Total Old Paper Final Eco401

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FINALTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
ECO401- Economics (Session - 2)
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In a free-market economy, the allocation of resources is determined by:
► Votes taken by consumers.

► A central planning authority.
► Consumer preferences.
► The level of profits of firms.

The concave shape of the production possibilities curve for two goods X and Y
illustrates:
► Increasing opportunity cost for both goods.

► Increasing opportunity cost for good X but not for good Y.
► Increasing opportunity cost for good Y but not for good X.
► Constant opportunity cost for both goods.

If the quantity demanded of a product is greater than the quantity supplied of a
product, then:
► There is a shortage of the product.
► There is a surplus of the product.
► The product is a normal good.
► The product is an inferior good.

The supply curve is upward-sloping because:
► As the price increases, consumers demand less.

► As the price increases, suppliers can earn higher levels of profit or justify higher
marginal costs to produce more.
► None of the given options.
► As the price increases, so do costs.
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When an industry's raw material costs increase, other things remaining the same:
► The supply curve shifts to the right.
► Output increases regardless of the market price and the supply curve shifts
upward.
► Output decreases and the market price also decrease.
► The supply curve shifts to the left. .
(http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~alvaror/sample-I-Micro1.pdf)

When the price of petrol rises by 12%, the quantity of petrol purchased falls by 8%.
This shows that the demand for petrol is:
solution= Ped= % change in Q demand /% change in Q Price= 10%/12%= 0.5 where e>1
elastic
e<1 inelastic
► Perfectly elastic.
► Unit elastic.
► Elastic.
► Inelastic.
Reference by salman
Where Є = Epsilon; universal notation for elasticity.
If, for example, a 20% increase in the price of a product causes a 10% fall in the Quantity
demanded,
the price elasticity of demand will be:
PЄd = - 10% = - 0.5
20%

Suppose price rises from $15 to $17 and quantity demanded decreases by 20%. We
can conclude:
► Demand is unitary elastic.

► Demand is elastic.
► The elasticity of demand is 2.
► Total revenue will decrease.

"Utility" is most closely related to the term:
► Useless.
► Require.
► Necessary.
► Satisfaction.

When the marginal utility of a good is zero, this implies that:
► The consumer would not spend any additional income to buy more of that good.
► Consumption of additional units would have positive marginal utility.
► Total utility is minimized.
► Total utility is also zero.

When the substitution effect of a lowered price is counteracted by the income effect,
the good in question is:
► An inferior good.
► A substitute good.
► An independent good.
► A normal good.

Diminishing marginal returns implies:
► Decreasing marginal costs.

► Increasing marginal costs.
► Decreasing average variable costs.
► Decreasing average fixed costs.

A graph showing all the combinations of capital and labour available for a given
total cost is the:
► Budget constraint.
► Expenditure set.
► Isoquant.
► Isocost.

When an isocost line is just tangent to an isoquant, we know that:
► Output is being produced at minimum cost.
► Output is not being produced at minimum cost.
► The two products are being produced at the medium input cost to the firm.
► The two products are being produced at the highest input cost to the firm.

In order for a taxicab to be operated in New York City, it must have a medallion on
its hood. Medallions are expensive but can be resold and are therefore an example
of:
► A fixed cost.
► A variable cost.
► An implicit cost.
► An opportunity cost.

The good produced by a monopoly:
► Has perfect substitutes.

► Has no substitutes at all.
► Has no close substitutes.
► Can be easily duplicated.

Welfare economics is the branch of economics which deals with:
► Positive issues.
► Normative issues.
► Micro issues.
► Macro issues.

The oligopoly model which predicts that oligopoly prices will tend to be very rigid is
the:
► Cournot model.
► Cobweb model.
► Dominant firm model.
► Kinked demand model.

The kinked demand curve model is based on which of the following assumptions?
► Each firm considers its rival's output to be fixed.
► Each firm considers its rival's price to be fixed.
► Each firm believes rivals will match all price changes.
Reference by shoaib
A kinked demand curve explains the “stickiness” of the prices in oligopolistic markets. The main
insight is that if one firm raises prices, no one else will and so the firm will face declining revenues
(elastic demand). However if one firm lowered its price, everyone else would lower their prices as
well and everyone’s revenues, including the first firm’s revenues would fall (inelastic demand).
Reference by Asim
http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/eco/chap12/e1212101.asp

Which of the following is NOT conducive to the successful operation of a cartel?
► Market demand for the good is relatively inelastic.

► The cartel supplies all of the world's output of the good.
► Cartel members have substantial cost advantages over non-member producers.
► The supply of non-cartel members is very price elastic.
Reference by shoaib
Cartel: A cartel is most likely to survive when the number of firms is small, there is openness
among firms regarding their production processes; the product is homogeneous; there is a large
firm which acts as price leader; industry is stable; government’s strictness in implementing
antitrust (or anti-collusion) laws.
Reference by Asim
3.0 Conditions conducive for formation of cartels
1. Only a small number of firms exist in the industry and barriers prevail to entry protect the
monopoly power of existing firms in the long run
2. Market demand is not too variable i.e. it is reasonably predictable and not subject to erratic
fluctuations which may result to excess demand or excess supply
3. Demand is fairly inelastic with respect to price so that a higher cartel price fetches increased
total revenue to suppliers in the market
4. It is easier to monitor each firm’s output. This enables the cartel more easily to regulate total
supply and identify firms, cheating on output quotas

Cartels are:
► Organizations of independent firms, producing similar products, that work
together to raise prices and restrict output.
► Organizations of interdependent firms, producing similar products, that work
► Organizations of independent firms, producing different products, that work
► Considered as part of monopolistic competition.

The marginal revenue product is:
► Upward sloping due to the law of demand.

► Upward sloping due to the law of marginal utility.
► Downward sloping due to the law of diminishing returns.
► Downward sloping due to the law of supply.

A reason why some economists basically ignore the short run is because they believe
that the economy:
► Has self-correcting mechanisms.

► Can only be graphed with a horizontal curve.
► Never needs correction.

