CHAPTER 1

Introduction
When United Nations General Secretary Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction
Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR/DRR) (UNISDR, 2009) particularly
emphasizes the challenge of reducing the impact of disasters on the poor and the less
priviledged, numerous references are made to the extreme vulnerabilities of the poor and their
disaproportionate suffering from disaster occurences. Yet, the vulnerability of the urban poor is
escalating due to pressure from urbanization, the competition for scarce resources to ensure
basic livelihood and services, and weaknesses in governance structures.
Like in so many other urban cities, many neighborhoods in Metro Manila are integral to the life
and culture of a city. They supply manpower and undertake the tasks that make the lives of city
dwellers comfortable. Yet their situation is unstable, and their lives and financial means are
susceptible by hazards both natural and man-made. Structures for both living and making a
living are poor and unstable, streets are narrow; access is difficult, space is scarce, and service
are minimal. These conditions make any attempt at developing such neighborhood a difficult
process. More so, people and families living under these condition have developed their own
culture, norms and beliefs. They felt neglected for so long that any attempt to help them would
mean the opposite. So how do we help these people? These communities? This study would
answer by making them resilient and lessen their vulnerability.
The Problem and Its Background
Communities faces the risk of being struck by a disaster of one type or another, including
natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, volcanic erruptions, tsunamis or technological
disasters such as a chemical/oil spill or explosion. When disaster strikes, it can destroy not just
the physical structure but also the lives of people of these communities -- leaving people and
families homeless and out of work. All over the country, property damage from disasters has
been increasing steadily, in part because of larger disaster events, but also because more and
more people are living in hazard-prone areas.
A vulnerability assessment can serve as the basis for developing strategies for reducing the risks
from disasters. The assessment helps a community to:
- Estimate the number of people at risk, including people with special needs,
- Identify the number and location of buildings at risk, including critical facilities such as
hospitals and schools, and
1|Page

Examine the communication links and networks that are vulnerable to disruption during
and after a disaster, including informal networks of communication such as church
groups.

Disaster Vulnerability in the Global Setting

In 2004 UNDP, released an assessment report on disaster-related mortality risks associated
with cyclones, floods and earthquakes. Countries are the unit of analysis. The report identifies
the relative contributions of hazard exposure and vulnerability factors to mortality risk and
analyzes how these can be reduced or intensify through the development process. The analysis
is based on a Disaster Risk Index, developed by the United Nations Environment Programme,
that measures relative vulnerability to the above hazards. Relative vulnerability is measured as
the number of people killed in a country due to a particular natural hazard compared to the
number of people exposed. Countries that suffer a higher loss of life than others who are
equally exposed have a higher relative vulnerability to the hazard in question.
Countries with relatively high vulnerability to earthquakes, for example, include the Islamic
Republic of Iran, Turkey, India, Italy, Algeria, and Mexico while countries with relatively low
vulnerability include Japan, Costa Rica and the United States of America. Countries with
relatively high vulnerability to cyclones include Honduras, Nicaragua and Bangladesh while the
low-vulnerability countries include Australia, Japan and Cuba. On the other hand, countries
with relatively high vulnerability to flooding include Venezuela, Morocco, Somalia and
Botswana while Argentina and Germany on the other hand have historically experienced
relatively low mortality during flood events.
The UNDP report was an alarming sight. What is more alarming is that we began to feel the
vulnerability all around us. Let us take for example United States of America which is in the
relatively low vulnerability to earthquakes and Japan which is both in the relatively low
vulnerability to earthquakes and relatively low vulnerability to cyclones. These countries are
considerered super power, they hold the world economy, have the best equipment and
trainings on disaster mitigation and preparedness but still when they were striked by disaster
they were left powerless.
During the Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) in the USA wherein the damages was estimated by
the Department of Homeland Security to topped $110 billion and the March 11, 2011
earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan followed by a nuclear crisis and shortage of
electricity is having a large negative economic impact on the country but a lesser effect on
world markets. Japan has lost considerable physical and human capital. Physical damage has
been estimated to from $250 billion to as much as $309 billion, the latter figure being nearly
2|Page

four times as much as Hurricane Katrina and roughly equivalent to the GDP of Greece and twice
that of New Zealand. In excess of 27,000 persons in Japan are killed or missing, and more than
146,000 homes and other buildings have been totally or partially damaged. Both countries
suffered not just its structures, but most especially they sufferred through the lost of their
citizens, their people, the families that build these communities.
Disaster Vulnerability in the Philippine Setting
Being one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, the Philippines have a long
experience in dealing with, responding to and managing disaster. Being an archepelago, the
Philippines is constanly being visited by typhoons and tropical cyclone as well as being prone to
tsunamis and other natural calamities and since we are also located along the Pacific Ring of
Fire the most active part of the earth that is characterized by an ocean-encircling belt of
active volcanoes and earthquake generators we also also prone to earthquake and volcanic
activities resulting to lost of millions of lives and properties.
Per record from the center for Research and Epidemiology of Disasters, the Philippines tops the
list as the worlds most disaster prone country from 1900-1991, with a total of 70 incidents or
almost 8 disasters a year.
One good example was the Tropical Storm Ondoy (international name Ketsana) which hit the
Philippines on September 26, 2009, causing widespead flooding. Ondoy brought an unusually
high volume of rain which inundated the Central Luzon including Metro Manila. During the 12
hour period the rainfall was recorded as approximately 450 mm at the Manila Observatory, an
extremely rare occurrence. In turn, these intense rains generated high flooding in Metro
Manila and the neighboring province such as Rizal. Ondoy caused substantial damages and
losses, the storms hit regions of the country, the adverse impacts on the productive sectors
were largely due to damaged or lost inventories, raw materials and crops. In addition, business
operations were interrupted by power and water shortages, damaged machinery, and absent
employees whoch contributed to an overall reduction in production capacity.
Another recent example of an natural calamity turned disaster happened last December 15 18, 2011 where Tropical Storm Sendong (international name Washi) entered East of Mindanao.
According to PAGASA, Sendong dumped a total of 142 mm amount of rainfall in 12 hours, which
is classified as super heavy rainfall. NDRRMC said that Sendong affected 338,415 individuals
or 63,079 families. The fatalities have exceeded the combined number of deaths brought by
Ondoy and Pepeng. The death toll has reached 957 while there are still 49 missing persons. The
amount of damage to agriculture is pegged at an estimated P1.94M in the regions of CARAGA
and Bicol.
3|Page

Being a regular route of powerful storms/cyclones as well as other calamities, various

contingency plans were made in order for the country to lessen the countrys vulnerability to
these calamities. In 1970s the country has shifted its approach from disaster preparedness and
response to disaster management in 1980s to the disaster risk management in the 1990s and
the disaster risk reduction in the years 2005 and beyon. This evolution paved the way to the
paradigm shift in the way people, communities and governments think, act and respond to the
current and emerging risks that continually face them.
In 1973, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) was established through
Presidential Degree (PD) 1566. This law also provided for the establishment of regional,
provincial, city, municipal ad barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils. The DCCs are formed to
advice the President and recommend the declaration of state of calamity and the release of
calamity funds for relief and rescue operations, among others. In 2005, the President approved
the implementation of the NDCC Four Point Plan of Action for Preparedness (4PPAP) which aims
to increase public awareness and involvement in measures put in place by the government to
minimize the impact of disasters in the future.
In following years, various discussions with different stakeholders in disaster risk reduction and
diaster risk management happened which produced key policy documents. One was the
Preliminary Assessment on the State of Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines
completed in 2008 which formulated a Disaster Risk Management (DRM) framework to assess
the situation in the country and recommend an agenda for action that would strategically
address the constraints and limitations in the current efforts in reducing disaster risk. Based on
the consolidated ratings, the overall state of DRM in the country is 2.27 which is classified as
low to very low in the ladder of accomlishments and progress in implementing DRM.

In 2010, the Executive Order Number 888 was signed by the President adopting the landmark
plan on DRR of the country titled Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines:
Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) 2009 - 2019. SNAP is the countrys road map for disaster
risk reduction, indicating the vision and strategic objectives and capacity, gap analysis that
identified and mapped out significant ongoing initiatives; and DRR activities based on the
Hyoho Framework for Action (HFA)1 that were considered by stakeholders as achievable
prioritues for the country, with adequate relevant resources, and capacity for implementation
over the nest three to ten years. SNAP aims to build the resilience of communities to disasters
1

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. It was
adopted by 168 Member States of the United Nations in 2005 at the World Disaster Reduction Conference, which
took place just a few weeks after the Indian Ocean Tsunami

4|Page

and reduce disaster losses in lives and in the social, economic and environmental assets of
communities and countries.
On May 27, 2010, Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Act was passed into law and paved the way for the need to adopt a disaster risk reduction and
management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening
the socio-economic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and
promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all
levels, especially the local community.
Disaster Preparedness in Quezon City
Quezon City (QC) is the largest city of Metropolitan Manila (see Annex A: Quezon City Map),
which is an urban agglomeration of 16 cities and 1 one municipality. With a land area of
161.126 sq. km. or 16,112.8 hectares). Quezon City is more than four times the size of Manila,
nearly six times the expanse of Makati, and more than 14 times bigger than Mandaluyong. It is
almost one-fourth the expanse of Metro Manila. It is located near the center of Metro Manila,
towards its northeastern portion. It is bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan City
and Valenzuela City to the west and northwest. Towards the south, lies San Juan and
Mandaluyong City, while Marikina City and Pasig City borders Quezon City to the southeast.
Towards the north, across Marilao River, lies San Jose del Monte City in the province of
Bulacan, and towards the east, lies Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.
Of the Metro Manila local governments, Quezon City has the biggest population, constituting
24% of the regional population. With a population of nearly three million, Quezon City is one of
the largest sources of manpower in the Philippines, with its employable human resource assets
of 1.672 million. 2010 estimate is 2,960,627 people, with a 2.92% annual growth rate. It is the
most populated city of the Philippines.
According the the study conducted last 2009 by Kyoto University in partnership with
METROPLANADO (Metro Manila Planning and Development OfficersAssociation Inc.) overall,
Quezon City has high physical resilience; moderate social, economic and institutional resilience;
and a low natural resilience. To explain further below is the table of resieliency of the QC in
tems of physical, social, economic, institutional and natural:

5|Page

Table 1: Analysis of Quezon City Resilience, 2009

Physical
Among the cities in Metro Manila, QC has the forth highest physical resilience.
It has a high score in Accessibility of roads but low score in Sanitation and Solice
waste disposal. The percentage of solid waste recycled (botyh formal and
informal: city socild waste management and the waste recycling actvities of
scavengers and the waste pickers) is less than 50%. It has low capacity for
alternative emergency electric supply to keep emergency services functioning.
Social
The city has a high score in Education and awareness in Social capital. However,
its score in Population is low. The citys annual population growth of 2.92 is very
high, second in metro Manila after Taguig. A large percentage of the citys
population live in slum area/urban informal settlement/urban poor areas. The
Commonwealth area has one of the largest barangays in the Philippines, the
area aso play host to one of the largest squatters communities in the country.
The population of the area is so big it is equivalent to a single highly-urbanized
city.
Economic
Among the cities in Metro Manila, QC has the fifitg highest economic resilience.
The city has a low score in Finance and savings. The percentage of youth
unemployed in the formal sector is high. The percentage of the citys household
properties that are under any sort of insurance scheme is below 20%. The
housing shortage is becoming more and more pronounce as the population
increases. It is estimated that 40% of the population are in need of shelter,
most of whom are urban poor. Informal settlers occupy not only vast tracts of
public and private lands but also riverbanks and creeksides.
Institutional
QC has a low score in Effectiveness of citys institutions to respond to a
disaster. The availability and efficiency of trained emergency workers during
and after a disaster is limited and not sufficient to serve the citys 142
barangays. The integration and implementation of disaster risk management
plans/policies is also limited and must be improved.
Natural
Numerous rivers and creeks crisscross QC. Flash floods occur in several places
particularly during heavy downpour caused by clooged drainage inlets and
pipes. Some of the roads and streets were flooded due to crrek overflow and
clogged drainage inlets and canal caused by the indiscriminate practice of
residents and business establishments of dumping their garbage in Metro
Manilas creeks, rivers and canals. The tree branches and leaves which littered
the roads contributed also to the clogging of the canals. There is a high
frequency of floods and typhoons. The urban air quality is poor as well as the
urban water quality in bodies of water.
Source: Metro Manila Profile, CDRI

6|Page

Disaster Vulnerability in Block 465 GK-STC Community, Sto. Domingo, Quezon City
Block 465 GK-STC Community is an area located in Barangay Sto. Domingo. It is one of the 142
barangays in District I Quezon City. Geographically, the area is bounded by Maria Clara St. in the
East, Don Jose St. in the North, Tirad Pass in the West and Santo Domingo St. in the South along
the periphery of the four angles of the block.
In Blk. 465 houses are mostly made from concretes and only few are made up of light materials.
These can be an indicator that the people are somewhat aware that their area is susceptible to
hazards. The damages and losses brought about by the 2004 fire and the 2009 Ondoy flooding
made the researchers aware of the need to further investigate and assess the vulnerability
factors of Blk. 465 GK-STC. Thus, enabling the community to be more prepared for hazard and
disaster occurrence.
Statement of the Problem
This study seeks to assess the disaster vulnerability of Blk 465 GK STC Community.
Particularly, this study will answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents based on the position in the family,
gender, age, length of stay in the area, and type of ownership of residences of the
respondents?
2. What is the disaster vulnerability of the residents of Blk. 465 Groups 1, 2 and 3 in terms
of:
a. Social factors including the number of family members per household, number
of families living under one house, age and number of women and men, children
and elderly per household, presence of people with disability (PWD) and other
health related problem of the household; educational attainment of the
household members,
b. Economic factors including the number of working/income generating
household member/s, average household monthly income and other sources of
income; and
c. Physical factors including the location of houses, type of materials used in the
structures, typical number of floors of structures
3. What are the disaster experiences in Blk. 465 Groups 1, 2 and 3: GK-STC Village?

