Mrunal Science Revision Note: Metal, Non-Metal, Liquid, Gas Properties

Mrunal Science Revision Note: Metal,Non-Metal,Liquid,Gas properties
04/10/15 10:00 pm
- Mrunal - http://mrunal.org -
[Revision] Chemistry Part-2: Metal, Non-Metal, Metalloid, Liquid,

Surface tension, Viscosity, Gas Laws, Periodic Table
Posted ByMrunalOn 04/08/2015 @ 4:40 pm In Science | 44 Comments
1. Prologue
2. Metals vs. Non-metals vs. Metalloid
1. Liquids: Properties
2. Liquids: Vapour Pressure
3. Liquid: Surface Tension
4. Liquids: Viscosity & Laminar flow
3. Gas: Properties
1. Gas Laws
2. Ideal Gas vs. Real gas
3. Periodic Table
4. Mendeleevs table: Characteristics
1. Block elements
2. Cation vs Anion
5. Possible MCQs
Prologue
Continuing onThis article contains revision note out of Chapter 3, 4 and 5 of Chemistry
Class11.
Chapter 4 mostly ignored because it deals with Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure, The
valence bond (VB) approach, The VSEPR model, molecular orbital (MO) theory and other
technical things.
Metals vs. Non-metals vs. Metalloid
Metal
Non-metal
located at the top right hand side of the
Periodic Table.
the non- metallic character increases as
one goes from left to right across the
Periodic Table
1. Metals comprise more than 78% of all known

elements
2. They appear on the left side of the Periodic
Table
usually solids at room temperature [mercury is an
exception; gallium and caesium also have very low
melting points (303K and 302K, respectively)].
Have high melting and boiling points.
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
malleable: can be flattened into thin sheets by
hammering
ductile: can be drawn into wires
http://mrunal.org/2015/08/upsc-revision-note-chemistry-metal-liquid-gas.html/print/
Non-metals are usually solids or gases at room

temperature with low melting and boiling
points (boron and carbon are exceptions)
?
poor
Brittle
nope
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Semi-metals or Metalloids: silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium show properties that
are characteristic of both metals and non- metals.
Liquids: Properties
1.
2.
3.
4.
Liquids have definite volume because molecules do not separate from each other.
Liquids can flow, they can be poured, because their Molecules can move past one another freely.
Liquids can assume the shape of the container in which these are stored.
Liquids may be considered as continuation of gas phase into a region of small volume and very
strong molecular attractions.
5. Physical properties of liquid = (1) vapour pressure (2) surface tension (3) viscosity. These are due
to strong intermolecular attractive forces.
Liquids: Vapour Pressure

liquid evaporates and pressure exerted by vapour on the walls of the container (vapour pressure)
The normal boiling point of water is 100 C (373 K), its standard boiling point is 99.6 C (372.6
K).
Standard boiling point of the liquid is slightly lower than the normal boiling point because 1 bar
pressure is slightly less than 1 atm pressure.
Liquids at high altitudes boil at lower temperatures in comparison to that at sea level, because at
high altitudes atmospheric pressure is low. (important for assertion-reasoning)
In hills, water boils at low temperature therefore, Pressure cooker is used for cooking food.
In hospitals surgical instruments are sterilized in autoclaves. Autoclaves increase the boiling point
of water by increasing the pressure above the atmospheric pressure by using a weight covering the
vent.
Boiling does not occur when liquid is heated in a closed vessel.
Liquid: UPSC Surface Tension

Surface tension is responsible for following events (important for MCQ):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Small drops of mercury form spherical bead instead of spreading on the surface.
Particles of soil at the bottom of river remain separated but they stick together when taken out.
Liquid rise (or fall) in a thin capillary as soon as the capillary touches the surface of the liquid.
On flat surface, droplets are slightly flattened by the effect of gravity; but in the gravity free
environments, the liquid drops will be perfectly spherical.
Principle: Liquids tend to minimize their surface area. Surface tension denoted by Gamma, its SI unit
NM-1
Liquids: Viscosity & Laminar flow

Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to the internal friction between layers
of fluid
SI unit of viscosity coefficient= 1 newton second per square metre = pascal second
CGS unit of viscosity coefficient = Poise (named after great scientist Jean Louise Poiseuille).
Greater the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows.
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Viscosity of liquids decreases as the temperature rises.

Glass is an extremely viscous liquid- so viscous that many of its properties resemble solids.
Windowpanes of old buildings- they become thicker at bottom than at top. This is because of
liquid flow property of glass.
Laminar flow is type of flow in which there is a regular gradation of velocity in passing from one
layer to the next.
Gas: Properties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Gases are highly compressible

Gases exert pressure equally in all directions.
Gases have much lower density than the solids and liquids.
Gases can assume volume and shape of the container. Their volume and the shape of gases are not
fixed.
Under suitable temperature and pressure conditions gases can be liquified
Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions without any mechanical aid.
The noble gases exhibit very low chemical reactivity because all of their orbitals completely filled
by electrons. Very difficult to add/remove electrons from it. (Example: helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, radon, and element 118)
11 elements exist as gases.
Gas Laws
Robert
Boyle,AngloIrish
first reliable measurement on properties of gases (1662)

Boyles Law (Pressure Volume Relationship)
at constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount (i.e., number of moles n)
of gas varies inversely with its volume.
P1V1=P2V2= constant
Gases are highly compressible because when a given mass of a gas is
compressed, the same number of molecules occupy a smaller space
This means that gases become denser at high pressure.
Charles Law
Temperature Volume Relationship