The long run aggregate supply curve will shift to the right if:
► The price level increases.
► Factors of production (such as labor and capital) increase.
► Expenditures (such as consumption and net exports) increase.
► The prices of inputs used to produce goods and services (such as wages and the
price of oil) decrease.

A primary implication of Keynesian economics is:
► The best government is the least government.

► Flexible wages and prices ensure full employment.
► Monetary policy is far superior to fiscal policy.
► Business-cycle instability is best corrected through government
policies. http://ck12.org/flexr/chapter/2489/

The economic analysis most closely related to Say's Law is:
► Short-run aggregate market.

► Production possibilities.
► Imperfect competition.
► Circular flow. http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl

Which of the following is NOT a reason of downward slope of aggregate demand
curve? http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/qbank/income1.htm
► The exchange-rate effect.

► The wealth effect.
► The classical dichotomy / monetary neutrality effects.
► The interest-rate effect.

The upward-sloping aggregate supply curve indicates that:
http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/qbank/income1.htm
► As firms increase their level of output, the cost of producing an extra unit
increases.
► An increase in aggregate demand causes little, if any increase in real output the
economy is operating in the long run.
► Any increase in aggregate demand causes the output of producers to fall because
the general price level rises.

An important difference between the Classical and Keynesian approaches to achieve
a macroeconomic equilibrium is that:
http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/qbank/income1.htm
► Keynesian economists actively promote the use of fiscal policy while the classical
economists do not.
► Keynesian economists actively promote the use of monetary policy to improve
aggregate economic performance while the classical economists do not.
► Classical economists believe that monetary policy will certainly affect the level of
output while the Keynesians believe that money growth affects only prices.
► Classical economists believe that fiscal policy is an effective tool for achieving
economic stability while the Keynesians do not.

According to classical economists, the:
► Aggregate demand curve is downward sloping and the aggregate supply curve is
vertical.
► Aggregate demand curve is downward sloping and the aggregate supply curve is
upward sloping.
► Aggregate demand curve is vertical and the aggregate supply curve is upward
sloping.
► Aggregate demand curve is vertical and the aggregate supply curve is horizontal.

How many methods are there to measure Gross Domestic Product?
► Three.
► Four.
► Five.
► Six.

Which of the following is a flow variable?
► The value of the house in which you live.
► The balance in your savings account.
► Your monthly consumption on food items.
► The number of carrots in your refrigerator at the beginning of the month.

Which of the following is NOT a stock variable?
► Government debt.
► Capital.
► The amount of money held by the public.
► Inventory investment.

Suppose that your income increases from $100,000 to $150,000 and your
consumption increases from $80,000 to $120,000. Your Marginal Propensity to Save
(MPS) is:
► 0.2.
► 0.4.
► 0.6.
► 0.8.

Which of the following plays the key balancing role in making sure that the
economy reaches and stays at equilibrium at the potential output level?
► Real exchange rate.

► The production function.
► Real price level.
► Real interest rate.

If injections are less than withdrawals at the full-employment level of income then
there arises:
► A deflationary gap.
► Hysteresis.
► Hyperinflation.
► An inflationary gap.

The labour force is made up of:
► The number of people employed minus the number of people unemployed.

► The number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed.
► Just the number of people employed.
► The whole population.

Deflation is:
► An increase in the overall level of economic activity.

► An increase in the overall price level.
► A decrease in the overall level of economic activity.
► A decrease in the overall price level.

Which of the following will result if there is a decrease in aggregate demand?
► Expansion; inflation.
► Recession; deflation.
► Expansion; deflation.
► Recession; inflation.

A decrease in the natural rate of unemployment will:
► Shift the Phillips curve to the left.
► Result in a decrease in the inflation rate along the Phillips curve.
► Shift the Phillips curve to the right.
► Result in an increase in the inflation rate along the Phillips curve.

The Phillips curve will shift to the right:
► If there is a decrease in the expected inflation rate.

► If there is an increase in the expected inflation rate.
► If there is a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment.
► If there is a favorable supply shock.

If a country has flexible exchange rate and has more rapid inflation rate than other
countries, its currency will:
► Appreciate.
► Depreciate. http://ingrimayne.com/econ/monetaryhistory/quiz15a_new.htm
► Not effect.
► All of the given are possible.

The nominal exchange rate is defined as the:
► Market on which currencies of various nations are traded for one another.
► Price of one unit of foriegn good in terms of domestic good.
► Price of one unit of foriegn currency in terms of domestic currency.
► All of the given options.

Current account deficit is equal to:
► Private sector resource deficit.

► Government budget deficit.
► Private sector resource deficit + Government budget deficit. (page no 160)

In the exogenous growth model, if investment exceeds depreciation, the capital stock
will ----------- and output will-------------- until the steady state is attained.
► Increase; increase. (eco paper 3070)
► Increase; decrease.
► Decrease; decrease.
► Decrease; increase.

Endogenous growth theory differs in what essential aspect from the Solow theory of
economic growth? www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199264964/01student/mcqs/ch18/
► Endogenous growth theory is a monetary theory whereas the Solow theory is a

real theory.
► Endogenous growth theory assumes diminishing returns to capital and the Solow
theory assumes constant returns.
► In endogenous growth theory, economies with the same technology and saving
rate need not converge to the same steady state as in the Solow model.
► All of the given options are correct.

A currency appreciation should:
► Reduce net exports and therefore increase aggregate demand.

► Raise net exports and therefore decrease aggregate demand.
► Reduce net exports and therefore decrease aggregate demand.
► Raise net exports and therefore increase aggregate demand.

M1 component of money supply consists of:
► Paper currency and coins.

► Paper currency, coins and check writing deposits.
► Paper currency, coins, check writing deposits and savings deposits.
► Paper currency, coins, check writing deposits, savings deposits and certificates of
deposits.

Commercial banks in Pakistan are supervised by:
► State bank.
► National bank.
► Finance minister.
► World bank.

What would result from a depreciation of the pound on the foreign exchange
market?
► An increase in the price of imported computers.
► A fall in the purchasing power of US tourists in London.
► A fall in the price of imported computers.
► An increase in the purchasing power of UK tourists overseas.

An example of hysteresis having a negative effect on a country's economy would be:
► Hyperinflation caused by excessive demand.