7|Page

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following groups of individuals:
Residents of Blk. 465, Sto. Domingo, Quezon City. They will benefit from this study by learning
the vulnerability of their community. Their common knowledge, tools and practices before,
during and after a disaster as well as having a disaster evacuation plan.
Barangay Sto. Domingo Administrators. They will benefit from this study by knowing the most
vulnerable families and areas in Blk. 465, Grp. 1,2 & 3: GK-STC of Brgy. Sto. Domingo. Likewise,
the study could ensure timely, appropriate and effective delivery of relief and assistance
following a disaster. More so, this study would be beneficial to the Local officials by learning the
social vulnerability in their area which they can use as basis in formulating programs and
projects in the future.
Local Government of Quezon City. As stated in its vision Quezon City envisions itself to be a
model of effective governance and responsible leadership, working in partnership with the
citizenry in building a Quality Community. To attain such vision the disaster preparedness of the
142 barangays is a vital element. In building a quality community one must have a passionate,
knowledgeable, trained and organized force that would minimize the adverse effects of hazard,
through effective readiness measures to expedite emergency actions, rehabilitation and
recovery.
Community stakeholders and Society-at-large. The study might instill awareness in the
importance of a disaster preparedness. The map would be beneficial specially to Gawad Kalinga
(GK) and St. Therese College (STC) which are the major partner of the community in its
development.
Future Researchers. The result of the study could serve as a baseline data for subsequent
similar research which will explore the variables included in the study.

8|Page

Scope and Limitation

The locus of the research is in GK-STC village Block 465, Ma. Clara, Barangay Sto. Domingo,
Quezon City. The area is divided into nine blocks however, due to time constraint, the study just
limit to Groups 1, 2 and 3, an area which was gravely affected by fire and flood. The study
focuses on the personal disaster experiences, the vulnerability factors which are social,
economic and physical as well as gathering the respondents demographic profile. Its data was
gathered through home visits and interviews. There could be other concerns related to this
particular group but the researchers opted to focus on its vulnerability to hazards such as flood
and fire due to its frequent occurrence.
Operational Definition of Terms
Community

In this study it is defined as a group of people in living in Blk 465., GKSTC, Sto Domingo Quezon City who shares common values and goals

Disaster

In this study we will use the definition of disaster based on RA 10121

which states, a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
a society involving widespread human material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts which, exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Disaster
Experiences

It refers to the experiences, pratices, thoughts, learnings as well as the

actions taken to prevent and/or reduce the vulnerability to hazard of
the household.

Hazard

In this study we will defined it as a dangerous phenomenon,

substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Household

Use to refer to the unit of close relatives or unrelated individuals living

in one house, share common toilet and kitchen, and share in
electricity and water bills and usually living in one compound.

Economic
Vulnerability

In this study we will define it as the economic condition that

influences or shapes peoples susceptibility to harm, injury or loss
during disasters such as the number of working/income generating
household member/s, average household monthly income and other
sources of income.

9|Page

Physical
Vulnerability

In this study we will define it as the physical condition that influences

or shapes peoples susceptibility to harm, injury or loss during
disasters such as the location of houses, type of materials used in the
structures, typical number of floors of structures.

Social Vulnerability -

In this study we will define it as the social condition that influences or

shapes peoples susceptibility to harm, injury or loss during disasters
such as the number of family members per household, number of
families living under one house, age and number of women and men,
children and elderly per household, presence of people with disability
(PWD) and other health related problem of the household; and
educational attainment of the household members.

Vulnerability

In this study we will use the definition of disaster based on RA 10121

wherein it was defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard.

Furthermore, Global Crisis Solutions Understanding Vulnerability

Ensuring Appropriate and Effective Responses defined vulnerabilioty
as a set of prevailing or consequential conditions, which adversely
affect the community's ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for or
respond to hazard events.

10 | P a g e

CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this study several theories and principles was used as its framework such as the CommunityBased Disaster Management Approach; the Baranganic Approach; Locality Development Theory
and partial Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR). The Researchers felt that these
theories and principles are essential in showing the relationship between vulnerability factors
of a community and the importance of community participation in conducting such
vulnerability assessment.
In the CommunityBased Disaster Management (CBDM) Approach the community is involved
in the whole process, their felt and real needs, as well as inherent resources are considered and
aimed to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen peoples capacity to cope with hazards through
assessment of a communitys exposure to hazards and an analysis of their specific
vulnerabilities and capacities in reducing disaster risks. Peoples participation concerns both
process and content.
The community should be contributing to the progress of their
community and they are the primary actor in the development process.
A typical vulnerability assessments are carried out by professionals in state or local emergency
management offices, often with little or no input from local stakeholders. As a result, the
assessments often fail to incorporate the experiential knowledge of people who have lived
through disasters and who understand how such disasters make them vulnerable. Involving the
community in the preparation of the vulnerability assessment can improve its effectiveness and
ensure that the assessment is relevant to those who are the most at risk. Also, meaningful
community involvement helps improve awareness about the risks posed by certain hazards and
motivate community members and organizations to take steps to become more prepared.
The underlying principles of CBDM is also true in the Community-Based Participatory Research
(CBPR) which is a collaborative approach to research that equitably involves community
members, organization representatives and researchers. Given the CBPR eight principles: (1)
research must be locally relevant; (2) development, implementation, evaluation plans must
benefit the community; (3) it must enhance community capacity; (4) all partners are involved in
the (some) research process; (5) project is conducted via open communication; (6) research is
produced, interpreted and disseminated to community members in clear useful respectful
language; (7) there is a joint agreement on the access and location of data; (8) research adheres
to human participants review process. (Chavez & All, 2004)
11 | P a g e

CBPR was used in community development for drafting a community profile (Ledwith, 2005).
Using this type of research and producing a profile will represent not only a description by an
outside observer, but a storyline that is representative of the views of community members.
Also, because this type of community profile would be a process of discovery and self-analysis
for community members as well as the researchers involved it would contribute to defining a
community identity that all members believe in.
The community profile obtained, or a demographic and economic profile of a given locality, is
something that planners in Blk. 465 will include in every planning effort as the basis for their
subsequent proposals. A community profile that is done based on the principles of CBPR can
greatly improve the analysis and proposals of planners. This would result in more customized
proposals, and plans that reflect the views of people who are supposed to at least support the
implementation of plans.
More so, the primary strategy of vulnerability reduction is to increase a communitys capacities,
resources and coping strategies. In increasing the capacities, resources and coping of the
community it is the goal of the Baranganic Approach2 because it seeks to develop the peoples
capacity in the community for planning, planning and decision-making especially in times of
disaster. The objectives of the Baranganic Approach in times of disaster is that it could help the
community in getting the baseline data and preparing a community profile through survey and
research work because in implementing CBDM and CBPR it is important to know who in the
community should be involved. The most vulnerable are the primary actors in a community.
The focus should be at the household level. As all individuals, houses, organizations and
services stand a chance of being affected, they should be involved.
According to Zastrow (2010) the model of Locality Development (Theory) asserts that
community change can best be brought about through broad participation of a wide spectrum
of people at the local community level. This theory emphasizes that change efforts on the
community level are the most achievable with the cooperation of the local citizens, as they
should be involved in the problem-solving process.
In line with this theory, one of the workers roles is to be a catalyst within the change effort due
to the fact that the residents of Blk. 465 are responsible and knowledgeable for the various
ideas in the problem-solving process. The challenge for the organizer is in allowing the
community members to complete the objectives as they could be readily accomplished by the
organizer.
2

Baranganic Approach is an active participation and the involvement of the people themselves in any
development process and treat the promotion of social welfare is not the sole responsibility and concern of the
government alone, but is shared with all sectors in the community-public, private and religious.

12 | P a g e

There is a need for the organizer to encourage community participation, because residents
should be responsible for obtaining, maintaining, or securing their own interest rather than the
organizer. In doing so, the outcome is greater cohesiveness, pride, empowerment, confidence,
and problem-solving capabilities within the community. The goal for this theory is that
residents of Blk. 465 are stronger together than they are separately, and therefore collectively
they may be able to resolve issues and challenges.
However, the use of these theories in this study is partial or limited such as in CBDM and CBRP
whereby the residents of Blk. 465 are not involved in all the process of the research, not
formally that is. Like in the formulation of the research problem, and interview questionnaire.
This is due to the lack of availability of time in the part of the community leaders. Although
theyve suggested the need for disaster awareness/preventive activities for their community,
they were not present when the researchers formulated the research problem which is to
assess their vulnerability. In addition they were also not involved in the formulation of the
interview schedule questionnaire although they were consulted regarding the information they
would like to know and be included in the said questionnaire.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
We based our Conceptual Framework on the study conducted by Mr. Reyne June Bawisan last
January 2010 entitled An Earthquake Risk Assessment of the 33 Barangays of Makati City.,
wherein the types of hazards that Blk. 465 is susceptible was shown as well as the three (3)
factors that contribute to the vulnerability of its residents.
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

13 | P a g e

The conceptual framework shows the types of major hazards Blk. 465 is susceptible to such as
typhoon/storm, flood and fire. It also showed the relation of these major hazards to
vulnerability factors: (1) social which includes the number of family members per household,
number of families living under one house, age and number of women and men, children and
elderly per household, presence of people with disability (PWD) and other health related
problem of the household; and educational attainment of the household members; (2)
economic which includes the number of working/income generating household member/s,
average household monthly income and other sources of income; and (3) physical which
includes the number of structures, the location of houses, type of materials used in the
structures, typical number of floors of structures. The framework also shows how these
vulnerability factors directly affect Blk. 465.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Vulnerability to Hazards
According to John Twigg3 (2004), the phrase natural disaster, which is widely used by
specialists and generalists alike, often causes confusion and has been the subject of debate.
Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a natural disaster: there are only natural hazards. The
difference between a hazard and a disaster is an important one. A disaster takes place when a
society or community is affected by a hazard (it is usually defined as an event that overwhelms
a societys capacity to cope). As classified by UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,
there are three types of hazard: natural, technological and environmental. Earthquakes,
landslide, floods, tropical cyclones, drought or outbreak of epidemic disease are natural
hazards; fires, spills, industrial pollution, toxic waste are technological hazards; air pollution,
climate change, sea level rise, deforestation are environmental degradation. In other words,
the impact of the disaster is heavily influenced by the degree of the communitys vulnerability
to the hazard.
This vulnerability is not natural. It is the human dimension of disasters, the result of the whole
range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and even psychological factors that
shape peoples lives, and create the environment that they live in. Similarly a study entitled
Global Crisis Solutions Understanding Vulnerability Ensuring Appropriate and Effective
Response emphasized the long-term factors, weaknesses or constraints that affect a
3

John Twigg is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Benefield Hazard Research Centre, University of London
researching and writing on social and institutional aspects of risk reduction

14 | P a g e

household's, community's or societys ability (or inability) to absorb losses after disasters and to
recover from the damage. It has two interacting forces: the external force, which is exposure to
shock, stress and risk; and internal force, which is defenselessness, in other words a lack of
means to cope.
Categories of Vulnerability
Maskrey (1998) categorizes vulnerability and these are physical, technical, economic,
environmental, social, political, cultural, educational and institutional vulnerabilities.
Communities in hazard prone locations arephysical vulnerability while structures and
infrastructures (houses, roads, bridges, irrigation channels, etc.) that are unable to withstand
and resist hazard events are technical vulnerability. The insufficient assets and reserves to
withstand loss and lack of diversification is an economic vulnerability and the lack of
biodiversity and the incapacity of the ecosystem to resist and recover is an environmental
vulnerability. Social vulnerability refers to the family size, existence of community
organizations, and social support mechanisms, age structure of community, gender differences,
racial, ethnic, religious discrimination, etc. while political vulnerability is the level of
participation in decision-making, the existence of authoritarianism and corruption, political
violence and conflict resolution mechanisms. Cultural vulnerability however, is the system of
beliefs regarding hazards, vulnerabilities and disasters. Similarly, educational vulnerability is the
lack of information or misinformation regarding risk scenarios and institutional vulnerability is
the lack of public services, planning, emergency preparedness and response, etc.
Social Vulnerability
Social vulnerability explicitly focuses on those demographic and socioeconomic factors that
increase or attenuate the impacts of hazard events on local populations (Tierney, et al., 2011
Heinz Center 2002) in other words who is at risk and the degree to which they can be harmed.
Many researchers have proclaimed the significance of social vulnerability as a critical
component of disaster risk management.
Social vulnerability cannot be expressed in absolute values or losses. To quantify social
vulnerability and to make it comparable between regions, indices containing different variables
have been developed, which are in most cases derived from data collected during communitybased approaches or from census data.

