induced vibrations
M. Feldmann, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz, E. Caetano, A. Cunha, F. Galanti, A. Goldack,
O. Hechler, S. Hicks, A. Keil, M. Lukic, R. Obiala, M. Schlaich, G. Sedlacek, A. Smith, P. Waarts
Background document in support to the implementation, harmonization and
further development of the Eurocodes
Joint Report
Prepared under the JRC ECCS cooperation agreement for the evolution of Eurocode 3
(programme of CEN / TC 250)
Editors: G. Sedlacek, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz
EUR 24084 EN - 2009
Joint Report
Prepared under the JRC ECCS cooperation agreement for the evolution of Eurocode 3
(programme of CEN / TC 250)
Editors: G. Sedlacek, Ch. Heinemeyer, Chr. Butz
EUR 24084 EN - 2009
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JRC 55118
EUR 24084 EN
ISBN 978-92-79-14094-5
ISSN 1018-5593
DOI 10.2788/4640
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
European Union, 2009 and
European Convention for Constructional Steelworks, 2009
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Printed in Italy
Acknowledgements
This report is based on the results of two European research projects funded by
the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS), namely:
x
Foreword
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
So far for floor structures the Eurocodes give only recommendations for
estimated limits for eigenfrequencies, e.g. 3 Hz or 8 Hz depending on the
construction material, or they give reference to ISO-standards as ISO/DIS
10137 and ISO 2631, which give general criteria for the perception of
vibrations and could be the basis to develop more detailed design rules for
vibrations specific to particular structures and types of excitation.
(5)
This report is intended to fill this gap and to provide an easy-to-use design
guide with background information that shall help to specify comfort
requirements for occupants and to perform a design that guarantees the
specified comfort.
(6)
(7)
different
(8)
The rules for the Design of floor structures for human induced vibrations
given in this report are the result of two international projects, the VOFproject and the HIVOSS-project, both funded by the Research Fund for
Coal and Steel (RFCS), initiated and carried out by a group of experts from
RWTH Aachen University, Germany, ArcelorMittal, Luxembourg, TNO, The
Netherlands, SCI, United Kingdom, CTICM, France, FEUP Porto, Portugal
and Schlaich, Bergermann und Partner, Germany [1], [2]
(9)
The agreement of RFCS and the project partners to publish this report in
the series of the JRC-Scientific and Technical Reports in support of the
further development of the Eurocodes is highly appreciated.
(7)
List of Contents
1
Objective ........................................................................................... 5
7
Guidance for the design of floors for human induced vibrations using design
charts ....................................................................................................29
7.1
Scope ..........................................................................................29
7.2
Procedure.....................................................................................29
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Design examples................................................................................52
8.1
References ........................................................................................64
Damping D
generalised mass
fi
1
2S
K mod,i
M mod,i
where:
fi
Kmod,i
Mmod,i
Natural frequency f =
Eigenfrequency
f
where:
OS-RMS90
1
2S
K
M
is the stiffness
is the mass
One step
RMS:
1
T
a RMS
where:
a(t )
0
dt |
a Peak
2
is the period.
Acceleration
[m/s]
Width
[m]
[-]
D1
[-]
D2
[-]
D3
[-]
G(x,y)
[m]
G
Deflection
[m]
Youngs modulus
[kN/cm2]
f, fi
Natural frequency
[Hz]
fs
Walking frequency
[Hz]
Body weight
[kg]
K, k
Stiffness
[N/m]
Length
[m]
Mmod
Modal mass
[kg]
Mtotal
Total mass
[kg]
OS-RMS
OSRMS90
[s]
Time
[s]
Thickness
[m]
Velocity
[mm/s]
[-]
1 Objective
Sustainability requires multi-storey buildings built for flexible use concerning
space arrangement and usage. In consequence large span floor structures with a
minimum number of intermediate columns or walls are of interest.
Modern materials and construction processes, e.g. composite floor systems or
prestressed flat concrete floors with high strengths, are getting more and more
suitable to fulfil these requirements.
These slender floor structures have in common, that their design is usually not
controlled by ultimate limit states but by serviceability criteria, i.e. deflections or
vibrations.
Whereas for ultimate limit state verifications and for the determination of
deflections design codes provide sufficient rules, the calculation and assessment
of floor vibrations in the design stage has still a number of uncertainties.
These uncertainties are related to:
-
the judgement of the floor response in light of the type of use of the floor
and acceptance of the user.
This report gives a procedure for the determination and assessment of floor
responses to walking of pedestrians which on one side takes account of the
complexity of the mechanical vibrations problem, but on the other side leads
by appropriate working up-to easy-to-use design charts.
2 General procedure
The procedure for the determination of an acceptable floor response to excitation
induced by walking persons is based on the following:
1.
2.
3.
The procedure has been used to develop design diagrams, the use of which is
demonstrated by worked examples.
The right foot touches the ground with the heel. This is the starting point
of the contact forces.
b)
c)
Rocking: the right foot rocks while the left leg swings forward.
d)
The left foot touches the ground while the right leg swings forward.
Right leg:
Ground contact
Streched,
Rocking
full body weight
Swing
v in mm/s
Time in s
Figure 3-2: Typical velocity response time history of a floor to walking loads
Due to the periodicity of the contact forces it is possible to consider the time
history of the contact force of a single step according to Figure 3-1 only and to
describe this force-time history in a normalised way.
7
Figure 3-3 gives an example for the time history of the contact forces for two
different step frequencies, where the amplitudes are normalized by relating them
to the body weight G of the person.
