Biology: 8aa - On A Diet

Exploring Science 8 How Science Works
Biology
8Aa On a diet
Word
Chinese
Meaning
diet
The food that you eat.
raw materials
Substances used to make other substances out of.
nutrition
information
Information label found on a food packet to tell

you what is in the food.
carbohydrate
Substance found in food that is used for energy.
fat
Substance found in food that is stored to be used

for energy in the future. It also helps to keep heat
in our bodies.
protein
Substance found in food that is used for growth

and repair.
vitamin
Substance found in food that is needed in small

quantities for health (e.g. vitamin C).
mineral
Properly called a mineral salt and found in food.

Needed in small quantities for health (e.g.
calcium).
nutrients
Substances needed in the diet to provide raw

materials.
fibre
Substance found in food which cannot be used by

the body. It helps to keep our intestines clean.
constipation
When the intestines get blocked up.
starch
Type of insoluble carbohydrate found in plants.
sugar
Type of soluble carbohydrate. Glucose is an

example of a sugar.

8Ab Keeping it balanced

1
Word
Chinese
Meaning
balanced diet
Eating a wide variety of foods to give us all the

things that we need.
chemical energy
Energy stored in chemicals like food.
kilojoule (kJ)
Unit of energy used on food packets. There are

1000 J in 1 kJ.
1000
heart disease
Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries

carrying the blood to the muscles of the heart,
so the heart muscles do not receive enough
oxygen.
Obese
People who are very fat are said to be obese.
diabetes
Insulin
Pancreas
digestion
8Ac Youve got guts

Word
Chinese
Process that breaks food into soluble

substances in our bodies.
Meaning
digestion
Process that breaks food into soluble

substances in our bodies.
gut
All the organs of the digestive system apart

from the mouth.
Liver
digestive
system
A group of organs that carry out digestion.
ingestion
Putting food into your mouth.
salivary gland
Found in the mouth. It makes saliva.
saliva
A digestive juice. It contains an enzyme that

breaks down starch into sugar.
2
gullet
Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach.

Sometimes called the food pipe but properly
called the oesophagus.
contract
Something gets smaller.
stomach
Organ containing strong acid which mixes food

up and digests proteins.
Molecule
absorbed
When soluble substances go through the wall of

the small intestine into the blood.
small intestine
Organ where most digestion happens. The

soluble substances produced by digestion are
absorbed into the body here. It is about 6.5 m
long in adults.
6.5
large intestine
Organ that takes water out of waste food.
faeces
Waste food material produced by the intestines.
appendix
Small tube branching off the large intestine. It

has no function in humans.
rectum
Organ that stores faeces before they are

egested.
anus
The opening at the end of the gut.
Elimination/eges
tion
When faeces are pushed out of the anus.
insoluble
Something that does not dissolve is said to be

insoluble.
Soluble
enzyme
A chemical that can break up large molecules.
8Ad Break down

Word
Chinese
Meaning
digestive juice
A liquid containing enzymes that break down
food.
Model
8Ae In the blood

Word
Chinese
Meaning
Villi / villus
Small finger-like parts of the small intestine.

They increase the surface area so that digested
food is absorbed more quickly. Singular = villus.
blood vessel
Tubes in which blood flows. There are

capillaries, veins and arteries.
capillaries
Tiny tubes that carry blood.
vein
Blood vessel that carries blood towards the

heart.
artery
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the

heart.
circulatory
system
System containing the heart and blood vessels.
tissue
A group of cells of the same type all doing the

same job.
tissue fluid
A liquid that leaks out of capillaries carrying

dissolved food and oxygen to cells.
respiration
Process that uses up oxygen to release energy

from food. Carbon dioxide is produced as a
waste gas.
Health claim
8Ba Energy for life

Word
Chinese
aerobic
respiration
Meaning
Process that releases energy from digested
food. Needs oxygen from the air. Carbon dioxide
is produced as a waste gas.
glucose
A type of sugar.
product
New chemical formed in a chemical reaction.
reactant
Chemical that is used up in a chemical reaction.
respiration

waste gas.
word equation
A way of writing out what happens in a

chemical reaction.
Word
8Bb Round and round

Chinese
Meaning
absorb
To take in, e.g. when soluble substances pass

through the wall of the small intestine and into
the blood.
artery
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the

heart.
capillaries
The smallest blood vessels. Substances enter

and leave the blood through the thin walls of
capillaries.
chamber
The heart contains four compartments called

chambers.
circulatory
system
System containing the heart and blood vessels.
heart
Organ that pumps blood around the body.
plasma
Part of the blood. A liquid that surrounds the

blood cells.
pulse
The feel of your blood being pumped.
pulse rate
The number of times you can feel your blood

being pumped in one minute.
red blood cells
Cells in the blood that carry oxygen.
tissue fluid
The liquid formed when plasma leaks out of

capillaries, carrying oxygen and food to cells.
vein
Blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.
8Bc Into thin air

