1. INTRODUCTION OF DISASTER
2 TYPES OF DISASTER
Disasters can take many different forms, and the duration can range from an hourly
disruption to days or weeks of ongoing destruction. Below is a list of the various types of
disasters both natural and man-made or technological in nature that can impact a
community.
2.Natural Disasters
The Indian sub continent is highly prone to natural disasters. Floods, droughts, cyclones and
earthquakes are recurrent phenomena in India. Susceptibility to disasters is compounded by
frequent occurrences of man-made disasters such as fire. The changing topography (topo =
land) due to environmental degradation also increasing vulnerability to natural disasters. In
1988, 11.2%of total land area was flood prone, but in 1998 floods inundated 37%
geographical area. Four major disasters that India has experienced in the recent past are the
earthquake in Latur (Maharashtra in 1993), super cyclone in Orissa (1999), the earthquake in
Gujarat (2001) and Tsunami in Tamil nadu and Andhra Pradesh in December 2004. Frequent
disasters lead to enormous loss of life and property. Physical safety-especially that of the
vulnerable groups is routinely threatened by hazards. Natural disasters cannot be prevented
but their damaging impact can be reduced through better forecast, and preparedness to take
up effective rescue measures.
Disaster risk management is essentially a development problem. Preparedness and planning
for disaster management have to be taken up along with environmental concerns that the
country is facing todays
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Vulnerability
Hazards
Disaster
Underlying Causes
Dynamic Pressure
Unsafe Conditions-
Trigger Events
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Floods
Cyclones
Volcanic Eruptions
Drought
Landslide
War
Technological Accidents
Environmental pollutions
Dangerous
locations, Dangerous buildings, Low
Type of disasters
income level
There are two types of disasters namely natural disasters and manmade disasters. For
example: fire, accidents (road, rail or air), industrial accidents or epidemics are some of
The examples of man-made disasters, both natural and man-made disasters which have
devastating input resulting loss of human life, loss of livelihoods, property and environmental
degradation. Disasters disrupt normal functioning of society and leave long lasting impact.
Earth quake, cyclone, flood and drought are examples of natural disasters.
1.2 The cost and consequences of disasters
India is vulnerable to extreme weather events. Over the decade of the 1990s, both the number
and severity of such events have increased. Weather events can be classified as extreme on
the basis of various factors such as the impact, the socio-economic losses, environmental
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PHASES OF DISASTER
The National Governors Association designed a phase of disaster model to help emergency
managers prepare for and respond to a disaster, also known as the life cycle of
comprehensive emergency management. The four phases of disaster: 1) mitigation; 2)
preparedness; 3) response; and 4) recovery.
The model helps frame issues related to disaster preparedness as well as economic and
business recovery after a disaster. Each phase has particular needs, requires distinct tools,
strategies, and resources and faces different challenges. The issues addressed below relate to
the resiliency and recovery of the local economy and business community before and after a
major disaster
MITIGATION
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Efforts
PREPAREDNESS
Education, Outreach and Training
Business Continuity & Emergency Management Planning
RESPONSE
Immediate Response to Stakeholders
Establish Business Recovery Center
RECOVERY
Post-Disaster Economic Recovery Plan
-The issues addressed below relate to the resiliency and recovery of the local economy and
business community before and after a major disaster.
Phases of Disaster
Mitigation
Mitigation involves steps to reduce vulnerability to disaster impacts such as injuries and loss
of life and property. This might involve changes in local building codes to fortify buildings;
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Preparedness
Preparedness focuses on understanding how a disaster might impact the community and how
education, outreach and training can build capacity to respond to and recover from a disaster.
This may include engaging the business community, pre-disaster strategic planning, and other
logistical readiness activities. The disaster preparedness activities guide provides more
information on how to better prepare an organization and the business community for a
disaster.
Response
Response addresses immediate threats presented by the disaster, including saving lives,
meeting humanitarian needs (food, shelter, clothing, public health and safety), cleanup,
damage assessment, and the start of resource distribution. As the response period progresses,
focus shifts from dealing with immediate emergency issues to conducting repairs, restoring
utilities, establishing operations for public services (including permitting), and finishing the
cleanup process.
Triage efforts assess and deal with the most pressing emergency issues. This period is often
marked by some level of chaos, which can last a month or more, depending on the nature of
the disaster and the extent of damage. Federal resources, such as action from the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (in the case of a major disaster declaration) and non-profit
resources such as the Red Cross are deployed immediately
Business re-entry into the economy begins during this phase. Businesses initially may face
issues with access to their site, preliminary damage assessment, and communications with
staff, vendors, suppliers and customers. Ongoing issues may include access to capital and
workers, the repair of damaged property or inventory, and a diminished customer base. It is in
this phase that long-term future of a regions business base will be saved or lost.
Business Recovery Centers are quickly set up in a community to centralize small business
recovery resources (e.g. SBA, SBDC, SCORE, CDFI, etc), local bank officers, technical
Recovery
Recovery is the fourth phase of disaster and is the restoration of all aspects of the disasters
impact on a community and the return of the local economy to some sense of normalcy. By
this time, the impacted region has achieved a degree of physical, environmental, economic
and social stability.
The recovery phase of disaster can be broken into two periods. The short-term phase typically
lasts from six months to at least one year and involves delivering immediate services to
businesses. The long-term phase, which can range up to decades, requires thoughtful strategic
planning and action to address more serious or permanent impacts of a disaster. Investment in
economic
essential
to foster
economic
diversification, attain new resources, build new partnerships and implement effective
recovery strategies and tactics. Communities must access and deploy a range of public and
private resources to enable long-term economic recovery
1.4 Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster Risk Reduction can take place in the following ways:
1. Preparedness
This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities and
individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.
Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development of
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4.CONCLUSION
Most drought management strategies, manuals and guidelines still fail to recognize the
scientific or strategic relevance of these aspects in causing or aggravating droughts.
Suitable models of anticipatory environmental impact assessment can be developed further
for long-term drought risk management. While drought management integration with
programmes of forestry, watershed, public health, pollution control, wetland conservation,
and biovillage concept are recognized now, linkages with the management of epidemics,
forest fire and pest, environmental health, power generation, and socio-political conflict,
including risk of terrorism and war-related disasters still need to be institutionalized. It is also
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5.Reference/ Bibliography
http://www.nidm.net/