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
time in s
Figure 3-3: Example for the time history of the normalised contact forces for
two different step frequencies
F t
G
K 1t K 2 t 2 K 3 t 3 K 4 t 4 K 5 t 5 K 6 t 6 K 7 t 7 K 8 t 8
Coefficient
fs 2 Hz
K1
-8 fs + 38
24 fs 18
75 fs - 120
K2
376 fs 844
-404 fs + 521
-1720 fs + 3153
K3
-2804 fs +
6025
4224 fs 6274
17055 fs - 31936
K4
6308 fs
16573
-29144 fs +
45468
-94265 fs +
175710
K5
1732 fs +
13619
109976 fs
175808
298940 fs
553736
K6
-24648 fs +
16045
-217424 fs +
353403
-529390 fs +
977335
K7
31836 fs
33614
212776 fs
350259
481665 fs
888037
K8
-12948 fs +
15532
-81572 fs +
135624
-174265 fs +
321008
Ts
Normalized force -
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
time in s
Figure 3-5: Frequency distribution of body mass and step frequency for a
population of data of 700
10
Classes of masses Mn
m = 1 y 35
n = 1 y 20
Cumulative
probability
Step frequency fs
(Hz)
Cumulative
probability
Step frequency fs
(Hz)
0,0003
1,64
0,0000
30
0,0035
1,68
0,0002
35
0,0164
1,72
0,0011
40
0,0474
1,76
0,0043
45
0,1016
1,80
00,146
50
0,1776
1,84
0,0407
55
0,2691
1,88
0,0950
60
0,3679
1,92
0,1882
65
0,4663
1,96
0,3210
70
0,5585
2,00
0,4797
75
0,6410
2,04
0,6402
80
0,7122
2,08
0,7786
85
0,7719
2,12
0,8804
90
0,8209
2,16
0,9440
95
0,8604
2,20
0,9776
100
0,8919
2,24
0,9924
105
0,9167
2,28
0,9978
110
0,9360
2,32
0,9995
115
0,9510
2,36
0,9999
120
0,9625
2,40
1,0000
125
0,9714
2,44
0,9782
2,48
0,9834
2,52
0,9873
2,56
0,9903
2,60
0,9926
2,64
0,9944
2,68
0,9957
2,72
0,9967
2,76
0,9975
2,80
0,9981
2,84
0,9985
2,88
0,9988
2,92
0,9991
2,96
0,9993
3,00
Table 3-2: Cumulative probability distribution functions for step frequency fs.m
and body mass Mn
11
12
the eigenfrequency fi ,
The various modes i are normally arrayed according to their energy contents.
The first mode (i = 1) needs the smallest energy content to be excited.
When the eigenfrequency of a mode and the frequency of steps are identical,
resonance can lead to very large response amplitudes. Resonance can also occur
for higher modes, i.e. where the multiple of the step frequency coincides with a
floor frequency.
The response amplitudes of floor structures due to walking of persons are in
general limited by the following effects:
-
the mass of the floor structure. As the number of step impulses is limited
by the dimensions of the floor (walking distances), the ratio of the body
mass to the exited floor mass influences the vibration,
Table 4-1 gives an overview on typical damping values as collected from various
sources of literature [6].
13
Type
Damping
(% of critical damping)
Structural Damping D1
Wood
6%
Concrete
2%
Steel
1%
Composite
1%
2%
Paperless office
0%
1%
Library
1%
Houses
1%
Schools
0%
Gymnasium
0%
1%
0%
Swimming screed
1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
Figure 4-1 demonstrates by means of a flow chart how floor responses in terms
of time histories or frequency spectra of velocity have been calculated for various
floor systems k, which were used for further evaluation.
14
5 Generation of load
function
Fn,m(t)
Mk
Ck
Dk
HM
M
Hf
f
F(t)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
F( t )
7 11 Determination of
OS-RMS value, associate
with joint probability of
frequency and mass
HOS-RMS = HM,n * Hf,m
HOS-RMS
OS-RMS
Figure 4-1: Flow chart for calculation of dynamic floor responses to walking
excitations by a person with the mass M n and the frequency f m , see also Figure
5-5
15
acceleration
time
time
a)
b)
16
B(f)
B(f)
1.2
1
v0
X B (f)
1
1( f
f0
B(f) X(f)
v 0 1,0 mm/s
f 0 5,6 Hz
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
f in Hz
The weighting
dimensionless.
2.
function
achieves
that
the
weighted
response
is
17
RMS n ,m
t Ts
x B2 t dt
Definition of the time window T = Ts. If Ts is too long, the results are
smeared, if Ts is too short, the results are arbitrarily.
v in mm/s
2
Original Signal
0
-2
0
v in mm/s
3.
1
Ts
2
RMS = 0.56 mm/s
0
-2
0
time in s
Figure 5-2: Selection of the time window
This definition leads to the one step-root mean square value, so called
OS-RMS-value, which is independent on the step frequency and duration
of time interval:
OS RMSn , m
1 t Ts 2
x B t dt
Ts t
Figure 5-3 gives as an example for a floor structure with the dynamic
properties f = 2.8 Hz, Mmod = 20000 kg, D = 3% the OS-RMS-value as a
function of the step frequency and of the body mass.
18
The results in Figure 5-3 do however not yet consider effects of the
frequency distributions of the step frequency fs and of the body mass G.
They may be agglomerated to a cumulative frequency distribution, see
Figure 5-4.
4.
Accounting for the frequency distribution Hfm of the step frequency fs and
the body mass G.
The classes of OS-RMS-values HOS-RMS in Figure 5-3, are multiplied with
the cumulative probability distributions Hfm. In conclusion a cumulative
distribution of OS-RMS-values is obtained according to Figure 5-4, that
also contains the results.