15 | P a g e

Dow (1992) cited that the distinct feature of social vulnerability theory is its description of the
possible threats to human-environment system, and threats to sustainability. It emphasizes the
human response, coping capacity and resilience to absorb perturbation and changes from its
environment. It characterizes vulnerability as the state of individuals, groups or communities
in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress on their livelihoods and
well-being.
Adger and Kelly (1999), provides the theoretical perspective on social vulnerability that human
capacity to withstand a variety of stressors. It was conceived that humans are directly or
indirectly dependent on natural resources of ecosystems to meet their needs for survival, thus,
influencing the state and condition of nature, which is similarly stressed by the ecosystemsbased model. Economic activities aimed to fulfill human needs exceeded the ecological
threshold in many ecosystems, particularly the watershed ecosystem.
From the point of view of Brooks (2003), social vulnerability theory can be referred to as
people-based explanatory model of socio-economic vulnerability to a range of stressors and
consequences. It applies to vulnerable situations and classification schemes of vulnerability
factors characterized as internal social vulnerability or cross-scale social vulnerability. He
described social vulnerability as factors that determine the outcome of hazardous events of a
given natural severity, which encompasses elements of the physical environment like
topography, and biophysical changes, among others.
Poverty
In Anthropological Essays, Lewis (1970) reiterates the culture of poverty theory, which at its
most basic level is an adaptation to economic circumstances: The culture of poverty isa
reaction of the poor to their marginal position is a class stratified highly individuated,
capitalistic society. Indeed it is easier to blame the poor for their poverty than be open to
understand the historical, political, social, cultural and economic factors that have generated
poverty. Furthermore, Gaillard et al. (2007) argue that the impact of the 2004 tropical
depressions and typhoons on the Philippines eastern coast was so devastating not due to the
actual hazards, but rather was rooted in the underlying social, political, and economic
conditions that further contributed to peoples vulnerability. The recent landslide in Cagayan
that swept many lives has also been controversial that the political, social, economic factors are
detrimental to it. Hence, there are various factors to be considered in understanding social
vulnerability not only looking on the physical structure.

16 | P a g e

Poverty is an indicator of lack of access to resources and income opportunities which is only
one of the several dimensions of vulnerability. People living in poverty are more vulnerable
than the wealthy to hazard impacts. Poor people have less money to spend on preventative
measures, emergency supplies, and recovery efforts. The monetary value of the economic and
material losses of the wealthy may be greater; the losses sustained by the poor are far more
devastating in relative terms because they are more likely to live in substandard housing, which
can be a major disadvantage when disaster occur (Long 2007), and during disasters, are less
likely to have access to critical resource and lifelines, such as communications and
transportation.
The vulnerability of the poor people is analyzed in a dynamic process of people and
organization to assess the hazards and risk they face and determining what they wish to do
about them. Vulnerability assessment also includes a means of structured data collection
geared towards understanding the levels of potential threats, needs and immediately available
resources. Assessment includes two general categories of information. The first is relatively
static infrastructure information that provides bases for determining the extent of
development, types of physical advantages and disadvantages faced by communities residing in
an area, and a map of available structures that might be useful in times of emergencies.
Who Are the Most Vulnerable?
Barusch, Amanda S. (2011), in her editorial on Disaster Vulnerability, and Older Adults: Toward
a Social Work Response, discussed the factors that contribute to the vulnerability of older
adults in times of disaster. The fact that older adults move more slowly puts them at greater
risk of injury and death when disasters hit. Barusch stated that older adults, particularly those
with poor health or low socioeconomic status, are more vulnerable to the physical effects of
disasters, particularly rapid onset disasters, like tornadoes and earthquakes (NGO, 2011).
In a study of mortality patterns revealed during Hurricane Andrew that hit southern Florida,
older adults were at disproportionate risk from dying from mechanical asphyxia in their
homes and from falls. It was also found that older adults are more likely than younger people to
die from cardiovascular causes (Lew & Wetli, 1996). This pattern of higher mortality among the
elderly has been observed across a range of disasters (CDC-ARC, 1997).
The deaths of older adults can be attributed to the following:
Negligence of professionals charged with their care
Professionals deciding to ease the pain of those elderly facing appalling
conditions during disaster. Thus, ending their life.

17 | P a g e

According to S. Yodmani (2001), poverty, as an indicator of lack of access to resources and

income opportunities is one of the several dimensions of vulnerability. He stated that in
addition to the economic dimension, there are also other aspects of social positioning such as
geographical location, age, gender, class, ethnicity, community structure, community decision
making processes, and political issues that determine poor peoples vulnerability. Risk
reduction strategies for the poor should work toward reducing economic vulnerability and the
same time capitalize on the inherent social and cultural capacities of the poor communities.
Some of the strategies discussed were the following:
Risk reduction needs to be consciously integrated into the planning and implementation
of development.
Recognition of the proneness to natural hazards of each geographical location and the
use of available hazard maps to assess risks needs to become an integral part of each
project appraisal by development agencies.
Require a multi-dimensional approaches and innovative institutional arrangements to
achieve the goal of risk reduction for the poor.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

According to the Philippine Statistics 1980-2010, the Philippines is a disaster prone country
where every year, almost an average of 363 events of various types disasters occurs. Leaving
many families vulnerable since no one is spared of its effect. Every year, an average of 3,748,
788 people is affected damaging the houses and source of work of families, and community
infrastructure and facilities; hence, result to economic losses, damage in the social environment
and extensive disruption on the activities of people.
Hazards are occurrences which are unavoidable. However, its consequences and/or effects can
be prevented. Enabling affected families to respond to its aftermath can thus protect and save
lives. The poor are often those most affected by a disaster, one can identify a particular
geographical areas or communities that are predictably under threat from a hazard; these may
include traditionally drought-prone areas or flood prone areas. They could be squatter
settlement in which housing structures are known to be prone to flood and fire. In a study
conducted by the City Government of Makati (CGM), Earthquake and Megacities Initiatives
(EMI), German Federal Foreign Affairs Office (DKKV) entitled The Risk Sensitive Urban
Redevelopment Plan of Barangay Rizal it was found out that there is a way in reducing the
vulnerability of highly vulnerable poor communities. In this case study, Fouad Bendimerad &
Nathanial von Einsiedel (2010), used the Risk-Sensitive Urban Redevelopment Approach. This
approach combines in a single solution the reduction of risk and the improvements of
18 | P a g e

emergency management capacity with the improvement of the socio-economic and the living
conditions of the residents. This approach was little known and largely untested elsewhere by
planners. The Risk Sensitive Urban Redevelopment Plan of Barangay Rizal demonstrates how a
long-term plan can be developed to guide future development within the ultimate goal of
reducing exposure to hazards. The plan was developed using a participatory approach by an
integrated team consisting of technical experts, barangay leaders, and representatives of the
community and Makati city officials.
In this study, Barangay Rizal in Makati City was described as at risk since it sits on the fault,
which makes it highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards such as surface rupture, ground
shaking, land subsidence, liquefaction and fire following earthquake. According to the Metro
Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS 2004), rupture of the fault can cause a
magnitude 7.2 earthquake, which has the potential to cause severe damage to approximately
40 % of the total number of residential buildings within Metro Manila, with an estimated
34,000 deaths and 114,000 injuries. Certain portions of the barangay are expected to suffer
serious damage due to ground rupture. A rapid visual screening of buildings for seismic
vulnerability revealed that at least 1 out of every 3 of the inspected structures may not
withstand a seismic event of magnitude 7.2 or higher. (Fernando Germar, Tabassam Raza, and
Fouad Bendimerad, Report on Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Seismic Vulnerability,
Working Paper, Makati Risk-Sensitive Redevelopment Planning Project, Earthquakes and
Megacities Initiative, Philippines, June 3, 2009.)
Using the participatory approach various stakeholders were involved in all stages of the
planning process. A series of planning workshops was undertaken to engage the
representatives of the community in the redevelopment process. First, they were oriented on
the hazards and their vulnerabilities. Then they were asked to formulate their vision for the
community, identify the major problems, and suggest solutions. Then, they participated in the
identification of programs, projects and activities, and the validation and acceptance of findings
and proposed redevelopment plan. This helped ensure that the plan reflected all stakeholders
interests, needs and aspirations. All findings and outputs from the projects were shared and
validated with the community representatives.
The physical vulnerability of individual structures was done through a Rapid Visual Screening
for Seismic Vulnerability of Buildings. This was carried out by means of a sidewalk survey
where trained engineers from Makati City filled up a data collection form for each structure
based on visual observation supplemented by data obtained from the Citys engineering office.
Special attention was also paid to evaluate liquefaction potential.5 A total of 1,150 structures
covering 44 blocks in Zones 7, 8, 9, and 10 were surveyed. This constitutes around 94% of the
total number of structures (1,229) in the planning area.
19 | P a g e

Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (VCA) was undertaken to determine the existing conditions
that predispose the community to potential socio-economic losses and damages in the event of
a disaster. The VCA assessment specifically seeks to identify individuals and households who
will be adversely affected by a disaster event, and also identify and assess the capacity of
households and the community to respond and recover from a disaster event. The results of
the surveys were shared with the community to raise awareness and for educating the
community in risk-sensitive re-development.
In another study conducted at Barangay Manguin, Dagupan City they studied the Communitys
preparedness against perennial flooding. It was demonstrated how the barangay remains the
most effective and accessible strategy for disaster risk management. The community are
involved starting from the assessment of its vulnerability to the development of a detailed
response plan. The said case study was in collaboration with Dagupan Local Government,
Center for Preparedness (CDP), the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and USAID. It
was led by Mayfourth Luneta (Senior Program Officer and CBDRM Trainer) and Jesusa Grace
Molina (Center Coordinator of CDP) in Dagupan.
Straddling the seacoast and the eastern margin of the Agno River Delta, Dagupan is the
catchment basin of all waters and is also the exit point of all waters to the Lingayen Gulf. The
degradation of its ecosystem which makes the river to have a high sediment load; the heavy
rainfall leading to the release of water from two major dams (Binga & San Roque) and worse
during high tide affects the low-lying delta communities to experience recurrent floods. The city
government turned then to its eight high-risk barangays as the mechanism for disaster risk
mitigation under and initiative called Program for Hydro-Meteorological Disaster Risk
Mitigation in Secondary Cities of South and Southeast Asia (PROMISE).
The strategies created were formation of the technical working group of the LGU, capacity
building, completion of the disaster risk management plan, reactivation of the barangay
disaster coordinating council, formulation of the early warning system and evacuation plan,
citywide and community flood response simulation and small-scale mitigation program.
Barangay Manguin devised a flood marking system which guides the people on the level of
flood alertness by classifying it into colors, white for normal, yellow for alert level, orange for
preparatory phase, red for evacuation phase and green for forced evacuation. From this, the
people would know the degrees of water depth, then a warning signal are used such as church
bells or bamboo sounds. As the water level increases so are the strikes and intervals of the bell
sounds. The people would be prepared on what actions to be taken such as monitoring the
news, elevating their belongings at home, preparing for candles, batteries, flashlight and
medicines, transferring the animals and vehicles to a safer place, prioritizing the children,
20 | P a g e

women and elderlies, waiting for the signal of the barangay disaster council for evacuation and
registering their names at the barangay. On the other hand, the barangay disaster council
would also keep the LGU alert through updating their reports and activating the transport,
evacuation and rescue teams.
In the study it was found out that coordination and partnership with the local government as
well as building of networks composed of different stakeholders from various sectors is
fundamental for material, human and social resource mobilization. In addition, the participation
of the most vulnerable sectors or group such as women and children - from risk assessment and
planning to implementation - has yielded more risk- reduction measures in response to the felt
needs of the community. Lastly, building on indigenous knowledge, skills, tools and strategies
toward CBDRM is crucial not only for the success of any undertaking but also to help the people
develop self-reliance and a sense of ownership.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction emphasizes that the impact of the disaster
is heavily influenced by the degree of the communitys vulnerability to hazards. This study
analyzes the vulnerability factors of the household residing at Block 465, Groups 1, 2, and 3 to
hazards particularly flood and fire. It takes into consideration the social, economic and physical
factors --- an important determinant of the communitys vulnerability.
This study affirms the community efforts done in Barangay Rizal, Makati for the earthquake
preparedness and in Barangay Manguin, Dagupan City for their flood early warning system. The
participatory approach that is applied wherein the people get involved the process. It goes to
the grassroots level of community organization accentuating the indigenous knowledge and
capacities of the people. Such approach is initiated in this research to a certain extent through
knowing the peoples common needs and concerns and having their assistance in data
gathering and analysis and interpretation of the data.
On the other hand, the uniqueness of this study is in the use of focus group discussion (FGD)
method wherein we had a deeper understanding of the personal experiences of the
respondents. During the said FGD the resiliency of the participants in times of disasters were
narrated. Each experience is unique and they were able to highlight its different angles.
Furthermore, the bayanihan spirit and their faith enabled them to surpass the challenges that
are beyond their capacity.