► Nervous investors selling all their shares, causing the stockmarket to crash.
► Unemployed workers not taking available jobs.
► Women being kept out of jobs traditionally held by men.
Question No: 51 ( Marks: 5 )

Briefly discuss the concept of comparative advantage with the help of example.
AA
Differentiate between Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) and Marginal
Propensity to Save (MPS).
B. Suppose a household has the consumption function (C) presented in the figure
given below:
a. Find consumption when disposable income is $8,000 and $10,000.
b. Find consumption when disposable income is $ 6,000. How can a
household consume more than its disposable income?
c A What is true for every point on the 450 line?
C
Consumption ($)
9,000
B
8,000
7,000
450
6,000 8,000 10,000
Disposable income ($)
(Marks: 4+6)

Define M0 and M1. Briefly discuss the three broad motives of holding money.
(Marks:4+6)

Recall the Equation of Quantity theory of money and calculate the missing figure in
each of the following cases:
a) Money supply (M) =100, Price (P) = 3 and real output (Q) = 200. Calculate
the missing figure.
b) Velocity of money (V) = 4, Price (P) = 5 and output (Q) =100. Calculate the
missing figure.
c) Money supply (M) = 200, velocity of money (V) = 7 and output (Q) = 700.
Calculate the missing figure.
d) Money supply (M) =150, velocity of money (V) = 8, Price level (P) = 3.
Calculate the missing value.
(Marks: 2.5 each)
PAPER NO 2
ECO401 - ECONOMICS - IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Which of the following might be considered to be a characteristic of a planned

economy?
All income is completely evenly distributed.

Price is relatively unimportant as a means of allocating resources.
Goods and services produced reflect consumer sovereignty.
There is no incentive for people to work hard.
Land is best described as:
Produced factors of production.

"Organizational" resources.
Physical and mental abilities of people.
"Naturally" occurring resources.
At the equilibrium price:
There will be a shortage.

There will be neither a shortage nor a surplus.
There will be a surplus.
There are forces that cause the price to change.
An increase in supply is shown by:
Shifting the supply curve to the left.

Shifting the supply curve to the right.
Upward movement along the supply curve.
Downward movement along the supply curve.
The cross price elasticity of demand for complementary goods is:
Less than 0.
Equal to 0.
Greater than 0.
Between 0 and 1.
Indifference curves that are convex to the origin reflect:
An increasing marginal rate of substitution.

A decreasing marginal rate of substitution.
A constant marginal rate of substitution.
A marginal rate of substitution that first decreases, then increases.
If a market basket is changed by adding more to at least one of the goods, then
every consumer will:
Rank the market basket more highly after the change.

Rank the market basket more highly before the change.
Rank the market basket just as desirable after the change.
Be unable to decide whether he prefers the first market basket to the second or the second
to the first.
An indifference curve is:
A collection of market baskets that are equally desirable to the consumer.

A collection of market baskets that the consumer can buy.
A curve whose elasticity is constant for every price.
A curve which passes through the origin and includes all of the market baskets that the
consumer regards as being equivalent.
If prices of both goods increase by the same percentage, the budget line will:
Shift parallel to the left.

Shift parallel to the right.
Pivot about the x axis.
Pivot about the y axis.
Which of the following is TRUE about price-consumption curve for good X?
Nominal income falls as the price of X falls.

The absolute price of X falls, but the relative price between X and the composite good Y
stays the same.
It is always downward sloping for a normal good.
It represents only those market baskets that are optimal for the given price ratio and
preference pattern and therefore a demand curve can be plotted from it.
In the long run, which of the following is considered to be a variable cost?
Expenditures for wages.

Expenditures for research and development.
Expenditures for capital machinery and equipment.
All of the given options.
If a firm experiences economies of scale, then the:
Long-run average total cost curve is equal to the economies of scope.

Long-run average total cost curve is positively sloped.
Long-run average total cost curve is horizontal.
Long-run average total cost curve is negatively sloped.
The break-even point occurs when:
Price < Average Variable Cost.

Price < Average Total Cost.
Price = Average Total Cost.
Price > Average Variable Cost.
As compared to existing firms, a new firm entering in monopolist market has:
High costs.
Low costs.
Equal costs.
None of the given options.
Third-degree price discrimination involves:
Charging each consumer the same two part tariff.

Charging lower prices the greater the quantity purchased.
The use of increasing block rate pricing.
Charging different prices to different groups based upon differences in elasticity of
demand.
Goods produced by oligopolistic industries are typically:
Standardized.
Differentiated.
Differentiated if industrial goods.
Differentiated if consumer goods.
The oligopoly model which predicts that oligopoly prices will tend to be very rigid is
the:
Cournot model.
Cobweb model.
Dominant firm model.
Kinked demand model.
In the kinked demand curve model, if one firm reduces its price:
Other firms will also reduce their price. 90%

Other firms will compete on a non-price basis.
Other firms will raise their price.
Under the kinked demand curve model, an increase in marginal cost will lead to:
An increase in output level and a decrease in price.

A decrease in output level and an increase in price.
A decrease in output level and no change in price.
Neither a change in output level nor a change in price.
Cartels are:
Organizations of independent firms, producing similar products, that work together to

raise prices and restrict output.
Organizations of interdependent firms, producing similar products, that work together to
Organizations of independent firms, producing different products, that work together to
Considered as part of monopolistic competition.
An increase in the wage rate:
Will usually lead to more people employed.

Will decrease total earnings if the demand for labour is wage elastic.
Is illegal in a free market.
Will cause a shift in the demand for labour.
The aggregate demand will decrease if:
Consumption spending increases.

Imports decreases.
Investment spending decreases. (may be)
Government spending increases.
The Great Depression of 1930s opened the door to the __________ revolution in
macroeconomic theory.
Keynesian.
New classical.
Old classical.
New Keynesian.
Keynesian economics was largely developed to address the economic problems of

the:
Bank panic of 1907.

