Roberto Crdenas
University of Chile
Av. Tupper #2007
Santiago, PC PC 8370451 , Chile
Email: matias.diaz@ing.uchile.cl
AbstractIn order to avoid stability problems, LVRT
requirements (Low Voltage Ride Through) demand Wind
Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) to remain connected to the
grid in the presence of grid voltages dips. Because 88% of the
grid failures are asymmetrical, positive and negative sequence
components have to be controlled to fulfill LVRT requirements.
This paper present a comparison between synchronous and
stationary reference frame control strategies for an active frontend converter of a grid connected WECS working under grid
fault conditions. The mathematical analysis and design
procedure of both control system are presented in this work.
Experimental results obtained from a 3kW prototype are fully
discussed in this paper. The experimental implementation is
realized using a novel implementation of a voltage sag generator
which is based on a 3x4 Matrix Converter
University of Chile
Av. Tupper #2007
Santiago, PC PC 8370451 , Chile
Email: rcd@ieee.org
I. INTRODUCTION
a)
IND
a)
b)
Fig. 1. LVRT Requirements of the Spanish grid code. (a) Limit of the grid
voltage dip. (b) Demanded Reactive Current in function of grid-voltage dip.
)(
(1)
The superscripts (c), (p), and (n) are used to denote the
complex conjugate of the current vector, positive-sequence
component and negative-sequence component, respectively.
Developing the previous equation and separating real and
imaginary parts:
(2)
(3)
and
are the grid average active and reactive power.
Furthermore, and as it is well known, an unbalanced gridvoltage dip produces double frequency components in both
active power as reactive power, represented by
,
,
.
A. Synchronous Reference Frame Current Reference
Calculation
According to [26], (11)-(12) could be expressed in function
of sequence components voltages/currents in d-q frame as
follow:
(4)
(5)
(19)
)
(20)
(6)
(7)
Where
is the average active power dissipated in the
filter,
and
are the double frequency active power
components.
It is also important to note that the system described by
(11)-(16) has four degrees of freedom (
) to
control six variables (
. In this
case, reactive power oscillations (
) are not
controlled again.
Two different current references methods are presented.
The first one, considers that the Front-End converter supplies
the oscillating active power to the filter, which results in zero
oscillating active power components on the grid side, i.e.
.
(8)
(9)
(
[
[ ]
(10)
[ ]
(21)
In the second case, the oscillating powers flow from the grid
into the filter, therefore oscillating active power components
are regulated to zero at the Front-End terminals,
and
.
(22)
(11)
(13)
(14)
(16)
The apparent power at Front-End converter terminal follows
the same structure than (2) and (3), and the next expression
gives the power balance at the Front-End terminals (see Fig.
8):
(17)
is the apparent power dissipated in the filter. It contains
average active and reactive power terms and cosine and sine
component oscillating with double grid frequency. The active
powers dissipated in the filter are obtained from [21], [27].
(
(18)
[ ]
(15)
(12)
+
PI
-
PI
dq
dq
+
DSC
Negative Sequence Current Controller
+
-
PI
+
PI
abc
abc
DSC
+
+
dq
abc
dq
PLL
dq
Current
References
Calculation
dq
DSC
DSC
(
(
) (
) (
)
)
(23)
6.28e3
5.03e3
0.1 3.77e3
0.2
0.3
0.6
2.51e3
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.26e3
0.8
-100
0.05
-300
Plant
-0.2
0.95
-0.4
0.85
2.51e3
-0.6
LL
Zero
3.77e3
-0.8
-0.05
1.26e3
0.9
RC
Zero
RC
Pole
-100
-200
-300
-400 P.M.: 41.6 deg
5.03e3
-1
-1
0.9
Phase (deg)
Imag Axis
0.2
Magnitude (dB)
100
0.8
6.28e3
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
10
Real Axis
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/s)
Fig. 8: Syn-RFC responses for 50% Grid-Voltage Dip Type B. Up: Grid
Voltage. Medium: Grid Currents. Lower: Active and Reactive Power.
Fig.9: St-RFC responses for 50% Grid-Voltage Dip Type B. Up: Grid
Voltage. Medium: Grid Currents. Lower: Active and Reactive Power.
Fig. 10: Syn-RFC responses for 30% Grid-Voltage Dip Type C. Up: Grid
Voltage. Medium: Grid Currents. Lower: Active and Reactive Power.
Fig. 11: St-RFC responses for 30% Grid-Voltage Dip Type C. Up: Grid
Voltage. Medium: Grid Currents. Lower: Active and Reactive Power.
Fig. 12: St-RFC responses for 30% Grid-Voltage Dip Type C. Left: Current
response at fault appearance time. Right: Current response at fault clearance
time.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
A comparison between Syn-RFC and a novel control
strategy, dealing with sequence components under unbalanced
voltage conditions, have been presented in this paper.
Proposed control strategy (St-RFC) is based on the use of
Resonant Controllers to regulate line currents in stationary
frame and is able to fulfill LVRT requirements.
According to experimental results, both strategies present
correct performance under unbalance grid-voltage conditions.
This fault conditions have been generated by a Matrix
Converter based VSG. In all the cases, the voltage sags
generated do not present peaks, transient effects or low
reliability. Therefore, the good performance of the novel VSG
has been ratified to test LVRT capability in grid-connected
systems.
Syn-RFC and St-RFC strategies are able to keep the system
grid-connected and to support grid-voltage through reactive
power injection when grid-voltage sag appears. Therefore,
both strategies meet LVRT requirements. However, St-RFC
strategy has slightly better dynamic behavior. St-RFC is more
stable and faster than Syn-RFC, mainly due to the lead lead
network, added to the RC in order to increase the dynamic
behaviour and stability. Also, St-RFC is simpler than SynRFC. A single RC could be used to regulate the positive and
negative sequence current and no transform from d-q to -
are needed. Additionally, for LVRT control, orientation along
any of the voltage or current vectors is not required and a PLL
is implemented only to obtain the grid-frequency which is
used to tune the resonant controller.
DSC presents a delay of T/4, which does not affect under
steady-state operation, but makes an inexact sequence
separation during the rts 5-ms (T=20-ms) after the
appearance of any grid-voltage dip. During this 5-ms,
inaccurate values are fed back to the control system. The
result of these inaccuracies can be observed in all responses
(currents and power), and explain the presence of non-desired
values during the 5-ms after at the appearance and clearance
fault time. Despite of the inaccuracies produced by DSC
method and the Voltage Sag Generator System, the results
obtained are acceptable for all the tests.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
IX. REFERENCES
[1] The
Wind
Power
Database.
(2011)
[Online].
http://www.thewindpower.ne
[2] S. Alepuz, S. Busquets-Monge, J. Bordonau, J.A. MartinezVelasco, C. Silva, J. Pontt, J. Rodriguez, "Control Strategies
Based on Symmetrical Components for Grid-Connected
Converters Under Voltage Dips," IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol.56, no.6, pp.2162-2173, June 2009.
[3] 12.3, Red Elctrica. Procedimiento de operacin P.O. (Espaa,
2006) Requisitos de respuesta frente a huecos de tensin de las
instalaciones de produccin en rgimen especial. [Online].
www.ree.es
[4] Grid Code. , "High and extra high voltage. E.ON Netz," August
2003. [online] www.eon-netz.com. Germany.
[5] S. Alepuz, S. Busquets, J. Bordonau, J. Pontt, C. Silva, J.
Rodrguez, "Fast on-line symmetrical components separation
method for synchronization and control purposes in three phase
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]