MATHEMATICS: G. M. GREEN
. W. Bridgman, Proc. Amer. Acad., 47,439-558 (1912); Physic. Rev., 3, 126-203 (1914).
Biandchi has. called a parametric net of curves on a surface isothermally conjugate if, when the surface is referred to these curves, the
second fundamental form, D du2 + 2D' d dv + D" dvi, may by a trans-
MATHEMATICS: G. M. GREEN
517
(1)
(k=1, 2, 3, 4)
define a surface Sy on which the curves u = const., v = const. form a
conjugate net. Then the y' 's satisfy a completely integrable system
of two partial differential equations of the forms
y,, = ay,, + by, + cy, + dy,
Yu, = b'y, + c'y. + d'y.
The second of these is of the familiar Laplace type, characteristic of
conjugate nets; the first shows that the conjugate net defined by equations (1) is isothermally conjugate if and only if
bubv log
(3)
a=O.
The coefficients in equations (2) are not arbitrary, but are subjected
to certain integrability conditions. One of the relations yielded by
these conditions is that4
dv (b+ 2c')
c_ )v log a,
aua
u
or
b,+2c'=2b-()'
-
spectively
Laplace
p =y,-c'y,
log a.
transforms of the
(4)
=y,-b'y,
MATHEMATICS: G. M. GREEN
518
calls the axis of the point y. The totality of axes, which correspond
to all the points y of the surface Sy, constitute a congruence, the axis
congruence.
z=y++ a-y,
lies on the line of intersection of the two osculating planes, and the
line yz is the axis of the point y.
We may determine the developables of the axis congruence as follows. If the point y moves to the point y + dy, the point z moves to
z + dz, where dy = y, du + y, dv and dz = z, du + z, dv. We wish
the line yz to generate a developable. This will happen if and only if
the four points y, z, y,+ dy, z + dz lie in a plane, or what is the same
thing, if the points y, z, y, du + y, dv, z, du + z, dv are coplanar. We
have on differentiation of equations (2)
yom = aC(2) + i12)y, + y(12)y + (12)y,
y,= a(O3)y, + t(OS)y,+ y(OS)y, + 5(O0)y,
in
where particular
a(12) = Ct, (1) =-b'2 + b, y(12) = b'c + c + d,
a(08)=b_'- ca -bv loga, (8)=_ a1 (b'c' + b-b, + d'),
(5).
so that on
Z
+[(12)+c
_ +
_yu
+(c)Iy,+Oy,
MA THEMATICS: G. M. GREEN
[(2
519
[(B(1+ b
()) du +
)du+(0dv] y
dv y +
(03) +(
()y.
(6)
(03) = H + 2b -b,,
(12(
+
C) U
a
7(12 + ( ) = K + 2c +
(9)
K = d' + b'c' - c
(4),
a.
K + 2b'-b _bu bv log
MATHEMATICS: G. M. GRIEN
520
au av log
d2--
du dv -(H +2b
b) dv = 0. (10)
conjugate net.
the point y.
Let us now fix our attention upon a point y of the surface Sy, and let
us regard equations {10), (12), and (13) as binary quadratics whose
roots give respectively the pairs of axis tangents, associated conjugate
tangents, and anti-ray tangents of the point y. The Jacobian of the
forms (10) and (12) is
0,
(14)
and its roots give the pair of lines through y which separate harmonically
both the pair of axis tangents and the pair of associated conjugate
tangents of y. The Jacobian of the forms (12) and (13) is
PHYSIOLOGY: P. D. LAMSON
a Zdu%2+ 2a (Hl-K) dudv+ Z d, = 0
521
(15)
and defines the pair of lines through y which separate harmonically
both the pair of anti-ray tangents and the pair of associate conjugate
tangents of the point y.
The two Jacobians (14) and (15) coincide if and only if
2
bub
(3bis)
log a = 0,
Di.fereonalgometrie,
Auf, pp.
135
et seq.
2
4
Ibid., end of 3.