Stagflation of 1970s.
Great Depression of 1930s.
English industrial revolution of the late 1700s.
During periods of high unemployment, the preferred policy of Keynesian economics

is:
A recessionary gap.
Expansionary fiscal policy.
Contractionary monetary policy.
Waiting for self-correction to work..
According to classical economics, the economy was unlikely to experience:
Full employment.
Flexible wages and prices.
Equality between saving and investment.
High rates of unemployment.
According to classical economics, the economy will always tend toward full
employment due to:
Minimum wages.
Flexible wages and prices.
Extended periods of unemployment.
Inequality between saving and investment.
Which of the following is NOT a reason of downward slope of aggregate demand

curve?
The exchange-rate effect.

The wealth effect.
The classical dichotomy / monetary neutrality effects.
The interest-rate effect.
Under new classical macroeconomics, monetary policy:
Affects the level of equilibrium output.

Affects the composition of equilibrium output.
Affects both the level and composition of equilibrium output.
Gross Domestic Product is:
A stock variable.
A flow variable.
Both a stock and a flow variable.
Neither a stock nor a flow variable..
The relationship between consumer spending and income is known as the:
45-degree line..
Consumption function. (online book)
Investment function.
Consumer price index.
The slope of the consumption function (or line) is the:
Average propensity to save.

Average propensity to consume.
Marginal propensity to save.
Marginal propensity to consume.
Which of the following plays the key balancing role in making sure that the
economy reaches and stays at equilibrium at the potential output level?
Real exchange rate.

The production function.
Real price level.
Real interest rate.
A source of fluctuations in investment spending is:
Changes in government expectations of future output growth.

Changes in household's expectations about future output growth.
Changes in household's expectations about future risk.
Changes in investor's expectations about future profits.
According to the classical economists, those who are not working:
Are unable to find a job at the current wage rate.

Are too productive to be hired at the current wage.
Have choosen not to work at the market wage.
Have given up looking for a job but would accept a job at the current wage if one were
offered to them.
The unemployment rate is equal to:
Number of employed / labour force x 100.

Number of unemployed / labour force.
(Number of unemployed / labour force) x 100.
Deflation is:
An increase in the overall level of economic activity.

An increase in the overall price level.
A decrease in the overall level of economic activity.
A decrease in the overall price level.
The primary result of inflation is:
A rise in personal wealth.

A rise in wages.
A decline in prices.
A decline in the value of money.
The record of a country's transactions in goods, services and assets with the rest of
the world is its:
Current account.
Balance of trade.
Capital account.
Balance of payments.
A current account deficit implies that:
Imports are greater than exports.

Income exceeds spending.
Exports are greater than imports.
What does the term "balance of payment deficit" refer to?
An increase in official international reserves.

A positive statistical discrepancy.
A negative statistical discrepancy.
A decline in official international reserves.
If a Japanese radio priced at 2,000 yen can be purchased for $10, the exchange rate
is:
200 yen per dollar.

20 yen per dollar.
20 dollars per yen.
In the exogenous growth model, if investment exceeds depreciation, the capital stock
will ----------- and output will-------------- until the steady state is attained.
Increase; increase.
Increase; decrease.
Decrease; decrease.
Decrease; increase.
Endogenous growth theory differs in what essential aspect from the Solow theory of
economic growth?
Endogenous growth theory is a monetary theory whereas the Solow theory is a real
theory.
Endogenous growth theory assumes diminishing returns to capital and the Solow theory
assumes constant returns.
In endogenous growth theory, economies with the same technology and saving rate need
not converge to the same steady state as in the Solow model.
www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199264964/01student/mcqs/ch18/
All of the given options are correct.
A tax system in which the marginal rate of taxation is higher than the average rate
is known as:
A proportional tax system.

A tax system which encourages additional effort.
A progressive tax system.
A regressive tax system.
Which of the following is a more expansionary way for government to finance a

budget deficit?
Borrowing money in the money market.

Borrowing money in the goods market.
Creating new money. http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/mcconnell8/olc/macro_olc/ma8_qq12.html
Increasing taxes.
An increase in the money supply will cause interest rates to:
Rise.
Fall. (online book)
Remain unchanged.
In the Keynesian cross model, the aggregate expenditure line has a slope of:
1.
0.
Infinity.
Less than 1.
In Keynesian economics, an inflationary gap results if:
Aggregate expenditures are less than aggregate production.

Aggregate expenditures are greater than aggregate production.
Aggregate expenditures are equal to aggregate production.
There are no changes in inventories..
In the Keynesian cross model, the 45-degree line has a slope of:
1.
0.
45.
Infinity.
If Aggregate Supply curve and Aggregate Demand curve in an economy intersect at a

point "a" and after a rightward shift in Aggregate Demand curve and a leftward shift in
Aggregate Supply curve, the new equilibrium obtains at point "g" which is vertically
above point "a". Does this necessarily imply that the long-run Aggregate Supply curve is
vertical? 5
Explain the differences between Classical and Keynesian School of thoughts about the
aggregate supply curve with the help of graphs?
(Marks: 5+5)
Define fiscal policy. Differentiate between contractionary and expansionary fiscal policy.
In which situations, budget deficit and budget surplus exist?
(Marks: 2+4+4)
A. Discuss the components on the assets and liabilities side of the balance sheet of State
Bank of Pakistan?
B. Following are the items of balance sheet of bank A
Loans = 90
Deposits = 100
Reserves = 10
Prepare the balance sheet in proper form and find out total assets and total liabilities.
C. Following are the items of balance sheet of bank A

Loans = 60
Deposits = 110
Reserves = 50
Firm A deposits Rs.50 in bank A. Prepare the balance sheet in proper form and find out
total assets and total liabilities.
(Marks:4+3+3)
------------------------------------------------------------
3 co m m e n t s
Spring 2009

Aslam decides to stay at home and study for his exam rather than going out with his
friends to a movie. His dilemma is an example of:
► The economic perspective.

► Marginal analysis.
► Allocative efficiency.
► Opportunity cost.

A good for which income and quantity demanded are inversely related is known as:
► Inferior good.
► Complementary good.
► Normal good.

An increase in supply is shown by:
► Shifting the supply curve to the left.
► Shifting the supply curve to the right.
► Upward movement along the supply curve.
► Downward movement along the supply curve.