Word
Chinese
Aerobic
Breathing rate
Emphysema
Heart disease
Heart attack
Carbon dioxide
Excrete
Concentrate
Anaerobic
respiration
Glucose
Lactic acid
Oxygen debt
Meaning

waste gas.
8Bd Exchange rates

Word
Chinese
Meaning
digestive
system
The group of organs that carry out digestion.
breathing
system
Set of organs (lungs, windpipe, diaphragm) that

allow air to be taken into and out of the body.
()
respiratory
system
System containing the lungs, bronchi and

trachea.
trachea
Windpipe.
bronchus
Tube in the lungs that connects the windpipe to

the air sacs. Plural = bronchi.
Lung
Diaphragm
breathing
Moving muscles in order to make air flow into

and out of the lungs.
inhale
To breathe in.
exhale
To breathe out.
ventilation
Air moving into and out of the lungs.
air sacs
Groups of alveoli in the lungs where oxygen

comes out of the air and goes into the blood.
Carbon dioxide is also transferred from the
blood to the air in these.
alveolus
Small, round pocket that is grouped with other

alveoli to form air sacs in the lungs. Plural =
alveoli.
diffusion
The natural movement of particles from a place

where there are a lot of them to a place where
there are fewer of them.
gas exchange
Taking oxygen into the blood and getting rid of

carbon dioxide into the lungs. Happens in the
air sacs in the lungs.
mucus
Slimy substance which traps dirt and microbes

and is moved out of the lungs by cilia.
cilia
Small hairs on the surface of some cells.
ciliated
epithelial cell
Cells with cilia that are found in the lungs.
blood
Contains cells and a liquid called plasma. It

flows around the body carrying various
substances which are either made by the body
or needed by the body.
red blood cells
8Be Detecting respiration

Word
Chinese
Cells in the blood that carry oxygen.
Meaning
exhaled air
Air that is breathed out.
inhaled air
Air that is breathed in.
gill
A series of flaps of tissue with a good blood

supply just behind the head of an organism
which is used to take oxygen out of water. Fish
have gills.
hydrogencarbon
ate indicator
An indicator that can be used to show how

much carbon dioxide there is in something.
Behaviour
Inherited
variation
Environmental
factor
8Ca A hidden world

Word
Chinese
Meaning
date
organism
A living thing.
microbe
Short for micro-organism.
micro-organism
A very small living thing.
virus
The smallest type of microbe. Many people

think that they are not living because they do
not carry out the seven life processes for
themselves.
bacteria/bacteri
um
A type of microbe bigger than viruses. (plural =

bacteria)
Fungi/fungus
Organisms which are different from animals,

plants
and
bacteria.
Examples
include
8
mushrooms and yeasts. (plural = fungi)
yeast
Kingdom
Protein coat
Strand of gene
Replication
chromosome
flagellae
classified
8Cb Microbes in action

Word
Chinese
A type of fungus with only one cell and

therefore a microbe. They are bigger than
bacteria.
Meaning
aerobic
respiration
A type of respiration that needs oxygen.

Releases energy from a sugar (glucose) and
produces carbon dioxide as a waste gas.
anaerobic
respiration
A type of respiration that does not need

oxygen.
fermentation
The type of anaerobic respiration carried out by

yeast. It produces carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Starter culture
budding
The way yeast cells divide. A new small cell (a

bud) starts to grow out from another cell.
population
The numbers of a certain organism found in a

certain area.
limiting factor
Something that stops a population growing.
8Cc Under attack/Cholera: The evidence

Word
Chinese
Meaning
disease
When some processes that happen in the body

do not work in the way they should.
9
symptoms
Diagnosis
infectious
A disease that can be spread from person to

person or from animal to person is infectious.
fever
A high body temperature.
theory
A scientific idea that can be tested.
8Cd Self defence

Word
Chinese
The effects that a disease has on your body.
Meaning
pasteurisation
Milk is heated up to 70C for about 15 seconds

which is enough to kill the most harmful
bacteria in it.
70C 15
disinfectant
Strong chemical used to kill microbes.
antiseptic
Weak disinfectant safe to use on human skin.
natural defences
Your bodys way of trying to keep microbes out

(e.g. skin) or killing them if they get inside you
(eg stomach acid).
clot
When blood becomes solid. Makes a scab

when it is on the surface of the skin.

trachea
Another name for the windpipe.
ciliated
epithelial cell
white blood cell
Cells in the trachea which have microscopic

hairs (cilia) growing from them which wave to
move mucus up to the gullet to be swallowed
A type of blood cell which helps to destroy

microbes. They either engulf microbes or make
antibodies.
10
engulf
When a white blood cell completely surrounds a

microbe and destroys it, it is said to engulf the
microbe.
antibody
Small chemicals made by some white blood

cells. They attach to microbes and help to
destroy them.

mucus
Sticky substance used to trap microbes and

dust. Found in nose and trachea.
AIDS
HIV
T4 lymphocyte
Replicate
HIV positive
8Ce Beating infections/Medicine men

