L/ gala 1000

Prominent
PPE
0.8 l/h
10 bar
0.02 KW
HD 30
Hinder scale formation
35 m/h (for 30 % recovery)
5-10 g/m
245 g/h
0.7 l/h
20 kg / tank
app. 85 h operation
Observe the instructions in the documentation for the individual components.

Note:
The operating of the dosing pump is controlled by flow meter FQIS1 (min. flow rate)
and coupled to the valve KA1 by the PLC (programmable logic controller).
The chemical can be dosed at 100% concentration. A dilution of up to 10% is possible
to get into the dosing range of the pump. Only fresh water may be used for this. There
is however a danger of bacterial growth with a dilute solution. Unused solution should
therefore be replaced after 3 days at the latest.
The dosing pump should be adjusted to give the dosing quantity specified in the
instructions. The quantity given is for sea-water. If there are variations in water
quality, the supplier should be consulted because of the danger of scaling in the
modules. The same is true for the failure of the dosing equipment or in the case of
insufficient dosing.

3.4
Fine Filter
This filter carries out a fine filtration after the disk filters and is made as cartridge filter,
type 07PP40-F80-VV-HSS-BAS with 7 off 40 cartridges with a pore size of 1 m.
The cartridges are contained in a PP pressure housing.
The pressure difference is determined from PI3 and PI4. The cartridges should be
replaced if the pressure difference exceeds 1 bar. In addition, the cartridges should
be inspected every two weeks. If fouling is visible on the cartridges then these should
be replaced, even if the pressure difference limit has not been reached. To do this,
screw off the head of the filter. The filter should be vented once a week or as
necessary via FV1.1.
Following a cartridge change the filter should be run-in for about 5 min. by opening
the valve FH3 and draining off the water.
For further details, see the documentation for the individual components.
3.5
High Pressure Pump

The production of the necessary system pressure is achieved using a booster module
of multistage centrifugal pipe covered pump.
Pump type:
Manufacturer:
Serial-No.:
Power supply:
Motor:
BME 17-19
Grundfos
681366
90 KW; 450 V , 60 Hz
3 phase 280 SMA, ABB
Note:
Observe carefully the instructions in the documentation for the individual components.
The operating pressure necessary for the process in each case is described in
chapter 10/8.
To protect the pump against running dry, a pressure switch (PSA-2) is mounted on
the suction side.
The shut-off pressure is set to 3.0 bar (at first adjustment but can be changed during
commissioning) in the works.
After an automatic shut-down of the system, it can be started again by pressing the
reset button as soon as the water pressure (PI4) is in the working range.
If the operating conditions, the water quality and the temperatures are constant and it
is necessary to raise the system pressure for getting the same permeate production,
a flushing of the modules or a new adjustment of the system should be carried out.
If this does not help, you should consult the supplier.

3.6 RO Modules
The RO plant is fitted with spiral wound modules.
The recovery rate of the reverse osmosis elements is, as already mentioned,
determined by the following factors:
z Operating pressure
z Feed water temperature
z Feed water salinity
Whilst the temperature and salinity are properties of the sea-water, the operating
pressure is automatically adjusted using the pressure control valve (VR1).
For the system are installed:
Pressure vessel:
6 pieces 8 GRP pressure piping in series from the Phoenix
company
Membrane modules: 3 per pressure vessel, from the company DOW
Membrane:
SWHR-380
Installation:
3 pcs. 8 in parallel. Two batteries out of 3 pieces in line
For further information see the membrane manufacturers documentation.
3.6.1 Adjustment of the RO System

Intended recovery:
Permeate flow (indication: FQIS2):
Design temperature:
Inlet flow of untreated water:
Concentrate rejection flow
(indication: FI1) :
30 %
10.4 m/h
25 C
35 m/h, p = 5 bar
24.6 m/h
Ensure during the running of the plant that the permeate is not under pressure when
fed to the storage tank. All external shut-off valves in the permeate and concentrate
lines must be fully open in order to prevent back pressure (possibly also reverse flow)
occurring in the modules (=destroying the membranes).
As an additional safety measure, the permeate and concentrate sides are fitted with
over-pressure protection (PSA+2, PSA+3), which give an alarm if p > 4 bar (first
adjustment changeable) and shut the plant down. Each line has a none-return
valve to prevent backflow.
Attention:
If the water temperature changes, a pressure compensation will take place at VR1.
This will be achieved by regulating the flow rate at FQIS2 to a constant rate (10.4
m/h). To prevent scaling on the membranes a minimal flow range is necessary.
Thats why the regulation is limited to max. change of valve position. Apart from that,
there are no changes to be made in the basic settings.
Cleaning of the elements should be done when the permeate flow drops by 10%
below the set level, the salinity of the permeate rises noticeably (FQIS2) or the
pressure difference across the osmosis modules (PI6,PI7) or the inlet pressure rises
by 15 % (for constant operating conditions).
Flow rates and pressures during the first 48 hours of commissioning should be noted
and entered in the operating log. The operating log should be filled out completely
once a day when the RO plant is running (see Appendix).