Price floor results in:
► Excess supply.
► Equilibrium.
► Excess demand.

The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded
to:
► Quantity demanded.
► Quantity supplied.
► Price.
► Output.

Assume that the total utilities for the fifth and sixth units of a good consumed are 83
and 97, respectively. The marginal utility for the sixth unit is:
► -14.
► 14.
► 83.
► 97.
Indifference curves that are convex to the origin reflect:
► An increasing marginal rate of substitution.
► A decreasing marginal rate of substitution.
► A constant marginal rate of substitution.
► A marginal rate of substitution that first decreases, then increases.

To find the profit maximizing level of output, a firm finds the output level where:
► Price equals marginal cost.
► Marginal revenue and average total cost.
► Price equals marginal revenue.
The profit maximizing level of output is found by equating its marginal

revenue with its marginal cost, which is the same profit maximizing
condition that a perfectly competitive firm uses to determine its
equilibrium level of output. Indeed, the condition that marginal
revenue equal marginal cost is used to determine the profit
maximizing level of output of every firm, regardless of the market
structure in which the firm is operating.

As compared to existing firms, a new firm entering in monopolist market has:
► High costs.
► Low costs.
► Equal costs.

A firm is charging a different price for each unit purchased by a consumer. This is
called:
► First-degree price discrimination.
► Second-degree price discrimination.
► Third-degree price discrimination.
McDonald's restaurant located near the high school offered a Tuesday special for
high school students. If high school students showed their student ID cards, they
would be given 50 cents off any special meal. This practice is an example of:
► Collusion.
► Price discrimination.
► Two-part tariff.
► Bundling.

The price elasticity of demand for any good must be less than or equal to zero
unless:
► The good is a necessity.

► The good is a luxury.
► The good is a Giffen good.
Figure
In figure given above, the marginal utility of income is:
► Increasing as income increases.

► Constant for all levels of income.
► Diminishes as income increases.
In monopoly, which of the following is NOT true?
► Products are differentiated.

► There is freedom of entry and exit into the industry in the long run.
► The firm is a price maker.
► There is one main seller.

► Micro issues.
► Macro issues.

► An increase in output level and a decrease in price.

► A decrease in output level and an increase in price.
► A decrease in output level and no change in price.
► Neither a change in output level nor a change in price.

Which of the following market situation is much like a pure monopoly except that
its member firms tend to cheat on agreed upon price and output strategies?
► Duopoly.
► Cartel.
► Market sharing monopoly.
► Natural monopoly.

In the complete classical model, a rightward shift of the labor supply curve will:
► Decrease the price level and increase the nominal wage.

► Decrease the nominal wage and increase the price level.
► Decrease both the price level and the nominal wage.
► Increase both the price level and the nominal wage.
Which of the following events could cause the aggregate demand curve to shift to the
right?
► An increase in the rate of inflation.

► A decrease in government expenditures.
► A decrease in investment spending.
► A decrease in income tax rates. (may be)

The Great Depression of 1930s opened the door to the __________ revolution in
macroeconomic theory.
► Keynesian.
► New classical.
► Old classical.
► New Keynesian.

Keynesian economics was the predominant economic theory:
► Prior to the late 1700s.

► From the late 1700s to the early 1900s.
► From 1930s to 1970s.
► Since 1970s.

Classical economics was replaced as the dominant theory of macroeconomic analysis
by:
► Monetarism.
► Rational expectations.
► Keynesian economics.
► Neoclassical economics.

According to the model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand, in the long run,
an increase in the money supply should cause:
► Both prices and output to rise.

► Prices to fall and output to remain unchanged.
► Both prices and output to fall.
► Prices to rise and output to remain unchanged.
Intermediate goods are meant for:
► Direct use by the consumers.

► Further processing.
► The term do not exist.

Final goods are meant for:
► Direct use by the consumers.

► Further processing.
► The term do not exist.


► Capital.

All other things remain the same, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will rise if:
► Imports rises.
► Exports falls.
► Durable goods consumption rises.
► Military spending falls.

If disposable income increases from $5 trillion to $6 trillion and as a result,
consumption expenditure increases from $7 trillion to $7.8 trillion, the Marginal
Propensity to Consume is:
► 1.0.
► 0.8. mailer.fsu.edu/~jcobbe/2013/f01/qz3f01.doc
► 5/7 = 0.71.
► 6/7.8 = 0.77.

The slope of the consumption function (or line) is the:
► Average propensity to save.

► Average propensity to consume.
► Marginal propensity to save.
► Marginal propensity to consume.

(MPS) is:
► 0.2.
► 0.4.
► 0.6.
► 0.8.

► Number of employed / labour force x 100.

► Number of unemployed / labour force.
► (Number of unemployed / labour force) x 100.

The traditional Phillips Curve shows the:
► Inverse relationship between the rate of inflation and unemployment rate.

► Inverse relationship between the nominal and real wage.
► Direct relationship between unemployment and demand-pull inflation.
► Tradeoff between the short run and long run.

Deflation is:
► An increase in the overall level of economic activity.
► An increase in the overall price level.
► A decrease in the overall level of economic activity.
► A decrease in the overall price level.

Is Grosss Domestic Product (GDP) an accurate measure of a country’s well being?
► Yes, it is the best measure of national well being.
► Yes, provided we use real GDP and not nominal GDP.
► Uncertain, depending on whether GDP is rising or falling.
► No, it is not.

Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
► Is nominal GDP adjusted for changes in the price level.

► Is also called nominal GDP.
► Measures GDP minus depreciation of capital.
► Will always change when prices change.

If a war destroys a large portion of a country's capital stock but the saving rate is
unchanged, the exogenous model predicts that output will grow and the new steady
state will approach:
► A higher output level than before.

► The same output level as before.
► A lower output level than before.
► The Golden Rule output level.

A currency appreciation:
► Reduces aggregate demand and increases aggregate supply.

► Reduces both aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
► Increases aggregate demand and reduces aggregate supply.
► Increases both aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

M1 component of money supply consists of:
► Paper currency and coins.

► Paper currency, coins and check writing deposits.
► Paper currency, coins, check writing deposits and savings deposits.
► Paper currency, coins, check writing deposits, savings deposits and certificates of
deposits.