Word
Chinese
Meaning
immune
If you cannot get a disease you are said to be

immune to it.
vaccine
A mixture containing microbes which normally

cause disease, which have been treated so that
they dont. Injected into people to make them
immune.
immunisation
Making people immune to diseases.
medicine
A drug that helps the body to ease the

symptoms of a disease or cure the disease.
antibiotic
Medicine that can kill bacteria but not viruses.
resistant
bacteria
Bacteria that are not affected by an antibiotic

are said to be resistant to it.
Variation
8Da dead as a dodo

11
Word
Chinese
Meaning
extinct
adapted
When the features of an organism help it to

survive in a habitat, it is adapted to that
habitat.
Physical
environmental
factor
The non-living conditions in the environment of

an organism, e.g. temperature, light.
environment
The conditions around an organism caused by

physical environmental factors.
habitat
The place an organism lives in, e.g. woodland.
Acid rain
Global warming
animal kingdom
The group of organisms that contains all

vertebrates and invertebrates.
classification
Sorting things into groups.
vertebrate
Animal with a backbone.
invertebrate
Animal without a backbone.
mammal
Vertebrate with hair and produces milk, e.g.

human.
reptile
Vertebrate with dry scales, e.g. snake.
fish
Vertebrate with wet scales, e.g. salmon.
amphibian
Vertebrate with moist skin, e.g. frog.
bird
Vertebrate with feathers, e.g. eagle.
echinoderm
Invertebrate that has a body in five parts, e.g.

starfish.
arthropod
Invertebrate that has jointed legs, e.g. fly,

spider.
Crocodile
12
Dinosaur
Saurischia
Ornithischia
exoskeleton
Thick outer covering found in arthropods.
plant kingdom
Group of organisms that are able to produce

their own food and have specialised cells.
xylem vessel
Transports water through a plant.
moss
Plant with many thin leaves but without roots

and xylem. Reproduces using spores.
fern
Plant that has many small waterproof leaves.

Reproduces using spores.
conifer
Plant with needle-shaped leaves. Reproduces

using seeds found in cones.
flowering plant
Plant with large, flat leaves. Reproduces using

seeds found in fruits. Fruits and seeds form
inside flowers.
seeds
Grow into new plants. Made by conifers and

flowering plants.
spore
Very small part of a plant that can grow into a

new plant. Made by mosses and ferns.
cone
Something used to carry the seeds of conifers.
fruit
Something used to carry the seeds of flowering

plants. Can be fleshy or dry.
cuticle
Layer of cells on leaves that is waterproof.
photosynthesis
Process that plants use to make their own food.

It needs light to work. Carbon dioxide and water
are the reactants. Food (a sugar called glucose)
and oxygen are the products.
13
8Db Detective work

Word
Chinese
Meaning
community
All the plants and animals that live in a habitat.
population
Total number of individuals of the same species

in a habitat.
sample
A small part of something. If you sample

something you take a small part of it. You use
your results from the small part to suggest what
the rest of it is like.
estimate
Provide a rough idea about the numbers of

something or the size of something.
uneven
distribution
When a plant or animal is not found all over a

habitat, only in certain places where the habitat
is suitable.
quadrat
A square frame, thrown randomly on the

ground, which is used to sample the plants in
an area.
tree beating
Sampling method used to collect animals from

trees and bushes.
sweepnet
Sampling method used to collect small animals

from long grass.
pond dipping
Sampling method used to collect organisms

from ponds.
pitfall trap
Sampling method used to collect small animals

that live on the ground.
ecologist
A person who studies the environment.
14
humidity
The amount of water vapour in the air.
8Dc physical environmental factors

Word
Chinese
Meaning
Anemometer
pooter
Computer
modelling
8Dd living factors

Word
Chinese
A small container connected to two tubes. Used

to catch tiny animals.
Meaning
Resource
Migrate
Innate
Learned
Living factor
predator
An animal that catches and eats other animals.
prey
An animal that is caught and eaten by another

animal.
competition
Organisms compete with each other for food,

light and space in a habitat.
Food
relationship
Food web
Many food chains linked together.
Top predator
The last animal in a food chain.
Consumer
An organism that has to eat other organisms to

stay alive. Animals are consumers.
Carnivore
Herbivore
Producer
An organism that is able to make its own food.

15
8De Webs/Living pyramids

Word
Chinese
Meaning
chemical energy
The kind of energy stored in chemicals. Food,

fuels and electrical cells all contain chemical
energy.
pyramid
numbers
Way of showing the numbers of different

organisms in a food chain.
primary
consumer
The first animal in a food chain.
secondary
consumer
The second animal in a food chain.
Pest
Pesticide
Endangered
Insecticide
Nonsustainable
Overfishing
Sustainable
of
16
Chemistry
8E Water
8Ea Using water
words
litre
tap
sinks
dissolve
well
Chinese
Meaning
A unit of volume.
When a solid splits up and mixes with

a liquid to make a solution.
8Ea The solution is clear

words
Chinese
mixture
chemical
filtering
trap
filter paper
dissolved
grain
substance
soluble
insoluble
solvent
solute
funnel
Meaning
Two or more different substances that
are not chemically joined to each
other.
Substance that is used in chemistry.
.
Separating solids that have not
dissolved from a liquid. The liquid
passes through the filter and the
solid is left behind.
Something cannot get through.
The paper has tiny holes can let

smaller particles come through but
trapped the bigger particles depend
on the size of its holes.
Something disappear in solvent.
Tiny piece of rock.

