7/26/2010

(MLS120S)MATERIALSCIENCE
Lecturer: Prof.Dr.GodfreyDzinomwa
:Mr.Nikowa Namate
ContactTime:
Contact Time: 2hrslecture+2hrstutorialper
2 hrs lecture + 2 hrs tutorial per
week
CourseOutline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

StructureandPropertiesofEngineeringMaterials
CommonEngineeringMaterials.
IronandSteelManufacture
CorrosionofMaterial
MaterialTesting
HeatTreatment

MATERIALSSCIENCEANDHUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
Rock

CuAlloy

Iron

STONEAGE
BRONZEAGE
IRONAGE

Silicon

INFORMATIONAGE

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MATERIALSCIENCE
Material Science is the field of applied
science
i
concerned
d with
ith inventing
i
ti
new
materials and improving existing materials
through emphasis on underlying relationships
between composition, microstructure and
properties of the materials.

MATERIALDESIGNANDSELECTION
Materialdesignedforagivenapplicationshould;
Acquirethedesiredphysicalandmechanical
Acquire the desired physical and mechanical
propertieseg.Densityandstrengthforaerospace
applications
Beamenabletoprocessingormanufacturinginto
desiredshape
Provideaneconomicalsolutiontotheproblem
Provide an economical solution to the problem
Beenvironmentallyfriendlytouse(preferably
recyclable

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TheMaterialScience& EngineeringTetrahedron
Performance:CostRatio
Howdurableandcosteffectiveistheequipment?

Composition
Whichelementsmakeupthe
material,Fe,Al,Alloy,etc?

Microstructure
Whatisthetextureofthe
material,whatdeterminesits
strength,etc?

SynthesisandProcessing
Howhasthematerialbeensynthesized
andprocessedtomakeequipment?

PRODUCTSFROMVARIOUSMATERIALS

Courtesy:Komatsu

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WHATMATERIALSWOULDYOUUSETOCONSTRUCT?

Courtesy:BatemanEngineering

WORLDGOLDPRODUCTION2005

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WORLDURANIUMPRODUCTION2005

GOLD PROCESSING

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GroupsofMaterials
Material may be classified into 5 different groups
according to their different structures and
properties;
1. MetalsandAlloys
2. Ceramics,GlassandGlassceramics
3. Polymersand/orPlastics
4. Semiconductors
5. Composites

FUNCTIONALAPPLICATIONSOF
MATERIALS

Aerospace
Bi
Biomedical
di l
ElectronicMaterials
MagneticMaterials
Energy&Environmentaltechnology
Photonic or Optical
PhotonicorOptical
NanoengineeredMaterials
StructuralMaterials

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MATERIALSUSEDINVEHICLES

EFFECTSOFENVIRONMENT
The environment in which materials are exposed affects their properties and
structure, and may lead to deterioration or failure, eg corrosion.
This must be taken into account during the design stage to prevent catastrophic
failures.

CERAMIC

ALUMINIUM
Strength

POLYMER

1000

2000

3000

Temperature,oC

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ATOMICSTRUCTURE,PERIODICITY&BONDING
Principal Shell
Quantum
No,n

Subshells No.of
States

Electrons Electrons
persub
pershell
shell
(=2n2)

10

10

14

18

32

ATOMICSTRUCTURE Sodiumatom
KShell,n=1
LShell,n=2;s,p

12N
11P

MShell,n=3;s,p,d

1s22s22p63s1

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FILLINGOFENERGYLEVELSWITHELECTRONS
AFBAUPRINCIPLE
1s
2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

4d

4f

5s

5p

5d

5f

6s

6p

6d

7s

BONDING

IonicBonding
Covalent Bonding
CovalentBonding
MetallicBonding
Vander WaalsBonding

The first three bonds are relatively strong and they result
from transfer or sharingg of electrons between adjacent
j
atoms. They are referred to as primary bonds while
van der Waals forces are referred to as secondary
bonds and are relatively weak

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IONICBONDING
Ionic Bonding combination of a non metallic,
electronegative element (typically group 6 and 7)
with a metallic electropositive element (typically
Group 1 and 2) eg. reaction of Cl and Na whose
electronic configurations are;
Na:
Cl:

1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p5

Na+: 1s22s22p6
Cl: 1s22s22p63s23p6
Cl-

Na

Cl-

Na
+

Cl-

Na
+

COVALENTBONDING
Covalent Bonding results from sharing of valence
electrons between atoms so that each atom has
its outer sp orbital filled, eg Si
+

+
109.5o

10

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Electronegativities

Electronegativities ofvariouselements (Askeland andPhule,2003)

11