Personal income:
► Is income received by individuals during a given year.

► Is the income individuals have available for spending during a given year.
► Equals national income minus indirect taxes.
► Is the sum of wages plus interest received by individuals during a given year.

Real Gross National Product (GNP) is best defined as:
► The pound value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a
particular time period and measured in current prices.
► The pound value of all goods produced for final consumption by households in a
particular year and measured in constant prices.
► The current pound value of all new and used goods produced and sold in the
economy during a particular time period.
► The market value of all final goods and services produced by the economy
during a given time period, with prices held constant relative to some base period.

Which of the following statements describes the difference between nominal and
real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
► Real GDP includes only goods; nominal GDP includes goods and services.
► Real GDP is measured using constant base-year prices; nominal GDP is
measured using current prices.
► Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP less the depreciation of the capital stock.
► Real GDP is equal to nominal GDP multiplied by the CPI.

If we compare Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with Gross National Product (GNP)
then:
► GNP = GDP – Net income from abroad.

► GNP = GDP + Net income from abroad.
► GNP = NNP – Net income from abroad.
► GNP = NNP + Net income from abroad.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of:
► All transactions in an economy during one-year period.

► All goods and services exchanged in an economy during one-year period.
► All final goods and services exchanged in an economy during one-year period.
► All final goods and services produced in a domestic economy during one-year
period.

Which of the following shows the Fisher equation of exchange?
► MT=PV.
► VT=PM.
► MV=PQ.
► MY=VP.

An exchange rate that varies according to the supply and demand for the currency
in the foreign exchange market is called:
► Overvalued exchange rate.
► Undervalued exchange rate.
► Fixed exchange rate.
► Flexible exchange rate.

In the equation MV = PQ, according to the crude quantity theory of money:
► M has no effect on the price level.

► V is the number of times each dollar is spent per year.
► Q is the real price level.
► P rises as V falls, other things constant.

In the Keynesian cross model, the 45-degree line has a slope of:
► 45.
► Infinity.
► 1.
► 0.

In Keynesian economics, equilibrium can occur:
► Only at full employment level.

► Only at levels less than full employment.
► Only at levels greater than full employment.
► At any level of aggregate output which is equal to aggregate expenditures.

After a decrease in the wage, the substitution effect implies that:
► Only the amount demanded of capital decreases.

► Only the amount demanded of labor decreases.
► Only the amount demanded of capital increases.
► The amount demanded of all inputs increases.

Briefly discuss the private cost of advertising. How we can calculate the marginal
social cost?
ANSWER: Private Cost Of Advertising: The private cost of advertising is the cost
incurred by firm in making the advertisement i.e newspaper adds, tv commercials etc.
The firms do not take into account the nuisance faced by people due to these
advertisements otherwise the firms would do less advertisement.
Marginal Social Cost: Marginal social cost is not a monetary based cost. It is the cost
borne by the society as a whole. It is the cost of consumption of one next unit.

AA
What conclusions are derived from exogenous growth theory?
ANSWER: Exogenous Growth Theory: The major conclusions derived from the
exogenous growth are as follows:
• The steady growth rate of real GDP depends on exogenous rates of growth of
population (n) and technology (t). There are no policies for government for how
to affect the steady growth rate of a country. Higher savings can only have a little
effect on income it cannot cause long term growth because savings cause
diminishing returns to investment and capital accumulation.
• If one country started with lower income and capital than another country, the
poorer country will grow faster to catch up the richer country and then both the
countries will grow together.
B. What is meant by convergence theory? Explain the convergence theory in the

given graph.
y Con vergence the ory nk
α
y = sAk
Con ve rg ence to
ste ady state
O k0 k1 k2 k
k
(Marks: 4+6)

Define fiscal policy. Differentiate between contractionary and expansionary fiscal
policy. In which situations, budget deficit and budget surplus exist?
Answer: Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy is the government’s about the
• expenditure in form of purchases, subsidies and interest payments on debt etc.
• revenue in form of taxes etc.
Difference between Contractionary and Expansionary Fiscal Policy:
Contactionary Fiscal Policy Expansionary Fiscal Policy

In conactionary fiscal policy government In expansionary fiscal policy government
decreases its expenditure. increases its expenditure.
Budget Deficit and Budget Surplus: Budget deficit exists if government

expenditure increases the revenue earned. In this case government needs to finance its
expenditure through borrowing.
Budget surplus exists when revenue exceeds the government expenditure. In this
condition government can easily pay off its debt borrowings.
(Marks: 2+4+4)

Discuss the basic theories regarding IMF’s stabilization program. Are these theories
successful? If not, give reasons.
Answer: IMF’s Stabilization Theories:

• Tight Fiscal Policy: It works through higher revenues and reduced government
expenditure.
• Devaluation: Switching from imports to home produced goods. It increases
competitiveness, exports and increase investors confidence in local currency.
• Tight Monetary Policy: Higher interest rates resulting in reduced private sector
consumption and investment demand. It reduces inflation and increases savings.
High interest rates also results in higher capital inflow.
Theses theories are generally not successful in lower income countries (LICs). Because
they caused the problems of:
• Devaluation: It raises the price of imports and also increased the inflation while
the real wage rate could not increase.
• Stabilization hurts poor: decrease in expenditure always badly effects the poor
which can then cause political instability.
• The steady growth rate of real GDP depends on exogenous rates of growth of
population (n) and technology (t). There are no policies for government for how to affect
the steady growth rate of a country. Higher savings can only have a little effect on income
it cannot cause long term growth because savings cause diminishing returns to
investment and capital accumulation.
• If one country started with lower income and capital than another country, the poorer
country will grow faster to catch up the richer country and then both the countries will
grow together.
Fall 2008
Time: 120 min
Marks: 85

To calculate the price elasticity of demand, you need to know
____________________ point(s) on the ____________________ demand curve.
► One, same.
► Two, same.
► One, opposite.
► Two, opposite.

Governments protect domestic industries from foreign competition by
_____________.
► Encouraging agreements like NAFTA.

► Using tariff and non tariff barriers.
► Discouraging union membership.
► Keeping the minimum wage low.

