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LINEAR ALGEBRA
MATRIX
Matrix is a set of numbers written in rows and column. A matrix
with m rows and n columns is called m n matrix.
a11 a12 K a1n
a

21 a22 K a2 n
M

am1 am 2 K amn
Types of Matrices
1.
Row Matrix
A matrix with only one row, m = 1
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

Ex. [ a b c K]
Column Matrix
A matrix with only one column, n = 1
a
b
Ex.
c

M
Square Matrix
A matrix with same number of rows and column i.e.,
m=n

a1 a2 a3

Ex. b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Diagonal Matrix
A matrix with all elements above and below the principal
diagonal are zero i.e. aij = 0 when i j
0
a11 0
0 a
0
22
Ex.
0
0 a33
Scalar Matrix
A matrix with all principal diagonal elements are same.
4 0 0

Ex. 0 4 0
0 0 4

9.

10.

Unit Matrix
A diagonal matrix will all diagonal elements one
i.e., aij = 1, when i = j and aij = 0 when i j
Null Matrix
A matrix with all elements are zero
0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

Ex.
Triangular Matrix
(a) Upper triangular matrix :
A square matrix with all elements below principal
diagonal are zero
2 3 4
Ex. 0 5 6

0 0 2
(b) Lower triangular matrix :
A square matrix with all elements above principal
diagonal are zero
2 0 0
1 3 0

Ex.
2 3 4
Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix in which aij = aji
a b c

Ex.
A = b d e
c e f
For symmetric matrix, AT = A
Skew symmetric matrix
A square matrix in which aij = aji
All principal diagonal elements in skew symmetric matrix
are zero.
a b
0
Ex. A = - a 0 c
- b - c 0
In skew symmetric matrix, AT = A

2
11.

Hermitian Matrix
A square matrix in which aij is the conjugate complex of aji
i.e. aij = a ji
2 + 3i 4 - 2i
5
2 - 3i
2
5 + 3i
Ex.
4 + 2i 5 - 3i
0

12.

|A|2 = 1 |A| = 1.
This, every orthogonal matrix is non-singular. Consequently
every orthogonal matrix is invertible.
TRACE OFAMATRIX Let = [aij]nn be a square matrix. Then
the sum of all diagonal elements of A is called the trace of A and is
denoted by tr (A). Thus,

tr (A) =

a12 = 2 + 3i, a21 conjugate complex of a12 = 2 3i

Skew Hermitian Matrix
A square matrix in which aij = - a ji

aii
i =1

IDEMPOTENT MATRIX A square matrix A is called an

idempotent matrix if A2 = A.

Note : Principal diagonal elements of skew hermitian matrix should

be zero or pure imaginary numbers.

Properties of Operation on Matrix

Addition

13.

14.

Orthogonal Matrix
Orthogonal matrix is a square matrix A such that
AAT = ATA = I
SINGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix is a singular matrix if its determinant is

zero. Otherwise, it is a non-singular matrix.
Example 1 Determine the values of x for which the matrix
4
x + 1 -3
-5 x + 2
2
is singular..
A=
4
x - 6
1

Solution A is a singular matrix if

|A|= 0

x +1

-3

-5

x+2

x-6

=0

2
2
x+2
-5
-5 x + 2
- ( -3)
+4
=0
( x + 1) 1
x-6
4 x-6
4
1

( x + 1){( x + 2)( x - 6) - 2} + 3{-5 x + 30 - 8}

+4{-5 - 4 x - 8} = 0
( x + 1)( x 2 - 4 x - 14) + 3(-5 x + 22) + 4( -4 x - 13) = 0
x( x 2 - 3x - 49) = 0 x = 0, x =

1
(3 205)
2

Two matrix can be added only if it has same number of rows

and columns.

Consider two m n matrices A and B, then:

A+ B = B +A
Multiplication

Two matrices can be multiplied only if number of columns

on first matrix is equal to number of column on second matrix.
If, A = m n B = n p, then A can be multiplied by B is
A B.

The final product will be of order m p.

A.B B. A

A(BC) = (AB)C
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(B + C) A = BA + CA

p(qA) = (pq)A where p, q are scalars:

( p)B = p( B)
A I = A = I A I-unit matrix
Properties of transpose of a matrix
( AT )T = A

(A + B)T = AT + BT
(pA)T = pAT
T

T T

AA = A A
But for any matrix A; AAT and ATA will be square matrices and
may be of different order.
Adjoint of a Matrix

ORTHOGONALMATRIX
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if AAT = ATA = I

If A is an orthogonal matrix, then

T
AA = 1
T
T
|AA | = |I| |A| |A | = |I|

T T

(AB) = B A (not A B )

For any matrix A ,

a11 a12 K a1n

a

21 a22 K a2 n

A=
M

am1 am 2 K amn

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3
th

Minor of any element aij = mij is obtained by deleting the i row

and jth column and then finding its determinant
The signal minor ( 1)i+j mij is called w factor.
The matrix obtained by replacing the elements of matrix with the
w factors is called matrix of cofactors or cofactor matrix. The
transpose of cofactor matrix is called adjoint of a matrix or adjugate
of the matrix A denoted by adj (A).
A11

A
adj (A) = 12

M
A1m

A 21
A 22
A 2m

|A | = 5 2 4 3
= 10 12 = 2

A 1

- 5/3 3/2
= 2
- 1

A n1

K A n2

K A nm

2 3 - 5/2 3/2
Check A . A1 =

- 1
4 5 2
-5 + 6 3 - 3
=

-10 + 10 6 - 5

Sample Problem

1 0
=
=I
0 1

2 3
Find adjoint of matrix

4 5

Sol.

minor of

Properties of Inverse of Matrix

2 3
A =

4 5

(A1)1 = A
(AB)1 = B1A1

5 4
A =

3 2

(KA)1 = K1A1 =

| A1 | =

adj. (AB) = (adj. B) (adj. A)

| adj. A| = | A |n1 where A is square matrix.

5 - 4
cofactor matrix of A = - 3 2

5 - 4
5 - 3
adj. (A) =
=

- 3 2
- 4 2

Inverse of a Matrix
Matrix B is called inverse of matrix A if,
AB = BA = I
I -unit matrix.
B is called inverse of matrix A and is denoted by A1
A 1 =

adj. A
|A|

a b
For a non singular square matrix

c d
1
ad - bc

d -b
-c a

where ad bc

Sample Problem
2 3
Find inverse of matrix

4 5

Sol.

A -1
K

1
|A|

Rank of a Matrix
For a m n matrix A, rank of A is non negative integer r such that
(i) there is at least one r r submatrix of A with a non zero
determinant (ii) determinant of all square submatrices of A of
order > r + 1 is zero
Rank of matrix A is denoted by p(A)
Note : Rank of zero matrix is zero, all other matrices have rank 1.
Sample Problem

SHORT CUT

A1 =

5 - 3

adj. A - 4 2
=
=
|A|
2

5 - 3
adj. (A) =

- 4 2

2
3
1
- 2 - 3 - 1
Find rank of matrix

2
3
1
Sol. | A | = 1( 3 + 3) + 2( 2 + 2) + 3( 6 + 6) = 0
\ Rank is less than 3.
2
1
Consider submatrix
whose modulus
- 2 - 3
= 3+4 =1
\ Rank of matrix = 2 (since it is a 2 2 matrix).

Properties of Rank of Matrix

For a m n matrix A, p(A) m or n whichever is lesser.