21 | P a g e

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The Research Methods Used
The research method used is Descriptive research which the purpose is to describe and
provide us with higher level of knowledge; situated in the middle of the research continuum
and survey because in gathering data it helps to uncover data which already exist (the
Research in Social Work, p 205- Grinnell, Williams); Descriptive research goes beyond mere
gathering and tabulation of data. It also involves the elements or interpretation of the meaning
or significance of what is described. Thus description is often combined with comparison and
contrast involving measurements, classifications, interpretation and evaluation. (Cited by
Sanchez, p. 83 - Calderon)
Descriptive Research was utilized to describe the characteristics of socio-demographic and
socio-economic profile of the respondents and their community. It is a purposive process of
gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices,
beliefs, trends, processes and cause and effect relationships and then making adequate and
accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical methods.
Research Locale
This study was conducted at the Block 465, Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Quezon City also known as GKSTC Village (Figure 2: Community Map) which is situated along Maria Clara and Don Pepe
Streets. The Block was divided into nine (9) groups based on their location.
It was observed that in the community the houses are connected with their walls separating
them thus it is a fire hazard. The path walks are too narrow hence has poor accessibility for
entry of persons and furniture or big materials. The houses are mostly built 2-3 storeys and
highly elevated as it is frequented by floods even just with ordinary rainfall. Residents seem
well adjusted to it, does not seem bothered by the situation.

22 | P a g e

Figure 2: Community Map

Source: PRA Report On Social Mapping, Block 465, Maria Clara, Gk-Stc, Bgy. Sto. Domingo, Quezon City, December 27, 2010

Respondents and Sampling Techniques

In this study the respondents were limited to the residents of Groups 1, 2 and 3 selected among
the 9 groups in Blk. 465 with only 41 households. Due to limited time in conducting the study
the researchers opted to focus on 3 groups only. Furthermore, the researchers chose Groups 1,
2 and 3 based on their observation that these groups are the most vulnerable to flood and fire.
These groups are the researchers key informants in the survey. He/she may be the spouse
who was available at the time of the interview or in their absence, any adult member of the
family, their sons/daughter or immediate relatives capable of answering the interview
schedule.
Likewise, due to time constraints we used purposive sampling technique during the FGD
wherein 15 residents were identified and selected with the following criteria: worst disaster
experiences; representation of various sectors such as elderly, women, youth and men. Third,
most of them are from the groups 1, 2 and 3 and only few are also from other groups in the
block.
23 | P a g e

Figure 3: Sketch Map of the Area Surveyed

GROUP 4

GROUP 3

(pre-test area)

(14 respondents)

GROUP 2

GROUP 1

(15 respondents)

(12 respondents)

Source: Drawn by one of the leader in Group 2 (Aling Sion)

Instruments Used for Data Gathering

In measuring the effectiveness and clarity of the items or questions of the instrument a Pretesting of the interview schedule was conducted. The pre-test was conducted last February 18,
2012 to 10 respondents living (Group 4) in Sto. Domingo area but were not part of our study
and those who have the same characteristics of our study.
In this study, the researchers strictly observed that the instrument used in the study is reliable
and valid. Items were properly worded to cover the required aspects to be included in order to
measure what is to be measured. The instrument (Interview Schedule) was subjected for
critiquing by ASI professors. This process was done to ensure that the instrument has content
validity.

24 | P a g e

1. An Interview Schedule was formulated for data collection translated in Filipino following
a structured type of interview questions. (See Appendix A: Interview Schedule)
According to author Jose Calderon an interview schedule is the same as a questionnaire. But
the difference between an interview schedule and questionnaire is that in the former, the
question is read to the respondent for him to answer and his reply is written by the
interviewer. In the latter, the respondent himself reads and fills out the questionnaire alone
without the aid of the researcher. The interview schedule is used when the researcher or is
knowledgeable on all the items to be included in the interview.
The interview schedule used in this study divided into four (4) parts: The Social Situation;
Economic Situation; Physical Information; and Disaster Experiences. The interview schedule
from Groups 1, 2 and 3 were conducted from February 19 to 22, 2012. (See Appendix B:
Tabulated Data)

Community Survey February 19 to 22, 2012

2. A Focused Group Discussion (FGD) was also conducted last March 1, 2012 to gather
qualitative data about the respondents experiences of hazard occurrence. Different sectors
of the community were represented during the said FGD held at the residence of one of the
Community Leaders. (See Appendix C: Attendees of the FGD)
The FGD was held last March 1, 2012 around 8:00 in the evening at Philippine Benevolent
Missionaries Association Maria Clara Sub-Chapter Office (3/F of Nanay Sylvias house).
There are 15 residents who came to the FGD. We asked them these questions:
(1) What are your experiences when there are hazardous/disastrous events?
(2) What have you done to recover from those experiences?
(3) What were you thinking and/feeling during those times?
(4) How do you prepare for another such event?
25 | P a g e

Data Analysis and Statistics Used

Data Analysis refers to the process of organizing data into logical, sequential, and meaningful
categories and classifications to make them amenable to study and interpretation. There are
three ways of presenting data: textual, tabular, and graphical.
In analyzing and interpreting data, collected information was classified in the light of objectives
set forth for the study. The classified data was coded, tabulated and percent calculated for the
same. The mean or average was also utilized. The results were presented and discussed along
with tables and graphs in numbers and percentages.

26 | P a g e

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Part 1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
A. Position in the Family
On the data Position in the Family of the Respondents it can relatively be observed that 61% of
the respondents were mothers while 19.51% were fathers and 14.6% were either their sons or
daughters and the remaining 4.8% were others.
Table 2: Position in the Family of the Respondents
Group No.
Mother
Father
Son/Daughter
1
6
5
1
2
8
1
5
3
11
2
0
Total
25
8
6
Percentage
61%
19.5%
14.6%

Others
0
1
1
2
4.8%

Total
12
15
14
41
100%

B. Gender of the Respondents

Table 3: Gender of the Respondents
Group No.
Babae
1
7
2
12
3
12
Total
31
Percentage
75.61%

Lalaki
5
3
2
10
24.39%

Total
12
15
14
41
100%

The table shows that there are more female than male respondents. The researchers concluded
that most of the male residents are at work during the interview.

27 | P a g e

C. Age Bracket of the Respondents

Moreover, the researchers found out that 39% of the respondents fall under the age range of
51 years old and above. 24.39% are 41 to 50 years old. 21.95% are 31 to 40 years old. 9.75% are
21 to 30 years old and 4.87% are 20 years old below.
Figure 4: Age Bracket of the Respondents

This means that most of the respondents are elderly who have been in the area for a long time
and gave us accounts of their personal experiences in the area such as disaster experiences in
Blk. 465.
D. Length of Stay in the Area
Table 4: Length of Stay in Blk. 465, Groups 1, 2 & 3
5 years
6-10
11-20
Group No.
below
years
years
1
0
3
0
2
0
2
3
3
1
2
2
Total
1
7
5
Percentage
2.43%
17.07%
12.19%

21-30
years
3
2
2
7
17.07%

31 year &
above
6
8
7
21
51.21%

Total
12
15
14
41
100%
28 | P a g e

Based on the collected data most of the respondents are longtime residents. In Group 1, 2 and
3 it is worth noting that 51% have lived in the area almost all their life (31 years and above)
while those whove been in the area for 21-30 years and 6-10 years both have 17%. Meanwhile
only 2% of the respondents from Group 1, 2 and 3 have lived in area for less than 5 years.
E. Type of Ownership of Residences of the Respondents
Table 5: Type of Ownership of Residences of the Respondents
GK
Sharer/
Group No Owner
Caretaker
Beneficiary Ext. Family
1
7
0
0
0
2
6
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
0
Total
17
10
3
2
Percentage 41.5%
24.4%
7.3%
4.9%

GK
Renter
0
1
1
2
4.9%

Renter/
Boarder
5
0
2
7
17%

Total
12
15
14
41
100%

As shown in the table, out of 41 respondents, 20 are homeowners and extended families which
mean that around 53% of the residents of Blk. 465 are eligible to become a GK Beneficiary.
Another significant figure is the GK Beneficiaries which is 10 families or 28%. It can be
concluded that out of 41 respondents around 81% or 30 respondents are homeowners. On the
other hand, there are only 2.5% of families with a status of GK Renters while the remaining 16%
are either borders or caretakers.
It is important to know the type of residence of each family in the assessment of the
community vulnerability of Blk. 465. The type of residences will give us some information on
the willingness of the residents to undergo community vulnerability risk reduction activities.
Part 2: Disaster Vulnerability of the Residents of Blk. 465, Groups 1,2 and 3
A. Social Factors
A.1. Number of Family Members per Household
The data shows that 39% of the total households have at least 1 to 5 family members living in
their house while 36.6% have at least 6 to 10 family members and 12% have 21 members and
above. On the other hand, only 2.43% have 16 to 20 family members and 9.75% have 11 to 15
family members. The researchers observed that the sizes of their houses are too small to
accommodate 21 persons. This could be a problem when conducting disaster rescue in the
area.
29 | P a g e

Figure 5: Number of Family Members per Household

40
39

36.6

30
20

12.19
9.75

10
2.43

0
1-5

6-10

11-15

16 - 20

21 Up

According to Tierney of Heinz Center (Tierney, et al., 2011 Heinz Center 2002) social
vulnerability explicitly focuses on demographic and socio-economic factors that increase or
attenuate the impacts of hazard events on local populations. In the study, it was focused on the
household size, age, gender, educational attainment, economic means of the respondents as
well as the physical features of their houses. The researchers are working into the premise that
the composition of the household as well as the greater the number the household size greatly
affect its vulnerability.
A.2. Number of Families Living Under One House
Figure 6: Number of Families Living Under One House

I family

65.85

2-3 families

19.51

4-6 families

9.75

7 families
and up

4.87

50

100
30 | P a g e

With regards to the Number of Families Living under One House it can be observed that most of
the households have only 1 family. This is equivalent to 65.85%, while 19.51% have 2 to 3
families, 9.75% have 4 to 6 families and only 4.87% have 7 and above families respectively. The
number of families inside a house and the number of family members in a household is a vital
indicator on how vulnerable a household during disaster.
A.3. Age, Gender and the Number of Men and Women, Children and Elderly Members of the
Household
Table 6: Age and Gender of the Household Members
Group
No.

