M rNrsrERo
orLL'l srRUz roN E
oeLL'UNrvrRsrrA
DELLA
Rtcrncn
Urutvrnsrn
orl SalrNro
Colonie di colonie:
le fondazi oni sub-coloniali
greche tra colonizzazi one
e colonialismo
Lecce 22-24 Giugno 2006
A cura di
Mario Lombardo e Flavia Frisone
COLONIE DI COLONIE
Ltr FOI{DAZIONI SUB.COLONIALI GRECHE
TRA COLONIT-,ZAZIO}TE E COLOI{IALISMO
Atti del Convegno Internazionale
ESTRATTO
Tpgntvfo*
Le(LL'
CONGEDO trDITORE
2oog
Gocne R. TsnrsxsLADZE
Iltroduction
Ancient Greek colonisation has long been the
subject of scholarly attention and endeavour, but
much remains to be donel. Greek colonial activity
in the Archaic and Classical periods produced
about 230 colonies and settlements outside East
Greece and the Greek mainland2, between 75 and
together 279 colonies, 50 of which were situated in Hellas. Different publications give different numbers of Greek colonies or
overseas settlements. John Graham listed 139 founded between 800 and 500 BC (Gnerreu 1982, pp. 160-62); R. Osborne
(OssoRNr 1996, pp. 1.2L-25) lists 146 from the beginning ofthe
Dark Age to the end of the Archaic period; G.R. Tsetskhladze
(Tsnrsrcr-qlzo 2006a, pp. lxvii-bL{iii) has 149, all from the Archaic period. T. Figueira's chapter on Classical colonisation lists
25 Athenian Classical colonies, 7 Athenian kleroukhies and 47
instances ofAthenian re-colonisation (FIGLTIRA 2008, tabls. 13).
3
tlements around
with bibliography.
6 See,
7
As
8 DE ANGELIS
s Dn ANcor,rs
2009.
2009.
10
Wurrr-sv 2001, p. I25.
TsrtsxHlanzn 2006a, pp. xxxviii-xlii, with bibliograthepoljs for the latest, see H-qNSsN 2006a; 2006b.
12 For the latest on the meaning of emporion, see
11
phy. On
HANSEN 2006c.
13 For a brief conspectus of Greek colonies and settlements in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, see TsotsKHLADZE 2006a, pp. lxiilxvi. On Greeks in Itaiy and Sicily,
230
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
the end of colonisation. Many further colonies appeared in the first half to middle of the 7th century
and later. These were often what we call 'secondary colonies'- which means that the earlier
colonies had expanded and were now establishing
their own colonial off-shoots. The reasons for this
were many and various: through natural growth
or the arrival of a new wave of settlers, the original colony might no longer be able to support its
population; alternatively a colony, from a combination of economic and political reasons, might seek
to expand its influence through a gradual penetration of the lands of the local population, whether
peaceable or forcible. In other instances, particular
local circumstances may have produced particular
local responses.
HINI,
Monrl 2006;
Dol,riNcusz 2006b.
18
and HtNo
1998; SaenrxrN 1998; Avnau, HrNo, Tsnrsxnmnze 2004, pp.
933-34; 941-44; 955-58.
20 Mentioned in Hdt., I,76,1; Xen., An., Y, 5,7-8; Aen.
Sinope
Sinope20 was not just one of the major colonies
of the southern Black Sea but of the whole Pontic
region (fiqg. l-2). There is little evidence about it,
Tact.,40.4; Arist., fr. 599; Ps. Scymn., r'v. 981-97; Plrt., Luc.,
23; Str., XII,3,11; D. S., XI,3,8; and many others.
21 For a
discussion ofthe written sources, see HIwI 1988;
IvaxrcHrx 1998; Awanr, HrNn, TsnrsxHuqozn 2004, pp. 96061.
22 See, for example, HrNo 1988 and Ivewrcslx 1998, and
the literature they cite.
23 For the latest discussion, see AvRel,r, Hrno, TsorSKHLADZE 2004, pp. 960-61 (with literature).
2a DrVnrns, Seus, Vorct 2005; K-oeluoron 2005, pp. 10-
ZJ\
TICAPA;UM
PORTHME
MYRMEKION
li4-$,fSilloo'"'
irl'13^-cocctPPra
ILUR,AT
5
THEODOSIA
CHERSONESUS
KRA
NYMPHAEUM
'\l h.roerc
ll
I HERMONASSA
-\
KEPOI
5EA
gVNCK
prcHVNARl
sr
NoPt
KERASOS
*%"F*i*",;$J,ib1,6
tJ
/{
HERAKLEA
BYZANTION
CHALKEDON
rr'b'?rb$9rltt
-,? t
.t
TsrKHrSDZrRr.
fig. 1.4).