Rank of unit matrix of order n, In = n i.e. p(Ii) = n

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p(A) = p(AT)
p(AB) p(A), p(B) i.e., rank of product of two matrices A, B
cannot exceed of each matrix.
Similarly, rank of sum of two matrices cannot exceed sum of
their rank.
p (A + B) p(A) + p(B)

ECHELON MATRIX
A matrix is said to be echelon marix if :
(1) Leading entry of each non zero row is 1
(2) The number of zeros preceeding this entry 1 is larger than
number of proceeding rows.
0
0
Ex. A =
0

1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

Any matrix A of order m n can be reduced to echelon matrix by

row transformation. Row transformation are :
(1) Inter changing of rows (Ri Rj)
(2) Multiplying row with a constant (Ri kRi)
(3) Addition of k times a row with another row
(Ri Ri + kRj)

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2
M

1 2 -1 3
1 2 3 1

,R R
4
1
= 2 1 0 2

1 -1 1 -1

am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ... + amn xn = bn

In matrix notation, this can be written as

or

a13 K a1n x1 b1
a23 K a2n x2 b2
=
M M

K K amn xn bn

1 2 -1 3
0 0 4 -2 , R 2 - R 1
, R - 2R
=
1
0 -3 2 -4 3

, R 4 - R1
0 -3 2 -4

AX = B
a11
a
21
A= M

a m1

a12
a22

K
K

am 2

a1n
x1
x
a2 n
; X = 2 ; B =

a mn
xn

Sample Problem
Find if the system of equation is consistent x y + z = 1,
x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y = 2, x + 2y z = 3.
1 -1 1 -1
1 2 3 1

Sol. Augmented matrix AB =

2 1 0 2

1 2 -1 3

Consistency of a Algebraic Equations

Consider in linear equations of n variables

a11 a12
a
a22
21
M

am1 am2

Note :
An equation is said to be homogeneus if b = 0 i.e. of form AX = 0.
A system of equations is said to be consistent, if there are one or
more solution for the equation.
A system of equations is said to be inconsistent, if there is no
solution. When we reduce a matrix A to echelon form it is called
argument matrix A*.
If p(A*) = p(A) the equations are consistent
If p(A*) p(A) the equations are inconsistent.
In a homogeneous system of equation (AX = 0),
If p(A) = no. of unknowns (n), it has no solution
If p(A) < no of unknown (n), it has infinite solutions.
Consider an augmented matrix AB which is reduced to echelon
form.
If p(A) p(AB), system is inconsistent
If p(A) = p(AB) = no. of unknown (n), system is consistent with
unique solution.
If p (A) = p(AB) < number of unknowns (n), system is consistent
with infinite solutions.

b1
b
2
M

bn

A is called coeff. matrix.

a11 a12 K a1n b1

a21 a22 K a2 n b2
Augmented matrix, AB = M

am1 am 2 K amn bn

1 2 -1 3
0 -3 2 -4

,R R
3
= 0 0 4 -2 2

0 -3 2 -4
1 2 -1 3
0 -3 2 -4

,R - R
2
= 0 0 4 -2 4

0 0 0 0

\ Rank of (AB) = 3 (no. of non zero rows)

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5
1 2 -1
0 - 3 2

A = 0 0
4 (first 3 column)

0
0 0

\ Rank of A = 3.
Number of unknowns = 3 (x, y, z)
\ Rank (A) = Rank (AB) = no. of unknowns
Hence system is consistent with unique solution
Solutions of Linear Equations
Method-I
In order to find the solution of linear equations, find the rank of
augmented matrix (A), p(A) and find number of solutions as
discussed above
From the reduced augmented matrix, find the reduced equation
and solve them.
1.
The system of equation 5x + 3y + 7z = 4, 3x + 26y + 2z = 9,
7x + 2y + 10z = 5 has
(a) a unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) an infinite number of solutions
(d) none of these
1.
(b)
The system Ax = B is consistent (has solution) If r(A) =
t(A:B) Also if
r(A) = r(AB) = no. of unknowns, then system has a unique
solution and if r(A) = r(A:B) < no. of unknowns, then system has
an infinite no. of solution.
5

Now, here [A : B] =

3
121
0
5
=
-11
0
5

121
0
=
5
0 0

i.e.

: 4

3 26

: 9

10 : 5

7 : 4
-11
33
:
5
5
1
-3
:
5
5

R - R R2
2 5 1

7
R3 - R1 R3

-11
33
:
5
5
0 : 0

R2

R3
R2 +

11

Method-II
Matrix inversion method
For an m n non singular matrix A, AX = B implies
X = A1B is solution of equation is A1B.
A 1 =

adj. A
|A|

Multiply A1 with B i.e., A1B to get solution of equation

Method-III
Cramers rule
Let equation be :
a11 x1 + a12 y + a13 z = b1
a21 x + b22 y + a23 z = b2
a31 x + a32 y + a33 z = b3
a11

a12

D = a21 a22
a31 a32
a11

b1

D2 = a21 b2
a31 b3

b1

a12

a13

b2

a22

a23

b3

a32

a33

a11

a12

b1

D3 = a21 a22
a31 a32

b2

a13
a23 ,
a33

D1 =

a13
a23 ,
a33

Solution of equation is : x =

b3

D1
D
D
,y= 2,z= 3
D
D
D

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

For an n n matrix A and a scalar l, characteristic matrix of A is
A lI. The equations | A lI | = 0 is called characterisic equation
and its roots is called eigen values.
For eigen values (l) of matrix A, there is a non zero vector X such
that AX = lX is called characteristic vector (eigen vector) of A.
Relations between Eigen values and Eigen vector

l is a eigen values of a matrix A if and only if there exists a

non-zero vector X such that
AX = l X

If X is a characteristic vector of a matrix A corresponding to

the characteristic value l, then KX is also a characteristic vector
of A corresponding to the same characteristic value l. Here K is
any non-zero scalar.

If X is a eigen vector of a matrix A, then X cannot correspond

to more than one eigen value of A.

Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct characteristic roots

of a matrix are linearly independent.
Properties of Eigen Values

Sum of eigen values is equal to sum of element of principal

diagonal of the matrix i.e.

Product of eigen values = determinant of the matrix.

1
r(A) = 2 = r (A:B)

If l is eigen value of an orthogonal matrix, A then is also

l
r(A) = r (A:B) = 2 < no. of unknowns (3)
its eigen value.
Thus system has an infinite no. of solutions.
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If l is eigen value of matrix A, then

1
is eigen value of
l

matrix A1.
n
n n
If l1, l2, l3... are eigen values of matrix A, then l1, l2 , l3 ...
n
are eigen values of matrix A .
T
Both A and A will have same eigen values.
Eigen values of triangular matrix is equal to its diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of real symmetrix matrix are all real.
Eigen values of skew hermitian matrix are purely imaginary
or zero.
It l is eigen value of A, then

|A|
is eigen value of adj. (A).
l

Sample Problem

1
Find eigen values and eigen vectors of matrix A =
5
Sol. Charac. equation, | A lI | = 0

1- l
5

2
=0
4-l

(1 l) (4 l) 10 = 0
l2 5l + 4 10 = 0

2
4

l2 5l 6 = 0
(l 1) (l + 6) = 0
\ Eigen values are 6, 1
Eigen vector x is
given (A l I) X = 0
when l = 6
7
5

2 x 0
=
10 y 0

7x + 2y = 0

x
y
= ; 5x + 10y = 0 x + 2y = 0
-2 7

x
y
=
-2 1
when l = 1

0
5

2 x 0
=
3 y 0

Eigen vectors : ( 2, 7)
( 2, 1)

y = 0, 5x + 3y = 0

x
y
=
-3 5

Eigen vector ( 3, 5)

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1.