Physical
material
from
which
something is made.
Can dissolve.
Cannot dissolve.
The liquid that has dissolved a solid
to make a solution.
The solid that has dissolved in a

liquid to make a solution.
Equipment used for filtering.

17
conical flask
residue
filtrate
The liquid that passes through filter

paper.
transparent
Material which light can travel

through.
cloudy
Not transparent contains some

undissolved solid.
opaque
Material which does not let light

through.
propanone
A type of organic solvent.
solution
When a solid has dissolved in a

liquid.
8Eb Solubility
words
particle
Chinese
Meaning
The tiny pieces that everything is
made out of.
fixed
arrangement
saturated
undissolved
beaker
solubility
8Ec Salt of the Earth

words
Chinese
evaporate
sample
hard water
The solid bits that are trapped by

filter paper.
A solution that contains as much

dissolved solid as it possibly can.
Not dissolve.
The amount of solid that will dissolve
in 100g of a liquid.
Meaning
Change from a liquid to a gas.
A small part of something. If you

sample something you take a small
part of it. You use your results from
the small part to suggest what the
rest of it is like.
Water
with
certain
chemicals
18
soft water
brine
8Ed Whats in a solution

words
Chinese
chromatography
separate
paints
ink
investigation
dye
8Ee Still water

words
pure
Chinese
contain
steam
process
condense
distillation
still
8Ee Focus on: Supplying water

words
Chinese
Desalination
dissolved in it that cause scum and

stop soap making a lather.
Water that is without the chemicals

in hard water.
A concentrated solution of common
salt and water.
Meaning
A technique separating dissolved
solids from one another. The solids
are usually coloured.
Cause to move or be apart.
To test a theory using the scientific

method.
A substance that has colour.
Meaning
Containing only one substance.
Water as a gas. Also called water

vapour.
A series of actions which are carried
out in order to achieve a particular
result.
Change from a gas a liquid.
The process of separating a liquid

from a solution by evaporating the
liquid and then condensing it.
The apparatus used for distillation.
Meaning
Desalination is the process of
removing salt from sea water so that
19
it can be used for drinking, or

irrigation.
heat exchanger
8Ee Running out

words
Chinese
drought
hosepipe
8Fa Stored!
words
planet
Chinese
efficient
material
recycle
classify
property
sort
8Fa The material world

words
Chinese
element
metal
stream
rare
melt
A device for transferring heat from

one fluid to another without allowing
them to mix.
Meaning
A prolonged period without rain.
Meaning
An object which revolves around a
star and which is illuminated by that
star.
Put something into groups

A description of how a material
behaves and what it is like.
Meaning
A substance that cannot be split up
into anything simpler by chemical
reactions. All the atoms in an
element are the same.
Elements that are shiny, conduct

heat and electricity well, and often
have high melting and boiling points.
Not commom.
Change from a solid to a liquid.
20
extract
To extract a substance means to

obtain it from something else.
experiment
acid
object
ore
bronze
flame
chemist
8Fb Elementary
words
represent
elementary
atom
Chinese
Meaning
identify
Find out; point out.
symbol
The letter or letters that represent an

element.
alphabet
A substance that turns litmus red. It

has a pH of less than 7.
pH 7
Everything has shape and exist can
be called a object.
A rock or earth from which metal can

be obtained.
Bronze is a yellowish-brown metal

which is a mixture of copper and tin.
Someone who studies chemistry.
The smallest particle of an element

which can exist.
8Fb Focus on: Mendeleevs patience

words
Chinese
Meaning
pattern
A pattern is the repeated or regular
way in which something happens or

is done.
non-metal
predict
column
When you have an idea about what

will happen when you change
something based on your scientific
knowledge.
Vertical groups in a table.

21
8Fc Metal detecting

words
Chinese
scrap
magnetic
shiny
flexible
heat conductor
electrical
conductor
plastic
sulphur
crystal
lump
brittle
poisonous
chlorine
electrical
insulator
8Fd Compound interest

words
Chinese
combine
circulate
evidence
atmosphere
global warming
Meaning
Waste metrical.
A metal (steel, iron, nickel or cobalt)
that can be magnetized or attracted
to a magnet.
Reflects light well.