3.7 Flushing and Cleaning System

The system consists of the flushing vessel B3 ( V = 1500l) with 1 level measurements
(with 3 switching levels) for controlling the rinsing water pump P3. The system with its
piping is fully integrated in the RO plant.
With its help the following are carried out:
1. The membrane modules are flushed with permeate after each shutdown.
2. If needed, the chemical cleaning of the RO modules can be carried out.
The flushing function under normal operation is shown in paras. 4.3.2 and 4.4.
The cleaning of the RO modules is necessary when the pressure difference across
the modules increases by more than 15 % or the pressure on the inlet side of the
modules rises by more than 15% (but not when this is caused by temperature
effects). The cause for this can lie in a fail operation (e.g. the dosing chemicals have
run out or the dosing has been wrongly adjusted) or from fouling or scaling. For this
reason, a regular preventive cleaning of the modules can be necessary this shows
itself in the first months of operation. We recommend initially an annual preventive
cleaning. The cleaning must be done by the staff. Given sufficient notice, it can also
be done by the supplier. The cleaning process is described generally in the section
number 8.
The correct procedure depends essentially on the type and degree of fouling and so
cannot be set down as a universal rule. Citric acid and an alkaline cleaner are used
mostly. The disinfection is done with peracetic acid (of a suitable quality). The steps in
the cleaning have to be done as stipulated by the supplier. The chemicals are put
together in the tank B3 and transported through the plant in a depressurised condition
by the pump P3). The complete plant is shut down for this. There then follows the
mixing of chemicals in vessel B3. Fresh water is necessary for this. To produce the
cleaning solution the pump 3 is used in internal circuit by opening KH5 and closing
PV2. The circuit should be operated for app. 5 min. After that close the valve and
open PV2 (adjustment for pumps pressure is possible here). MV3 and MV4 are
closed. Before starting the procedure open the valves FH5 and close FH7.
The flushing pump P3 is started up and pumps round a closed circuit. The high
pressure pump remains shut down. The dosing equipment is not operational (high
pressure pump is not running).
After each step in the cleaning procedure, the flushing vessel should be emptied and
the plant, not under pressure, thoroughly rinsed with untreated water. For this, first
close FH5 and then open FH7. The pumps then are used to drain the used cleaning
solution from the system. Then open the motorised valve KA1 and flush the plant with
sea-water using the external feed system. After the flushing and the resetting of the
valves as well as a new mixing of cleaning solution using permeate, the next cleaning
step can be carried out.
The cleaning circuit valves are closed again and the outlet valves opened.
It is absolutely necessary that you keep to item 8 of the accompanying cleaning
specification. Please read it.
Conservation of the RO-Modules is necessary, if the SRO - Plant is shut off for a
period longer than 48 hours.
The conservation has to be done in accordance with the RWO - Service Department.

Rinsing Pump Data

Allweiler
Type
:
Capacity
:
Power Consumption :
NI-H 40-160/01-W3
35 m/h at p= 4.1 bar
8.6 KW
Please see the individual documentation as enclosure.
3.8
Chlorination dosing unit (NaOCl dosing unit)

For this purpose a dosing unit (see special chapter 10/8) is installed. The unit
consists of chemical tank B4 and dosing pump PD4. Further for control valve position
of KA1 and min. flow rate at FQIS1 is used.
For used chemical see the safety data sheet NaOCl.
The adjustment of stroke length and pumps frequency is explained in special manual.
The dosing container is equipped with level indicator which occurs a message and
pumps stop.

dosing equipment for chlorination
Pump type (PD2):
Manufacturer:
Material:
Q max.:
P max.:
P:
Dosing chemical:
Purpose:
permeate flow rate:
Dosing quantity:
Dosing quantity Na2S2O5:
Capacity of dosing pump (P=85%):
Total dosing quantity:
gamma/L Gala 1601

Prominent
PPE
1.4 l/h
10 bar
0.02 KW
NaOCl
chlorination
10.4 m/h (for 30% recovery)
2 g/m (for 100% concentration)
105 g/h
1.2 l/h
1.6 kg/tank
app. 50 h operation
Observe the instructions in the document for individual components.

Note:
The operating of dosing pump is coupled to the min. feed flow at FQIS1. Additionally
the operation is coupled with valve KA1 which will open after systems start by the
PLC (programmable logic controller).
The chemical can be dosed at as given above. Only freshwater may be used for
dilution. The dosing pump should be adjusted to give the dosing quantity specified in
the instructions. The quantity given is for chlorine content of 2 mg/l for storaging. In
case of failure of dosing equipment or in case of insufficient dosing contact the
deliverer.

3.9
EMSR Electronic Measuring and Control Equipment

The process of the SRO-Plant is controlled by the SIEMENS S 7 PLC (Programmable
Logical Control). The control panel is equipped with all necessary switches, LED indications and displays.
The SRO-Plant might be operated
manual
automatic at side
external from control room
All necessary automatic emergency stop requirements to project the SRO-Systems

are implemented.
Note:
All electrical components of the control panel for the operation of the SRO - Plant and
a short form of the start up procedure are indicated in the schedule OP7 (incl. foil for
menue).
The indication module of SRO-System OP7 is explained in the special schedule for it.
In DB100 a list of important values for operation is memorised and can be given to
IAMCS by Profi bus connection. Following parameters are available:
1 Booster pump P1 operation/fault
2 pmin. at PTA-1 achieved
3 discfilter via PDS1 max. number of backwashing cycles / time is reached
4 PD1 operation /fault-min. level
5 PD2 operation /fault-min. level
6 QI1 Redox potential analogue value
7 TSA+1 temperature exceeding max. value
8 pmin. at PTA-2 achieved
9 high pressure pump operation /fault
10 PTA+1 max. pressure exceeded
11 QI2 conductivity analogue value
12 FQIS2 flow analogue value
15 PD4 operation /fault-min level
16 level LS3.1- reached
17 level LS3.1++ reached
18 rinsing pump P3 operation/fault
19 control device voltage failure
Also the implemented program is listed and given as floppy disk.
The whole wiring is shown in E5527.