At constant pressure, volume of a gas increases on increasing temperature and
decreases on cooling. (V = k2T )
This new temperature scale is called the Kelvin temperature scale or Absolute
temperature scale.
Kelvin scale of temperature is also called Thermodynamic scale of
temperature and is used in all scientific works.
Each line of the volume vs temperature graph is called isobar.
The lowest imaginary temperature at which gases are supposed to occupy zero
volume is called Absolute zero.
All gases obey Charles law at very low pressures and high temperatures
Pressure- Temperature Relationship
Page 3 of 8
Gay Lussacs
Law
Avogadro
Law,Italy,
1811
04/10/15 10:00 pm
Pressure in well inflated tyres of automobiles is almost constant, but on a hot

summer day this increases considerably and tyre may burst if pressure is not
adjusted properly.
During winters, on a cold morning one may find the pressure in the tyres of a
vehicle decreased considerably.
At constant volume, pressure of a fixed amount of a gas varies directly with the
temperature. Mathematically. P/T = constant.
This relationship can be derived from Boyles law and Charles Law.
Pressure vs temperature (Kelvin) graph Each line of this graph is called
isochore.
Volume Amount RelationshipEqual volumes of all gases under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.As long as the
temperature and pressure remain constant, the volume depends upon number of
molecules of the gas V=k4n.
STP
Standard temperature and pressure means 273.15 K (0C) temperature and 1 bar
(i.e., exactly 105 pascal) pressure.
These values approximate freezing temperature of water and atmospheric
pressure at sea level.
Dalton
Partial
pressure,
1801
Total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of individual gases
In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by the individual gas is called partial
pressure.
pTotal = p1 +p2 +p3 +..
gas
liquification
At 30.98 C carbon dioxide remains gas upto 73 atmospheric pressure. At 73

atmospheric pressure, liquid carbon dioxide appears. Therefore, 30.98 C is called
critical temperature of carbon dioxide. Because this is the highest temperature
at which liquid carbon dioxide is observed.
A gas below the critical temperature can be liquefied by applying pressure, and is
called vapour of the substance.
Ideal Gas vs. Real gas

Ideal Gas
Ideal gas follows Boyles law, Charles law and
Avogadro law strictly-at all temperature and
pressures.
Ideal gas equation: pV=nRT is applicable to them
Such a gas is hypothetical, it goes on assumption
that intermolecular forces present in an ideal gas.
Real Gas
They do not follow, Boyles law, Charles law
and Avogadro law perfectly under all
conditions.
N/A
Their molecules interact with each other.
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Boyle temperature: At this temperature

real gas obeys ideal gas law.
This Boyle point/temperature of a gas
depends upon its nature.
N/A
Periodic Table
chemist
Johann
Dobereiner
(German)
AEB De
Chancourtois
(French)
Lothar Meyer
(German)
Historic attempts
table name
Triads
cylindrical table
His table closely resembles the Modern Periodic Table. But his work published after
Mendeleev. Therefore, Mendeleev credited with Modern Periodic Table.
Mendeleevs table: Characteristics
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Russian Chemist Mandeleev (1834-1907) wrote famous textbook Principles of Chemistry

Modern Periodic based on 3 principles: (1) physical and chemical properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic numbers. (2) aufbau (build up) principle (3) Electronic
configuration of atoms provide a theoretical foundation for the periodic classification.
He arranged elements in horizontal rows (periods- in increasing atomic weights.)
And vertical columns (groups- theyve same electron configuration in outer orbit).
The elements with similar properties occupied the same vertical column or group.
Left gaps for the elements that were not found in his time, predicted the elements that were yet to
be found.
Element with atomic number 101, as Mendelevium- is named in honor of this scientist.
If new element discovered, its permanent name and symbol are given by a vote of IUPAC
representatives from each country.
As per IUPAC note, latest element is 118 but its credit yet to be given.
Chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremes of a period and is lowest in the centre.
Highly reactive elements do not occur in nature in Free State; they usually occur in the combined
form.
Oxides of elements on left are basic
Oxides of elements on the right are acidic
Oxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutral.
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Block elements
We can classify the elements into four blocks depending on the type of atomic orbitals that are being
filled with electrons
sGroup 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
block
pRepresentative Elements or Main Group Elements
block
dblock
fblock
Transition Elements.
They mostly form coloured ions
they display paramagnetism (i.e. attracted by magnetic field)
They are used as catalysts
Inner-Transition Elements
They are all metals.
located in bottom two rows of the table.
two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids and
Actinoids,
Actinoid elements are radioactive.
Most actinoid elements found only in nanogram quantities during nuclear reactions and
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their chemistry is not fully studied.

The elements after uranium are called Transuranium Elements.
Cation vs Anion
cation
anion
removal of an electron from an atom Gain of an electron leads to an anion.non-metals have strong
leads to cation
tendency to gain electrons.
Smaller than parent atom, because
Larger than parent atom.
less electrons.
Possible MCQs
1. Which of the following metals exist as liquid?
2. Find correct statements about (1) metal (2) Non-metal (3) Metalloid (4) Gases (5) ideal gas (6)
Modern Periodic table
3. Which of the following events are caused by surface tension?
4. Viscosity depends on which of the following factors?
5. Match the following: scientist vs. gas law, block-element vs characteristic
Article printed from Mrunal: http://mrunal.org
URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2015/08/upsc-revision-note-chemistry-metal-liquid-gas.html
Copyright 2014 Mrunal. All rights reserved.
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[Revision] Chemistry Part-2: Metal, Non-Metal, Metalloid, Liquid,

1. Metals comprise more than 78% of all known

Non-metals are usually solids or gases at room