A flexible object or material can be
bent easily without breaking.
Something which allows heat to flow

through it easily.
Something which allows electricity to
flow through it easily.
A type of man-made material. Most

plastics are polymers and are
classified as either thermosetting or
thermosoftening materials.
A non-metal element on the periodic

table.
Piece of mineral with sharp edges.
Breaks easily.
Very harmful to our body.
An element in group.
A material which does not let energy

flow through it easily.
Meaning
Join together.
Information that helps to prove that
an idea is correct or incorrect.
The layer of air or other gases around

something.
A theory that says that the Earth is
22
getting hotter because of the

activities of humans. It may be
caused by too much carbon dioxide
in the air.
compound
fluorine
molecule
rust
chemical formula
ratio
polythene
silicon dioxide
oxide
carbon dioxide
iron oxide
8Fe Re-use, renew and recycle

words
Chinese
raw material
product
sustainable
manufacture
extra
Substances that can be split up into

simpler substances by chemical
means. Compounds contain different
types of atoms bonded or joined
together.
An element in group of the

periodic table.
Two or more atoms joined together.
Substance formed when iron or steel

reacts with oxygen and water.
A polymer formed from the monomer

ethene.
A compound that includes oxygen.
A gas which will put out a lighted

splint and turns limewater milky.
Produced when acids react with
limestone or other substances..
Meaning
The starting material from which a
more refined substance is produced.
A process that can be carried on for

ever
without
running
out
of
resources.
Produce
23
re-used
renewable
aluminium
electrolysis
bauxite
8Fe Pay as you throw

words
Chinese
compare
principle
8Ga All that glitters

words
Chinese
jewellery
gemstone
mineral
diamond
ruby
emerald
attractive
polish
reflect
rarity
quality
A renewable energy source is one

that will not become exhausted
within the lifetime of the earth, e.g.
wind.
A common and useful metal.
Passing
electricity
through
a
compound when it is molten or in
solution to break it down.
The common ore of aluminium

containing mainly aluminium oxide
with impurities such as iron() oxide.
Meaning
Scientific principles are general
scientific laws which explain how
something happens or works.
Meaning
Properly called a mineral salt, an

element
or
compound
found
naturally in rocks and soil. Some
minerals are essential nutrients.
Not very common.
24
8Ga The elements of jewellery

words
Chinese
periodic table
attraction
fuel
bond
hydrogen chloride
8Ga Fools gold

words
iron
Chinese
magnet
attract
release
reaction
regular
formula
surrounding
8Gb Different changes

words
Chinese
moulded
physical changes
Meaning
The force which pulls or holds two
objects together.
A substance which burns to produce
energy.
Force holding particles together.
A gas, which dissolves in water to

form hydrochloric acid.
Meaning
A very common metal used to make
steel.
Something that can attract magnetic
materials.
Meaning
Shaped.
A change where no new substances
are formed.
product
A new chemical formed in a chemical

reaction.
reactant
decompose
reverse
sulphur dioxide
chemical change
precipitate
Chemicals that react together to form

new substances.
When one substance splits up into

two or more products.
Backwards.
A poisonous gas which contributes to
acid rain.,
A change which forms one or more
new substances.
Insoluble solid produced by mixing

two solutions.
25
precipitation
reaction
sodium sulphate
copper carbonate
8Gc Pure dead brillant

words
Chinese
mixture
Chemical reaction which forms a

solid by mixing two solutions.
A salt.
A salt.
Meaning
Two or more different substances that
are not joined to each other.
particular
breathe in
breathe out
vapour
natural gas
bunsen burner
A type of burner.
methane
The simplest member of the alkane

family with a formula CH4. It is the
major component of natural gas.
CH4
8Gd The gold standard

words
Chinese
unreactive
bend
copper
nickel
silver
platinum
alloy
ductile
Gas.
Fossil fuel formed from the remains
of dead plants and animals that lived
in the sea.
Meaning
Difficult to get to react with other
material.
An alloy is a metal made by mixing

two or more metals together.
Metals are said to be ductile because

they can be drawn into fine wires.
26
malleable
purity
carat
8Gd Focus on: Electric jewellery

words
Chinese
electricity
electrolysis
Metals are malleable because they

can be beaten into thin sheets.
How pure a substance is.
A unit for measuring the weight of

diamonds and other precious stones.
It is equal to 0.2 grams.
0.2
Meaning
The splitting up of an electrolyte,
either molten or in aqueous solution,
by electricity.
Solid
conductors
of
electricity
attached
to
power
supply
in
electrolysis.
A salt.
Solid turned into liquid.
An electrode that attracts negative
charges and repels positive charges.
electrode
copper chloride
molten
positive electrode
negative
electrode
An electrode that attracts positive

charges and repels negative charges.
electroplating
Putting a thin metal coating onto

another metal.
8Ge Melt it down

words
Chinese
fake
melting point
boiling point
freezing point
Meaning
Not real.
The temperature at which a solid
turns into a liquid. It is the same
temperature as the freezing point of
the substance.
When a liquid is at its boiling point it

is as hot as it can get. It is
evaporating as fast as it can.
The temperature at which a liquid

turns into a solid. It is the same
temperature as the melting point of
the substance.
27
precisely
impurity
tin
lead
8Ge The price of gold

words
Chinese
gold mining
essential
8Ha Explaining the Earth

words
Chinese
weathering
erosion
volcano
earthquake
geologist
predict
8Ha Sedimentary rocks

words
Chinese
Sedimentary rock
chemical
weathering
Exactly.
Impurities are substances that are
present in small quantities in another
substance and make it dirty or of an
unacceptable quality.
An unreactive metal which is used to