To make the equation of exchange in the quantity theory of money:
► V and Q are assumed to be constant.

► The money supply is assumed to be produced by the banking system and not
exclusively in currency.
► The quantity of money is assumed to determine the amount of Real GDP.
► M and P are considered constant.

In the equation MV = PQ, according to the crude quantity theory of money:
► M has no effect on the price level.

► V is the number of times each dollar is spent per year.
► Q is the real price level.
► P rises as V falls, other things constant.

What would result from a depreciation of the pound on the foreign exchange
market?
► An increase in the price of imported computers.
► A fall in the purchasing power of US tourists in London.
► A fall in the price of imported computers.
► An increase in the purchasing power of UK tourists overseas.

Disposable income is:
► Total income plus transfer payments.

► Total income minus saving.
► Total income plus net taxes.
► Total income minus net taxes.

How should monetary policy be used during recessions?
► Decrease money supply to increase interest rate and increase aggregate demand.
► Increase money supply to increase interest rate and increase aggregate demand.
► Decrease money supply to decrease interest rate and increase aggregate
demand.
► Increase money supply to decrease interest rate and increase aggregate demand.

Which of the following policy options would simultaneously increase interest rates
and decrease output?
► The central bank sells bonds through open market operations.

► The federal government increases its defense purchases.
► The central bank expands the money supply.
► The federal government increases the tax rate.

An increase in the money supply will cause interest rates to:
► Rise.
► Fall.
► Remain unchanged.

Commercial banks in Pakistan are supervised by:
► State bank.
► National bank.
► Finance minister.
► World bank.
Fiscal policy is the government program with respect to its:
► Expenditure and tax revenue.

► Increase in unemployment.
► Steel Mill Privatization.
► Unemployment reduction.

An expansionary fiscal policy can:
► Raise the national debt.

► Decrease the national debt.
► Have no effect on national debt.

If a war destroys a large portion of a country's capital stock but the saving rate is
unchanged, the exogenous model predicts that output will grow and the new steady
state will approach:
► A higher output level than before.

► The same output level as before.
► A lower output level than before.
► The Golden Rule output level.

If the prices of all goods and services rise during the year:
► Real GDP may fall.

► Nominal GDP must fall.
► Nominal GDP may increase. . (web search mcq’s)
► Real GDP must rise.

Is Grosss Domestic Product (GDP) an accurate measure of a country’s well being?
► Yes, it is the best measure of national well being.
► Yes, provided we use real GDP and not nominal GDP.
► Uncertain, depending on whether GDP is rising or falling.
► No, it is not.
Economic activity moves from a trough into a period of --------------- until it reaches
a ------------------ and then into a period of ------------------.
► Expansion; trough; recession
► Recession; trough; expansion
► Expansion; peak; recession
► Recession; peak; expansion

The Phillips curve will shift to the right:
► If there is a decrease in the expected inflation rate.

► If there is an increase in the expected inflation rate.
► If there is a decrease in the natural rate of unemployment.
► If there is a favorable supply shock.

A decrease in the natural rate of unemployment will:
► Shift the Phillips curve to the left.
► Result in a decrease in the inflation rate along the Phillips curve.
► Shift the Phillips curve to the right.
► Result in an increase in the inflation rate along the Phillips curve.

► Number of employed / labour force x 100.

► Number of unemployed / labour force.
► (Number of unemployed / labour force) x 100.

(MPS) is:
► 0.2.
► 0.4.
► 0.6.
► 0.8.

► Capital.


Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is measured:
► At base year prices.

► At current year prices.
► At a constant output level but at current prices.
► As the difference between the current year's GDP and last year's GDP.

According to the model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand, in the long run,
an increase in the money supply should cause:
► Both prices and output to rise.

► Prices to fall and output to remain unchanged.
► Both prices and output to fall.
► Prices to rise and output to remain unchanged.

According to classical economics, the economy was unlikely to experience:
► Full employment.
► Flexible wages and prices.
► Equality between saving and investment.
► High rates of unemployment.

A primary implication of Keynesian economics is:
► The best government is the least government.

► Flexible wages and prices ensure full employment.
► Monetary policy is far superior to fiscal policy.
► Business-cycle instability is best corrected through government policies.

Keynesian economics was the predominant economic theory:
► Prior to the late 1700s.

► From the late 1700s to the early 1900s.
► From 1930s to 1970s.
► Since 1970s.

According to Keynes, the economy does not self correct quickly because:
► With less consumption and more savings the interest rate will drop.
► In the short run workers are fully employed and cannot produce enough to get to
long run equilibrium.
► Wages and prices are flexible in the short run.
► Wages and prices are sticky in the short run.

Which of the following will lead to an increase in aggregate demand?
► An increase in government tax revenues.

► An increase in household savings.
► An increase in business capital investment.
► An increase in demand for imports.

The aggregate supply curve is the relationship between:
► The price level and the real domestic output purchased.

► The price level and the real domestic output produced. (online book)
► The price level which producers are willing to accept and the price level
purchasers are willing to pay.
► The real domestic output purchased and the real domestic output produced.

The marginal revenue product is:
► Upward sloping due to the law of demand.
► Upward sloping due to the law of marginal utility.
► Downward sloping due to the law of diminishing returns.
► Downward sloping due to the law of supply.

Cartels are:
► Organizations of independent firms, producing similar products, that work
► Organizations of interdependent firms, producing similar products, that work
► Organizations of independent firms, producing different products, that work
► Considered as part of monopolistic competition.

"The situation in which two or more firms set their prices and output according to a
plan agreed upon between them in order to divide the market among themselves".
Which of the following best desribes this situation?
► Strategic interaction.
► Monopolistic competition.
► Oligopoly.
► Collusion.

Which of the following market situation is much like a pure monopoly except that
its member firms tend to cheat on agreed upon price and output strategies?
► Duopoly.
► Cartel.
► Market sharing monopoly.
► Natural monopoly.

► An increase in output level and a decrease in price.

► A decrease in output level and an increase in price.
► A decrease in output level and no change in price.
► Neither a change in output level nor a change in price.