5
0

(a)
2.

3.

0 0 0
5 0 0
0 2 1 ?

0 3 1
1
-2

0

0

0
0

(b) 1

0

(Q) Non-square matrix

(R) Real symmetric
matrix
(S) Orthogonal matrix

(a)
(c)

5.

6.

7.
[2005, 2 marks]

(c)

1
0

0

-2

1
-1

(d) 2

1

A is a 3 4 real matrix and AX = B is an inconsistent system

of equations. The highest possible rank of A is
[2005, 1 mark]
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Match the items in Column I and Column II.
[2006, 2 marks]
Column I
(P) Singular matrix

4.

(a)
(c)

Which one of the following is an eigen vector of the matrix

P3, Q1, R4, S2

P3, Q2, R5, S4

Column II
(1) Determinant is not
defined
(2) Determinant is always
one
(3) Determinant is zero
(4) Eigen values are always
real
(5) Eigen values are not
defined
(b) P2, Q3, R4, S1
(d) P3, Q4, R2, S1

3 2
Eigen values of a matrix S =
are 5 and 1. What are the
2 3
eigen values of the matrix S2 = SS?
[2006, 2 marks]
(a) 1 and 25
(b) 6 and 4
(c) 5 and 1
(d) 2 and 10
If a square matrix A is real and symmetric, then the eigen
values
[2007, 1 mark]
(a) are always real
(b) are always real and positive
(c) are always real and non-negative
(d) occur in complex conjugate pairs

p
p2

(b) p 1
(d) p 3

1 2
The eigen vectors of the matrix
are written in the
0 2
1
1
form a and b . What is a + b?

1
2
(c) 1
(d) 2
For what value of a, if any, will the following system of
equations in x, y and z have a solution? [2008, 2 marks]
2x + 3y = 4
x + y+ z = 4
x + 2y z = a
(a) Any real number
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) There is no such value

(a)
8.

9.

[2008, 2 marks]

(b)

3 / 5 4 / 5
For a matrix [M] =
, the transpose of the matrix
x 3 / 5
is equal to the inverse of the matrix [M]T = [M]1. The value
of x is given by
[2009, 1 mark]

(a)

(c)

3
5

4
5

(b) (d)

3
5

4
5

2 2
10. One of the eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 3 is

[2010, 2 marks]

(a)

2

-1

1
(d)
-1
11. Consider the following system of equations[2011, 2 marks]
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x2 x3 = 0
x1 + x2 = 0
This system has
(a) a unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) infinite number of solutions
1 2 4
(d) five solutions
The matrix 3 0 6 has one eigen value equal to 3. The 12. Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always
[2011, 1 mark]
1 1 p
(a) positive
(b) negative
sum of the other two eigen values is
[2008, 1 mark]
(c) real
(d) complex
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(c)

4

1

2
(b) 1

8
13. x + 2y + z = 4
2x + y + 2z = 5
x y+ z = 1
[2012, 1 mark]
The system of algebraic equations given above has
(a) a unique solution of x = 1, y = 1and z = 1.
(b) only the two solutions of (x = 1, y = 1, z = 1) and (x = 2,
y = 1, z = 0)
(c) infinite number of solutions
(d) no feasible solution
5 3
14. For the matrix A =
, ONE of the normalized eigen
1 3
vectors given as
[2012, 1 mark]

(a)

(c)

1
2

3
2

(b)

1
2
1

3
10
1

10

(d)

1
5
2

15. The eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all

(a) complex with non-zero positive imaginary part
(b) complex with non-zero negative imaginary part
(c) real
(d) pure imaginary
[2013, 1 mark]
1 3 0
2 6 4
is 12,
16. Given that the determinant of the matrix
-1 0 2
2 6 0
4 12 8
is
the determinant of the matrix
-2 0 4

(a)
(c)

96
24

[2014, Set-1, 1 Marks]

(b) 24
(d) 96

17. The matrix form of the linear system

dx
dy
= 3x - 5 y and
= 4 x + 8 y is [2014, Set-1, 1 Marks]
dt
dt

(a)

d x 3 -5 x
=
(b)
dt y 4 8 y

d x 3 8 x
=

dt y 4 -5 y

(c)

d x 4 -5 x
=
(d)
dt y 3 8 y

d x 4 8 x
=

dt y 3 -5 y

-5 2
18. One of the eigenvectors of the matrix
is
-9 6

[2014, Set-2, 1 Marks]

(a)

-1

1

-2
(b)
9

(c)

2

-1

1
(d) 1

19. Consider a 33 real symmetric matrix S such that two of its

eigen values are a 0, b 0 with respective eigen vectors
x1 y1
x , y
2 2 . If a b then x1y1 + x2y2 + x3y3 equals
x3 y3

[2014, Set-3, 1 Marks]

(a) a
(b) b
(c) ab
(d) 0
20. Which one of the following equations is a correct identity
for arbitrary 33 real matrices P, Q and R?
[2014, Set-4, 1 Marks]
(a) P(Q + R) = PQ + RP
(b) (P Q)2 = P2 2PQ + Q2
(c) det (P + Q)=det P + det Q
(d) (P + Q)2 = P2 + PQ + QP +Q2

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Solution for the system by the set of equations

4y + 3z = 8; 2x z = 2 and 3x + 2y = 5 is
4
1
(a) x = 0; y = 1; z =
(b) x = 0; y = ; z = 2
3
2
1
(c) x = 1; y = ; z = 2 (d) non-existent
2
2 2 3

For a given matrix A = 2 1 6 , one of the eigen

1
2 0
values is 3. The other two eigen values are
(a) 2, 5
(b) 3, 5
(c) 2, 5
(d) 3, 5
The minimum and the maximum eigen value of the matrix
1 1 3
1 5 1

are 2 and 6, respectively. What is the other

3 1 1
eigen value?
(a) 5
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 1
For what values of a and b, the following simultaneous
equations have an infinite number of solutions?
x + y + z = 5,
x + 3y + 3z = 9,
x + 2y + az = b
(a) 2, 7
(b) 3, 8
(c) 8, 3
(d) 7, 2
1
The inverse of the 2 2 matrix
5
7 2
7
(a)
(b)

5 1
5
1 7 2
(d)
-3 5 1
The product of matrices (PQ)1
(a) P1
(b)
(c) P1Q1
(d)

(c)

6.

7.

The

8.

(a)
(c)
The

will
(a)
(c)

2
is
7
2
1

1 7 2
3 5 1
P is
Q1
PQP1

9.
10.

11.