coat other metals and prevent
corrosion.
A soft dense and poisonous metal.
Meaning
Mining gold ore.
Basic things.
Meaning
When rocks are broken up by
physical, chemical or biological
processes.
The
movement
of
loose
and
weathered rock.
Someone who studies the Earth.
When you have an idea about what

will happen when you change
something based on your scientific
knowledge.
Meaning
A rock formed from grains stuck
together. The grains are often
rounded.
When rocks are broken up or worn

away by chemical reactions, usually
rainwater.
28
physical
weathering
When rocks are worn away or broken

up by physical processes such as
changes in temperature.
When rocks are worn away or broken

up due to the activities of living
things. For example, growing plant
roots can split rocks apart.
biological
weathering
sediment
Rock grains and fragments dropped

on the bottom of a river, lake or sea.
limestone
deposit
pressure
cement
compaction
cementation
A sedimentary rock made from the

shells
of
dead
sea
creatures
consisting
mainly
of
calcium
carbonate.
When moving water drops rock

fragments or grains.
The force caused by particles hitting

a certain area.
To stick something together.
Pressed or squeezed so that it takes

up less space.
A process in which water is squeezed

out of the spaces between pieces of
rock leaving mineral salts behind
which stick (cement) the rock pieces
together.
8Hb Hot rocks

words
Igneous rock
Chinese
crust
mantle
magma
outer core
Meaning
A rock formed when magma or lava
cools down and solidifies.
The solid rocks at the surface of the

earth.
The part of the earth below the crust.
Molten rock beneath the surface of

the earth.
Liquid material at the centre of the
Earth.
29
inner core
basalt
lava
volume
granite
narrow
position
8Hc All change!

words
Metamorphic rock
Chinese
Meaning
Rocks that have been formed by
changing igneous or sedimentary
rocks. Caused by high temperature or
pressure.
compress
movement
quartz
quartzite
interlock
Press or squeeze so that something

takes up less space.
Noun of move.
The mineral that forms the grains in
sandstone.
A metamorphic rock formed from
sandstone.
When crystals fit together with no
gaps between them.
8Hd Theories about the Earth

words
Chinese
feature
observation
abandon
creationism
religion
uniformitarianism
The very centre of the Earth which

kept solid by pressure.
An igneous rock with very tiny

crystals.
Molten rock that comes out of
volcanoes.
The amount of room something takes
up.
Often
measured
in
cubic
3
centimetres (cm ).
(cm3)
An igneous rock with large crystals.
Having very little space to pass

through.
Where something is.
Meaning
What makes something different or
unique.
What you can observe.
The idea that the world was created
by God in six days, as described in
the Bible.
The idea that rocks were formed over

many millions of years by the same
processes that we see happening
30
today.
ancient
claim
catastrophism
landscape
8Hd Focus on: Plate tectonics

words
Chinese
continent
continental drift
From the very distant past.

The theory that all the rocks were
formed by sudden events such as
volcanic eruptions.
Meaning
A large landmass
The theory that pieces of the Earths
crust moved across the Earths
surface.
plate tectonics
The modern theory that the Earths

crust is split into separate plates
which can move around.
plate
convection
currents
modify
propose
ridge
beneath
Pieces of the surface of the Earth,

which can move around very slowly.
A current created by heat causing

changes in the density of a fluid.
To change or adapt something.
Suggest.
A long, narrow piece of raised land.
Below something .
8He The rock cycle

words
Chinese
rock cycle
8He Living in danger

words
Chinese
hardened
mudflow
Meaning
All the processes which form
sedimentary,
igneous
and
metamorphic rocks linked together.
Meaning
Make harder.
A moving mass of mud and water.
31
erupt
Come out suddenly.
32
Physics
8Ia1 Keep your control
There are no glossary definitions in this topic.
8Ia2 Hot stuff

Word
Chinese
Meaning
The
units
for
measuring
temperature.
heat energy
A form of energy, measured in

joules.
joules (J)
The units for measuring energy.
temperature
How hot something is, measured in

C.
thermal energy
Another name for heat energy.
Chinese
Meaning
conduction
The way heat travels through solids
conductor
A material which lets energy flow

through it easily.
insulator
A material which does not let

energy flow through it easily.
expand
Getting bigger in volume.
contract
getting smaller in volume.
Chinese
Meaning
fluid
A gas or a liquid.
convection
The transfer of heat in fluids.
convection
current
A current created by heat causing

changes in the density of a fluid.
degrees
(C)
Celsius
8I b Heating solids
Word
8I c Heating fluids
Word
8I d Changing state
33
Word
Chinese
Meaning
melt
When a solid turns into a liquid.
melting point
The temperature at which a solid

turns into a liquid.
evaporate
When a liquid turns into a gas.
boiling point
When a liquid is at its boiling point it

is as hot as it can get. It is
evaporating as fast as it can.
condensing
freezing point
A gas turning into a liquid.
The temperature at which a liquid

turns into a solid.
Chinese
Meaning
radiation
The transfer of heat energy by

electromagnetic waves.
infrared radiation
A
type
of
wave
in
the
electromagnetic spectrum. It can
travel through transparent things
and a vacuum (empty space).
medium
Any substance.
emit
To give out energy.
absorb
To take in energy.
reflect
To bounce off something.
pressure
The force caused by particles hitting

a certain area.
8I e1 Radiation
Word
8I e2 Focus on : Protective clothing

8I e3 Exploring the Earth

34
8Ja1 On the move

8Ja2 Drag act

Word
water resistance
Chinese
air resistance
drag
streamlined
balanced forces
8Jb1 Tracks and trains