Women

Men

0-10
y/o

11 - 17
y/o

18-30
y/o

31-59
y/o

60 Up
y/o

Subtotal

0-10
y/o

11 - 17
y/o

18-30
y/o

31-59
y/o

60 Up
y/o

Subtotal

Total

15

14

27

24

85

21

14

14

26

77

162

15

10

18

56

15

13

11

49

105

12

13

16

52

11

10

13

17

56

108

Total

42

36

44

58

13

193

47

37

36

54

182

375

11.2

9.6

11.7

15.5

3.5

12.5

9.9

9.6

14.4

2.1

In Table 6, it is evident that there are more females who are 18 to 60 years old than males. On
the other hand, there are more males who are 0 to 17 years old. Looking at the total picture,
we can see that there are only 21 residents comprising the age bracket of 60 and up years old,
which means that out of 375 residents only 5.65% are old people. However, around 30% of the
residents are from the age bracket of 31 59 years old, this is also the highest in terms of age
bracket, meaning that the communitys age trend is aging4. Moreover, Group 1 has the most
number of older people both men and women which means that they are the most vulnerable
group when it comes to age consideration of social vulnerability.
There are also more women than men in the community in almost all age brackets except for
11-17 years old. For some residents, this is a problem especially during disaster because women
are considered physically weaker than males. Further, they mention that this can be a
hindrance in conducting rescue operations.
Maskrey (1998) said that for Social Vulnerability, family size, age structure of community, and
gender differences should be considered. These considerations were affirmed in the editorial of
Amanda Barusch (Pgs.347-350; 2001) wherein she mentioned that older adults move more
4

There are more old people than young people

31 | P a g e

100

slowly puts them at greater risk of injury and death when disasters hit. Thus, we can therefore
say that the greater the number of children, women and elderly the higher is the vulnerability
of the community during disasters.
A.4. Presence of People with Disability (PWD) and Other Health Related Problem of the
Household
Table 7: Number of People with Disability and with Other Health Related Problem
Household
Disabilities
Illness
Group No.
With
Without
Total
With
Without
Disabilities
Disabilities
Illness
Illness
1
4
8
12
4
8
2
3
12
15
5
10
3
0
14
14
5
9
Total
7
34
41
14
27
Percentage
17.07
82.93
100
34.15
65.85

of the

Total
12
15
14
41
100

The table shows that around 65.85% of their household members are in good health while
34.15% have illnesses. Hypertension, tuberculosis, diabetes and cancer are the common
illnesses experienced by the household members. On the other hand the data also shows that
82.93% have no disability while 17.07% have. Disabilities that were observed pertain to sensory
disabilities. It was also noted that due to the lack of sufficient finances, most of the household
members who suffer from an illness or impairment do not seek medical services.
A.5. Educational Attainment of the Household Members
Table 8: Highest Educational Attainment of the Household Members
Group No.

Elem.

HS

College

Vocational

No answer

1
2

4
5

10
7

5
4

0
0

0
4

3
Total

2
11

5
22

3
12

0
0

6
10

Percentage

20

40

21.81

18.18

Total
19
20
16
55
100

Based on the table, we can see that most household members reached at least reached High
School level which is 40% before they stopped their educational pursuit. Next to it is the 22%
who answered that they at least entered the college level. This is relatively low if we validate it
32 | P a g e

to the possible number of adult ages 18 - 60 up years old who has a total of 203 (see table 6).
Moreover, this also implies that at least 62% of the household members can be trained on
disaster preparedness and this can reduce their vulnerability.
Table 9: Number of Household Members Currently Studying
Group No.

Elem.

HS

College

Vocational

No Answer

Total

1
2
3
Total
Percentage

6
7
9
22
34.37

7
2
9
18
28.12

0
1
4
5
7.81

1
1
0
2
3.12

3
8
6
17
26.56

17
19
28
64
100

In addition, 62% of the household members in Groups 1, 2 and 3 are currently studying in
elementary and high school while only around 11% are in college and or taking up vocational
courses. This is relatively low compared to the number of 80 male and females under the age
bracket of 18 to 30 years old in Table 6. There are only 8.75% of household members under the
age bracket of 18 to 30 years old are studying. Like the previous data, this is relatively low if we
validate it to the possible number of adult ages 0 - 17 years old which has a total of 162 (see
table 6).

B. Economic Factors
B.1. Number of Working/Income Generating Household Member/s
Figure 7: Number of Family Income Earners Based on Position in the Family

24
30

12

20

12
2

10

0
Mother

Father

Daughter/Son

Others

* Some HH have multiple wage earners

33 | P a g e

The data validates that majority of fathers, are the ones earning to sustain the needs of their
families. Some of the mothers and their adult children also have jobs. Most of the household
members are self-employed (drivers-tricycles, taxi, store owners), others have blue collar jobs
such as in construction, fast foods, and factories. These jobs do not have permanent status and
are mostly contractual based.
B.2. Average Household Monthly Income and Other Sources of Income
Figure 8: Average Household Monthly Income
59.09
60

25

40

9.09

20

6.8

0
5000 below

5001-8999

9000-10999

11000 up

* Some HH have multiple wage earners

The data shows that most of the families in Group 1, 2 and 3 have 5,000 and below income
which is 59.09% this shows that most of the households are earning below the minimum wage.
Only 3 out of 44 stated that they are earning 11,000 and up and they are mostly those with
spouses working abroad. When asked if they have other sources of income, respondents in
Group 2 mostly stated that earn extra doing pangangalakal.
The group also encountered a family which resorted into panlilimos just to get by. Whats
alarming here is that the parents let their 3 blind children do the panlilimos so they can have
some money for the family.
In Group 1, which is in-front of the road, most of the houses where converted into commercial
spaces (bakery, karinderia, junk shop, and sari-sari stores). They are mostly earning an
additional of 500 daily and this is a big difference between group 1 and group 2 & 3 wherein
most residents are just earning below the minimum wage

34 | P a g e

If we will relate the data gathered in Figure 9 into Longs study (2007) which states that,
people living in poverty are more vulnerable than the wealthy to hazard impacts. Poor people
have less money to spend on preventative measures, emergency supplies, and recovery efforts.
The monetary value of the economic and material losses of the wealthy may be greater; the
losses sustained by the poor are far more devastating in relative terms because they are more
likely to live in substandard housing, which can be a major disadvantage when disaster occur,
and during disasters, are less likely to have access to critical resource and lifelines, such as
communications and transportation. Since majority (59%) of the household in the study said
that they are earning below the minimum wage we can say that they are highly vulnerable in
this aspect.

C. Physical Factors
C.1. The Location of Houses
The household who participated in this study are either in-front of a road or inside the alleys.
However, there is a difference of 46% between those living in-front of a road and those inside
the alleys, in favor of the later.
Household living in alleys are more vulnerable than those living in-front of a road since living infront of a road makes it easier for rescuers to rescue you in times of disasters such as flood,
earthquake, as well as during fire. Residents living in-front of a road can escape fire easily while
those living in alleys might get trapped or be a victim of a stampede. It is alarming that 73% of
these families are living in alleys which make them vulnerable during disasters.
Figure 9: Location of Houses

In-front
of the
Road, 26.
82%
Inside an
Alley, 73
%

In addition, Blk. 465 is one big

canal underneath it. All the
alleys are covered drainage
system which is frequently
being clogged with garbage and
dirt. This makes the whole block
vulnerable during flooding.

35 | P a g e

C.2. Type of Materials Used in the Structures

Figure 10: Type of Materials Used in the Structures

Concrete 19.51%
Combination
51.21%

Conrete

Wood 29.26%

Wood

Combination

Since most of the residents of Blk. 465 are homeowners and GK Beneficiaries, most of them
also have houses made of concrete and wood which is 51.21% however, there are still 29.26%
of residents with houses made of wood only.
Out of the 12 respondents with houses made of wood, 5 are renters/boarders that are 41.66%.
The data implies that most of the houses which is made of wood only is occupied by
renters/boarders and not homeowners. In addition, these 5 renters have stayed in the Blk. from
4 to 8 years except for 2 which have been in the area for 16 and 25 years.
Most of the houses in Blk. 465 are 2 Storey which is 73.17% this is due to their experience of
frequent flood. Next to it are houses with 3 Storey which is 7.3% while 2.4% are still bungalow
types (1 Storey) and 4.9% are either 4 Storey or in-stills.
C.3. Common Number of Floors of Structures
Table 10: Number of Floors of Structures
Group No.
1 Storey
2 Storey
1
0
9
2
1
10
3
0
11
Total
1
30
Percentage
2.43%
73.17%

3 Storey
3
2
3
8
19.51%

Others
0
2
0
2
4.9%

Total
12
15
14
41
100%
36 | P a g e

Although, most of the houses are already 2 Storey they said that their houses were all
submerged into flood water during Ondoy. Most of the residents stayed in their roof or the roof
of their neighbors while some were in their 3rd or 4th floors. Some houses in Group 2 were in
stills, there were at least 3 houses wherein their first floor is just vacant space, when I asked
why they said that it was ruined during Ondoy and they did not repair it anymore.
This findings in Table 10 reaffirmed the findings in the study Global Crisis Solutions
Understanding Vulnerability Ensuring Appropriate and Effective Response which emphasized
that disaster is heavily influenced by the degree of the communitys vulnerability to the hazard
wherein the long-term factors, weaknesses or constraints that affect a household's,
community's or societys ability (or inability) to absorb losses after disasters and to recover
from the damage. It has two interacting forces: the external force, which is exposure to shock,
stress and risk; and internal force, which is defenselessness, in other words a lack of means to
cope. Residents who are not doing well economically, suffered both the external and internal
forces.
Part 3: Disaster Experiences of the Residents of Blk. 465, Groups 1, 2 and 3
A. Type of Hazard Commonly Experienced by the Residents
All forty one respondents related that flooding is the most common hazard occurrence in the
area. For the past five years, theyve related their experience during Ondoy which submerged
the whole Blk. 465 in flood. They also experienced fire which is one of the reasons why Gawad
Kalinga (GK) entered in their community. This happened last 2004. The respondents seldom
experience earthquake in the area.
In relation to the definition of Maskrey (1998), communities can be considered hazard prone
locations when they are located in flood plain or a coastal location exposed to cyclones. In the
situation of Blk. 465 the community is the catch basin of waters coming from Talayan Creek
along Araneta Avenue making them vulnerable to flood.
Table 11: Type of Hazard Experienced by the Residents and the Year It Occurred
Year Occurred
earthquake
Flood
Fire
1 5 Years
0
41
6
6 10 Years
3
17
15
11 Years Up
3
16
0
Total
6
74
21
Percentage
46.53
34.65
18.81

Total
47
35
19
101
100

* Some respondents have multiple disaster experiences

37 | P a g e

Figure 11: Severity of the Hazardous Experiences

51% of the residents said that they experienced disasters with very severe wherein they need
to evacuate. However, the same respondents also answered that they experienced flooding
every time there is a one hour non-stop rain. So, they are not particularly alarmed. They have
acquired a particular routine or practice during flooding which is to go up to their roof and wait
for the water to subside. Some expressed that they enjoyed the flood experience because the
bayanihan spirit is evident.
B. Findings of the Focus Group Discussion
B.1.Common Hazard Occurrences and Experiences
Experiencing flood is such as regular occurrence that the residents became fairly resistant on
the matters of flooding. The regular experience on flooding is the reason why the residents of
Blk. 465 are not afraid of flood nor they felt vulnerable because of it.
Aside from flood, fire is one of the most common hazard occurrences in the block. The FGD
attendees said that they can remember two big fires incidence which happened in 1976 and
2004. Although, the participants of FGD said that their area is not really prone to fire because if
there is fire the residents always helped each other to stop it before it gets big. However, the
2004 fire which happened during daytime was a different story; nobody noticed it right away
because the house where the fire started did not call for help.

38 | P a g e

During the FGD last March 1, 2012, the 15 residents who came were able to relieve their
experiences during disaster. Most of them said that the Flood they experienced during Ondoy
was the worst because it caught them off-guard. They did not expect that their houses will be
submerged into water. Likewise, most of them said that they were able to get by with a little
help from their neighbors. A few of them mentioned that during the times of tragedy/calamity
like the fire in 2004 and the flood in 2009 those neighbors who they never thought cared about
them were the ones who actually provided them with shelter, clothes, food, water and other
basic supplies. In the words of Ms. Nita Quintos lumalabas ang Bayanihan Spirit sa lugar
namin pag oras ng kagipitan.
B.2. Practices During Hazardous Events
Most of the participants of the FGD narrated that during flood they first, secure their material
possessions by transferring them to the upper floors of their houses. Then, they wait inside
their houses and if the flood water would not subside, then, they stay in the upper floors of
their houses or their neighbors. If the water continues to rise, they would eventually transfer to
the roof where they will eventually be rescued.
For fire, they mentioned that they are not worried, since they try to put it off before it gets big
enough for them to stop it. Moreover, the typical reaction of the FGD participants during fire is
that they try to save as many material possessions as they can and if they cant, they just make
sure that their loved ones are safe.
B.3. Thoughts and Feelings During Hazardous Events
The state of mind of the FGD participants during the 2009 flood were mixed, although most of
them were in a panic state there were also some who stayed rational and calm. They were
the ones who helped and rescued others. While during the fire in 2004, it was mentioned by
one of the FGD participants that most of the fire victims were angry. The center of their anger is
towards the family wherein the fire started.
B.4. Mitigation Practices
In the span of the FGD, the participants did not identify any measures done to reduce their
vulnerability in times of flood and fire. Their only precautionary measure is to lift all their things
up to the second or third floors of their houses when it is raining.