19
f = 2,8 Hz / M = 20 000 kg / D = 3 %
90%
accumulated frequency
distribution
0.8
0.6
0.4
With accounting for demographic frequency occurence
Without accounting for demographic frequency occurence
0.2
0
0
OS-RMS90
4
12
16
OS-RMS
20
24
28
20
F( t )
7 Transformation from
time to frequency domain
(FFT)
x( t ) X ( f )
8 Frequency weighting
according to perception
1
1
XB(f )
X ( f )
v 0 1 ( f0 / f )2
v0
1,0 mm / s ; f 0
5,6 Hz
X B ( t ) x B ( f )
10 Determination of the
effective value for the
duration Ts of a single step
(OS-RMS-value) and and
allocation to a OS-RMSclass
OS RMS n ,m
1
Ts
OS-RMS
t
t Ts
x
2
B
( t ) dt
HOS-RMS
11 Improvement of the
distribution function
HOS-RMS = HM,n * Hf,m
OS-RMS
90%
OS-RMS90
Figure 5-5: Flow chart for the evaluation of dynamic floor-response to walking
excitations by a person with the mass Mn and the frequency fm to obtain the OSRMSn,m values and their distribution
21
The limits for the OS-RMS90-values for comfort are based on various standards for
standardizing human perception [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11].
In general, the perception and the individual judgement, whether vibrations are
disturbing or not (discomfort), are based on the same criteria but can lead to
different limits, as certain persons can detect vibrations without being
discomforted by them.
The governing parameters are e.g.:
x
posture of the user (sitting, standing, laying down), see Figure 5-6
Relation between the user and the source of excitation (are vibrations
expected or not),
z
z
y
x
x
Supporting
surface
Supporting
surface
z
Supporting
surface
22
0.1
Weighting factor
Weighting factor
Figure 5-7 gives examples for curves of same perception for z-axis vibration
( Wb curve) and x-and y-axis vibrations ( Wd curve); e.g. according to the Wb
curve a sine wave of 8 Hz is equivalent to a sine wave with 2.5 Hz or 32 Hz with
double amplitude.
10
Frequency (Hz)
Wb Weighting
100
0.1
10
Frequency (Hz)
Wd Weighting
100
23
0.8
3.2
3.2
12.8
12.8
51.2
Sports facilities
0.8
Industrial Workshops
0.2
Hotels
Senior citizens
Residential building
0.2
Meeting rooms
0.1
Office buildings
Upper limit
0.1
Hospitals, surgeries
Lower limit
0.0
Critical areas
Class
A
Residential buildings
OS-RMS90
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
Table 5-1: Allocation of classes of perception A to F to threshold values of OSRMS90-values and relation of occupancies of floors to comfort limits
Table 5-2 gives the background to Table 5-2 from limits specified in ISO 10137
[6].
24
Usage
Time
Multiplying
Factor
OS-RMS90
equivalent
Day
0.1
Night
0.1
Day
2 to 4
0.2 to 0.4
Night
1.4
0.14
Day
0.2
Night
0.2
Day
0.4
Night
0.4
Day
0.8
Night
0.8
Workshops
Table 5-2: Vibration limits specified in ISO 10137 [6] for continuous vibration
25
26
Classification
based
damping
ratio of 3%
Klassifizierung
bei on
eineraDmpfung
von 3%
20 10
9
19
7
11
8
18
17
6
12
13
16
17
14
13 25
10
9
11
15
1.61.4
3.2 2.6
2.8
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
3.2 2.6
2.8
5 4
8
21
6
12
13
12
45
49 41
0.7 0.6
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.3
3.2 2.6
2.8
11
1.6
0 .7 0.6
1.4
0.4
1.2 1
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
33
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.3
21
25
8
13
10
Eigen frequency
of floor
in inHz
Eigenfrequenz
der Decke
Hz
37
29
156136
56
76
1.6
3.2 2.6
2.8
11
17
116
3
21
0.2
0.8
1.8
0.4
0.2
0.70.6 0.5
1 0 .8
1.61.4 1.2
216196
4
0.3
6
25
276
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 .4
0.5
2.2
2.4
33
0.70.6
1
1.2
1.4
2
45
41
49
96
0.1
12
7,1 Hz
0.1
0.4
0.1
17
10
0.3
1.2
1
2 1.8
2.2
2 .4
10
1137
29
0.2
0. 8
1.6 1.4
0.1
0 .7
0. 6
0.4
0. 5
1.2 1
236
256 176
0.6
2.6
3.2
2 .8
13
4
10
0.3
0.5
12
0.4 0.3
2.2
0.4
0.7
2
1.8
0.3
0.50. 4
0 .3
0.8 0.6
0.2
2.4
1
3
9
37
196
216
27 6
316
356
456
29
0.7
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.6
0. 8 0.7 0. 0.4
5
1
0.6
0.8
2 .6 21.8
1.2
.2
1.4
1
2.8 22.4
3.2
1.6
1.2
1.8
2
1.4
3
4
2.6 2.2 1.6
1 .41.2
1.6
11 8
17
116
79
6
696
856
5 36 476 336
836
616
576
676
876
776
756
416 296
816
736
59 6496
636
716
396
656
436
556
516 376
5
2.8
2.4
136
156
12
33
256236
21
56
76
96
1
100
200
500
10
98
13
45
41
25
2.2 1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
2 000
5000
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0. 8
0.6
0.5
0.4
3
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.4 2 1.6
1.4
1 .2
1
0.80.7
0.6
0.5
2.4
1000
2.8
3.2
5
3 2.6
49
3.2
10000
0.8
20000
0.7
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
17220 kg
Modale Masse der Decke in kg
27
The design procedure based on these design charts provides the following steps,
see Figure 6-2:
1.
2.
3.
If the floor response is characterized by more than one natural frequency, the
OS-RMS90-value should be determined as a combination of OS-RMS90-values
obtained for each mode of vibration i:
OS RMS 90
OS RMS
2
90 i
28
7.2 Procedure
The procedure used in this guidance needs the determination of the following
values:
1.
eigenfrequency,
modal mass,
damping.