Word
Chinese
Meaning
A force that tries to slow things
down that are moving through
water. It is a type of friction.
A force that tries to slow things

down that are moving through the
air. It is a type of friction.
Air resistance and water resistance

are both sometimes called drag.
Giving something a smooth shape

to reduce the air resistance or water
resistance.
When two forces are the same
strength, but working in opposite
directions.
Meaning
pressure
The force on a certain area,

measured in newtons per square
metre (N/m2), newtons per square
centimetre (N/cm2), or pascals (Pa).
/
/
Pascal (Pa)
A unit for pressure. 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2.
8Jb2 Focus on: Stephensons Rocket

8Jc Floating trains

Word
Chinese
Meaning
attract
Two things pulling towards each

other.
magnet
Something
that
can
attract
magnetic materials.
35
magnetism
A non-contact force.
cobalt
A metal that is a magnetic material.
iron
A metal that is a magnetic material.
magnetic
materials
Materials that are attracted to a

magnet; iron, cobalt, nickel and
steel are all magnetic materials.
steel
A mixture made mainly from iron; it

is a magnetic material.
repel
Push away.
bar magnet
A straight magnet, shaped like a

small bar.
permanent
magnet
A magnet that keeps its magnetism

it does not depend on electricity.
north pole
One end of a magnet. This ends

points north if the magnet can
move.
south pole
One end of a magnet.
maglev
Trains that use electromagnets to

make them float (or levitate) above
the tracks and move along are
called maglev trains.
electromagnet
A coil of wire with electricity flowing

in it. An electromagnet has a
magnetic
Chinese
Meaning
compass
A magnetised piece of metal that

can swing around it points north.
north-seeking
The end of a magnet that points
8Jd Find the way

Word
36
pole
north if the magnet can move freely.

Often just called the north pole
south-seeking
pole
The end of a magnet that points

south if the magnet can move
freely. Often just called the south
pole.
magnetic field
The space around a magnet where

it can affect magnetic materials or
other
plotting compass
A small compass used for finding

the direction of a magnetic field.
8Je1 Change your attitude

Word
Chinese
Meaning
aileron
Flaps on the ends of an aeroplanes

wing , that help to controls it .
lever
A simple machine which can

increase the size of a force.
fulcrum
A point around which something

turns. Another name for a pivot.
pivot
Another name for a fulcrum.

fulcrum
effort
The force puts on something out of

the anus.
load
The weight or force on something.
force multiplier
A lever used to turn a small force

into a larger one.
distance
multiplier
A lever where the load moves

further than the effort.
biceps muscle
Muscle found at the front of the arm

between the shoulder and elbow.
radius bone
The bone in the forearm that the

biceps muscle pulls on.
37
8Je2 What next for transport?

Word
Chinese
sustainable
Meaning
A process that can be carried on
forever without running out of
resources.
8 Ka1 What a picture

8Ka2 Travelling light

Word
Chinese
Meaning
ray
A beam of light drawn on diagrams

as a straight line, and showing
which way it is travelling.
source
An object which that releases a form

of energy.
luminous
Be giving out light.
luminous sources
Objects which create light.
non-luminous
Objects which do not create light.
shadow
A place where light cannot get to,

because an opaque object is
stopping the light.
8Kb Cameras and eyes

Word
Chinese
Meaning
transparent
Material which light

through.
translucent
Material through which a glow of

light can be seen.
opaque
Material which does not let light

through.
reflect
To bounce off something.
absorb
This means to soak up or take in.

If something absorbs light it soaks it
up and does not let it back out.
38
can
travel
8Kc Mirror image

Word
Chinese
Meaning
scatter
When
light
rays
bounce
off
something in all directions.
plane
Smooth and flat.
plane mirror
Smooth, flat mirror.
image
A picture which forms in a mirror, or

on a screen, or is made by lenses.
incident ray
Light ray hitting a mirror.
reflected ray
The ray of light bouncing off the

mirror
normal
An imaginary line at right angles to

a mirror, where a ray of light hits
the mirror.
angle
incidence
of
The angle between the normal and

the ray of light hitting a mirror.
angle
reflection
of
The angle between the normal and

the ray of light leaving a mirror.
A diagram showing the passage of

light rays.
Chinese
Meaning
lens
A curved piece of glass or other

transparent material that can bend
rays of light.
refraction
The change in direction when light

goes from one transparent material
to another.
interface
The
boundary
between
materials.
ray diagram
8Kd Lenses and light