A square matrix B is skew symmetric if

(a) BT = B
(b) BT = B
1
(c) B = B
(d) B1 = BT
In the solution of the following set of linear equations by
Gauss elimination using partial pivoting 5x + y + 2z = 34,
4y 3z = 12 and 10x 2y + z = 4.
The pivots for elimination of x and y are
(a) 10 and 4
(b) 10 and 2
(c) 5 and 4
(d) 5 and 4
3 + 2i
The inverse of the matrix is
-i
i
1 3 + 2i
1
(a)
(b)

3 2i
12 i
12

3 2i
i
3 2i
i
3 + 2i

i
i
1 3 + 2i
1 3 2i
(d)

3 2i
3 + 2i
14 i
14 i
[A] is a square matrix which is neither symmetric nor
skew-symmetric and [A]T is its transpose. The sum and
difference of these matrices are defined as [S] = [A] +
[A]T and [D] = [A] [A]T, respectively. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
(a) Both [S] and [D] are symmetric
(b) Both [S] and [D] are skew-symmetric
(c) [S] is skew-symmetric and [D] is symmetric
(d) [S] is symmetric and [D] is skew-symmetric

(c)

12.

13.

14.

9
The eigen values of matrix
5
(a) 2.42 and 6.86
(b)
(c) 4.70 and 6.86
(d)

5
are
8

3.48 and 13.53

6.86 and 9.50

1 2 3
Find rank of the matrix 1 3 5 .

2 5 8
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
4 2 1 3
Find rank of the matrix 6 3 4 7 .

2 1 0 1

15.
4 5
eigen values of the matrix [P] =

2 5
(a) 0
(b) 1
7 and 8
(b) 6 and 5
(c) 2
(d) 3
3 and 4
(d) 1 and 2
following simultaneous equations
3 0 0
x+y+ z=3
0 0 0
x + 2y + 3z = 4
16. Find rank of the matrix
0 0 2
x + 4y + kz = 6

NOT have a unique solution for k equal to

0 0 0
0
(b) 30
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
6
(d) 7
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0
0
.
0

10
17.

18.

4 2
The eigen values of matrix
are
2 1
(a) 1, 4
(b) 1, 2
(c) 0, 5
(d) 4, 2
If l is eigen value of matrix A, then eigen value of matrix
A1 is

(a) l
19.

(b)

21.

22.

23.

24.

1 2 3
What is sum of eigen values of the matrix is 4 5 6

7 8 9
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 9
(d) 15
1 2
What is the inverse of matrix is

4 3

3 4
2 1

3 2
(b)

4 1

3 2

(c) 5 5
4 1
5
5
1
A is equal to

(d) 5
2
5

(a) |A| . adj A

(b)

(c)

A
adj A

4
5

adj A
A

(d) (adj A)T

1 2 5
2 3 6

are
2 1 2
(a) 0, 8, 1
(b) 0, 8, 1
(c) 1, 3, 6
(d) 1, 2, 2
For three 3 3 square matrices A, B and C; (ABC)1 is
equal to
(a) A1 B1 C1
(b) C1 B1 A1
(c) A1 C1 B1
(d) B1 C1 A1

29.

30.

2
0
Find rank of the matrix
0

28.

1 1 1

The eigen values of the following matrix is 1 1 1

1 1 1
(a) 1, 1, 1
(b) 1, 0, 0
(c) 3, 0, 0
(d) 0, 0, 0

The co-factors of diagonal elements in the matrix

1 2 3

Find nullity of matrix A = 2 5 8 .

3 7 11
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
Consider a non-homogeneous system of linear equation
representing mathematically an over determined system.
Such system will be
(a) consistent having unique solution
(b) consistent having many solutions
(c) inconsistent having unique solution
(d) inconsistent having no solution

P T is

(a) 2 2
(b) 3 3
(c) 4 3
(d) 9 3
The equation x + y + z = 2, x + 2y + 3z = 7, x + 4y + 7z = 17
are
(a) consistent with unique solution
(b) consistent with infinite solution
(c) inconsistent
(d) none of these
The system of equation x + y + z = 1, 2x + 3y + 4z = 1,
4x + 5y + 6z = 2 has
(a) unique solution
(b) infinite solution
(c) no solution
(d) none of these

(a)

25.

27.

(c) l2
(d) l
Consider the matrices X(4 3), Y(4 3) and P(2 3). The
order of P X T Y

20.

1
l

26.

31.

32.

0 0 0
0 0 0
.
0 1 0

0 0 1

(a) 4
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
If the eigen value of a matrix is 2, 2 and 3. Then
determinant of matrix is
(a) 7
(b) 12
(c) 3
(d) 2
1 2 0
For what value of x matrix is A = 2 3 1 is singular?

2 0 x
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

-5 -8 0

33. The matrix, A = 3 5 0 is

1 2 -1
(a) Idempotent
(b) Involutory
(c) Singular
(d) None of these

1
2
A=
34. The matrix,
i
- 2
(a) Orthogonal
(c) Unitary

i
2
i is
2
(b) Idempotent
(d) None of these

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11

35.

36.

1 3 2
1 1 1
.
Find nullity of the matrix A =
2 2 1

3 5 2
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Consider the system of equations
A(n n) X(n l) = l(n l), where l is a scalar. Let (li, xi)
be an eigen pair of an eigen value and its corresponding
eigen vector of a real matrix A. Let I be a (n n) unit
matrix, which one of the following statements is not
correct?
(a) For a homogeneous n n system of linear equations,
(A l I) X = 0 having a non-trivial solution, the rank
of (A l I) is less than n
(b) For a matrix Am, m being a positive integer,

(l
37.

38.

40.

) will be eigen pair for all i

43.

45.

46.

47.

1 2 1
Rank of matrix A = 1 1 0 .
4 1 3

48.

(b) 2
(d) 0

1 0 0
32 1 0
Find the determinant of the matrix
63 60 1

52 31 16

0
0
.
0

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 63
(d) 331
The equations ax + by = 0 and cx + dy = 0 has non trivial
solution if
(a) ab = cd
(b) ac = bd
(c) ad = bc
(d) none of these

2x + 3y = 2
3x + 4y = 2
x + 3y = 4
These system of equations has
(a) unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) two solutions
(d) infinite solutions

2 -1 3
42. If the rank of the matrix, A = 4 7 l is 2, then the value
1 4 5
of l is
(a) 13
(b) 13
(c) 3
(d) None of these

44.

(c) AT = A1, then | li | = 1 for all i

(d) AT = A, then li = is real for all i
Real numbers [A]3 1, [B]3 3, [C]3 5, [D]5 3,
[E]5 5 and [F]5 1 are given. The matrices [B] and [F]
are symmetric. Following statements are made with
respect of these matrices.
I. Matrix product [F]T [C]T [B] [C] [F] is a scalar.
II. Matrix product [D]T [F] [D] is always symmetric.
With reference to above statements, which of the
following applies?
(a) Statement I is true but II is false
(b) Statement I is false but II is true
(c) Both the statements are true
(d) Both the statements are false

(a) 3
(c) 1

39.

m m
i , xi

41.

How many addition and multiplication operations are

needed to find product of matrix A(m n) and B(n q)?
(a) mnp, mnp
(b) mn2p, (n + 1)
2
(c) mn p (n 1)
(d) mnp, (n 1)
What is the rank of the 3 3 formed by multiplying a
(3 1) column matrix and a (1 3) row matrix?
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
a 1
The eigen values of the matrix
are:
a 1
(a) (a + 1), 0
(b) a, 0
(c) (a 1), 0
(d) 0, 0
A 5 7 matrix has all its entries equal to 1 then rank of
matrix is
(a) 7
(b) 5
(c) 1
(d) 0
The number of linearly independent solution of the system
1 0 2 x1
of equations 1 1 0 x2 = 0 is equal to

2 2 0 x3
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0

1 1 0
The inverse of matrix S = 1 1 1 is

0 0 1

(a)

1 0 1
0 0 0

0 1 1

0 1 1
1 1 1

(b)
1 0 1

(c)

2 2 -2
2 2 2

0 2 2

12
1
(d) 2
0

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1
1

2
2

12
49.