29
3.
4.
7.3 Determination
structures
of
dynamic
properties
of
floor
For the calculation of the stiffness of the structure and of the connections the
initial elastic stiffness should be used, e.g. for concrete the dynamic modulus of
elasticity should be considered to be 10 % larger than the static tangent modules
Ecm.
For calculation of the masses on the basis of project documents experienced
values for the quasi permanent part of imposed loads for residential and office
buildings are 10 % to 20 % of the mass of the characteristic values. For lightweight floors the mass of one person with a minimum mass of 30 kg is
recommended to be added to the mass of the structure.
30
frequency and the modal mass of isotropic plates for different supporting
conditions. For the application of this table it is assumed that all four edges of
the plate are linearly supported (no deflection of edges).
Table 7-2 gives hand formulas for beams for various support conditions.
Supporting Conditions:
clamped
hinged
L2
E t3
; M mod
12 P (1 X 2 )
E M tot
D
9.00
8.00
7.00
1.57 ( 1 O2 )
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
1 . 57
1 2 . 5 O 2 5 . 14 O 4
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
31
Supporting Conditions:
clamped
hinged
D
L2
E t3
; M mod
12 P (1 X 2 )
E M tot
D
14.00
12.00
5 . 14 2 . 92 O 2 2 . 44 O 4
1 . 57
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
1 . 57
1 2 . 33 O 2 2 . 44 O 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
1 . 57
2 . 44 2 . 72 O 2 2 . 44 O 4
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
32
Supporting Conditions:
clamped
hinged
D
L2
E t3
; M mod
12 P (1 X 2 )
E M tot
D
18.00
16.00
1 . 57
5 . 14 3 . 13 O 2 5 . 14 O 4
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio O = L/B
Thickness of Plate in m
Poisson ratio
Mtot
finishing
and
Table 7-1 (continued): Natural frequencies and modal mass for isotropic plates
33
Supporting Conditions
Natural
Frequency
l
f
1
2S
Modal Mass
3EI
0.37 Pl 4
M mod
0,41 P l
3EI
0.2 Pl 4
M mod
0,45 P l
3EI
0.49 Pl 4
M mod
0,5 P l
3EI
0.24Pl 4
M mod
0,64 P l
b
y
l
x
z
Figure 7-1: Dimensions and axis of an orthotropic plate
The first natural frequency of the orthotropic plate being simply supported at all
four edges can be determined from
34
f1
EI y
P l4
b 2 b 4 EI x
1 2
l l EI y
where:
Ix
Iy
1
2S
K
M
1
2S
4g
3G max
18
G max >mm@
M g
3
4
G max
where:
g
3
4
35
Initial System:
The expected mode shape may be divided into a beam mode with the frequency
f1 for the composite beam and a plate mode with the frequency f2 for the concrete
slab.
The natural frequency accounting for the interaction of the beam mode and the
plate mode would be
1
f2
1
1
2
2
f1
f2
36
G x, y max
1,0
distribution of mass forces, see Figure 7-3, the modal mass may be obtained
from:
M mod
2(x,y) dF
F
where:
G(x,y)
Application of loads:
Figure 7-3: Example for the application of mass load distributions to obtain an
approximation of mode shape
M mod
2
i
u dM i
Nodes i
where:
Gi
dMi
Examples for the use of these approximations, that in the case of exact solution
for the mode shape give the exact modal mass, are given in Table 7-3.
37
Example
1
G x, y sin
Ly
Sx
Ax
sin
Sy
Ay
Mass
distribution
; G x, y max
1,0
M total
Ax A y
Modal mass
M mod
M total
A xA y
Lx
P G 2 x, y dF
2 Sx
2 Sy
sin
sin
ly lx A x A y dx dy
M total
4
Ly a Lx
2
1. 0 d y d
Ly
Lx
Ly >> Lx
G x, y
lx
l
and l y x d y d l y
2
2
Sx
Sy
sin sin ; G x, y max
Ax
Ay
lx
l
d y d ly x
2
2
Sx
G x, y sin 1,0 G x, y max
Ax
M total
Ax Ay
G x, y
Lx
Gy
A x ,A y A x / 2
sin
sin
Sy
Sx
sin 2 dx dy
A
Ax
y
Sx
dx dy @
Ax
M total
4
2 A x
Ay
1,0
Gx
Sx G y
Sy
sin sin sin ; G x, y max 1,0
Ax
Ay
G
G
M total
Ax Ay
M mod
P G 2 x, y dF
2
M total
A xA y
A ,A x / 2
where:
Gx
= deflection of the beam
Plate and beams simply
supported
P G 2 x, y dF
M total x
>2
Ax Ay
1,0
2.
Ly
M mod
M total
G x
Sx G y
Sy
sin
sin
G A x G A y dx dy
lx l y
2
2
G x G y
8 Gx G y
2
2
S
G2
2G
Gx Gy
Table 7-3: Examples for the determination of modal mass by hand calculation
38
39
Type
Damping
(% of critical damping)
Structural Damping D1
Wood
6%
Concrete
2%
Steel
1%
Composite
1%
for
to
persons
with
2%
Paperless office
0%
1%
Library
1%
Houses
1%
Schools
0%
Gymnastic
0%
1%
0%
Swimming screed
1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
40
The diagrams also contain an allocation of OS-RMS90 values to the floor classes.