39 | P a g e

To further understand the feelings and experiences of the attendees of the FGD when they are
relating their experiences during various hazards, here are some of their personal experiences:
C. The Flood Experience
Boyet Papa said that was the worst flood he ever experienced in their area. He said that he
rescued his family first and then helped his neighbors. They lost all their belonging and yet he
was thankful to have his family alive and well. The loss of economic means was also
experienced by Primo Licaunan which narrated how he was not thinking straight because of the
flood and rescued the cigarettes instead of other more important merchandise in their store.
He also said that his panic did not helped at all, when he saw that his appliances are floating, he
was in awe and just stared since he knows that he cannot do anything anymore. Gina Austria
also mentioned that flood affected their food business since most of their pots were gone. She
mentioned that even though their house had a third floor it was too late to save all their
belongings.
According to Lourdes, she cannot forget the major disaster experiences she have in the area,
which happened almost every ten (10) years. She narrated: nagsimula nung 1976, mga August
yon, kabuwanan ko nun eh, nagkaroon ng baha hanggang baywang, ung kapatid kong lalaki
hila-hila ako hanggang makarating sa Sto. Domingo Church, dun kasi ung evacuation area
namin, naalala ko kasi ung anak ko nagkaroon ng pneumonia dahil magdamag nababad sa
tubig. Tapos nun, mga bago mag-1986, binaha ulit kami. Naalala ko marami kaming alagang
baboy, kaya ung Tatay ko gumawa ng bangka para mailagay ung mga baboy, pero din man
kasya lahat ng baboy kaya marami rin ang nawala, mabababa pa ang mga bahay nun kasi dati
bawal ang mataas na bahay dito, kapag nakikitang merong nagtatayo ng bahay dito pinagigiba
ng Tuazon-Araneta, sila kasi ang may-ari nitong lupa dati. Di pa na-award to nung mga
panahon na yon sa amin. Tapos, nung 1996 naman tuwing nagkakaroon ng baha merong
amphibian truck na ginagamit para ma-rescue kami, ngayon wala na yon eh, sa krame yata kasi
yon, hinihiram lang. 2009, nitong Ondoy, pakiramdam ko end of the world na, kasi nasa bubong
kami kasi inabot na ng tubig ang second floor ng bahay namin, tumingin ka sa paligid mo sa
ibaba makikita mo baha, tumingin ka sa bandang simbahan makikita mo nagliliyab na apoy,
kasi nasusunog ang Brgy. Tatalon. Wala na ko nagawa nun kundi manalangin, kasama ng mga
apo ko. Makikita mo mga tao talaga nagsisigawan na, kasi walang naming nagre-rescue. All in
all during the Ondoy, there was one casualty, a young man died due to drowning.
As learning to this experience, Primo Licaunan said that ngayon tuwing makikita ko na madilim
ang langit, tapos nagsisimula ng umulan, inililipat na namin ang mga gamit naming sa taas ng
bahay.

40 | P a g e

D. The Fire Experience

Nanay Lourdes remembered that during the 2004 fire incidence her mother was already
paralyzed and she cannot do anything seeing that the fire is already in their house, she just put
her mother in a wheel chair and get out of the house there is no material property she rescued
but at least they are all alive. On the other hand, Ate Belen shared that although she was not at
home during the 2004 fire, still, she cannot forget that tragedy. She was devastated to go home
and found only the remnants of their house. She narrated further that the source of the fire
was the vacant lot beside them, until now that lot was vacant because the previous owner
cannot come in Blk. 465 without being physically assaulted by the residents. They all have a
feeling that the fire wouldnt be that big if they did immediately asked for help, what happen is
that they did not asked for help and only when the fire was big enough did that nobody can
stop it did they left their house and run.
Nanay Sion narrated a little funny story that during the 2004 fire when her daughter called
saying, Nanay, Nanay umuwi ka na at andito na sa atin ang sunog umuusok na ang bahay sa
takot ko tinakbo ko pabalik ang Sto. Domingo, tapos ng malapit na ko may nakasalubong akong
kapitbahay tinanong kung san ba ang bahay ko sabi ko sa likod nina Primo, tapos sabi nya
ahhh, malayo naman di kayo abot. Sabi ko hay salamat sa Diyos di nya ako pinabayaan alam
nya wala akong pangpagawa ng bahay..Pagdating ko buo pa ang bahay ko, tapos naalis pa
ang hika ko sa pagtakbo kong yon.
After the 2004 fire, the non-government organization (NGO) Gawad-Kalinga (GK) came to the
community and helped the residents reconstruct not just the houses but the community itself.
With the help of another partner, the St. Therese College (STC) the area known as Block 465
was transformed to STC-GK Village. Now, there are 43 families which is GK beneficiary in the
area. They are planning to build more 3-storey building this coming summer along the Group 1
area (front) of the block.
E. Bayanihan Spirit During Disaster
E.1. Bayanihan Spirit During Flood
During Ondoy, the Bayanihan Spirit became apparent. Boyet Papa mentioned that after making
sure that his family is safe he started going around their community to help other families.
Boyet is a reserve army member and have some technical know-how on do disaster rescue.
Boyet narrated an unforgettable experience which is when he was able to rescue a newborn
baby. Nilagay ko silang mag-ina sa palanggana tapos inalalayan ko ung palanggana habang
lumulutang sa baha. He said that he was relieved when he went to a safe place. Boyet also
41 | P a g e

narrated how he took the wood from the houses that collapsed and made it into a bridge so
people can cross and make it to a safe place. He said that sa aking experience ang pagiging
kalmado ay importante lalo na sa mga panaho ng trahedya tulad ng sa Ondoy.
Another such story was recounted by Nanay Letty. She said during Ondoy they had a feast,
ung kasing isa sa mga alaga ng anak kong baboy nalunod kaya kinatay na namin, sakto naman
na ung ilang nakituloy sa bahay ng anak kong may third floor eh merong dalang gasul, ung isa
may dalang kaldero, ung isa may dalang mantika, kaya nakapagluto kami ng ulam, tapos
dumating si Pastor Jun ng King Solomon, nakita nya kami kaya nagbigay sya ng bigas at asin
kaya ayon para kaming nagkaroon ng salu- salo habang tumataas ang tubig baha.
In a related account, Ms. Nita Quintos, another resident said that during these hard times she
can see the bayanihan more than ever. She said that ung mga taong akala mo walang
pakialam say o, pagdating ng kagipitang tulad nito magugulat ka na lang kasi sila ung
pagtatanong say o kung meron ka pang pagkain o kaya damit na maisusuot, kaya nakakatuwa
rin kasi tuwing may ganityong angyayari lumalabas ang pagiging magkakapitbahayan
naming. Nita mentioned that the women in their community expressed their helpfulness
through cooking meals for their neighbors. Generally, people shared whatever they have to
those who have nothing.
Furthermore, it was observed by one of the youth representative Edwin Asuy that during the
flood some of the people took the opportunity for economic transaction. Ang ginagawa po
nila nangangalakak ng mga lumulutang na gamit. O kaya ung iba nagsi-side line ng bangka
bangkaan, pagkakataon din po kasing kumita. During the Ondoy, Edwin said that he was
transported by his uncle to his grandmothers house to help, but he felt him there and did not
come back, so he have no one to help him rescue his grandparents and because the house of
his grandmother was submerged in water they have to stay in the roof for two or more hours.
Nanay Lourdes also shared the story of his nephew, Dudoy, 28 years old, and a former tricycle
driver in the area. She said the he helped a lot people during the Ondoy, he took out his airbed
and rescue people from their roof to a safer place. However, because of this heroic act he was
infected with leptospirosis he was confined for twenty (20) days in San Lazaro Hospital, luckily
he got better and was released. He stayed in the province for almost a year. Recently he came
back here and after a few days he collapses. When he was diagnosed it was found out that his
leptospirosis affected his lungs. He is now getting medication and was advice to stay in the
province for cleaner environment.

42 | P a g e

E.2. Bayanihan Spirit During Fire

According to Ate Belen, her pain for the loss of property was gradually taken over by the
kindness showed to her family and the rest of the victims of the fire by their neighbors and
other people. She mentioned that they were offered a roof to stay by his Pareng Boy Balmes
(who is also present in the FGD). It wasnt expected because he was a very quiet person and
doesnt seem to care. Other families stayed in sidewalks of Don Pepe and were helped by the
local government and then other NGOs like GK. It took at least two months before we were
able to go back to our own place.
F. Analysis of the FGD Data
The experiences of the attendees of the FGD showed how vulnerable they are during disaster
such as flood and fire. They clearly have no Safety Operations Procedures (SOP) before, during
and after a disaster. Theirs was a reactive practice of taking their things up when they saw the
flood water coming and/or running out of their houses in case of fire. The lack of early warning
system shows that disaster mitigation is not the priority of the barangay government and the
community itself. It was repeatedly stated that during Ondoy they were shocked to see the
flood rising so fast, that they were not rescued immediately, and that they have to improvise
rescue equipment (Styrofoam, pail, airbed, etc.) in order for them to rescue one another.
This is in-contrast to the experience of Brgys. Rizal (Makati) and Manguin (Dagupan) wherein
the local government and the community people take part in making their communities less
vulnerable to disasters (earthquake and flood) by making sure that they have early warning
system and enough vulnerability assessment data and technical know-how. The capability
training helped both communities lessen their vulnerability. In the situation of Blk. 465, the
community meets the components of being a socially, economically and physically vulnerable.

43 | P a g e

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based on the data gathered by the researchers, the following findings are enumerated as
follows:
1. The demographic data of the respondents shows that the respondents are mostly
mothers under the age bracket of 51 and above. They are longtime residents of the
Block and are mostly homeowners.
2. In relation with the three (3) vulnerability factors (social, economic and physical) the
researchers found the following:
2.1. Social Factors
Most of the households have at least 1 to 5 families living in one house.
However, the sizes of their houses are too small to accommodate the number of
families living in the house.
There are more females who are 18 to 60 years old than males.
The communitys age trend is aging.
Most of the household members reached High School level only while there are
less household members who are currently studying.
2.2. Economic factors
Most of the respondents are self-employed (drivers-tricycles, taxi, store owners),
others have blue collar jobs such as in construction, fast foods, and factories.
These jobs do not have permanent status and are mostly contractual based.
The data shows that most of the families in Groups 1, 2 and 3 have 5,000 and
below income. This shows that most of the residents are earning below the
minimum wage.

44 | P a g e

2.3. Physical factors

Most houses are made of concrete and wood however, there are still houses
which are made of wood only.
In addition, most of the houses in Blk. 465 are 2 Storey this is due to their
experience of frequent flood.
In terms of the location of the houses, very few are in-front of the road and most
are located inside the alleys.
The area is like a catch basin of District 1 - Quezon City. All the flood water
coming from the nearby areas comes down in their Barangay. These waters are
coming from major canals and rivers such as the Talayan Creek along Araneta
Avenue.
3. In terms of disaster occurrence experienced in Blk. 465, GK-STC Community - all 41
respondents related that flooding is the most common disaster occurrence in the area.
For the past five years, theyve related that their experience during Ondoy was the
worst because it submerged the whole Blk. 465 in flood. They also experienced
occasional fire (1976 and 2004). The respondents seldom experience earthquake in the
area.
They have acquired a particular routine or practice during flooding which is to go
up to their roof and wait for the water to subside. Some expressed that they
enjoyed the flood experience because the bayanihan spirit is evident.
Aside from flood, fire is one of the most common disaster occurrences in the
block. The FGD attendees said that they can remember two big fire incidences
which happened in 1976 and 2004.
The loss of all their belonging is nothing compared to the loss of their loved ones.
Fortunately, there is only one casualty during Ondoy.
Major disaster experiences in the area happened almost every 10 years 1976
(flood), 1986 (flood), 1996 (flood) 2004 (fire) and 2009 (flood)
As learning to this experience, most residents watch out for the signs of heavy
rains to make sure that their belonging are in the upper part of their houses and
them in the highest areas possible.
The respondents are not very alarmed about fire because they always help each
other to stop it before it becomes unmanageable.
The Bayanihan Spirit of the community comes out every time there is a tragedy.

45 | P a g e

CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
Blk. 465 Groups 1, 2 and 3 meets the components of being a socially, economically and
physically vulnerable.
Blk. 465-Groups 1, 2 and 3 is highly vulnerable in terms of social factors since it is highly
populated. In addition, the communitys age trend is aging which is a possible threat since
it is harder to rescue older people due to their physical condition as what Amanda
Barusch mentioned in her editorial for the Journal of Gerontological Social Work.
Since most of the residents have reached only high school, most of them were not able to
have income that is enough to sustain their familys basic needs such as education, health
and general welfare. As a result, few of them resorted to having odd sources of income.
Moreover, their lack of economic means made them more vulnerable to hazard impacts
since they do not have any means to spend on preventive measures, emergency supplies,
recovery efforts and house improvements.
In terms of physical location of the area, Blk. 465-Groups 1, 2 and 3 is highly vulnerable
since they serve as the catch basin of District 1, Quezon City.
The residents of Blk. 465-Groups 1, 2 and 3 made themselves resilient to flood and fire by
making their houses concrete with upper floors. However, this measure is not enough
during Ondoy since most of the houses were submerge to water up to their roof.
The community has no Safety Operations Procedures (SOP) before, during and after a
disaster as well as an early warning system which shows that disaster mitigation is not the
priority of the barangay government and the community itself.
Although the residents of Blk. 465-Groups 1, 2 and 3 have their own way of responding to
disasters, the researchers concluded that it is not adequate in lessening their
vulnerabilities.

