Chapter Goals

After completing this chapter, you should be

able to:

Engineering Statistics

Describe key data collection methods

Know key definitions:

Chapter 1
The Where
Where, Why
Why, and How of
Data Collection

Population
P
l ti vs. S
Sample
l

Primary
Pi
vs. S
Secondary
d
d
data
t ttypes

Qualitative vs. Quantitative data

Time Series vs. Cross-Sectional data

Explain the difference between descriptive and

inferential statistics
Describe different sampling methods.
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Descriptive Statistics

Tools of Statistics

Collect data

Descriptive
p
statistics

e.g. Survey, Observation,

Collecting, presenting, and describing

data.

Experiments

Present data

Inferential statistics

e.g. Charts and graphs

Drawing conclusions and/or making

decisions concerning a population
based only
y on sample
p data.

Characterize data
e.g. Sample mean =

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n
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Data Sources

Survey Design Steps

Primary

Secondary

Data Collection

Data Compilation

Define the issue

what are the purpose and objectives of the
y
survey?

Print or Electronic
Observation

Define the population of interest

Formulate survey questions

Survey

make questions clear and unambiguous

use universally
universally-accepted
accepted definitions

E
Experimentation
i
t ti

limit the number of questions

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Survey Design Steps

((continued))

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Types of Questions
Closed-end Questions

Pre-test the survey

Select from a short list of defined choices

Example: Major: __business __engineering
__science
__
__other
__

pilot test with a small group of participants

assess clarity and length

Open-end Questions
Respondents are free to respond with any value, words, or
statement
Example: What did you like best about this course?

D
Determine
t
i th
the sample
l size
i and
d
p g method
sampling

Demographic Questions

Select sample and administer the

survey.

Questions about the respondents

respondents personal characteristics

Example: Gender: __Female __ Male

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Populations and Samples

Population vs. Sample

A Population
p
is the set of all items or individuals
of interest

Examples:

a b

All likely voters in the next election

All parts produced today
All vehicles p
pass a certain road

Examples:

Sample

cd

ef gh i jk l m n
x y

1000 voters selected at random for interview

A few p
parts selected for destructive testing
g
The only passenger car that pass-by

gi

o p q rs t u v w

A Sample
p is a subset of the p
population
p

Population

n
r

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Wh S
Why
Sample?
l ?

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Sampling Techniques
Samples

Less time consuming than a census

Less costly to administer than a census
It is
i possible
ibl tto obtain
bt i statistical
t ti ti l results
lt
y high
g p
precision based on
of a sufficiently
samples.

Non-Probability
S
Samples
l
Judgement
Convenience

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Probability Samples
Simple
Random

S t
Systematic
ti

Stratified

Cluster

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Statistical Sampling

Simple Random Samples

Items of the sample

p are chosen based on known
or calculable probabilities

Selection may be with replacement or without

replacement

Probability Samples

Simple

Stratified

Systematic

Every individual or item from the population has

an equal chance of being selected

Samples can be obtained from a table of

random numbers or computer random number
generators.

Cluster

Random

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Stratified Samples

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Systematic Samples

Population divided into subgroups (called strata)

according to some common characteristics
Simple random sample selected from each
subgroup
Samples from subgroups are combined into one
one.

Decide on sample size: n

Di
Divide
id fframe off N individuals
i di id l iinto
t groups off k
individuals: k=N/n
Randomly select one individual from the 1st
group
Select every
y kth individual thereafter.

Population
Divided
into 4
strata

N = 64
n=8

First Group

k=8

Sample
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Cluster Samples

Key Definitions

Population is divided into several clusters,

each representative of the population

A population is the entire collection of things

under consideration

A simple
p random sample
p of clusters is selected
All items in the selected clusters can be used, or items can be
chosen from a cluster using
g another p
probability
y sampling
p g
technique

A parameter is a summary measure computed to

describe a characteristic of the population

A sample is a portion of the population

selected for analysis
A statistic is a summary measure computed to
d
describe
ib a characteristic
h
i i off the
h sample
l

Population
p
divided into
16 clusters.

Randomly selected
clusters
l t
for
f sample
l
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Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics
Drawing conclusions and/or making decisions
concerning a population based on sample results.

Making
g statements about a p
population
p
by
y
examining sample results

(known)

Estimation
e
e.g.:
g : Estimate the population mean
weight using the sample mean
weight
i ht

Population parameters

Sample statistics

Inference

(unknown but can

(unknown,
be estimated from
sample evidence)

S
Sample
l

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Hypothesis
yp
Testing
g
e.g.: Use sample evidence to test
the claim that the population mean
weight is 120 pounds

Population

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Data Types

Data Types

Data

Time Series Data

Ordered data values observed over time
Qualitative
(Categorical)

Quantitative
(Numerical)

Cross Section Data

Examples:

Marital Status
Political Party
Eye Color
(Defined categories)

Discrete
Examples:

D
Data
t values
l
observed
b
d att a fi
fixed
d point
i t iin
time

Continuous
Examples:

Number of Children
Defects per hour
(C
(Counted
t d it
items))

Weight
Voltage
(M
(Measured
d
characteristics)
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Data Types

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Chapter Summary
Reviewed key
y data collection methods

Road length (in km)

2003

2004

2005

2006

Kab. A

435

460

475

490

Kab. B

320

345

375

395

Kab. C

400

405

410

420

Kab. D

260

270

285

290

Time
Series
Data

Introduced key definitions:

Population
P
l ti vs. S
Sample
l

Primary
Pi
vs. S
Secondary
d
d
data
t ttypes

Qualitative vs. Quantitative data

Time Series vs. Cross-Sectional data

Examined descriptive vs. inferential statistics

Described different sampling techniques
Reviewed data types.

Cross Section
Data
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Thank You

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