In case various natural frequencies are relevant, the total (combined) OS-RMS90value may be determined from
OS RMS 90
OS RMS
2
90 i
41
12
13
11
17
6
5
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.8
15
1312
17
25
11
7 6
8
2.6
2.4 1.8 1.41.2
2.2
2
4
5
0.7
1
21
14
41 33
37
13
45
49
2.8
109
12
11
56
25
1312
17
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.8
41
45
49
96
0.1
0.1
33
10
37
0.3
0.8
0.1
2.8
9
1.6
96
56
176
216
236
276
256
196156
136
6
8
1.41.2
1.8
2.2 2
2.62.4
11
76
33
1.4
10
9
0.8
45
49
1.6
13
5
3 2.42.2
2.6
12
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
96
0.3
256
21
296
476 376
496
336
196
756
596 456396 316 216
876
736636
796
776
956
936
616 576
176
856676
916
896
536
436 356
836
816
556
716
656 516 416
696
0.7
0.8
1.8
1
1.6 1.4
2
4 2.8
2.2
2.4
32.6
3.2
9
6 5
10
7
8
11
25
56
76
33
41
37
17
276
29
116
236
45
156
12
11
25
136
4
3.2 3
1.81.6
5
21
2.82.6
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.6
1.2 1
0.8
1.4 1.2 0.7
1.8 1.6
1
2
1.4
2.8 2.2
1.6
2.4
1.8
2.6
2
3
4
2.2
3.2
2.82.4
2.6
5
3
6
4 3.2
12
13 11
9 7
5 4
10 8
6
3.2
3
2.4
2.8
4
2.6 2.2
5
7
3.23
21.8
2.4
1.6
2.2
1.4
2.8
2.6
1.2
1
2 1.8
1.6
1.4
0.8
1.21
2.4
2.2
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7 0.5 0.4
1.4
1.2
49
10
0.8 0.6
0.7
1
1.8 1.2
0.8
0.7
0.6
2 1.6
1.4 1 0.80.70.6 0.5 0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
17
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.7 0.5 0.4
2.8
29
0.3
0.5
0.8
1
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
2.41.82.22
2.6
376 316
396
416
236
336
356276 256
296
0.3
0.5
1.2 1
33.2
37
196
216
0.2
0.4
2.8
116
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7 0.6
1.6
21
41
0.1
0.3
0.7
7
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.6
1 0.8
29
12
13
17
25
0.2
0.5
0.6 0.4
3.2
3
0.3
0.7
1.41.2
2.6
2.4
1.8
2.2
2
21
10
9
0.2
1.6
11
76
0.1
3.2
3
29
0.2
0.3
1.6
3.2
3
16 29
0.7
1
2.8
10 9
17
1.41.2
2.6
2.4
2.2 1.8
2
0.5
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
42
11 10 8
9
13
12
3.2
2.8
3
1.81.6
1.4
2.42.2
2
17 17
1110
9
15
13 33
29 25
12
0.2
0.4
0.1
1.6
1
1.8
1.4
2.42.2
1.2
2
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.3
17
2.6
21
1110 8
9
4137
0.1
1.6
1.8
1.4
2.4
2.2
2
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.3
9
33
29
17
25
2.6
0.8
8
21
3.2 2.8
3
96
56
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.2
2.4
2.2 2
13
12
45
49
0.7
1.6 1
1.8
7
116
156
176
4137
136
6
11 10 8
76
196
0.8
3.2
2.8
3
5
7
13
12
45
5649
0.3
0.8
3.22.8
3
13
12
14
10
0.5
0.6
2.6
1621
11
0.7
1
1.2
0.3
0.8
0.5 0.4
0.7
0.2
0.6
5
17
29
4
1.2
25
276216
336296
196
356316
236
256
176
E
21
76
11
10
1.8
7
6
13
116
276
156
49
56
96
25
12
21
13
12
1000
2000
5
8
500
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.60.5
0.4
0.7
2
0.5
1.2 1 0.8 0.6
2.2
2.8
1.4
1.6
0.7
3 2.4
3.2
1.8
4
1.2 10.8
1.4
2
2.6 2.2
1.6
2.4 1.8
5
2.8
3
3.2
2
2.62.2
2.4
4
8 7 6
2.8
3
17
10 9
3.2 2.62.4
11
2.2
5
2.8
2 1.8
4
1.6
32.6 2.4
1.4
3.2
2.2 1.8
1.2 1
2 1.6
1.4
0.8
6
2.8
2.4
1
1.2
0.6
1.8
0.8
0.7 0.5
0.4
2.62.2 1.6 1.4
0.6
3
1
33 29
200
1
0.6
0.50.4
0.8 0.7
0.3
0.60.5 0.4
0.3
0.2
2.6
45
1
100
0.3
0.4
0.7
376
356
236
396
516 416
676596
216
456 336
556
616
576
896
916
536
256
856
476
836
736
696656
636
296
876
496436
756
776
816
796
716
196
0.3
0.50.4
0.8 0.70.6
0.5
2
2.42.2
136
316
2.8
3.23
4137
1
1.6
1.8 1.4
2.6
33
1.2
5000
10000
20000
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
43
17
6
12
13
16
13 25
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
21
29
45
49 41
0.3
0.7 0.6
0.1
0.4
0.5
1.2
1
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.1
9
11
17
3.2 2.6
2.8
1.6
0.7 0.6
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.4
0.4
1.2 1
33
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.3
21
25
0.2
1.6 1.4
10
11 37
10
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.8
2 1.8
2.2
2.4
6
12
13
12
0.70.6
1.2 1
3.2 2.6
2.8
5 4
9
11
17
14
10
15
1.61.4
3.2 2.6
2.8
0.1
12
8
13
10
37
116
6
156
136
56
76
9
29
11
17
2.8
0.2
0.8
1.8
2.2
3
21
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.70.6 0.5