46 | P a g e

RECOMMENDATION
Based on the conclusions obtained from the findings of the study, the following
recommendations are suggested:
For Blk. 465 Sto. Domingo Residents and Community Partners
There should be close participation with the local government programs in relation with
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) which will lead to enhancement of
their skills and technical know-how.
Since the area is a catch basin of District 1, prevention of flooding is not possible,
however, having a regular clean-up drives in their area can reduce the clogging of their
waterways and eventually lessen the receding time of flood.
Use the findings of this study in planning the Community Development Plan (CDP) of Blk.
465. Especially in the location, type of houses and other structures to be built.
For Barangay Administrators and Local Government
A disaster mapping should be conducted not only to the Block but to the whole Brgy. Sto.
Domingo to show the extent of vulnerability of the area and to make necessary actions to
lessen it. Since there is already available data on the disaster vulnerability of Blk. 465Groups 1, 2 and 3 it is highly recommended that the whole barangay be profiled to
generate sufficient disaster data for a map. The researchers already attempted to make a
disaster map of Blk. 465-Groups 1, 2 and 3 but did not push through since the sample area
is too small to show the vulnerability situation of the whole barangay.
There should be available rescue equipment (life vests, boats, ropes, flash lights and etc.)
in every block instead of having it in just one place which is the present set-up. Since Brgy.
Sto. Domingo is a big barangay (90 hectares) making sure that the blocks have their own
rescue equipment will make rescue and relief operations during disaster easier and faster.
Blk. 465 should have an early warning system instead of having a reactive practice; the
community people should devise a plan on how to warn each resident before the disaster
strike.

47 | P a g e

There should also be a community evacuation drill on flood and fire. The Barangay
Government of Sto. Domingo is already planning to conduct an evacuation drill this year.
The drill will ready the residents on what to do during flood and or fire which are vital
since they frequently experience these hazards. The learning that they will have in the
conduct of the evacuation drill can save their lives when the real incident occurs.
Furthermore, it is recommended that the Barangay Government of Sto. Domingo
strengthened their partnership with Blk. 465 residents by preparing a disaster evacuation
with the community people. The creation of this plan with them will make sure that their
awareness on their situation is raised and they as part of the whole community will work
towards the achievement of lessening these vulnerabilities.
Activation of the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (DRRMC) in the Barangay
and trickle it down to Blocks. This way first responder teams per block can be activated
and be trained on first aid as well as rescue and relief operations. The knowledge that the
resident can obtain on these trainings is vital in making sure that they can help their
communities properly during disaster.
Finally, there should be a continuous information and education campaign (IEC) on
disaster risk reduction in the Block.
For Future Researchers
This study should be replicated in the whole Barangay Sto. Domingo to come up with a
disaster map of the area.
Use this study as a baseline data for subsequent similar research exploring which
mitigation plan would be most effective for Blk. 465.

48 | P a g e

APPENDIX

49 | P a g e

APPENDIX A
VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF SOME RESIDENTS OF GK-STC, BLK. 465 STO. DOMINGO, QUEZON CITY
INTERVIEWEE
: __________________________________ EDAD : ________ KASARIAN: ______
POSISYON SA PAMILYA : ________________________________________________________________
=============================================================================================

I.

Social na Impormasyon (Panlipunang Impormasyon)

Ilan ang miyembro ng sambahayan?( ) 1 5

pataas

( ) 6 10

( ) 11 15

( ) 16 20

Anu-ano ang edad at kasarian ng mga miyembro ng sambahayan ?

0- 10 taon
11 17 taon
18 30 taon
31 59 taon
Babae
Lalaki
Babae
Lalaki
Babae
Lalaki
Babae
Lalaki

( ) 21

60 pataas
Babae
Lalaki

Ilan ang may Kapansanan o karamdaman at anu ano ito?

Kapansanan
(
(
(
(

) sensory: Bulag, pipi, bingi

) pisikal: kulang ang bahagi ng katawan (kamay/paa)
) mental: autism, retardation, etc.
) iba pa: ___________________________________

Karamdaman
(
(
(
(

) URTI/Tuberculosis
( ) Hypertension
) Cardiovascular Diseases ( ) Diabetes
) Cancer
( ) Liver Cirrhosis
) Iba pa _____________________________

Ilan ang nakapag-aral sa sambahayan? _______

Ano ang pinakamataas na antas ng pinag-aralan?

Ilan ang kasalukuyang nag-aaral sa sambahayan? ____

Nasa anong antas na?

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

) Elementary
) High School
) College: __________________
) Vocational: _______________

) Elementary
) High School
) College: __________________
) Vocational: _______________

50 | P a g e

II. Ekonomikal na Kalagayan (Pang-ekonomiyang Katayuan)

Mga Nagtatrabaho sa Pamilya
Miyembro
Trabaho
Tatay
Nanay
Iba pa

5,000 - pababa

Kita/Sahod kada Buwan

5,001 8,999
9,000 10,999

Iba pang Pinagkakakitaan ng Pamilya: _________________

11,000 - pataas

Magkano ang Kita: ______________

III. Pisikal na Impormasyon

Ilang taon nang nakatira sa Blk. 465: ___________________________________
Uri ng Paninirahan
a. May-ari
b. GK beneficiary

c. Caretaker
d. GK Renter

e. Renter/Boarder (magkano/buwan) ________

f. Iba pa: ______________________________

Uri ng Materyales ng Tirahan

a. Kongkreto

b. Kahoy

c. Kombinasyon (kongkreto at kahoy)

Ilang Palapag
a. One Storey

b. Two Storey

c. Three Storey

Lokasyon ng Tirahan
a. Tapat ng Kalsada

b. malapit sa ilog/kanal c. Nasa looban

Mga Makikita sa lugar

a. Simbahan
e. Palengke
h. Paaralan

b. Department Stores
f. Barangay Hall
- Daycare/Pre-school
- High School

d. Iba pa ___________

d. iba pa ____________

c. Grocery
d. Sari-Sari Store
g. Hospital/Health Centers
- Elementary
- Colleges/Universities/Vocational

51 | P a g e

IV. Mga Karanasan sa Sakuna

Nakaranas ka na ba o ang iyong pamilya ng sakuna sa lugar na ito? Oo _____

Hindi _____

Kelan ito naganap (maari ang higit sa isang sagot? Anong uri ng sakuna ito?
Kelan Naganap
Uri ng Sakuna

1-5 taon na
ang nakaraan

6 10 taon
na nakaraan

Gaano Kalubha*
11- pataas
taon na
nakaraan

Di Gaano

Malubha

Malubhang malubha

Lindol
Baha
Sunog
Iba pa

* Batayan sa Kalubhaan
Di Gaano
Malubha

Malubhang malubha

Lindol (magnitude)
1-3/ paggalaw ng mga
gamit sa bahay at paligid
4-6/ pagguho ng istraktura

Baha
Hanggang Tuhod

6-pataas/ kinailangan ng
lumikas

Lampas bahay
kinailangan ng
lumikas

Hanggang beywang
- Lampas Tao

Sunog
Patutupok ang apoy ng
mga residente
Natupok ang ilang
kabahayan at kinailangan
ng Bumbero (alarm no. 13)
Natupok ang lampas sa
kalahati ng mga bahay
(umabot sa 4-5 alarma)

52 | P a g e

APPENDIX B

Tabulated Data (Groups 1, 2 and 3)

Res. No.

Grp

Pangalan

Address

Surname

First Name

Posisyon sa Pamilya
Nanay

Tatay

1
2
3

1
1
1

14 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.
14 Maria Clara St.

Balmez
Austria
Vargas

Magdalene
Leo
Noree

4
5

1
1

14 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.

Cunan
Cruz

Lina
Yolanda

1
1

14 Maria Clara St.

Austria

Gina

7
8
9

1
1
1

14 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.
14 Maria Clara St.

San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan

Amie
Marylyn
Primo

1
1

10

14 Maria Clara St.

Valera

Pedro

11
12

1
1

16 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.

Badrina
Fuentes

Ernesto
Val

1
1
5

17

Delcampo

Jhun Lloyd

18
19

2
2

14 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.

Andaya
Andaya

Leonila
Ma. Salome

1
1

21
27

2
2

23 Maria Clara St.

21 Don Pepe St.

Quintos
Ignacio

Nita
Joan

1
1

28

23 Don Pepe St.

Gonzales

Elena

29

23 Don Pepe St.

Belisario

Emma

30

23 Don Pepe St.

Belisario

Ramil

31

23 Don Pepe St.

Belisario

Rodel

32
33
34
35
36
37

2
2
2
2
2
2

135 Maria Clara St.

135 Maria Clara St.
135 Maria Clara St.
135 Maria Clara St.

Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

panganay

pangalawa

widow
1

single

1
1
1
1

23
24
25
26

3
3
3
3

14 Maria Clara St.

14 Maria Clara St.
14 Maria Clara St.
17 Don Pepe St.

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana

1
1
1
1

20

21 Don Pepe St.

Uy

Gamebba

13

Verga

Amado

14
15
22
16
38

3
3
3
3
3

Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray

Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn

39
40
41

3
3
3

Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

14 Maria Clara St.

Iba Pa

14 Maria Clara St.

Anak

1
1
1
5

pang-apat
pangalawa
panganay
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11

53 | P a g e

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Pangalan
Surname
First Name
Balmez
Magdalene
Austria
Leo
Vargas
Noree
Cunan
Lina
Cruz
Yolanda
Austria
Gina
San Pedro
Amie
Alarcon
Marylyn

9
10
11
12

1
1
1
1

Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

Res.
No.

Grp

Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val

Edad

20 & below

55
45
58
64
62
43
46
29

21 -30 y/o

Edad
31-40 y/o

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

13
75
54
43
27
33
31
29
36
56
33
65
19
32
36

23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

25
44
62
47
41
57
32
67
67
43
32
39
70
48

51 & up
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

59
56
52
43

17
18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

41-50 y/o

Kasarian
Babae
Lalaki
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
0
1

1
4

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
1

1
1
6

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
5

1
1

1
1
1
1
5
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12

54 | P a g e

Res.
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
17
18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

Grp.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Pangalan
Surname

Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes
Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan
Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

First Name

Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn
Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val
Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce
Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

Blg. Ng Pamilya sa
sambahayan

5
3
3
7
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
29
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
26
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
2
22

1 fam.

2-3 fam

4-6 fam

7 & up

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

2
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9

1
4

55 | P a g e

Res.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Grp
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Pangalan
Surname
Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

Ilan ang miyembro ng sambahayan

First Name

Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn
Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val

1-5

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

16 - 20

21 - up
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4

0
1

2
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8

23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

11 - 15
1
1

3
17
18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

6 - 10

1
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5

1
6

56 | P a g e

Res.
No.

Pangalan

Grp

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Surname
Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon

First Name
Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn

Licaunan

Primo

10
11

1
1

Valera
Badrina

Pedro
Ernesto

12

Fuentes

Val

0 - 10 years old

11 - 17 years old

Babae
1
0
0
6
2
2
1
1

Lalaki
2
0
4
9
1
1
1
1

Babae
3
0
0
2
1
1
1

18 - 30 years old

1
1

14

1
24

1
26

15

21

5
14

14

1
27

1
2

28
29
30
31

2
2
2
2

Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario

Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel

32
33

2
2

Leynes
Lopez

Emilita
Eva

1
1

34

Lopez

Saturnina

35
36

2
2

Leynes
Fajardo

Beverly
Rosie

1
2

37

Sacasan

Joyce

5
15
3

3
15
4
1

5
13
1
2

4
10
1

1
3

2
1

Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

Babae
0
0
2
1
1

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan

Luzviminda
Maan

Lalaki
2
2
1
7
1
1
1
1

Lalaki
4
2
1
3

Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio

Nabua
Catunga

Babae
3
2
1
7
2
1
1

Babae
11
6
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3

60 and up years old

Lalaki
3
2
1
6

17
18
19
21
27

23
24

31 - 59 years old

1
3
3

12

2
1

1
1

2
1

9
1

2
2

1
11

1
2
3
2
13

1
1

1
1

10

1
7

2
4

9
3
1

5
18

3
11

1
1

1
1

1
2

1
1

1
1

2
1
1
1
3

Lalaki
1
0
0
0
1

4
3
13

1
2
3
1
1
1
4
1
16

1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
17

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
4

57 | P a g e

Res.
No.

Grp

Pangalan
Surname

First Name

1
2
3
4
5

1
1
1
1
1

Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz

Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda

Austria

Gina

San Pedro

Amie

8
9

1
1

Alarcon
Licaunan

Marylyn
Primo

10
11
12

1
1
1

Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

Pedro
Ernesto
Val

17

Delcampo

Jhun Lloyd

18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

Blg. Ng may Kapansanan o karamdamam

Sensory

Pisikal

Mental

Iba Pa

Wala

HB

Diabetes

Cancer

Arthritis

Asthma

Iba Pa

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1

Stroke

1
1

1
1

1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14

1
1
1
8
1

1
1

1
3

Wala

1
1
1

2
1

1
1
1
10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

58 | P a g e

1
1
1
1
9

Res.
No.