4 SYSTEM OPERATION
System Operation Instructions
4.1
Safety Instructions
4.1.1 Noise
The continuous noise level of the reverse osmosis system - high pressure pump can
reach 76 dB(A). Also at needle valve it is high. When working on the equipment,
hearing protection should be worn.
4.1.2 Sources of Danger

Danger
Voltages > 41 V
Direct contact leads to injury.
Set the main switch to position 0 before working on the electrical parts of the system
or the consumers.
Warning
All pumps have moving parts. The cover for this should never be removed when the
motor is running. If it has to be removed for maintenance or other purposes, it should
be replaced without delay as soon the work is finished.
Warning
Pressure vessels and pipelines are sources of danger. These should be
depressurised before working on the system.
4.2
Commissioning and Start-up

Note: All designations in the description refer to the given PID in the Appendix.
4.2.1 Requirements
a) Power supply to the system is established.
Danger
Voltage > 41V
Direct contact can lead to injury
The power in-feed must be established by qualified personnel
Danger
Explosion hazard! The system may not be operated in an Ex-area
b) Pipe connections for feed water inlet, permeate and concentrate outlet
as well as drains are made and are water-tight.
All interconnecting pipes are well fitted and tight.

4 SYSTEM OPERATION
Danger
Pressure vessels and lines are sources of danger. These should be depressurised
first before working on the system.
c) All wiring between both containers is carried out in acc. to the given diagrams. This
has to be done in well manner acc. to VDE rules by skilled staff.
d) The raw water entry is connected to platforms pump system.
Warning
All pipes and especially the discfilter section is constructed for pmax.= 10 bar.
A pressure safety device should be installed in upstream system.
e) The feed water available meets the required inlet conditions, i.e. it contains no
substances which are atypical for sea-water, it is oil-free, the feed temperature is
inside the given range. The chlorine concentration at inlet is max. 2 mg/l.
f) The dosing systems are filled in acc. to given information (see chapter 3).
Dosing pumps are checked for function and adjusted to 50% capacity.
g) All pumps are checked for function and rotating direction.
h) The external permeate tank is empty.
i) The coupling of the system control to the level switch of the permeate storage tank
is made.
j) connection from ships control air system to control air maintenance device at
solenoid valve at solenoid valve plate for pneumatic valves in discfilter area is made
and tight.
4.2.2 Requirements before Start-up

4.2.2.1 General Information
The system is delivered in a conserved state.
this means that the spiral wound module for reverse osmosis and its piping system
have been protected by a conservation solution against bacterial fouling. Before the
permeate can be consumed, it is therefore necessary to carry out a de-conservation.
4.2.2.2 Removal of Conservation

1- All external valves in the feed water, concentrate and waste water lines should be
open and the external valve in the line to the permeate storage tank closed.
2- The unit dont need to be started. For flushing out the chemicals it is only
necessary to use the booster pump. The following has to be carried out:
open the following valves:
PV1,KH2, KH3,FV1.1 FH4,VR1, FH7
At least open KH1 and let in seawater to the system with booster pumps
pressure of 5 bar.
Hold on for app. 15 minutes. After that stop the pump and close KH1. Now the
system is free of conservation chemicals.
4.3
Manual Start-up

4 SYSTEM OPERATION
The system must be started by hand following a de-conservation, a long period out of
service (> 48h) and after an emergency shutdown. This is not necessary in normal
operation but of course possible.
4.3.1 Requirements
All elements are in the positions as at the end of 4.2.2.2 .
All dosing equipment has been filled.
4.3.2 Execution
Before switching on all hand valves in permeate and concentrate line should be
opened, but the following must be closed:
KH1, FV1.1 (use only for deaeration), and FH5.
Raw water with right pressure is available at KA1 by booster pump. Control air is
available too.
Further the following is to do:
1-2Q1, 2Q2, 2Q3, 2Q4 to position I
-switch board lamps and current meters are in operation; 230 V control voltage and
24 V DC are available
2-2S1 to position I
-voltage measuring in operation
-measuring instruments installed in piping and switch board are in operation
3- 4S0 to Auto (for operation of single parts only switch to Man.)
4-4S1 motorvalve raw water to auto
5-5S1 dosing antiscale to auto
6-6S1 dosing NaHSO3 (dechlorination) to auto in case the raw water chlorination in
upstream is in operation
7-8S1 high pressure pump to auto
8-10S1 rinsing pump to auto
9- 11S1 pressure regulating motorvalve in concentrate line VR1 to auto
10-11S2 filling motorvalve MV3 to auto
11-11S3 permeate motorvalve MV4 to auto
12-11S3 motorvalve permeate to auto (MV3)
13-13S1 dosing NaOCl to auto
14-3S1 to position start (for control voltage on; light, heating and venting are
available too)
Operation of the unit will be made by using menue of OP7
(password supervisor: 100)
For lamps indication at switch board use the labels below the lamps.
After start delay the unit starts with opening KA1 and filling the unit.
Then dosing and high pressure pumps starting operation.
Value for Redox potential is monitored at 7N1 and will occur pulse for operation of
dechlorination dosing.
Also conductivity at 12N1 is monitored and an alarm in case of exceeding the
adjusted limit will be also created (incl. in common alarm).
Further the measuring values from FQIS1 are monitored at 3P1 and from FQIS2
at 12P1. Monitors creating signals to the SPS for connection to the IAMCS.