1 0.8
1.61.4 1.2
25
196
216
276
4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2.4
33
45
41
49
96
0.7 0.6
1
1.2
1.6 1.4
3.2 2.6
236
256 176
0.6
2.6
3.2
2.8
13
4
10
0.4
0.7
2
1.8
2.2
0.8 0.6
0.50.4
0.3
2.4
1
3
9
37
196
216
276
316
356
456
29
0.7
136
156
12
33
256236
76
21
56
13
45
41
10
98
6
3.2
5
3 2.6
96
1
100
200
49
500
25
2000
5000
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.6
0.8 0.7 0.50.4
1
0.6
0.8
2.6 21.8
1.2
1.4
1
2.8 2.2
1.6
2.4
3.2
1.2
1.8
1.4
2
3
4
2.6 2.2 1.6
5
2.8
2.4
1.8
2
3.2
1.6
1.4
3
2.2
2.6
1.8
1.2
2.4 2 1.6
4
1
1.4
2.8
0.8
1.2
1
2.2 1.8
0.80.7 0.6
0.5
1.6
1.4
0.4
0.6
1.2
0.5
2.4
1000
0.3
0.2
1.41.2
1.6
11 8
17
116
796
696 576
856
536 476
836
616
676
416336296
876
776
756
816
736
596 496
636
716
396
656
436
556
516 376
0.3
0.5
12
0.4 0.3
10000
0.8
20000
0.7
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
44
8 7
19 9
6 5
2.6 2
1.6 1.2
1
2.4
3.2
2.2
1.8 1.4
3
2.8
18
17 12
11
13
16
0.60.5
0.4
0.80.7
0.1
98
2.6 2
2.4
3.2
1.6
1.21
0.6 0.5
0.80.7
2.2
14
0.4
1.4
1.8
0.2
0.3
21
12
11
0.1
2.8
11
13
12
10
98
17
2.6 2 1.6
2.4
3.2
2.2
6 5
10
29
37
25
41 33
9
1.2 1
1.8
21
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
1.4
0.1
1211
13
2.8
10
87
9
7
17
56
96
0.6
0.80.7
8 49
45
10
15 17
13
0.2
0.3
2
2.6
0.6 0.5
0.7
0.8
2.4
1.21
1.6
3.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.2
116
6
76
1.8 1.4
29
37
25
41 33
21
12
196
11
156
176
216
13
4945
10
0.4
0.5
0.4
2.2
1.8
1.4
0.7
1
1.2
6
3
3.2
3
2.8 2.2
2.4
2.6
116
76
5
1211
29
25
10
37
21
3.2
32.8 2.4
13
2.2
1.2
21.8 1.4
2000
5000
0.6
0.7
1 0.8
1000
1.61.4
1.2
2
1.8
1
0.8
1.6 1.41.2
1
0.80.7 0.6
0.50.4
2.6
33
500
0.6
136
200
0.2
0.4 0.3
2 1.6
1.4
2.4
2.21.8
2.6
2.8
216
1
100
0.3
0.5
0.8
3.2
56
41
0.3
0.6
17
96
0.2
0.3
7
9
196
356
476416
396
436
376 296236
556
616
576 496
816
796
736
636 456
836
776
696
716
676
656 536
336
596516
276
316
256
0.3
1.6
2.6
2.4
4
176
1.2
236
4
0.4
0.60.5
0.7
1
0.8
2.8
10000
20000
0.5
0.4
50000
0.3
100000
45
1.6 1.4 1
3.2 2.8
3
1.2
2.21.8
2.4
2.6 2
6 5
18
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
17
10
11
9
16 13
6
14 17
12
0.4
0.2
10
11
9
13
12
8 7
11
25
29
1.6
1.4
3.2
3 2.8
12
0.1
0.80.7 0.6
1
1.2
2.2
1.8
2.42
2.6
21 17
33
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
10
11
8
13
7
0.1
0.5
0.3
13
10
1.6
1 0.80.7 0.6
1.4 1.2
2.2 1.8
2.4
2.6 2
4 3.2
3 2.8
87
15
87
76
56
96
37
45
25
29
1
1.4
1.6
3.2
3 2.8
49
0.1
0.80.7 0.6
0.4
0.3
2.2 1.8
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.2
2.4 2
0.2
21 17
41
2.6
12
33
5
10
4
176
196
11
9
156
3
136
1.6
1.4
1.2
13
7
8
0.5
2.6
316 256
236
96
56
29
21
216
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
1.61.41.2
1.8
2.22
2.8
3 2.4
3.2
25
0.2
0.4
0.8
1
2.4
276
556
596
516
496
356
536
336
476436396
616 456
636
576
376 296
0.3
0.6
0.7
6 5
37
45
416
0.3
49
0.2
0.4
1.8
3.2
3 2.8 2.2
76
196
0.3
0.4
0.70.6 0.5
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
17
2.6
12
176
1.8
41
2.2
10
9
116
2.8
3
2.6
33
11
8
1.2
1
1.6
0.8
1.2
1
0.80.7
0.6
0.5 0.4
1.4
1.2 1
1.6
3.2
0.8
2
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.5
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
46
19
18
8
17 10
7
13
1.6
1.8
1.2
2.2
2.4
3.22.8
0.8
0.6
49
1.4
2.6
2.4
56
25
45
3329
0.8
0.2
1
0.2
11
0.3
0.5
0.7
41
1.4
10
0.6
9
0.2
1.2
7
21
2.6
6
49
0.5
2.2
13
1.6
0.4
0.3
1.8
2.4
2.8
3.2
4
12
1
2
1.4
3
76
0.6
0.8
116
0.2
0.7
196
216
236
316
456 356
436
596
636
496
576
336
556
476
536
616
416
516
396
376
0.3
0.8
176
256
0.2
0.4
37
156
0.1
0.4
0.6
17
0.1
0.3
1.6
1.8
3.22.8
1.2
2.2
5
12
76
0.5
13
96
0.7
21
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
1.2
1110
37
0.7
1.6
1.8
17
0.1
0.2
0.5
41
0.4
2.6
13
12
0.3
0.6
21
25
29
0.5
1.4
9
0.1
0.2
0.8
11
0.4
0.7
1110
12
0.6
1
1.4
2.2
2.4
3.22.8
12
17
10
0.3
0.8
2.6
14
13
1.2
16
15
2.6
2.2
2.4 1.6
1.8
3.2 2.8
2
136
296
276
2.8
25
56
1.8
3.2
176
45
1
0.8
2.2
11 10
96
6
3
4
17
33
29
2
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.41.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
2.6
2.4
0.8
0.3
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