Pangalan
Grp

Surname

First Name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn
Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val

17
18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

Blg. Ng Nakapag-aral sa sambahayan

walang
Elem.
HS
College
Voca.
sagot

1
1
1
4
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

1
10
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

6
1

7
1

0
1

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1

1
2

1
1
1
1
1
5

1
1
1
7
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
4

1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1

5
23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Blg. ng Kasalukuyang nag-aral sa sambahayan

walang
Elem.
HS
College
Voca.
sagot

1
1
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9

1
2
1

1
1

1
1
1

1
9

1
4

1
1
1
1

59 | P a g e

Res.
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Grp

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Surname

Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

Pangalan
First Name

Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn
Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val

17
18
19
21
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Delcampo
Andaya
Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario
Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila
Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil
Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

23
24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Nabua
Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Luzviminda
Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

Mga Makikita sa lugar

Sari-sari store
Daycare

Iba Pa

1
1
1
Buddha Care
Buddha Care
Buddha Care

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

may-ari ng pachamama

Karanasan sa Salamidad/Sakuna
Oo
Hindi

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14

60 | P a g e

Res.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Grp
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Pangalan
Surname
Balmez
Austria
Vargas
Cunan
Cruz
Austria
San Pedro
Alarcon
Licaunan
Valera
Badrina
Fuentes

First Name
Magdalene
Leo
Noree
Lina
Yolanda
Gina
Amie
Marylyn
Primo
Pedro
Ernesto
Val

Uri ng sakuna
Lindol

Baha

Sunog

1-5

6 -10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

17
18

2
2

Delcampo
Andaya

Jhun Lloyd
Leonila

1
11
1
1

19
21
27
28
29
30

2
2
2
2
2
2

Andaya
Quintos
Ignacio
Gonzales
Belisario
Belisario

Ma. Salome
Nita
Joan
Elena
Emma
Ramil

1
1
1
1
1
1

31
32
33
34
35
36
37

2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Belisario
Leynes
Lopez
Lopez
Leynes
Fajardo
Sacasan

Rodel
Emilita
Eva
Saturnina
Beverly
Rosie
Joyce

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15

23

Nabua

Luzviminda

24
25
26
20
13
14
15
22
16
38
39
40
41

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Catunga
Cunanan
Almerino
Uy
Verga
Papa
Asuy
ASuy
Cedro
Viray
Sanguyo
Torregosa
Mandin

Maan
Purita
Ana
Gamebba
Amado
Jerry Lito
Ester
Leticia
Rosario
Marilyn
Myrnalyn
Ceferina
Rosalinda

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14

1
1
6

Kelan Naganap

Gaano Kalubha

11 pataas

Di Gaano

Malubha

Malubhang
Malubha

1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
6

1
8

1
5

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14

1
1
1
1
1
7

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9

1
6

1
3

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1
7

1
5

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
12

1
1

1
6

61 | P a g e

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14

APPENDIX C
List of Attendees
Focus Group Discussion held last March 1, 2012, around 8:00 in the evening at Philippine
Benevolent Missionaries Association Maria Clara Sub-Chapter Office (3/F of Nanay Sylvias
house). There are 15 residents who came to the FGD and they are as follows:
Residents
1. Evelyn Belen Ariza
2. Boyet Papa
3. Boy Balmes
4. Emie Leynes
5. Nanay Sion
6. Gina Austria
7. Lourdes Castillo
8. Nita Quintos
9. Primo Licaunan
10. Letty Asuy
11. Sylvia Hermida
12. Edwin Asuy
13. Rosario Chayong Baylon
14. Kuya Junior
15. Juanito Caber
Workers
16. Shiela Garduque
17. Rizaline Sta. Ines
18. Ena marie Monter
19. Joyce Sy
20. Jay Tamani

62 | P a g e

APPENDIX D
Maps
A. Quezon City Map
285000

286000

287000

288000

289000

290000

291000

292000

293000

294000

295000

296000

297000

298000

299000

1633000

1633000

1634000

1634000

284000

1632000

1632000

QUEZON CITY

1631000

1631000

BARANGAY MAP

Pasong Putik Proper

1630000

1630000

Novaliches Resevoir
Kaligayahan

San Agustin

1629000

1629000

Greater Lagro

Nagkaisang Nayon

Novaliches Proper

1628000

1628000

Sta. Monica

Capri

North Fairview

Gulod

1627000

1627000

Payatas
Sta. Lucia
Bagong Silangan

San Bartolome

Fairview

1626000

1626000

Commonwealth

Bagbag

DISTRICT II
1625000

1625000

Sauyo

Talipapa
Holy Spirit

Batasan Hills

Pasong Tamo

1624000

1624000

Tandang Sora

1623000

1623000

Sangandaan

Baesa
Culiat

Bahay Toro

Matandang Balara

Balumbato

Bagong Pagasa
Project 6

1622000

Ramon Magsaysay

Unang Sigaw

1622000

New Era

Alicia

Sto. Cristo
Katipunan

VASRA

Apolonio Samson

U.P. Campus
Old Capitol
Site

Balingasa
QMC
San Antonio
Bungad

U.P. Village

Teachers
Village
East

Central

Paltok

Del Monte

West Triangle

1620000

1620000

Damar

East Triangle

Teachers
Village
West

Masambong

Manresa
San Jose

Pansol

North Triangle

Phil-Am

DISTRICT I

Pag-ibig sa Nayon

San
Vicente

1621000

1621000

Veterans Village

Krus na Ligas

Nayong Kanluran
Loyola Heights
South Triangle

Paraiso

Sikatuna Village

Sienna

St. Peter

Botocan

Pinyahan
Talayan

Mariblo

1619000

1619000

Damayan

Sta. Cruz
Quirino 2-C

Malaya

Maharlika
N.S.
Amoranto

Paligsahan

Laging Handa
East Kamias

Sacred Heart
West Kamias

Sto. Domingo

Quirino 2-B

Salvacion

DISTRICT IV

Escopa
III

Silangan
E. Rodriguez

Pinagkaisahan

Mangga

Kalusugan
Immaculate
Concepcion

Sta. Teresita

IV

Milagrosa

Kaunlaran

Damayang Lagi

San Martin
de Porres

Socorro

Masagana

1000

1000

2000

3000 Meters
1617000

Doa Imelda

Blue Ridge
A

Dioquino Zobel

Mariana

Doa
Aurora

II

Tagumpay

Doa Josefa

1617000

Marilag
Bagumbuhay

DISTRICT III

Tatalon

Don Manuel

Duyan-duyan
Quirino 3-A

Kamuning

Kristong Hari

San Isidro
Labrador

Amihan
Claro

Quirino 2-A

Obrero
Roxas

Lourdes

1618000

1618000

Paang
Bundok

Blue Ridge
B

San Roque
Villa Maria
Clara

Libis

Bayanihan
San Isidro
St. Ignatius

Horseshoe
Valencia

Santol

Bagong Lipunan ng Crame

1616000

1616000

Sto. Nio

Bagumbayan

Camp Aguinaldo

1615000

1615000

White Plains

1614000

1614000

Ugong Norte

284000

285000

286000

287000

288000

289000

290000

291000

292000

293000

294000

295000

296000

297000

298000

299000

63 | P a g e

B. Brgy. Sto. Domingo

E
_AV
_SR
O
NT
RA
MO
A
_
S
N_
PA
CO
MA

DON_JOSE

STO. DOMINGO

E
RANETA_AV
GREGORIO_A

BARANGAY

T
MA
SA

VE
E_A
AW
BAN

E
_AV
GO
MIN
_DO
STO

DO
GA
RE
G
A
_
EL
NU
MA
_
N
DO
T
MA
SA
BA
LAM
CA

OK
AT

VE
_A
AIB

N
OU
SIM

SS
_PA
AD
R
I
T

R
LO
_F
P

AK
BI

A
AR
CL
IA_
R
MA

NA
TO
BA

N
A
IT
AP
D

E
AV
E_
W
NA
BA

_M
N
E
S

U
_C
_J
O
N
IA
R
A

N
E
R
O
L
_F
P

N
TI

C
EN

N
E

O
N
TI

R
_S
O

E
V
_A
N
O
EZ
U
Q

64 | P a g e

C. Blk. 465 Gk-STC Village, Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Quezon City

65 | P a g e

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

66 | P a g e

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Studies
February 28, 2010. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Megacities: A Pilot
Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu: Risk-Sensitive Urban Redevelopment Plan.
City Government of Makati, Earthquake and Megacities Initiatives (EMI), German
Federal Foreign Affairs Office
2009. Metro Manila City Profile: Climate and Disaster Resilience. City Government of
Makati, Metro Manila Planning and Development Officers Association, Inc. and Kyoto
University
2010. Research Study on Community Profile of GK-STC, Block 465, Maria Clara, Barangay
Sto. Domingo, Quezon City. ASI Social Work Students
Japan International Cooperation Agency, Metro Manila Development Authority, and
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2004). Metro Manila Earthquake
Impact Reduction Study.
Fernando Germar, Tabassam Raza, and Fouad Bendimerad, Report on Rapid Visual
Screening of Buildings for Seismic Vulnerability, Working Paper, Makati Risk-Sensitive
Redevelopment Planning Project, Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, Philippines,
June 3, 2009.)

Books
June 2011. Signing Ceremony for the Approval of the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Framework. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
October 2005. Setting Priorities: Global Patterns of Disaster Risk. Maxx Dilley. United
Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Scientific
Discussion on Extreme Natural Hazards Royal Society, London
Community Based Vulnerability Assessment, A Guide on Engaging Communities in
Understanding Social and Physical Vulnerability to Disasters. Emergency Demonstration
Project Partners, UNC Institute for the Environment
Global Crisis Solutions. Understanding Vulnerability Ensuring Appropriate and Effective
Responses
Disaster preparedness and management tools pages 489
67 | P a g e

Bolin, R, (2006). Race, Class, and Disaster Vulnerability. In E.L. Qaurrante III and R.
Dynes (eds), Handbook of Disaster Research, New York: Springer, pp. 133-129.
S. Yodmani. Disaster Risk Management and Vulnerability Reduction: Protecting the
Poor, (February, 2001.)
Randolf Kent (1994). Disaster Preparedness module.
Zastrow, Charles. 2010. The Practice of Social Work: A Comprehensive Worktext. 9th
Edition, Brooks/ Cole, 10 Davis Drive, Belmont CA, USA.
Ledwith, Margaret. 2005. Community Development: A Critical Approach. The Policy
Press, University of Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Road, Bristol UK.
Calderon, Jose. 1993. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Manila: National
Bookstore.

Thesis/Dissertations
January 2010. An Earthquake Risk Assessment of the 33 Barangays of Makati City. Reyne
June Bawisan, Master of Arts, School of Urban and Regional Planning (SURP), UP Diliman
Other Publications
Brooks, N. 2003. Vulnerability, Risk and Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework. Working
Paper 38, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich, United Kingdom.
Dow, K. 1992. Exploring Differences in Our Common Future (2): The Meaning of
Vulnerability to Global Environmental Change. Geoforum 23.
Adger, W.N. and M. Kelly. 1999. Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the
Architecture of Entitlements: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 4
Yohe, G. and R.S. Tol. 2002. Indicators for Social and Economic Coping Capacity Moving
Towards a Working Definition of Adaptive Capacity on Global Environmental Change.
Clark, G.E. et al., 1998. Assessing the vulnerability of coastal communities to extreme
storms: the case of Revere, MA., USA. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global
Change, 3(1): 59-82.

68 | P a g e

Ngo, E.B. (2001). When disasters and age collide: Reviewing vulnerability of the elderly.
Natural Hazards Review, 2, 8089.
Lew, E.O., & Wetli, C.V. (1996). Mortality from hurricane Andrew. Journal of Forensic
Science, 41, 449452.
CDC-ARC (1997). American Red Cross Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Health Impact Surveillance System for Disasters: Report to American Red Cross for Years
1994, 1995, 1996. Atlanta, GA: Health Studies Branch, EHHE/NCEH, CDC.
Barusch, Amanda S. (2011) Disaster, Vulnerability, and Older Adults: Towards a Social
Work Response, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54:4, 347-350.
Burton, I., R. W. Kates, and G.F white. 1993 the environment at hazard New York
Guildford.

Maps
Quezon City Maps c/o City Government of Quezon City through the City Planning and
Development Office
PRA Report On Social Mapping, Block 465, Maria Clara, Gk-Stc, Bgy. Sto. Domingo,
Quezon City, December 27, 2010

69 | P a g e