Word
8Ke1 Making Rainbows

Word
Chinese
white light
two
Meaning
Normal daylight, or the light from
light bulbs, is white light.
39
prism
A block of clear, colourless glass

which is usually triangular.
spectrum
The seven colours of light.
8Ke2 Focus on : Seeing colours

Word
Chinese
Meaning
rod
Cells that can detect low levels of

light, but cannot detect the colour
of the light.
cone
Cells that can detect colours but

cannot detect very dim light.
primary colours
The three main colours which can

make white light (red, green and
blue).
cyan
Secondary colour made by mixing

green and blue light (green-blue).
magenta
Secondary colour made by mixing

red and blue light (pinkish red).
secondary
colours
The colours made when two primary

colours mix.
ultraviolet
A colour of light beyond violet. We

cannot see ultraviolet light but
some animals (like insects) can.
infrared
A colour of light beyond red. We

can feel this as teat but we cannot
see it.
8Ke3 The power of images

8 La1 Animal sounds
40
8La2 Sound advice

Word
Chinese
Meaning
intensity
The loudness or volume of a sound.
pitch
How high or low a note sounds.
vibrate
Move backwards and forwards.
8Lb Music to your eyes

Word
Chinese
Meaning
oscilloscope
An instrument which shows a

picture of a wave on a screen.
wave
A way of transferring energy. Waves

can be side to side or backwards
and forwards movements.
amplitude
Half the height of a wave.
frequency
The number of waves each second.
hertz (Hz)
The unit for frequency. 1 hertz

means one wave per second.
1Hz
wavelength
The distance between the top of

one wave and the top of the next.
8Lc Sound versus light

Word
Chinese
Meaning
medium
Any substances.
vacuum
A completely empty space with no

particles.
Chinese
Meaning
A thin membrane inside the ear
8Ld1 Ear ear

Word
eardrum
41
which vibrates when sound reaches

it.
cochlea
The part of the ear that changes

vibrations into electrical impulses.
impulse
Electrical signal carried by a nerve

cell.
antibiotics
Medicine that can kill bacteria but

not viruses.
8Ld2 Focus on : Do dolphins talk?

Word
Chinese
ultrasound
Meaning
Sound that has a frequency too high
for humans to hear.
8Le1 Uses and abuses

Word
Chinese
Meaning
reflect
Sound bounces back from a surface

instead of passing through it.
echo
sound
reflected
back
from
something solid.
sound insulator
Material that is good at absorbing

sound.
noise
Unpleasant sound.
A meter which measures the

loudness of a sound.
Unit for measuring the loudness of a

sound.
The quietest sound that can be

heard.
sound
meter
intensity
decibel (dB)
threshold
hearing
of
8Le2 Sound developments

Word
Chinese
sonar
Meaning
A machine for finding the depth of
42
the sea or for finding fish by

sending sound waves and listening
for the echoes.
43

Biology: 8aa - On A Diet

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Biology: 8aa - On A Diet

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Exploring Science 8 How Science Works

The food that you eat.

Substances used to make other substances out of.

Information label found on a food packet to tell

Substance found in food that is used for energy.

Substance found in food that is stored to be used

Substance found in food that is used for growth

Substance found in food that is needed in small

Properly called a mineral salt and found in food.

Substances needed in the diet to provide raw

Substance found in food which cannot be used by

When the intestines get blocked up.

Type of insoluble carbohydrate found in plants.

Type of soluble carbohydrate. Glucose is an

8Ab Keeping it balanced

Exploring Science 8 How Science Works

Eating a wide variety of foods to give us all the

Energy stored in chemicals like food.

Unit of energy used on food packets. There are

Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries

People who are very fat are said to be obese.

8Ac Youve got guts

Process that breaks food into soluble

Process that breaks food into soluble

All the organs of the digestive system apart

A group of organs that carry out digestion.

Putting food into your mouth.

Found in the mouth. It makes saliva.

A digestive juice. It contains an enzyme that

Exploring Science 8 How Science Works

Tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach.

Something gets smaller.

Organ containing strong acid which mixes food

When soluble substances go through the wall of

Organ where most digestion happens. The

Organ that takes water out of waste food.

Waste food material produced by the intestines.

Small tube branching off the large intestine. It

Organ that stores faeces before they are

The opening at the end of the gut.

When faeces are pushed out of the anus.

Something that does not dissolve is said to be

A chemical that can break up large molecules.

8Ad Break down

A liquid containing enzymes that break down

Exploring Science 8 How Science Works

8Ae In the blood

Small finger-like parts of the small intestine.

Tubes in which blood flows. There are

Tiny tubes that carry blood.

Blood vessel that carries blood towards the

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the

System containing the heart and blood vessels.

A group of cells of the same type all doing the

A liquid that leaks out of capillaries carrying

Process that uses up oxygen to release energy

8Ba Energy for life

Exploring Science 8 How Science Works

New chemical formed in a chemical reaction.

Chemical that is used up in a chemical reaction.

Process that uses up oxygen to release energy

A way of writing out what happens in a

8Bb Round and round