20000
50000
100000
47
19
2.2
1.4
2.4
1
1.8
2.8
2
1.2
3
2.6
3.2
1.6
5 4
18
7
8
17 9
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.8 0.6
16
15
14
17
13
6
11
13
12 10
9
2.2
2.4
2.8
2
3
3.2 2.6
1.4
1.8
0.5
0.7
1
1.2
0.3
1.6
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
12
11
10
29
21
25
11
13
12
6 5
2.2
2.4
2.8
10
3.2
17
0.2
1.8
1.2
2.6
0.3
0.6
1.6
0.1
0.5
0.7
1.4
0.4
0.8
0.1
8
4133
5649
7
37
11
2.2
2.4
2.8
13
45
6
1.4
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.3
1.8
2
12
76
10
21
25
29
96
3
3.2
2.6
1.2
17
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
1.6
5
7
0.3
0.5
116
0.2
0.7
33
1.4
0.4
41
49
56
3
136
0.2
2.2
6
0.3
5
4
37
2.4
11
1.8
2
2.6
3.2
13
416
376
336
516
616
496 356
576
476
536
396
556
456
436
0.5
2.8
3
256
296
0.6
0.8
1.2
176
236196
2.2
1.6
2.4
156
316
1 0.8
1.8
2
45
216
0.3
12 10
276
0.4
0.7
1.6
21
76
1.4 1.2
1
2.8
2.6
4
25
17
29
1.8
1.6
1.2
0.8 0.6
0.7 0.5
0.4
1.4
0.6
3.2
96
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.8
2
6
0.5 0.4
1
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
48
3.2
3
2 1.8
1.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
18
17 9
16
1.21
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.4
8
2.2
15 13
7 6
10
14
3.2
3
2
1.81.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
11
12
13
0.5 0.4
1.21
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.6
1.4
98
2.2
12
11 21
0.5 0.4
0.7
0.8
17
7 6
13
3.2
3
2
1.8 1.6
2.4
2.6
2.8
10
10
0.5 0.4
1
1.2
0.8
11
25
0.3
0.6
1.4
12
0.1
0.2
0.7
98
49
56
17
29
21
45
0.1
2.2
8 4137
13
1.8
1.6
2.4
2.6
1
0.7
1.2
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.8
33
0.5 0.4
3.2
10
76
6
0.2
2.8
0.1
11
25
0.2
1.4
12
0.4 0.3
0.5
9 8
0.2
2.2
4
4137
96
0.7
3.2
3
17
49
29
56
2.4
2.6
7 6
21
45
216
276
236
196
1.4
2.8
13
356
316
496
416
396 296
596 436
476
376
576
556
516
536
456
336 256
0.6
0.8
1.81.6 1.2
10
2.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
1.4
76
0.8
33
136
1.2
2.4
3.2
3
0.7
1.6
1.4
116
4
12
25
1000
2000
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
2.8
0.3
2.2
1.8
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.4
5
2
500
0.8
2.6
156
200
0.70.6
1 0.8
1.2
1.6
21.8
176
11
1
100
0.3
0.4
0.5
5000
10000
20000
50000
100000
49
6
17 8 7
9
16
11
15
13 12 10
14
13
17
10
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.7
5 4
3.2
1.6 1.2
1.4
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.4
3
13 10
12
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.6
1.8
25 21
0.7
87
9
0.1
0.2
29
17
45
0.4 0.3
11
3.2
2.62.2
2.8
2.4
3
49
76
0.2
0.4 0.3
0.6 0.5
0.7
1.61.4 1.2
1
1.8
11
11
0.8
3.2
2.2
2.62.4
2.8
3
8 7
9
12
1.6
1.4 1.2 1
1.8
2
13
12 10
41
56
3733
1.6
1.41.2 1
0.8
1.8
21
25
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.6
87
0.1
0.3
0.4
9
4
29
45
3
136
17
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.2 1 0.8
1.6 1.4
4
3.2
0.5
0.6
0.80.7
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
49
236
356
336
416
256
396
476
456
296
376
436
316
13
76
37
56
2.21.8
176
216
21
7
3.2 2.8
2.62.4
2
500
1000
2000
5000
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
4
1.6
200
0.8
0.7
3
8
1.2
0.6
0.5
1.4
25
1
100
0.7
0.8
33
116 96
276
10
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
12
41
196156
0.3
0.4
0.7
2.2
2.6
2.8 2.4
3
11
10000
20000
0.8
0.7
0.4
50000
100000
50
0.8
3.2
3.2
12.8
12.8
51.2
Sport
Industrial
0.8
Prison
0.2
Hotel
Retail
0.2
Meeting
0.1
Office
Residential
0.1
Education
Upper Limit
0.0
Health
Lower Limit
Function of floor
Critical Workspace
Class
OS-RMS90
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
51
8 Design examples
8.1 Filigree slab
building)
with
ACB-composite
beams
(office
It is spanning one way over 4.2 m between main beams. Its overall thickness is
160 mm. The main beams are Arcelor Cellular Beams (ACB) which act as
composite beams. They are attached to the vertical columns by a full moment
connection. The floor plan is shown in Figure 8-2. In Figure 8-2 the part of the
52
floor which will be considered for the vibration analysis is indicated by the
hatched area.