50.

The rank of the following (n + 1) (n + 1) matrix, where

1 a

1 a
a is a real number is
M

1 a

a 2 .....a n

a 2 .....a n

M
M

a 2 .....a n

(a) 1
(c) n

(b) 2
(d) depends on value of n

55.

56.

2 2 3
A = 2 1 6
. One of the eigen values of A is
1 2 0
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 5
(d) 1

52.

2
0
A=
0

(a)

(c)

1
5

1
2

0
1
3
0

1
2

0
(b)
2

1
5

(d)
1
2

cos q cos q 0
cos q sin q 0

(b)
0
0
1

1
is
2
0
2

(b) 1
(d) infinite
4
5
. The transpose of matrix is
3
5

equal to the inverse of the matrix, [m]T = [m] 1. The value

of x is given by

(b) 10
(d) 22

0
1
3
0

cos q sin q 0
sin q cos q 0

0
0
1

For a matrix [M] = 5

x

(a)

4
5

(b)

3
5

3
4
(d)
5
5
Consider the following system of equations.
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ; x2 x3 = 0; and x1 + x2 = 0. The system has:
(a) unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) infinite number of solution
(d) five solution
Choose the correct set of functions which are linearly
dependent.
(a) sin x, sin2x, cos2 x
(b) cos x, sin x, tan x
(c) cos 2x, sin2x, cos2 x
(d) cos 2x, sin x, cos x.

(c)

5 0 2
If A= 0 3 0 . then A1 is
2 0 1
1

57.

sin q 0
1 0 0
cos q 0 and G = 0 1 0 . What

0
1
0 0 1

cos q sin q 0
sin q cos q 0
sin q cos q 0
cos q sin q 0

(c)
(d)
0
0
0
1
0
1
The number of linearly independent eigen vectors of
2
0

(a)
(c)

0 0 1
1 0 0
. The sum of the eigen values of
0 3 0

0 0 4

matrix A is
(a) 10
(c) 24
53.

(a)

(b) 4
(d) None of these

1
The vector 2 can eigen vector of
1

3 2
Eigen values of matrix S =
is 5 and 1. The eigen
2 3
values of matrix 52 is
(a) 1, 25
(b) 6, 4
(c) 5, 1
(d) 2, 10
Multiplication of matrices E and F is G. Matrices E and G

cos q

are E = sin q
0
is matrix F?

1
0
0
0
1 . Its eigen values are
Given matrix A = 0
6 11 6

1, 2, and _____.
(a) 3
(c) 5
51.

54.

58.

0 2

1
0
3

0 1

0
1
3

1
2

59.

60.

b 1
1 + b
b 1 + b 1
equal to.
The determinant
2b 1
1

(a) 0
(b) 2b (b 1)
(c) 2 (1 b)(1 + 2b)
(d) 3b (1 + b)
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0

13
61.

Let A = [aij], 1 i, j n with n 3and aij = i.j. Then the

rank of A is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) n 1
(d) n

3 2
If A =
then A satisfies the relation
1 0
(a) A + 3 I + 2 A1 = 0
(b) A2 + 2A + 2I = 0
(c) (A + I) (A + 2I) = 0
(d) eA = 0
63. The characteristic equation of a 3 3 matrix p is defined
as a (l) = |lI p| = l3 + 2l + l2 + I = 0
The inverse of p will be:
(a) p2 + p + 2I
(b) p2 + p + I
2
(c) (p + p + I)
(d) (p2 + p + 2I)
64. Consider the following system of equations
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x2 x3 = 0
x1 + x2 = 0
This system has
(a) a unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) infinite number of solutions
(d) five solutions
65. The dimension of the null space of the matrix

67.

62.

68.

69.

70.

66.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

no solution
only one solution
non-zero unique solution
multiple solution

(b) 19 A + 30 I
(d) 17 A + 21 I

10 4
The eigen values of matrix 18 12 are

(a) 4,9
(c) 4, 8
If product of matrix

(b) 6, 8
(d) 6, 8

cos 2 q
cos q sin q
A =
and
cos q sin q
sin 2 q

(b) 1
(d) 3

2 2 x1
0
The equation
=

0 has
1 2 x2

5 3
1 0
Given that A =
and I =

. The valued A3
2 0
0 1

is
(a) 15 A + 12 I
(c) 17 A + 15 I

0 1 1
1 1 0

is
1 0 1

(a) 0
(c) 2

x + 2y + z = 4
2x + y + 2z = 5
xy+z=1
The system of algebraic equations given above has
(a) a unique solution of x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1
(b) only the two solutions of (x = 1, y = 1, z = 1) and
(x = z1 y = 1, z = 0)
(c) infinite number of solution
(d) no feasible solution

71.

cos 2 f
cos f sin f
B=
is a null matrix, then q and f
cos f sin f
sin 2 f
differ by an
(a) odd multiple of p (b) even multiple of p
(c) odd multiple of p/2 (d) even multiple of p/2
An arbitrary vector X is an eigen vector of the matrix

1 0 0
0 a 0 ,
if (a, b) =
A=
0 0 b

(a) (0, 0)
(c) (0,1)

(b)
(d)

(1, 1)
(1, 2)

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14

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

3x3 4x4 = 0
3x4 = 0
x4 = 0 and x3 = 0
Let, x1 = k1 and x2 = k2

PAST GATE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1.

(a)

5
0
A=
0

0 0 0
5 0 0
0 2 1

0 3 1
The characteristic equation is
|A lI| = 0
5-l
0
0
5-l
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

2-l
1
3
1- l

=0

Expanding with respect to R1,

(5 l) (5 l) [(2 l) (1 l) 3] = 0
(5 l)2 [2 l 2l + l2 3] = 0
( l2 3l 1) (5 l)2 = 0
So, the eigen values are

3+ 3 3- 3
,
l = 5, 5,

2
2

x1
x
2
X
=
Let, 1 be the eigen vector corresponding to
x3

x 4
the eigen value (l = 5)
Then, (A lI) X1 = 0
(A 5I) X1 = 0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0 0
0 0

k1
k
So, eigen vector X1 = 2
0

0

2.

(c)

3.

(a)

4.

(a)

5.

(a)

a b
Let M =

b a
which is real and symmetric.
M lI = 0
where l = eigen value, I = unit matrix
a -l

=0
b
a-l
(a l)2 = b2
or a - l = b or
l =ab
\ Eigen values are real if the matrix is real and
symmetric.