4 SYSTEM OPERATION
FQIS2 is delivering the permeate flow rate also for regulation of VR1. This will be
done continuously in following manner:
A flow range is defined by setting a max. value for flow max. and computing a min.
one by subtraction of adjustable value from seted max. one.
1. Flow exceeds max. limit VR1 will be opened (max. fully open) until the
measured one at FQIS2 is in range again.
2. Flow achieved computed min. value - VR1 will be closed until the measured one
at FQIS2 is in range again or the max. value for valve position changing is
reached.
So the system pressure increases/decreases at PI7 by regulation of needle valve
position VR1 coming from SPS via FQIS2.
This procedure will be arranged so, that the permeate stream at FQIS2 should be
constant at 10.4 m/h. The adjustment is limited to a max. changing by end position
switch at the valve to ensure minimal flow rate at concentration side of membranes
(preventing of scaling). The pressure at PI5 is depending of raw water temperature
and salinity content in raw water. For extreme conditions (required with 2C) it may
reach max. 70 bar.
Warning
Max. pressure adjustment of the system can be max. 70 bar at PSA+1 because
further increasing will destroy the membranes.
First produced permeate (app. first hour) after first start should be given back to the
sea. After that extern permeate tank can be filled by opening the external tank valve.
During operation all process data are available direct at installed instruments and so
far as implemented at OP7.
For handling of OP7 follow the instruction foil with main and submenue.
Note 1
The permeate production of the system is temperature-dependent as already explained. The
design was carried out for a feed temperature of 25C. In case of deviation from this value to
higher ones the permeate production and residual salinity in permeate will raise.
So the regulation will occur a readjustment of VR1 to lower pressure value. Because of that
the permeate production will be lower (aim is to ensure the same 10.4 m/h as the unit is
made for.) So the monitored pressures at PI5,PI6 and PI7 will be lower.
Should the conductivity of the permeate exceed the limit setting of 600 S/cm (corresponding
salinity 420 mg/l) with 3 min delay (first adjustment) an alarm will be signalised; the value can
be read off on 12N1. The unit will continue the production.
The permeate flows at first through the open motorised valveVM3 to the rinsing water tank
B3.
When the tank is full ( LS+3.1 is achieved) VM2 closes and VM3 will be opened.
The permeate flows to the external permeate line.
(- in case of pressure level > 3 bar at PSA+2 and/or for PSA+3 in permeate or concentrate
line the system will shut down because of overpressure alarm).
All situations can be red at OP7.
Note 2

4 SYSTEM OPERATION
To eliminate scaling on the membranes, an inhibitor HD 30 is injected into the line following
the discfilter. The dosing is in operation when min. flow at FQIS1 is given and the valve KA1
is open.
For setting the dosing pump see para. 3.3.
Note 3
For chlorination after treatment chlorine granulat solution will be injected into the permeate
line before water will leave the unit. The dosing is in operation when min. flow at FQIS1 is
given and the valve KA1 is open.
For setting the dosing pump see para. 3.3.
4.4
-
Shut Off
the system is automatically shutdown if any of the following limit settings PSA-1,
PSA-2, PSA+1, and/or PSA+3 are exceeded. The settings made in the factory
are as follows:
PSA-1
5 bar
PDS1
0.5 bar
PSA-2
3 bar
PSA+1
70 bar
PSA+2
3 bar
PSA+3
3 bar
PDS1 will occur a backflushing of discfilter unit. Backflushing is taking place

filtermodule by filtermodule. So there isnt necessary a production brake for that.
- In normal operation stop the unit by using external signal or by OP7 menue.
- High pressure pump stops.
- KA1 will close.
- Dosing pumps will stop.
- Pump P3 starts and flushes the RO system via fine filter with first permeate out of tank
B3 as long as low level LS-3.1 is reached.
- the flushing discharges via the concentrate line and displaces the concentrate in the
RO modules. This reduces the osmotic pressure on the membranes. It also restricts
the fouling in the modules.
- the system can be stooped for 24h without taking any particular precautions against
fouling
- if the system is taken out of service for more than 48h, then the following should be
done:
a) Prevent drying out of the membranes (drying out means destruction of the
membranes)
b) The system should be conserved against biological fouling or brought into service
once every 24h.
4.5 Automatic Start-up

This function is given, by using the external contact from permeate tank at X4 44/45.
So after start the unit is running continuously until it will be stopped because of external level
switch in tank.

5 Measuring and Control Equipment
5 Measuring and Control Equipment

This section describes the construction of the operating panel, the function of the operating
and alarm displays and the wiring of the control cubicle.
Take note of the foil for OP7 with its menue for starting and operation during normal service.
Note:
The control program together with its parameters for the complete system which lies in the
PLC (programmable logic controller) has been burned on to an EPROM and is so protected
against erasure. A print-out of the control program is included in this chapter. Also a floppy
disc. Parameter changes should only be made in agreement with the supplier. If not, the
guarantee is null and void.

6 MAINTENANCE
Maintenance
Each piece of equipment should be maintained as laid down in its own set of
maintenance instructions.
Reading this set of user instructions is no substitute for the studying of the individual
operating instructions and specifications.
The added operating log should be filled out completely to make it easier to
understand the cause of any faults and failures. One can also see whether there were
any signs of an prior to the actual occurrence of the failure.
The guarantee is null and void in all points when all the columns have not been
completed or the maintenance work has not been carried out according to the
manufacturer's specifications.
During the agreed warranty period, the system must be maintained two times per
year by the supplier.
Should it be necessary to replace membrane modules, then the supplier should be
contacted.
We therefore recommend, for the above reasons, that the customer take out a
maintenance contract with the supplier.
6.1
Membrane Elements
The elements of type FILMTEC SWHR-380 must always be treated such that the
growth of algae and bacteria is avoided and the membrane performance is not
negatively affected by period in store or longer periods out of service. Only shortly
before they are to be installed, the elements should therefore be taken out of their
packing. Otherwise there is a danger of their drying out.
6.1.1 Conservation
Warning:
You must follow the recognised safety instructions and currently valid
regulations when handling biozides which are used for conservation. Always
wear protective goggles.
New elements are transported in a conservation solution of 1 % sodium bisulphate
and 20 % propylene glycol. Bisulphate works as a biozide, whilst the propylene glycol
protects against frost damage.
Each used membrane element, which has been taken out of the pressure vessel and
stored, must be appropriately conserved. This is as a rule not necessary (as the
removal is usually only done when an element is damaged) and should only be done
when absolutely necessary. Use a one percent sodium bisulphate solution (weight
percent; food quality, without cobalt). Glycol is only necessary when there is danger
of frost. Steep the element for an hour in the solution, and wait till the liquid has
properly drained off. Then pack the element in an oxygen-proof plastic cover as the
bisulphate deteriorates in the presence of oxygen. We recommend you to use the
original packing again.
Do not fill the plastic cover with conservation solution- the moisture content in the
element is sufficient for conservation purposes.
Apart from sodium bisulphate other approved biozides can be used.
Should formaldehyde be employed, then the membranes must have been at least 6
hours in service before permeate is useful again.