For the main beams with a span of 16.8 m ACB/HEM400 profiles made of
material S460 have been used. The main beams with the shorter span of 4.2 m
are ACB/HEM360 made of S460.
The cross beams which are spanning in global x-direction may be neglected for
the further calculations, as they do not contribute to the load transfer of the
structure.
The nominal material properties are
Steel S460:
Concrete C25/30:
fy = 460 N/mm
fck = 25 N/mm
53
E c ,dyn
1.1 u E cm
34100 N / mm
The expected mode shape of the part of the floor considered which corresponds
to the first eigenfrequency is shown in Figure 8-4. From the mode shape it can
be concluded that each field of the concrete slab may be assumed to be simply
supported for the further dynamic calculations. Regarding the boundary
conditions of the main beams (see beam to column connection, Figure 8-3), it is
assumed that for small amplitudes as they occur in vibration analysis the beamcolumn connection provides sufficient rotational restraint, so that the main
beams may be considered to be fully clamped.
54
Figure 8-4: Mode shape expected for the part of the floor considered
corresponding to the first eigenfrequency
Section properties
Slab:
The relevant section properties of the slab in global x-direction are:
mm 2
mm
Ac , x
160
I c, x
3.41 u 10 5
mm 4
mm
Main beam:
Assuming the first vibration mode described above the effective width of
the composite beam may be obtained from the following equation:
beff
beff ,1 beff , 2
l0 l0
8 8
2u
0.7 u 16.8
8
2.94 m
The relevant section properties of the main beam for serviceability limit
state (no cracking) are:
Aa ,netto
21936mm 2
Aa brutto
29214 mm 2
Ai
98320 mm 2
55
Ii
5.149 u 10 9 mm 4
Loads
-
Slab:
g slab
kN
m2
q slab
160 u 10 3 u 25 1.0
0.1 u 3.0
0.3
kN
m2
Main beam:
Self-weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
g beam
5.0 u
4.2
u 2 2.0
2
23.00
kN
m
Live load:
q slab
0.3 u
4.2
kN
u 2 1.26
2
m
G total
G slab G beam
with
G slab
1.9 mm
56
G beam
4.5mm
G total
1.9 4.5
6.4 mm
Thus, the first eigenfrequency may be obtained from the self-weight approach
(section 7.4.3):
18
f1
6.4
7.1 Hz
Modal mass
The total mass of the slab is
M total
37397 kg
According to Table 7-3, example 3, the modal mass of the slab considered may
be calculated as
M mod
1.9 2 4.5 2
8 1.9 u 4.5
37397 u
2u
17220kg
2
6.4 2
S
2 u 6.4
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to Table 7-4:
D1 D2 D3
1% 1% 1%
3%
with
57
8.1.3
Assessment
Based on the modal properties calculated above, the floor is classified as class C
(Figure 7-6). The expected OS-RMS90 value is approx. 0.5 mm/s.
According to Table 7-5 class C is classified as being suitable for office buildings,
i.e. the requirements are fulfilled.
The floor of this office building, Figure 8-5, has a span of 15 m from edge beam
to edge beam. In the regular area these secondary floor beams have IPE600
sections and are laying in a distance of 2.5 m. Primary edge beam which span
7.5 m from column to column have also IPE600 sections, see Figure 8-6.
58
The floor is a composite plate with steel sheets COFRASTRA 70 with a total
thickness of 15 cm, as represented in Figure 8-7.
Steel S235:
Concrete C25/30:
E c ,dyn
1.1 u E cm
fy = 235 N/mm
fck = 25 N/mm
34100 N / mm
Section properties
59
= 1170 cm/m
= 20 355 cm4/m
= 3.5 kN/m
'g
= 0.5 kN/m
= 468 cm
Loads
ptotal
= 4.3 kN/m
= 11.22 kN/m
ptotal
= 11.97 kN/m
Eigenfrequency
For this example the supporting conditions are determined in two ways.
60
The first method is the application of the beam formula neglecting the
transversal stiffness of the floor.
The second method is the self-weight method considering the transversal
stiffness.
p 11.97 [kN / m] P
2
f1
3EI
0.49 Pl 4
4.77 Hz
EI y
P l4
b 2 b 4 EI
1 2 x
l l EI y
G total
G slab G beam
G slab
G beam
5 u 11.97 u 150004
384 u 210000 u 270089 u 104
G total
f1
18
14.2
0.3 mm
13.9mm
4.78 Hz
Modal mass
The determination of the eigenfrequency, as presented above, shows that the
load bearing behaviour of the floor can be approximated by a simple beam
61
model. Thus, this model is taken for the determination of the modal mass; see
Figure 7-2:
M mod
0,5 P l
0,5 u 1220 u 15
9150 kg
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to Table 7-4:
D1 D2 D3
1% 1% 1%
3%
with
62
8.2.3 Assessment
Based on the modal properties calculated above, the floor is classified as class D
(Figure 7-6). The expected OS-RMS90 value is approx. 3.2 mm/s.
According to Table 7-5 class D is classified as being suitable for office buildings,
i.e. the requirements are fulfilled.
63
9 References
[1]
[2]
and
Background
Report
Internet:
http://ww.stb.rwth-
aachen.de/projekte/2007/HIVOSS/HIVOSS.html.
[3]
[4]
Waarts, P. Trillingen van vloeren door lopen: Richtlijn voor het voorspellen, meten en
beoordeelen, SBR, September 2005.
[5]
A. Smith, S. Hicks, P. Devine: Design of Floors for Vibration: A new Approach, SCIPublication P354, ISBN 10:1-85942-176-8, ISBN 13:978-1-85942-176-5, 2007.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
64
European Commission
EUR 24084 EN Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
Author(s):
Abstract
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