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
232
ofthe
peans; and
233
Fig. 4 - Map of Colchis with major sites (after Tsnrsxnu.ozo, Vxut<ov 1992, p. 360, frg. 1).
best box-wood grows in the territory of Amastris, and particularly round C1-torum.
In the Sth century Cotyora had walls, a market and private houses (Xen., An., Y,5,11). Unfortunately, there is no archaeological evidence
from this site3o. From Xenophon (An., V 5,7-10)
we know that it was paying tribute to Sinope:
Meanwhile ambassadors came from Sinope,
full of fears not only for the city of the Cotyorites (for it belonged to them and its inhabitants paid them tribute), but also for its territory, because they heard it was being laid
waste. And coming to the Greek camp they
spoke as follows, Hecatonymus, who was re-
as
done to itself.
,aA
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
archaeological materials2.
32 TSETSKHLADzF,
33
see HaNsnN,
87-
Why did Sinope establish her own settlements? We must frrst examine the geography of
94).
3a
On the Greek colonisation of Colchis and trade relations between Greeks and locals, see Tsptsxslalzn 1998c,
pp. 5-109. See also Avnau, HINn, Tsnrsxulaozn 2004, pp.
952-53.
35 On Pichvnari, see Tsorsrglenzr 1999; VIcKERS,
Kexntozn 2004. On a Syracusan silver coin of co. 340 BC
from Pichvnari, see VelsualoMIDZE 2005.
:16
On Sinopean coins from Pichvnari and other Colchian
sites, see DUNDUA, Durvoue 1999, pp. 108-10; 2006, pp. 4337
a2
see
HrNr 2005, pp. 13-14. There is a suggestion that some potters from Sinope emigrated to Chersonesus in the second
half of the 4th century, and that craftsmen from the eastern
Mediterranean were involved also in setting up the production of 'Megarian bowls' in the Bosporus (see Tsnrslcri,eozn,
Vttuxov 1992, p. 383, with literature).
a3
VNur<ov 1992.
aa
ar
it is possible to distin-
235
o12
o5
n
Fig. 5 - Colchian amphorae: I. 4th century BC; II. Late 4th-3rd century BC (after Tsntsrcl-mzo, VNut<ov 1992, p. 362, fiqg.3-4).
236
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
lr
IT
lt".r 1
01
6--0q
LYO4J '
p
(\
$
(
'S:w8S
rJi,ry
ol
ll5
n
Fig. 6 - Colchian amphorae: I. Spikes of late 4th-Srd century BC;
SKHLADZE, VNuxov 1992, p.364, fig.6; p.3?1, fig. 13).
II.
qcn
Fig. 7 - Map of the northern Black Sea littoral showing locations of finds of Coichian amphorae: 1. Panticapaeum;
2.
Nymphaeum; 3. Patraeus; 4. Chersonesus; 5. Scythian Neapolis; 6. Kara-Tobe; 7. Chaika; 8. Zaozernoe;9. Yuzhno-Donuzlavskoe; 10. Belyaus; 11. Novo-Fyodorovka; 12. Elizavetovskoe; 13. Myrmekion (after TssrsxHLADZE, VNUKov 1992, p. 361,
fig.2).
ture
).
a6
ofthe city.
238
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
F-4,9
{fi;2,
g'E-'[:-,
48
DooNAN 2004:2006
mdchia concluded between Sinope and Heracleia Pontica sometime between 35312-346/5 BC,
which Amastris and Cromna are mentioned as
being able to join if they so wish5o.
239
Panticapaeum
Another colony to found its own subcolonies was Panticapaeumsl, situated on the
Cimmerian Bosporus in the northern Black
Sea (fig. 1)52, established by Miletus in the
570s BC53. It was the largest settlement in the
area (fig. 8). Many ancient authors describe
Panticapaeum but Strabo (VII,A,4) provides
the fullest account of both the citv and events
connected with it:
Panticapaeum is the metropolis of the Bospori-
Kepoi58. They are very often mentioned in written sources, which describe them as poleis and
name their mother citiesse. Various written
sources name a further 20 urban settlements as
situated hereabouts, without providing any information on their status and seldom naming
those who established them; several of them
Not far from Panticapaeum are three settlements, mentioned several times in written
sources but also known from archaeological evidence - Myrmekion, Tlritake and Porthmeus.
No ancient author identifies their mother cities
or provides any information which would allow
us to consider these settlements as independent
poleis. Myrmekion6l is situated 4 km east of
Panticapaeum and covered an area of about 6
tra (figg. 1; 9). It was established soon after Panticapaeum. Regular planning and temples date
from the 5th century, and the city walls from the
beginning of the 4th, but there was an'acropolis'
with fortifrcation walls dating from the second
half of the 6th century62.
Tlritake6s is 11 km west of Panticapaeum,
founded at the same time as Myrmekion (figg. 1;
pp. 944-52.