► Micro issues.
► Macro issues.

A welfare loss occurs in monopoly where:
► The price is greater than the marginal cost. http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/mcqs/unit12/

► The price is greater than the marginal benefit.
► The price is greater than the average revenue.
► The price is greater than the marginal revenue.

In monopoly, which of the following is NOT true?
► Products are differentiated.

► There is freedom of entry and exit into the industry in the long run.
► The firm is a price maker.
► There is one main seller.

Graphically, the Marginal Cost curve cuts through the Average Total Cost curve at:
► The lowest point on the MC curve.
► The highest point on the MC curve.
► The lowest point on the ATC curve.
► The middle of the upward-sloping portion of the total cost curve.

If current output is less than the profit-maximizing output then which of the
following must be TRUE?
► Total revenue is less than total cost.
► Average revenue is less than average cost.
► Marginal revenue is less than marginal cost.
► Marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost.

A production function:
► Relates inputs with output.

► Generates a curve that is upward sloping.
► Shows diminishing marginal product of an input, since it gets flatter as output
rises.

A normal good can be defined as one which consumers purchase more of as:
► Prices fall.
► Prices rise.
► Incomes fall.
► Incomes increase.

If a market basket is changed by adding more to at least one of the goods, then
every consumer will:
► Rank the market basket more highly after the change.

► Rank the market basket more highly before the change.
► Rank the market basket just as desirable after the change.
► Be unable to decide whether he prefers the first market basket to the second or the
second to the first.

The concept of a risk premium applies to a person that is:

► Risk averse.
► Risk neutral.
► Risk loving.

Law of diminishing marginal utility indicates that the slope of the marginal utility
curve is:
► Horizontal.
► Vertical.
► Negative.
► Positive.
The extra value that consumers receive above what they pay for that good is called:
► Producer surplus.
► Utility.
► Marginal utility.
► Consumer surplus.

If a decrease in price increases the total revenue then:
► Demand is elastic.
► Demand is inelastic.
► Supply is elastic.
► Supply is inelastic.

The concave shape of the production possibilities curve for two goods X and Y
illustrates:
► Increasing opportunity cost for both goods.

► Increasing opportunity cost for good X but not for good Y.
► Increasing opportunity cost for good Y but not for good X.
► Constant opportunity cost for both goods.

While moving from left to right, the typical production possibilities curve has:
► An increasingly steep negative slope.

► A decreasingly steep negative slope.
► An increasingly steep positive slope.
► A constant and negative slope.

Our economy is characterized by:
► Unlimited wants and needs.

► Unlimited material resources.
► No energy resources.
► Abundant productive labor.

Define foreign exchange markets. Also give some examples of foreign exchange
markets.
Foreign exchange markets:

The foreign exchange market is a specific system of a country for a foreign trade and
currency exchange. For example, if Pakistan imports a product from USA, Pakistan will
buy dollars from rupees, so Pakistan exchanged its currency in foreign market.
Foreign markets depend on imports, exports and currency exchanged process. By these
ways two countries exchange their markets.

What will be the role of government in the foreign exchange market in the following
cases?
a. If the supply curve of dollars shifts to the right due to rise in exports.
if the supply curve of dollars shifts to the right due to rise in exports, the government role
in foreign markets will be very good. Because due to rise in exports government will
exchange money and they will gain high price against its currency. The government will
increase its exports so it raises the price of its currency in foreign exchange.
b. If the demand curve for dollars shifts to right due to rise in imports.
If the demand curves for dollars shifts to right due to rise in imports, the government
should decrease the imports rate to save the currency from falling its price. Basically rise
in imports decreases the price of currency in foreign exchange markets. So government
will slow down the imports and will try to increase its own products to complete the
necessary requirement of the country.
(Marks:5+5)

Define fiscal policy. Differentiate between contractionary and expansionary fiscal
policy. In which situations, budget deficit and budget surplus exist?
Fiscal policy:
Fiscal policy is basically a government policy for expenses, imports, exports of goods,
benefits from unemployment, interest on debts etc.
Expansionary fiscal policy:

When there is an increase in government spending, there will be more interest rate of
bank loan which government has borrowed for spending.
Contractionary fiscal policy:

In this policy the aggregate demand rises due to increase in unemployment rate of
country. Unemployment rise the government expenditures.
(Marks: 2+4+4)

AA
If there is a gradual increase in the saving rate over time, would this lead to
sustained economic growth? Give your answer with brief explanation.
Difinetly, it will increase economic growth rate. As we save more and more money or
goods from spendings. Our economical position becomes good. If we have much more
savings we can inverst it in a good business or production. This savings will produce more
goods and and may be more people will be employed in this proccess. So our counrty will
develop gradually. By this way we will be able top increase our growth rate economically.
B. If this is true, why do people not increase their rate of saving?
Some times People are afraid because of decrease in saving rate and from low exchange
rate. They don’t put their money in banks. And they sometimes don’t invest. For a good
economical grwoth extra time is required which more people don’t want to wait.
Sometimes the savings rate from banks is too low.
AA If there is a higher participation rate and GDP per capita rises, would output
per worker also rise? Give your answer with brief explanation.
Yes, because when the rate of GDP per capita rises, there will be more and more chances
for employment and the life of people will become standard. They will increase the salaries
and wages of workers. By this way the workers will be motivated and they will produce
more output.
(Marks:4+3+3)

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Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Votes taken by consumers.

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Increasing opportunity cost for both goods.

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► As the price increases, consumers demand less.

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Where Є = Epsilon; universal notation for elasticity.

the price elasticity of demand will be:

PЄd = - 10% = - 0.5

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Demand is unitary elastic.

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Decreasing marginal costs.

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Has perfect substitutes.

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Market demand for the good is relatively inelastic.

3.0 Conditions conducive for formation of cartels

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Upward sloping due to the law of demand.

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Has self-correcting mechanisms.

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► The best government is the least government.

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Short-run aggregate market.

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► The exchange-rate effect.

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► Real exchange rate.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► The number of people employed minus the number of people unemployed.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► An increase in the overall level of economic activity.

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

► If there is a decrease in the expected inflation rate.

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Question No: 42 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one