2014
Claudia Cox
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Catalytic cracking
Anaerobic
Anaerobic
Lower pressure
Higher pressure
Petroleum is a complex mixture of natural gas and crude oil, containing both
alkanes and alkenes.
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HDPE
Crystalline/rigid structure
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Polystyrene
Monomer: chloroethene
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it is expensive and difficult to break cellulose down into glucose that requires
vast quantities of energy. Therefore makes the process not cost-effective.
However, using bioethanol bypasses traditional sources of petrochemicals,
humanitys need for crude oil substantially and this would hugely benefit the
environment. Therefore, despite the high costs involved, the ever depleting
fossil fuel reserves will mean that eventually cellulose-based products will
become cost-effective. Cellulose will eventually become a potentially suitable
future source of energy and materials.
Nappy linings
Surgical pins
Replacement to polypropylene plastics
Developments & Impact:
The production of Biopol is currently very expensive compared to petroleum-based
polymer, and also produces pungent waste that is difficult to dispose of. These
factors severely limit the use of Biopol.
However, efforts are being made by companies such as Metabolix in order to
develop ways to produce Biopol in transgenic plants and genetically modified E.
Coli bacteria. Despite its current cost of production and impracticality, further
developments such as those being made by Metbolix may see biopolymers such as
Biopol become as extensively used as current petroleum polymers.
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Renewable
Burns clearly, as it already possesses oxygen atoms
Technically CO2 neutral however, high energy cost for distillation
Can easily be added as a petrol extender (10%) without modifying engines
Increasing scarcity of petroleum
Lower ignition temperature
Higher flash point
Disadvantages:
Would need large quantities of agricultural land in order to grow corn or sugar cane
this would lead to starvation as well as environmental issues such as erosion and
deforestation
More expensive than oil
Hard to distil
Not as energy efficient engines would have to be 50% bigger to travel the same
distance
Assessment: While ethanol provides a renewable way to extend petrol, it
would require too much arable land to replace petrol completely. If however,
ethanol could be produced from biowaste, it would be an economically and
environmentally viable alternative.
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Oxidation-reduction reactions
are increasingly important as a
source of energy
Explain the displacement of metals from solution in terms of
transfer of electrons
When metals enter solution, they lose electrons to become positively charged
cations and are oxidised eg: Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2eWhen metals are displaced out of solution, they gain elections to become
neutral metals and are reduced eg: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
Electrons are transferred between a metal and an metal ion.
xidation
oss
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ig
ain
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The emf in a galvanic cell must always be positive. The oxidation reaction must
be reversed, and the sign of the emf in the table must be flipped.
Gather and present information on the structure and chemistry of a lead acid
cell and evaluate it in comparison to one of the following:
-Button cell
In terms of:
-chemistry
-cost and practicality
-impact of society
-environmental impact
Dry Cell
Diagram
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Chemistry
Anode: Zinc
Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2eCathode: Ag2O
Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) + 2e- 2Ag(s) +
2OH-(aq)
Overall:
Zn(s) + Ag2O(l 2Ag(s) + OH- (aq)
Electrolyte: KOH
Voltage: 1.5 V
The cell delivers a very constant
velocity because there is no
change in the concentration of
electrodes and electrolytes. The
electrolyte is a porous barrier,
which prevents the direct contact
between the two electrodes and
allows ions to migrate, thereby
completing the circuit.
Cost and
Advantages:
Advantages:
Practicality
Extremely cheap
Practical small/portable
Easy to transport due to
Steady
voltage
as
paste electrolyte not
concentrations of electrodes
liquid
and electrolytes are fixed
Useful when only small
currents are needed
Disadvantages:
Small
(easy
to
Non-rechargeable
store/use)
Relatively expensive for a
Maintains
steady
small battery
voltage
Disadvantages:
Non-rechargeable
Short life-span
Cannot provide high
currents
Battery may leak due to
outer
casing
being
dissolved
Impact on
Society
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Stimulated interest in
batteries
and
widespread use
Used
in
common
appliances (esp torches)
Environmen
tal Impact
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raditation
radiation
radiation
Structure
Particles
Particles
EM Radiation
Consist of
Helium nucleus
Electron
e-
High frequency
radiation
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Charge
+2
-1
Nil
Ionization ability
Good
Fair
Poor
Penetration
Poor (2-10cm in
air)
Deflection in
electric field
Towards negative
plate
Towards positive
plate
Nil
industry
Medicine- Technetium-99m
Industry Na-24
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radiation, which is useful as it allows clear images with little danger of tissue
damage..
Industry:
Sodium-24 can be used to detect leaks in water pipes. If the radioisotope is
flowing with the water in the pipe, no radiation can be detected. If there is a
leak, the Na-24 escapes with the water and radiation can be detected and the
leak found. Na-24s short half-life of 15 hours allows the scene to be quickly
decontaminated and the water safe. Na-24s low cost has also led to its widespread use.
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