3D PRINTER

Description:
3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three
dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material. It is
also known as rapid prototyping, is a mechanized method whereby 3D objects
are quickly made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer
containing blueprints for the object. The 3D printing concept of custom
manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone. This revolutionary method for
creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology saves time and cost by
eliminating the need to design; print and glue together separate model parts.
Now, you can create a complete model in a single process using 3D printing. The
basic principles include materials cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation
of code into a visible pattern. The first printing machine was invented by
JOHANNES GUTENBERG in the year 1438 .Later the first commercial 3D printer
was based on a technique called stereo lithography. This was invented by
Charles Hull in 1984.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Apart from 3D printing been a new area of research study, its areas of
concentration are also countless too. For that purpose, our research is narrowed
down to the applications, benefits and importance of 3D printing to rapid
prototyping.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

3D printing technology is very important in production today because it helps
the rapid prototyping as well as the production industry to significantly reduce
the cost and amount of time involved in production.

BRIEF HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING

The inception of 3D printing can be traced back to 1976, when the inkjet printer
was invented. In 1984, adaptations and advances on the inkjet concept morphed
the technology from printing with ink to printing with materials when Charles
Hull, later the co-founder of 3D Systems, invented stereo lithography, a printing
process that enables a tangible 3D object to be created from digital data. In
1992, 3D systems invented the first stereo lithographic apparatus (SLA)
machine. The machines process involved a ultraviolet (UV) laser solidifying
photopolymer, a liquid with the viscosity and color of honey that makes the
three-dimensional parts layer by layer. Although this was imperfect at that time,

the machine proved that highly complex parts could be manufactured overnight.
In 1999, the first lab-grown organ implant was successfully carried out when a
young patient underwent a urinary bladder augmentation using a 3-D synthetic
scaffold coated with his own cells. The technology developed by scientists at the
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, opened the door to developing
other strategies for
engineering organs, including printing them. Because they were made with a
patients own cells, there was little to no risk of rejection. Another break-through
was achieved in the field of medicine in 2002 when a group of American
scientists engineer a miniature functional kidney that was able to filter blood and
produce diluted urine in an animal. The development led to research at the Wake
Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine that aims to print organs and tissues
using 3D printing technology. In 2005, Dr. Adrian Bowyer at University of Bath
found Rep Rap, an open-source initiative to build a 3D printer that can print most
of its own components. 2006 saw another tremendous improvement in 3D
printing when the first SLS (selective laser 3D Printer sintering) machine became
viable. This type of machine uses a laser to fuse materials into 3D products.
Following its launch in 2005, Rep Rap Project released Darwin, the first selfreplicating printer that is able to print the majority of its own components in
2008, allowing users who already have one to make more printers for their
friends. In the same year, Shape ways, a Dutch founded, New York based 3D
printing marketplace and service Startup Company launched a private beta for a
new co-creation service and community allowing artists, architects and designers
to make their 3D designs as physical objects inexpensively. 2008 saw another
major breakthrough for prosthetics when the first person walked on a 3D-printed
prosthetic leg, with all parts including knee, foot, socket, etc. printed in the same
complex structure without any assembling. The development led to the creation
of Bespoke Innovations, a manufacturer of prosthetic devices which makes
customized coverings that surround prosthetic legs. In 2009, DIY kits for 3D
printers entered the marketplace when Maker Bot Industries, an open-source
hardware company for 3D printers, sold DIY kits that allow buyers to make their
own 3D printers and products. In 2010, 3D printing found its way in the aviation
industry when engineers at the University of Southampton design and flew the
worlds first 3D-printed aircraft. 3D printing allowed the plane to be built with
elliptical wings, a normally expensive feature that helps improve aerodynamic
efficiency and minimizes induced drag.

SOFTWARE USED:
NX 9.0 UnigraphicsNX, formerly known as NX Unigraphics or usually just UG, is an advanced highend CAD/CAM/CAE software. Here the virtual design is made in 3D design and
finally a 3-Dimensional object is created. The .prt file format is converted to .stl
file format.
Repetier hostThe Repetier-Host is a simple to use host software, which is be compatible with
most firmwares around. The .stl file format is converted to .gcode file format.
Marlin FirmwareFirmware is a program which resides on the printers motherboard. The firmware
is the link between software and hardware; it interprets commands from the G
code file and controls the motion accordingly.

HARDWARE USED:
Arduino Mega 2560- Arduino Mega2560 is more compatible with RAMPS 1.4
and with a RAMPS 1.4 specifically made for controlling 3D printers.
RAMPS 1.4 G code converter
"Rep Rap Arduino Mega Pololu Shield" and the 1.4 is version. It is the "Heart" of
any Rep Rap Machine. RAMPS should be powered with a 12V Power supply which
can supply a minimum of 5A, an additional 11A if we use a Heated Bed. It
consists an Arduino Mega 2560 board (or a clone), and a max of five Stepper
drivers.
NEMA 17 stepper motor
This Stepper Motor is perfect for any 3D Printer project; they are easy to work
with and provide a low vibration, low heat work. This is a high torque, low
resistance NEMA 17 stepper motor.
A4988 DriverThis tiny board which makes the stepper movement really smooth and silent.

Hot End ExtruderIt is mainly used for extrusion of PLA and ABS filament. 3D Printer
SMPS (switched mode power supply)-it is used to supply power to the
RAMPS 1.4 and stepper motor, ardino mega controller.

APPLICATION
1. Rapid Prototyping
Faster product development
Design iteratively
Reduce scrap and rework
Communicate ideas
2. Automotive and industrial manufacturing
Consolidate many components into a single complex part
Create production tooling
Produce spare parts and components
Speed up the product development cycle with rapid prototyping, form and fit
testing.
3. Aerospace
Create complex geometry parts not possible with traditional manufacturing
Control density, stiffness, and other material properties of a part; also grade
such properties over a part
Create lighter parts
4. Pharm/Healthcare
Plan surgery using precise anatomical models based on CT scan or MRI.
Develop custom orthopedic implants and prosthetics.

 Use 3-D printed cadavers for medical training.

Bio print live tissues for testing during drug development. 3D Printer 2015-2016
M.Tech (VLSI Design & Embedded Systems) Dept of ECE, TJIT Bangalore Page 27
5. Retail
Create custom toys, jewelry, games, home decorations, and other products
Print spare or replacement parts for auto or home repair, for example
Create custom protective gear for better fit and safety
Create custom spike plates for soccer shoes based on biomechanical data
Create multi-color and multi-material prototypes for product testing 3D Printer

REFERENCE
[1] AthanasiosAnastasiou, CharalambosTsirmpas, AlexandrosRompas, Kostas
Giokas, DimitrisKoutsouris, 3D Printing: Basic concepts Mathematics and
Technologies, Emilio Soto, Oscar Baez , Sergio Sosa, Modeling, Design and
Construction of Articulated Hand for use in prosthetics, with adaptive control in
Neural Networks based on mathematical model for finger. In Proceedings of the
Ninth Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Akio Doi, Hiroki
Takahashi, BuneiShuto, Masaaki Katayama, Hiroyuki Nagashima, Masahiro
Okumura,Design and application of tailor-made plates for treating fractures in
small animals,