6 MAINTENANCE
6.1.2 Reconservation
Warning
Note that the membranes where conserved when the units left the factory
because of preventing any fouling. This solution has to be replaced every 6
months because of becoming weak. So follow up the instructions given below
or order service by manufacturer.
If the new conservation during long time storage wont be carried out in regular
intervals out guaranty for well function is null and void.
As conservation fluid use the same as described in 6.1.1. Necessary volume
will be 665 l. So fill up the rinsing tank with 665 l and add chemicals for double
volume that means for 1330 l (in case the unit is filled with water from normal
operation). For chemical concentration see the safety data sheet.
For procedure the system is stopped and you proceed as follows:
1- The rinsing water tank B3 is opened and used for the mixing of the conservation
solution. Use clean water and stir well to get a consistent solution
The chemical dosing should be measured out to suit the tank with a solution of
clean freshwater with chemicals.
Drain the pressure vessels by opening VR1 and FH7 from old conservation
solution (or flush it out in acc. to procedure 4.2.2.2 if possible
2- All switches should be in position 0.
3- Switch on 2Q1, 2Q2, 2Q3, 2Q4
4- VR1 has to be fully open (manually or by adjusting the desired permeate flow at
FQIS2 in program to 0)
5- Close MV3 and MV4
6- Close PV2, FH2 and FH7 open KH5
7- Start the rinsing pump P3 manually by switching 10S1 to MAN
let the pump operate in inner cycle for 15 minutes for mixing the chemicals
with fresh water
8- Following valves have to be opened:
KH2, KH3, FH4 and FH5
9- Close KH5 and open PV2
Let the rinsing pump operate in rinsing circuit for min. 30 min.
10- Stop all machines and close all valves; bring back into service as in para. 4.2.2.2

6 MAINTENANCE
6.1.3 Exchange of the Module

If it is necessary to replace a module, the system should be taken out of service and
the modules emptied (sample drain cocks).
The connecting high pressure and permeate pipes should be loosened at the
pressure lines on the modules.
The end plates on the modules should be removed (socket-head screws).
The membrane modules should be first pushed out of the pressure vessels in the flow
direction by means of a suitable tube/plunger, and then pulled out.
The adapters which connect the modules should be loosened. Doing this makes it
possible to work with the modules singly. The adapter can be used again. Their seals
(O ring) should be inspected and replaced, if necessary.
The new modules should be pushed in the direction of flow (seal side is the inlet side
of the water flow!) and connect each by means of the adapter which lies upstream of
it. Should it be difficult to push in a module, lubricate the seal with soap or something
similar.
Once the installation of the modules is complete, fit the endplates to the pressure
vessels again and connect up the pipelines (do not use Teflon!).
The system is now deconserved (as in 4.2.2.2/3) and brought back into operation in
(as in 4.2).
6.1.4 Sampling
The sampling drain cocks at the permeate lines near front plates of pressure vessels
allow the taking of samples at the relevant points (see diagram). This allows an
insight into the operating state of the single system parts.
6.2
Operations log
The accompanying form contains all important parameters in the system. It is to be
filled out daily so as to recognise faults and to be able to assess their influence.

7 TROUBLE SHOOTING
Disturbance, Fault Analysis and Repair Hints
No. Trouble
Reason
Fouling on the membrane
1 High pressure difference
between inlet and outlet of the surface, clogging
modules, respectively
pressure rise 15 percent or
more(PI6-PI7).
2 SRO shut down, because of Disc filter clogged
the pressure switch PDIS 1to many backwash cycles per
time
3 Rise of the working pressure
of more than 15 percent at
constant water temperature
because of regulation at VR1
4 High pressure difference
between inlet and outlet of the
fine filter
5 flow rate at FQIS2 becomes
lower what means min.
concentrate flow is achieved
by regulation of VR1 to max.
pressure
6 Permeate flow to high.
Pressure after the modules to
low
Change of the salinity
7 Shut of, because of dry

running (PSA-2 to low)
Fine filter clogged
Remedy
Cleaning procedure of the
modules
Filter backwashing in acc. to

special chapter
Check the raw water
Open the discfilter modules
and clean it (see special
chapter
Check the raw water
Filtercandles are clogged
Exchange of filter candles.

See separate instruction
Check discfilter effluent
Conductivity to high, module Check each module by
taking samples at sample
defect
Conductivity in normal range, cocks and analysis of the
samples. If necessary, clean
feed temperature too low
or exchange the modules
Module defect. Leakage at the Check the modules and
module gaskets
gaskets. Check the salinity of
the permeate of each
module to identify the
leakage
Exchange filter candles.
Check the function of the
multi layer filter and the
activated carbon filter
Rise feed water pressure.