0
0
X1 = 0
0 -3 1

0 3 -4
Applying R3 R3 + R4
0
0

1 2 4
Given M = 3 0 6

1 1 p
l1 = 3
Sum of eigen value of matrix is equal to the sum of
diagonal values (trace of M) present in the matrix.
i.e., l1 + l2 + l3 = M11 + M12 + M13
3 + l2 + l3 = 1 + 0 + p
l2 + l3 = p 2
0 0 0 x1 0
1 2
7. (b) Given, M =

0 0 0 x 2 0
0 2
=
As (M lI) = 0 (Characteristic matrix)
0 0 -3 x 3 0

where, l = Eigen values
0 3 -4 x 4 0
I = Unit matrix
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0
0
X1 = 0
0 0 -3

0 3 -4
Here, Rank of (A) = 2 = r, which is less than the number
of unknowns = 4 = n
Then, it have infinitely many solutions and n r = 2
linearly independent solutions.
0
0

Then, 0

Here, k1, k 2 R
By Echelon form; we know that, the rank of any matrix
is equal to the number of non-zero rows.
Here, the given matrix is of order 3 4, i.e., only three
rows. So, the highest possible rank should be 3.
Singular matrix Determinant is zero
Non-Square matrix Determinant is not defined
Real symmetric Eigen values are always real
Orthogonal matrix Determinant is always one
3 2
Given, s =

2 3
and eigen values = 5 and 1
We find the eigen value of S2 = SS
So, simply square of the eigen values of
S = (5)2 and (1)2 = 25 and 1

6.

(c)

15
2
2
1 - l
1 - l
=0,
=0

2 - l
2 - l
0
0
(Characteristic equation)
(1 l) (2 l) = 0
or l = 1, l = 2
Now, for l = 1

9.

(a)

3 / 5 4 / 5
where, [ M ] = x 3 / 5

As [M]T = [M]1
\ Given matrix is orthogonal.
i.e., MTM = I
3 / 5 x 3 / 5 4 / 5 1 0
4 / 5 3 / 5 x 3 / 5 = 0 1

0 2 1
2a 0
0 1 a = 0 or a = 0

a= 0
For l = 2,

3 2
+ x 2
5

12 3
25 + 5 x

-1 2 1 0
0 0 b = 0

-1 + 2b 0
0 = 0

1 + 2b = 0

b=

or

1
2

10. (a)

1 1
=
2 2
Given system of equations
2x + 3y = 4
x + y+ z = 4
x + 2y z = a
Augmented matrix of system of non-homogeneous
equation is

Hence, a + b = 0 +

8.

(b)

2 3 0
[ A B ] = 1 1 1
1 2 -1
Applying R1 R2

Given, [M]T = [M]1

1 0
=
2
2 0 1
4 3
+
5 5
12 3
+ x
25 5

4
12 3
+ x=0 x =5
25 5

2 2
A=

1 3
A lI = 0

[l = Eigen value]

2
2 - l
=0
1
l
3

(2 l) (3 l) 2 = 0
or l2 5l + 4 = 0
l = 1, 4
For eigen value, l = 1

1 2
A - lI =

1 2
Also [A lI]X = 0
where X is the eigen vector.

4
4
a

1 2 x1 0
1 2 x = 0

2
x1 + 2x2 = 0

1 1 1 4
:2 3 0 4

1 2 -1 a
Applying R2 R2 2R1 and R3 R3 R1

4
1 1 1
: 0 1 -2 -4
0 1 -2 a - 4

2
Only option (a) -1 satisfies the condition.

or

Applying R3 R3 R2
1 1 1 4
: 0 1 -2 -4
0 0 0 a
For the system of equations have unique solution, it
must have the condition

Rank of [ A B] = Rank of [A]

i.e., System is consistent.
So, putting [a = 0] and we get

f [ A B] = f [A ]

11. (c)

x
x2 = - 1
2

2
Hence, eigen vector is
-1
Given equations are
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
...(i)
x2 x3 = 0
...(ii)
x1 + x2 = 0
...(iii)
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
We have
2(x1 + x2) = 0
x1 + x2 = 0
...(iv)
Eq. (iv) is similar as the Eq. (iii), so we have only two
main Eqs. (i) and (ii) but the variables (x1, x2, x3) are
three. So the third variables are treated as constant
and it has infinite number of solutions.

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16
12. (c)
13. (c)

Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always real

For given equation matrix form is as follows

15.

1 2 1
4

A = 2 1 2 , B = 5

1 1 1
1
The augmented matrix is

(c) Suppose the eigen value of matrix A is n

(= l + i BB) say.
and the eigen vector is n whereas the conjugate pair of
eigen value and eigen vector is l and n .
So,
An = ln
...(1)
And
An = lx
Taking transpose of equation

1 2 1 : 4
[A : B] = 2 1 2 : 5

R2R22R1, R3R3R1
1 1 1 : 1

-T
T
xT A = x l

1 2 1 :
~ 0 1 0 :

0 0 0 :

16.

(a)

4
1

This gives rank of A, r(A) = 2 and Rank of [A : B]

= r[A : B] = 2
Which is less than the number of unknowns (3)
r[A] = r[A : B] = 2 < 3
Hence, this gives infinite no. of solutions.
14. (b)

5 3
Given A = 1 3

For finding eigen values, we write the characteristic

equation as
|A lI| = 0
5l

=0
1
3 l
(5 l) (3l) 3 = 0
l2 8l + 12 = 0 l= 2, 6
Now from characteristic equation for eigen vector.
[A lI] {x} = [0]

3 X1 0
5 2
=
For l = 2
3 2 X 2 0
1

So

3 3 X1 0
1 1 X = 0

2
X1 + X2 = 0
1
eigen vector =
1

X1 = X2

Magnitude of eigen vector = (1)2 + (1) 2 = 2

T
T
T
T
x T A x = x ln x An = x ln

l =l
a + ib = a ib
2ib = 0
b=0
Hence eigen value of a symmetrical matrix is real.

1 2 1 : 4
~ 0 3 0 : 3

R3 R3R2
0 3 0 : 3
1 2 1 : 4
~ 0 3 0 : 3

R2 R2/3
0 0 0 : 0

...(2)

3 0

6 4 = -12 (Given)
1 0 2
2

3 0

12 8 = 2 2 2 2

6 4

-2

-1 0 2

= 8 12 = 96
17.

(a)

dx
= 3x 5y
dt
dy
= 4x + 8 y
dt

Matrix

d x 3 -5 x
=
dt y 4 8 y

-5 2
18. (d) Eigen value of the matrix
are 4 and 3.
-9 6
\ the eigen vector corresponding to eigen vector l is
Ax = lx (verify the options).
1
is eigen vector corresponding to eigen value l = 3
1
19. (d) We know that the Eigen vectors corresponding to
distinct Eigen values of real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.

x1 y1
x y = x y + x y + x y = 0
2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3
x3 y3

1
2
Normalized eigen vector = 1

20. (d)
2
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17
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1.

2.

(d) The easiest way to find out the answer is to

substitute the values in the options.
Put x = 0,
2x z = 2
\ z = 2
\ it is not option (a) and (b).
2x z = 2
Put x = 1,
2z=2
z=0
\ it is not option (c)
(b) Use the properties
Let other two eigen values be x and y.
Sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements
x + y + 3 = 2 + (1) + 0
x + y + 3 = 1... (1)
Determinant of matrix = 45
Product of eigen values = determinant of matrix
\ 3xy = 45
xy = 15
\

x=

5.

1 d -b
A1 = ad - bc - c a

A1 =

1 7 -2
7 - 10 -5 1

1 7 -2
= -3 -5 1

6.

(b) (PQ)1 p = Q1 P1 P = Q1 I = Q1.

7.

(b) Sum of eigen values = Sum of diagonal elements

= 1
\ it is option (b).

8.

15
y

1 2
a b
(c) Let A = 5 7 = c d

1 1 1 3
(d) [AB] = 1 2 3 4

1 4 k 6

Substitute in (1),
15
+y+3=1
y

3.