On Panticapaeum, see Tolsrrxov 2002; 2003; TnusroR
2002; Ar,nav, HrNo, TsorsxHL^Dzu2004, pp. 948-50.
sKHr-ADZE 2004,
53
tw
,w
3N
trffi
t3
1. 6th-5th centuries
24r
t
!
'r'l
I!,
\1'
t'-
'r
,//
.:::si.w
f)'r
\Y/
n
\l i\
.,,/)!
I
>-.-)s
.v
SK
F;\
)L'--,4
l----J
,/-)
;r71,
' /l'
i,
r,-t i. . ..-.
ti"',i*,2
u''4
e'
i\1
\1\
6,\
N
wkl
g
tl
c.:
Fig. 10 - Plan of Tlritake: 1. Excavated area.2. Number of trenches; 3. City wall of the 5th century BC; 4. City wall of the
Hellcnistic period; 5. Walls of buildings (after Kossot tlxxo et Atrr 7981, p. 129).
9A'
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
rt'
_,_ lujt
6a On
\ritake, see TsnlsxulAl)zn 1997b, p. 62; Avn,u't,
HrNn, Tsnrsxur,rozn 20O4, p.952.
65 Mentioned by Ael. Herod., 360.17; Ps. Arr., Peripl. M.
6i On the r:hora of Panticapaeum (and the rural territories of other Greek cities of the Cimmerian Bosporus), see
66
There is a more plausible explanation. Panticapaeum had very few chorai or rural settlements in the 6th and 5th centuries BC67: in the
Archaic period only three rural settlements are
known; for the Sth century about 12 ffigg. 12-
998, pp.
St'.N
243
^ r oV
OF '\"
Ceroevka l; 7. Kimmeris-
Kholm; 8. Chebakskava
Balka: 9. Mys Takil: 10. Zuvetnoe; 11. Kostyrino; 12.
SJyusarevka: 13. Ogonki:
14. Mikhailovkal
ts
15.
18. Aivazovskoe;
9.
THfoD(xil*
tr=-|-
o_J
c*fu
a-z
r*
caF
g !,'
Ll
'7SLA
N?.O\
i
a4
Burial grounds
con-
a.
stones; 3. Burial
ground containing
g,
Kl-
M.rsr,nNNrxor, 2001
p.250, fig.2l.
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
68
6e
bly of Thracian origin, came to power in Panticapaeum in 436 BC and ruled for over 300
years, calling themselves archons (a few ancient
authors describe them as tyrants - Str., VII,4,4,
for example). They consolidated the primacy of
Panticapaeum and the creation of the kingdom,
,^tr,
o-()o
o
oo8o
to"?
,
I
1
l'
I
'qr
I
I
I
-!-
&
FiR I
@
[f,
te
--:=:>
6a
o
t'::
{,
_ 4,,
J08x
1ri/tolt
;) ,,,
II
Fig. 14 - Plan ofGorgippia.
I. PIan of trench'City': 1. Remains of 4th-3rd centuries BC; 2. Remains of 2nd century BC; 3. Remains of 1st centuryAD; 4.
Remains of 2nd-Srd centuries AD; 5. Tiled paths.
II. Situation ofthe excavated trenches in the territory oi'the modern-day city ofAnapa (after Kossrr-ENKo e, Attt 1984,p.
139).
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
246
littoral.
sce Tnnnxnol.e et
Attt
Sea
2OO6.
In
Conclusions
As this survey demonstrates, the vast majori-
Sea
83
1997;
SKHLADZE 2000.
Ea The expansion of Panticapaeum in the Classical period has some resemblance to Syracuse and its expansionist
politics (see, lbr example, DourNcuoz 2006a, pp. 269-75;284-
G.tnslal 2006).
247
Fig. 15 - Ethnic
map of the northeastcr-n Black Sea
region in the 6th-
Population of thc
coastal arca of'the
Kerch Peninsula
identified with
m
m
m
N
f-]
g
ROYAL SCYTHIANS
mm
MAEOTAT
burials in stone; 3.
Dandarii; 4. Tauri;
5. Sindi; 6. Scythians (adapted from
,!
rt
MeslnNNrKC)\'
TARP
1981, p. 41).
SEA OF AZOV
?HATEI
KERKETI
SLACK
w
N
m
N
SEA
TORFTI
SARMATIA
mm
Fig. 16 - Ethnic
q
!
\
\
century BC:1.
TAiFd
Bosporan cities; 2.
Population of
a{$\
"-:.
i,
>
Dosx t?
Peninsula;
3.
v)
I
I
\[f
1981, p. 64).
psa
,
t
ran
kingdom
(adapted from
Mesr,r.;NNIKo\r
-t
ELACK
SNA
ERKETI ,
TO
ETI
rir
248
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
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