8 Shut off because of switching Feedwater pressure to low.
Pressure changes in the feed Adjust the pressure switch,
at PTA-1
but not lower than 3 bar.
water pipe system.
Check the booster pump
and pipe system
Units operation not possible
9 Alarm because of reaching
High feed temperature
because of environment
Limit value at TSA+1
Too long circulating during
Make a break or change the
Chemical cleaning
cleaning solution

7 TROUBLE SHOOTING
No. Trouble
Reason
Remedy
10 Conductivity limit value QI2 to Limit value too low.

high. Permeat quantity o.k.
Wrong value adjusted
Readjust the limit value
10 Conductivity at QI2 to high
RO-module defect
Check each RO-module and

exchange, if necessary
11 Conductivity at QI2 to high
O-ring defect
Exchange O-ring
Check chemicals level

Check monitored dosing
pump (see special chapter)
Pump defect or wiring problem Check described pump
(see special chapter)
Piping down stream clogged Check piping and valve
adjustment in
permeate/concentrate line
Wrong pressure regulation at Readjust the system
VR1 because one membrane Flush the system
is clogged
16 Alarm because of high Redox Chlorine content in raw water Check NaHSO3 dosing
Check the raw water
potential at QI1
too high
Check measuring/monitoring
Measuring defect
device (see special chapter)
Dosing NaHSO3 defect
12 Dosing pump fault message
or systems shut down
because of that
13 Systems shut down because
of any pumps failure
of high pressure at PSA+2 or
PSA+3
of high pressure at PSA+1
Dosing pump defect

dosing tank empty
Use the signalisation at OP7 for any failure.

8 GENERAL CLEANING INSTRUCTION
General Cleaning Instructions
Listed below are the most important points concerning:

z Method for cleaning the RO modules
z Chemicals used for cleaning
z Cleaning procedure
(see also the following pages) - please take note!
The method and the extent of the cleaning depends essentially on the degree and
type of fouling. As this, however, cannot be determined in most cases before the
cleaning, it is necessary to lay down a generally valid procedure.
The membrane elements can suffer in their permeate production rate and/or their
ability to hold back the salt.
For this reason, cleaning should be carried out when, at constant operating
conditions, the system loses more than 10% permeate production, the salt content of
the permeate rises by > 5% or the pressure difference between PI6 PI7 rises by >
15% compared with the value in the first 48h of service.
The accompanying detailed cleaning specification shows the exact procedure for a
comprehensive acidic and alkaline cleaning, followed by a final disinfection.
An acid cleaning for the removal of mineral scale is best carried out at a pH value of
<= 2 using citric or other acid (not sulphuric acid because of sulphate deposits). The
alkaline cleaning for the removal of biological scaling is generally done using NaOH.
The pH value should be around 12. Various combination products (such as EDTA)
are possible. Generally speaking, anionic substances can be used for the alkaline
cleaning. Cationic substances cause an irreversible reduction in the flux and may not
be used.
The cleaning solution should have an initial temperature of at least 15C, as the rate
of cleaning drops considerably at lower temperatures.
After the cleaning, a thorough rinsing with chlorine-free clean water should be carried
out (minimum temperature 20C). This rinsing should take place at first at reduced
pressure (i.e. higher concentrate flow). After that the working pressure can be
restored. The duration of the re-start must be at least 15 minutes.
The times mentioned are only approximate values. The cleaning process can
generally be ended when, at operating pressure, the conductivity at QI2 again lies in
the normal range which usually means after one hour. Care must be taken here that
the temperature of the cleaning medium doe not rise above 40C what will occur a
shut down by TSA+1. A temperature rise always take place in the circulating fluid
because of the mechanical work performed by the pump. The filters should be
separated from the circulating flow - close valve FH2. Proceed for the SRO modules
as for reconservation and deconservation (part 6.1.2/4.2.2).

Short Summary of Procedures:

The cleaning consists of 6 stages:
1. Mixing of the cleaning solution
2. Pumping of the cleaning solution in a circulating flow at low pressure
No permeate is produced, there is only flow on the concentrate side
A dilution of the solution by water present in the system is to be avoided, i.e. it
should first be drained off.
3. Pumping of the circulating solution for 30 minutes - 1 hour
4. Saturation; approx. 4 h interval to saturate the elements with the solution; no
pumping
5. Pumping of the circulating solution for 30 minutes - 1 hour
6. Rinsing
Note:
The pH value should be checked during the acid cleaning because it will raise as the
acid gets used up when dissolving the scale. Acid should be added if the pH value
becomes > 0.5.
Concrete steps to take:
1.) Make a log of performance data ! (i.e. system runs at operating pressure)
2.) Acid cleaning:
A 2% citric acid solution is used in most cases for the acid cleaning. This gives a low
pH value in the mixture. The temperature should not exceed 35C. The dosing
equipment is not in service.
One can roughly set the system content as equal to the content of the empty pressure
vessels.
Calculation of mixing quantity (example):
Vol. flushing vessel:

approx. 300 l
Vol. press. vessel (empty):
100 l
Total volume:
approx. 400 l
Mixture: 2 % = 8 kg. Put citric acid in the full flushing vessel, mix well and stir, so that
the acid is evenly distributed. Then proceed as described here. End the cleaning
when the cleaning medium has become very dirty.
Attention: Use a high circulation velocity, however, the pressure difference over the
modules should if possible not exceed 2 bar (PI6, PI7).
Flow in the normal case 5 m/h per 8 RO pressure vessel; for a 2 in 1 or other
pressure vessel construction, the flow in the last pressure vessel may not exceed 10
m/h.
The flow rate can be determined from the flushing pump's head/flow characteristic
(use PI8) and adjust the capacity by PV2.
3.) Water rinsing:

It is important that sufficient rinsing of the system with clean water takes place. For
this, use clean water (if not possible, then feed water). the dosing equipment is not in
service. The system is rinsed at low pressure. A flow of 5 m/h per 8 pressure vessel
should not be exceeded. The pressure is then raised to the operating value (VR1)
and the success of the cleaning checked at the conductivity measurement QI2.
4.) Log the performance figures ! (i.e. system runs at operating pressure)
5.) If conductivity too high, repeat the acid cleaning.
6.) Water rinse: (see item 3)
8.) Alkaline cleaning:
Various cleaning media can be used for an alkaline cleaning, e.g. Ultraperm 10.
According to the latest knowledge, Ultraperm 11 should no longer be used.
Caution: do not exceed a temperature of 25C during the cleaning, the pH value
should not be above 12 after mixing; use some citric acid to bring it down, if
necessary.
Ultraperm should be used in a 0.5 % concentration. Calculation of the mixing quantity
as described. For example, 0.5 % of 400 l = 2 kg Ultraperm, so that the cleaning
medium is distributed evenly in the system. Then proceed as described here. End the
cleaning when the conductivity is again in the normal range (after about 1 hour). The
maximum temperature of 40C may not be exceeded.
Set the circulating flow rate as described in item 2.
9.) Water rinse: (see item 3 )
10.)
11.) If the conductivity is too high, repeat the alkaline cleaning.
14.) Disinfect in the case of biological fouling
For this, conserve the system for 1 hour with a sodium bisulphite (as in
4.2.2.2/3)
(a strong acid/alkali solution is also possible) and rinse ( see item 3)

Function Check
Function check of the RO-System

Important Data:
z Pressure of High Pressure Pump at PI5
z Pressure at the Inlet of the Modules at PI6
z Pressure at the Outlet of the Modules at PI7
z Permeat Flow Rate at FQIS2
z Concentrate Flow Rate at FI1
z Feedwater Conductivity (Salinity) platforms measuring
z Permeat Conductivity (Salinity) at QI2
z Feed Water Temperature ships measuring
z Feedwater Redox potential at QI1
Procedure
1. Completion Protocol Data Sheet
2. Low pH Cleaning
3. Water Flushing
5. If necessary repeat low pH-cleaning
6. Water Flushing
8. High pH-cleaning (alkali)
9. Water Flushing
11. If necessary repeat high pH-cleaning
12. Water Flushing
14. Desinfection
15. Water Flushing
After each cleaning take a 100 ml sample for testing

9 SPECIAL TERMS
Glossary of Terms in Water Treatment
Array
Backwash
Bank
BOD
Boundary Layer
Brackish Water
Brine
Channelling
Chlorinating
Chloride
CIP
Coagulation
COD
Colour
Colloids
Compaction
Composite Membrane
Concentrate
Concentrate Recirculation
Concentration Factor
Series of parallel installed pressure vessels with common feed,

product and reject lines.
Reversed flow to remove foreign material from a filter bed and
reduce its compaction.
One of two or more complete reverse osmosis installations
operating in parallel.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The BOD is the amount of
oxygen absorbed by a sample of water.
Layer adhering to the membrane facing the feed water, having a
higher solute concentration
Naturally occurring saline water, containing more than 1000 ppm
and usually less than 15000 ppm TDS (other values 1500 - 6000
ppm)
Any flow associated with the process with a salinity higher than
that of the feed flow (see concentrate).
Unevenly distributed flow as may occur in elements or filter
beds.
Application of chlorine, Hypochloride, etc. in order to avoid
bacterial growth in the product water.
Affects the potability of water and can be extremely corrosive as
its molecular size is such that it can penetrate protective oxidemetal interfaces and react with steel structures.
Cleaning-in-place
Pre-treatment process involving the formation of flocs from
colloidal suspended matter, thus promoting the filter process.
Chemical Oxygen Demand. The COD is the oxygen equivalent
of that portion of the organic matter in a sample that is
susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.
The colour of the water aesthetically effects the potability. It is
usually checked against a standard solution in Nessler tubes.
Suspended materials (between 10-3 mm and 10-6 mm in size) in
the water that behaves like a true solution, such as passing
through a filter paper, migrating under influence of a potential
gradient etc.
In reverse osmosis compaction refers to membrane compaction,
mainly due to temperature and high pressure (water hammer).
Membrane obtained precipitating a thin active layer on a porous
supporting layer.
The remaining solution with the retained salts (also called brine,
or retentate, or reject).
A part of the concentrate leaving the modules goes to drain,
while the other part is added to the suction side of the high
pressure pump, thus increasing the feed flow to the modules.
The CF is the ratio of the salt concentration of the feed flow to
that of the concentrate.

9 SPECIAL TERMS
Conductivity (electrolytical)
Degermination
Dehydration
Disinfection
Double Pass RO System

Effective Pressure
FAC
Feed water
Flow Balancing
Flux
Fouling
FRC
Fresh Water
GPD
Hardness
Jackson Turbidity Unit / JTU
Membrane
Membrane Degradation
Module
Permeate
Permeate Backpressure
Permeate Channel Spacer
pH
Conductivity is a quantitative measure of the ability of a water to

pass electric current. It is a measure of the total ionizable
materials present in the water because of the direct relation
between the dissolved electrolytes and the electrical conductivity
of the water.
The use of either physical or chemical agents to reduce the
concentration of micro-organisms and viruses with the purpose
of control, disinfection, or sterilization
Dehydration means that the fine pores of the membranes are
not wetted. This may occur when the membranes have been
allowed to dry-out, or due to high temperatures or high osmotic
pressure.
The use of any agents to destroy the infectivity of a material.
This need not imply elimination of all viable microbes as, for
example, in drinking water.
A system in which the permeate is further desalinated by a
subsequent RO system.
Amount of pressure exceeding the osmotic pressure of the
solution
Free Available Chlorine
The water entering the modules.
Flow rate per unit membrane area.
The deposition of foreign matter on the membrane surface,
resulting in changed membrane performance.
Free Residual Chlorine
Natural occurring water from deep wells, boreholes, lakes, and
rivers. TDS less than 800 ppm, typically not over 600.
Gallons per day; 1Gallon (US) = 3,785 l
Caused by the presence of soluble salts of calcium and
magnesium. Causes deposits and scaling.
Measuring unit for turbidity measured with Jackson Cartridge
Turbidimeter
Common materials used for desalination are cellulose acetates
and polyamide
Decrease of strength and rejection performance due to changes
of the molecular structure in the polymeric materials involved
(loss of molecular weight)
Pressure vessel containing membrane element(-s).
Permeate is the product water obtained by the reverse osmosis
process, in desalination also called product.
Pressure on the permeate side of the module (or the plant).
The fabric that mechanically supports the membrane and drains
the permeate to the permeate tube.
Measure of the acid or alkaline nature of a solution. At 25 C a
solution with a pH of less than 7,0 is acidic while a solution with
a pH higher than 7,0 is basic.