4.

y2 + 2y 15 = 0
y = 5, 3
If y = 5, x = 3
If y = 3, x = 5
\ Other eigen values are 3, 5.
(b) Let other eigen value be x.
Sum of eigen values = Sum of diagonal elements
x2+6=1+5+1
x+4=7
\ x = 3.
(a) This can be written in matrix form as.
1 1 1 5
[AB] = 1 3 3 9

1 2 a b
1
5
1 1
R 2 R 2 R1
0 2
2
4

R R R
3
3
1
0 1 a 1 b 5
1
5
1 1
R
0 2
2
4 R3 R3 2

2
0 0 a 2 b 7

1
3
1 1
R 2 R 2 R1

= 0 1
2
1

R R R
3
1
0 3 k 1 3 3
1
3
1 1
= 0 1
2
1 R 3 R 3 3R 2

0 0 k 7 0

If k = 7, rank of A < no. of unknown

\ There is no unique solution when k = 7.
9.
10.

(a)
(a) 5x + y + 2z = 34
4y 3z = 12
10x 2y + z = 4
In first pivot, we remove x term in 2nd and 3rd
equation. There is no x term in 2nd equation,
therefore considering third one.
5x + y + 2z = 34
5x = 34 y 2z
10x 2y + z = 4
2(34 y 2z) 2y + z = 4

(\ First pivot 10)

4y 3z = 72
If a = 2 and b = 7, rank of [AB] = rank of [A]
Now, removing y term from 2nd and 3rd
Rank of [A] < no. of unknown
\ Pivots are 10 and 4.
\ it has infinite solutions.
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18
11.

i
3 + 2i
a b
=
(d) Let A = -i

c d
3 - 2i

A1

-i
1 3 - 2i
=

3 + 2i
ad - bc i

A1

-i
1 3 - 2i
= 14 i
3
+
2i

1 d -b
By using A1 = ad - bc - c a

12.
13.

14.

(d)
(b) Sum of eigen values is equal to sum of diagonal
elements.
(b)

1 2 3
A = 1 3 5
2 5 8

1 2 3
0 1 2 R 2 R 2 R1

R R 2R
3
1
0 1 2 3

0
= 0

16.

17.

18.
19.

20.

1 2 3
0 1 2 R R R
3
2

3
0 0 0

\
15.

(c)

1
2
0
0

0
4
0

1
2

1
4 R3 R3 R2
4
0

\ Rank = 2.
(d) Rank = number of non-zero elements in diagonal
\ Rank = 3.
4 l 2
(c) Characteristic equation =

2 1 l
(4 l) (1 l) 4 = 0
\ l = 0, 5.
(b)
(a) XT Y (3 4) and (4 3) (3 3)
\ (XT Y)1 (3 3)
P(XT Y)1 (2 3) and (3 3) (2 3)
P(XT Y)1 P1 = (2 3) and (3 2) (2 2)
\ [P(XT Y1 PT)]T (2 2).

(b)

1 1 1 2
AB = 1 2 3 7

1 4 7 17

1 1 1 2

R 2 R 2 R1
= 0 1 2 5
R R 3 R1
0 3 6 15 3

R(A) = 2.
1 1 1 2
= 0 1 2 5 R 3 R 3 3R 2

0 0 0 0

4 2 1 3
A = 6 3 4 7

2 1 0 1

Rank of (AB) = 2
No. of unknowns = 3
\ system is consistent with infinite solutions.

R3 R1
2 1 0 1
= 6 3 4 7

4 2 1 3

R1

1 1 1 1

21.

4 5 6 2

R1
2

1
2
R R 2 6R1
4 2
R R 3 4R1
1 3

1
R R 2 2R1
1 2
R R 4R
3
1
0 1 2 2 3

1 1 1 1
= 0 1 2 1 R 3 R 3 R1
0 0 0 1

1
1

1 2 0 2
= 6 3 4 7

4 2 1 3

1 2 0
=
0 0 4
0 0 1

1 1 1

(c) AB = 2 3 4 1 = 0 1 2

22.

23.

Rank of (AB) = 3
Rank of A = 2 (first 3 columns)
\ system has no solution.
(c) Sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements = 3
\ either (a) or (c) is correct.
Product of eigen values = determinant of matrix = 0
\ (c) is correct.
(d) Sum of eigen valuex = 1 + 5 + 9 = sum of trace
= 15

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19
24.

1 2
a b
(c) Let A = 4 3 = c d

1
2
AAQ =
i
- 2

1 d -b
A1 = ad - bc - c a

A1 =

A1
25.
26.

27.

28.

29.

-3
5

= 4
5

(a)

(a)

(d)

31.

(b)

32.

(d)

2
5

-1
5

35.

1
1
(b) A =
2

3
1
0
=
0

1 2 3
1 2 3
R 2 R 2 2R1

A = 2 5 8 = 0 1 2

R R 3R

3
1
0 1 2 3
3 7 11

Rank of A = 2
Nullity of matrix = number of columns rank
= 3 2 = 1.
In determined system, number of equations >
number of unknowns.
\ System is consistent with unique solution.
Use properties:
It is a diagonal matrix. Rank of diagonal matrix is
equal to number of non-zero diagonal elements = 3.
Determinant of matrix = Product of eigen values
= 2 2 3 = 12.
For singular matrix, |A| = 0
1(3x 0) 2(2x 2) = 0
3x 4x + 4 = 0
x + 4 = 0
x = 4.

1 3
0 4

36.

37.

A is orthogonal if AAT = I
A is unitary if AAQ = I, where AQ is the conjugate
Q

( )

transpose of A i.e., A = A

1
0

3
4
4
4

2
R R 2 + R1
3 2
R 2R R
1
3
3 3

R
3R

1
4
3 4

2
3 R 3 R 3 R 2
0 R 4 R 4 R 2

=40

|li | = 1 for all i.

(b) Order of [F]T [C]T is (1 5) (5 3) = (1 3)
Order of [F]T [C]T [B] = (1 3) (3 3) = (1 3)
Order of [F]T [C]T [B] [C] = (1 3) (3 5) = (1 5)
Order of [F]T [C]T [B] [C] [F] = (1 5) (5 1) = (1 1)
\ it is not scalar.

[ F] [ D] )

([ D] )

= [D] [F] [D]T

it is symmetric.

T T

[ F]T [ D ]T

([F] is symmetric)

1 2 1

(b) |A| = 1 1
4 1

0
3

= 1(3 0) 2(3 0) 1(1 4)

=36+3=0
1 2
1 1

3
4
0
0

2
1
=
1

\ Rank = 2
Nullity = number of columns rank
= 3 2 = 1.
(c) For an orthogonal matrix, if l1 is an eigen value then

([ D]

38.
1 0 0
0 1 0
= I, A2 = I A is involuntory.
=
0 0 1

3
1
2
5

1
is also its eigen value. But this does not implies
l1

-5 -8 0 -5 -8 0
2
(b) Since, A = 3 5 0 3 5 0

1 2 -1 1 2 -1

34. (c)

i
2 1 0
=
=I
1 0 1 2
2

Thus A is unitary.

(b)
(a) Co-factor of a11 = 3 2 (1 6) = 0
Co-factor of a22 = 1 2 (5 2) = 8
Co-factor of a33 = 1 3 (2 2) = 1.
(b)

30.

33.

1 3 -2
-5 -4 1

I 1
2 2

1 i
2 2

= 1 2 = 1

\ Rank of [A] = 2.
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20
42. (b)

39.

(b)

1 0 0
32 1 0
63 60 1
52 31 16

0
0
0
1

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 60 1
0 31 16

0
R R2 - 32 R1
0 1
R R3 63 R3
0 3
R R4 - 52 R4
1 4

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 31 16

0
0
R R4 - 31R2
0 3
1

1
0
0
0

0 0
1 0
0 1
0 16

A matrix A(m n) is said to be of rank r if

(i) it has at least one non-zero minor of order r, and

(ii) all other minors of order greater than r,
if any, is zero. The rank of A is denoted by r(A). Now,
given that r(A) = 2 minor of order greater than 2 i.e.,
3 is zero.
2 -1 3
Thus A = 4 7 l = 0

1 4 5

2(35 4l) + 1(20 l) + 3(16 7) = 0

70 8l + 20 l + 27 = 0,
9l = 117 l = 13
43. (d)
a
44. (d) Column matrix be A = b and row matrix

c
be B = [d e f]
a

(AB) = b [ d e f ] =
c

0
0
R R4 - 31R2
0 4
1

ad ae af
bd be bf

cd ce cf

|AB| = 0 (try it yourself);

1
0
0
0

40.

(c)

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
R R4 - 16 R3
0 4
1

It is consistent iff
b d
=
a
c

ad = bc.

2 3 2

41.

(a)

3 4 2
1 3 4

= 2(16 6) 3(12 2) + 2(9 4)

= 2 10 3 10 + 2 5
= 20 30 + 10 = 0
\ it has unique solution.

ae

bd be

= abed abed = 0.
45.

This is identity Matrix, Determinant Identity matrix is

1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
=1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

x b x d
=
; =
y
a y
c

ad

a 1
(a) A = a 1

|AlI| = 0
al

1 l

=0

l 2 (a + 1)l + 0 = 0
\ l = 0, a + 1

46.

(c)

1
1
A=
M

1.........1
1.........1
1.........1

1.........15 7

Apply R2 R1, R3 R1, R4, R1, R5 R1

we get,
1
0

M
0

1 1.....1
0 0.....0

0 0.....0

M M

0 0.....0
Rank = no.of number zero rows = 1

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21

47.

(a)

56.

1 0 2 x1 0
1 1 0 x = 0

2
2 2 0 x3 0

(b) Eigen values = 2, 2

(triangular matrix)
1
2 l
[A lI] = 0
2 l

R2 R2 R1, R3 R3 2R1

0 1
where l = 2, [A lI] =

0 0

1 0 2 x1 0
0 1 2 x = 0

2
0 2 4 x3 0

R3 R3 2R2
1 0 2 x1
0 1 2 x =

2
0 0 0 x3

57.

No. of linearly independent eigen vector of A

= no. of variables p(A lI) = 2 1 = 1
(a) mT = m1 mmT = I

0
0

0

rank (A) = P (A) = 2; n = 3

\ No. of independent solution = n r = 1

48.

1 1 0

(d) S = 1 1 1
0 0 1

58.

3
5

4 3
5 5

3 4
5 5

x = 4/5
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 1 1 R R 2R

=
3
1
A = 0 1 1

0
1
1

2 1 1

(c)

|s| = 1 (1 + 1) = 2 0

1 1 1
adj (s ) = 1 1 1
0 0 2

49.

50.

51.

1
2

adj ( s ) 1
s 1 =
=
2
|s|

1
2
1
2
0

1
2

1
2

(a) Apply R2 R1, R3 R1, R4 R1....

Then these is only one non zero row ie, R1.
\ Rank of A, P (A) = 1
(a) Sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements
\ ( 1) + (2) + x = 6
\ x = 3.
\ Other eigen value is 3
(c) AX = lX ; l is eigen value of A

1 1 0
= 0 1 1 R 3 R 3 + R 2
0 0 0

59.

P (A) = 2, n = 3
\ infinte solution (P(A) < n)
(c) cos 2x = cos2x sin2x.
= cos2 x + (1) sin 2x.
\ They are linearly dependent

60.

(a)

\ l=5
(a) sum of eigen values = sum of diagonal elements =10

53.

(a)

54.
55.

(a) Eigen values of matrix s2 is 12 and s2 is 1 and 2s

(c) Given E F = G
\ F = E1 G
G=I
\ F = E1

A 1 =

b 1
1 + b

D = b 1 + b 1
1
2b 1

c1 c1 + c2 + c3

2 2 3 1
5
1

AX = 2 1 6 2 = 10 = 5 2
= lX
1 2 0 1
5
1

52.

x
1 0
=
3 0 1
5

b 1
2 + 2b

D = 2 + 2b 1 + b 1

2 + 2b 2b 1

adjA
|A|
61.

(b)

c1 and c3 are propotional

D=0

1 2 3K n
2 4 6L 2 n

A = 3 6 9L 3n

M
M M M
n 2n 3n L n

P (A) = 1 (Qall rows are propotional)

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22
62.

P(A/B) = P(A) = 2 < 3

\ infinite number of solution.

(c) Charac. eqn.

|A lI| = 0
3 l
2
1
0l = 0

68.

l2 ( 3) l + 2 = 0
l2 + 3l + 2 = 0 A2 + 3A + 2I = 0
(A + I) (A + 2I) = 0
63. (d) |lI P| = 0
l3 + l2 + 2l + I = 0
p3 + p2 + 2p + I = 0
p (p2 + p + 2) = I
p2 + p + 2I = I P1 = P1
\ p1 = (p2 + p + 2I)
64. (c) Given system of equations are

69.
70.

x 2 - x3 = 0

cos q, cos f cos(q f) cos q, sin f.cos(q f)

=

cos f sin q.cos(q f) sin q.sin f cos( q f)

...(ii)

= A null matrix, when cos (q f) = 0

x1 + x 2 = 0

...(iii)

p
i.e. if (q f) is an odd multiple of .
2

71.

x1 + x 2 = 0
We see that the equation (iii) and (iv) is same and they
will meet at infinite points. Hence this system of
equations have infinite number of solutions.
(b) Dimension of null space = (no. of variables rank)
= (3 2) = 1
(d)

2 2 x1 0
1 1 x = 0

2x1 2 x2 = 0
and x1 x2 = 0
\ x1 = x2
\ There are infinte no. of solutions
67.

(c)

charac. eqn. = l2 + 5l + 6 = 0
A2 + 5A + 6I = 0
\ A2 = 5A 6 I
A3 = 5A2 6 A
A3 = 5A2 6A
= 5 ( 5 A 6 I) 6A = 19 A + 30 I
(b) By property, sum of eigen values equals sum of
diagonal elements.
(c) AB

...(i)

2x1 + 2x 2 = 0

66.

5 3
A=

2 0

2x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 0

Adding the equation (i) and (ii) we have

65.

(b)

(b) Since matrix is triangular, hence eigen values are a, a, b.

If (X1, X2 , X3 ) is an arbitrary eigen vector, say
corresponding to 1, then
1 0 0 X1
X1
0 a 0 X = 1 X

2
2
0 0 b X3
X 3

X2, X3 being not zero, we have

X1 = X1; aX2 = X2
which gives a = 1
and bX = X3
b=1
\ (a, b) = (1, 1).

1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 5
R2 R2 2R1

= 0 3 0 3 R R R
3
3 1
1 1 1 1 0 3 0 3
1 2 1 4
= 0 3 0 3
0 0 0 0

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