9 SPECIAL TERMS
Polymer Creep
Post-treatment
Potable Water
PPM
Pressure Vessel
Pre-treatment
PSI
PSIG
Pyrogens
Raw Water
Recovery
Rejection Factor
Reject
Saline Water
Salt Passage
Scaling
Scale Inhibitor
SDI
Sea Water
Semipermeable Membrane
SDI
Shock Treatment
Spiral Wound Membrane
Standard Sea Water
Sterilization
System Salt Passage
Long-time changes in the molecular structure of polymeric

materials due to mechanical stress and pressure.
In reverse osmosis desalination this designation refers to
processes applied to treat the permeate (chlorinating, etc.)
Drinkable of potable water is water fit for human consumption. It
must be free from organisms and concentrations of chemical
substances hazardous to health, of agreeable taste and odour,
without turbidity, colourless. The TDS is less than 500 ppm.
Parts per million. A measure of concentration which, in the field
of water treatment, is nearly equal to mg/l.
The vessel containing one or more individual membrane
elements.
Processes applied on the feed water, like filtration, softening,
coagulation, etc.
Pounds per square inch, ! PSI = 0,069 bar
Pounds per square inch gauge. Difference between operating
pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Contaminants causing fever
Untreated water from wells, surface sources or the sea.
Ratio of the permeate flow rate to the feed water flow rate
Percentage of the total dissolved solids in the feed water which
are rejected by the membranes.
See concentrate
Brackish water, sea water or brine containing more than 1000
ppm TDS.
See System salt passage.
Deposition/Precipitation of minerals and other solids on the
membrane surface.
Chemical preventing the precipitation of solids, especially
calcium carbonate.
Silt Density Index
Ocean water of a high salinity, generally assumed to be 35000
ppm TDS. Sea water salinity varies with the location, e.g.
Atlantic Ocean approx. 36000, Baltic Sea 7000 and Red Sea
43000 and higher.
Membrane rejecting one or more components of a solution.
Silt Density Index, an index indicating the content of colloidals in
water.
Shock treatment in desalination is the addition of a biocide into
the feed stream for a limited time period.
Multilayer membrane for reverse osmosis with axial brine flow
and radial permeate flow.
Sea water with a salt concentration of 34500 TDS and 19000
ppm chlorides, used as basis for concentration calculations.
The use of any agents to kill or inactivate all viable microorganisms and viruses within a sample.
System salt passage is the concentration of a compound in the
permeate related to its concentration in the feed water.

9 SPECIAL TERMS
Telescoping
Total Dissolved Solids TDS
Turbidity
Ultrapure Water
Water hammer
Telescoping may occur with spiral wound elements, where the

outer membrane layers of the element can unravel and extend
downstream past the remaining layer. Telescoping is caused by
excessive pressure drop from feed to concentrate.
The amount of solids contained in a solution, usually determined
by evaporation and subsequent weighing of the residuals. There
is no generally accepted process, the temperatures vary
between 105 C and 180 C. Due to the hygroscopicity of the
residuals the TDS is slightly higher than the corresponding
salinity.
Suspended insoluble materials mainly occurring in surface
waters.
Water with a TDS of less than 50 and a conductivity of less than
0,1 mhos/cm
Water hammer in reverse osmosis systems means ahydraulic
shock to a membrane element

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User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

Function of the Main Components

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

Flushing and Cleaning System

System Operation Instruction

Measuring and Control Equipment

Disturbance, fault analysis and repair hints

General Cleaning Instructions

Glossary of terms in water treatment

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

Documentation of individual components

general description for installation and commissioning

membranes and pressure vessels

measuring and regulation instruments

common spare part list

safety data sheets

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

Important Phone and Fax Numbers

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

1.1 How Reverse Osmosis Works

(a) Osmotic flow

(b) Osmotic equilibrium

(c) Reverse osmosis

Fig. 1.1 Principles of osmosis and reverse osmosis.

1.2 How to Use Reverse Osmosis

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

Fig. 1.2. Reverse osmosis process

1.3 Reverse Osmosis Membrane and Module Designs

1.3.1 Spiral Wound Elements

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

1.4 Reverse Osmosis System Design

1.4.1 Feedwater Pretreatment

1.4.2.1 Membrane scaling

1.4.2.2 Metal Oxide Precipitation

1.4.2.3 Device Clogging

1.4.2.4 Colloidal Fouling

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

1.4.2.5 Biological Fouling

1.4.3 Pretreatment Section

1.4.4 Desalination Section

1.4.5 Post-Treatment Section

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

1.5 Factors Influencing Reverse Osmosis Performance

Fig. 1.4. Performance vs. Pressure

Fig. 1.5. Performance vs. Temperature

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

1.5.3 Feedwater Salt Concentration

Fig. 1.7. Performance vs. Recovery.

Table 1.1. Main factors influencing reverse osmosis performance.

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

2.1.1 Feedwater Inlet

2.1.2 Filtration (disc filter unit)

2.1.3 Dechlorination (NaHSO3 dosing)

2.1.4 RO-Membrane Protection (Dosing Scale Inhibitor)

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

2.1.4.1 Fine Filter (Cartridge Filter)

2.1.5 Reverse Osmosis System

2.1.5.1High Pressure Pump

2.1.5.2 Modules (Pressure Vessels and Membrane Elements)

User Manual for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant SRO-250

2.1.6 Clean Water System