Turk J Vet Anim Sci

28 (2004) 471-479
TBTAK

Research Article

Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758)

Living in Hirfanl Dam Lake
Nihal DOAN BORA, Ali GL*
Department of Biology Education, Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi University, 06500 Teknik Okullar, Ankara - TURKEY

Received: 19.08.2003

Abstract: Stomach contents and feeding features of Silurus glanis living in Hirfanl Dam Lake were investigated. Recognizable
organisms were found in the stomachs of 91 Silurus glanis out of 162 caught between September 1996 and August 1997. The
stomach contents of Silurus glanis and their levels were as follows: Gammarus (21.87%), Odonata (19.79%), Sander lucioperca
(19.79%), Tinca tinca (18.76%), Silurus glanis (1.04%) and Gastropoda (1.04%). In addition, it was noted that 1.04% of the
organisms found in the stomachs of Silurus glanis were Homoptera and 2.08% were the parasite Platyhelminthes.
Key Words: Silurus glanis, feeding, stomach contents, Hirfanl Dam Lake

Hirfanl Baraj Glnde Yaflayan Silurus glanis (L., 1758)in Beslenme Biyolojisi
zet: Bu arafltrmada Hirfanl Baraj Glnde yaflayan Silurus glanisin mide ierii ve beslenme zellii incelenmifltir. Eyll 1996Austos 1997 tarihleri arasnda avlanan 162 adet yayn balndan 91 bireyin midesinde teflhis edilebilen organizmalara rastlanmfltr.
Arafltrma sonucunda Silurus glanisin mide ieriini bulunma sklna gre, Gammarus (% 21,87), Odonata (% 19,79), Sander
lucioperca (% 19,79), Tinca tinca (% 18,76), Silurus glanis (% 1,04) ve Gastropoda (% 1,04)nn oluflturduu saptanmfltr. Ayrca,
mideden kan organizmalarn % 1,04nde Homoptera ve % 2,08inde parazit Platyhelminthese rastlanmfltr.
Anahtar Szckler: Silurus glanis, beslenme, mide ierii, Hirfanl Baraj Gl

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Silurus glanis is an economically valuable fish due to

its very tasty flesh and lives in all inland waters of Turkey
except for Southeast Anatolia and the southern part of
Eastern Anatolia (1).

Hirfanl Dam Lake was constructed on the Kzlrmak

River for energy production purposes in 1959. It stands
at an altitude of 856 m and is located 24 km southwest
of Krflehir and 70 km south of Krkkale provinces
(23,24). A map of the dam lake and the hunting stations
is given in Figure 1.

The local people call it yayn, galyanos, at balk,

karabalk, gelebicin, lpk or lk in different
regions (2). Its distribution in Turkey has been
investigated by various scientists (3-12), and its features
have been widely examined (13-22).
The depletion of land based food stocks forces
scientists to consider water-based foods, which are very
plentiful in Turkey. The investigation of the feeding
behavior of the fish as well as their other features will
enable us to utilize them in a much more efficient way.
This study concerns the feeding behavior and stomach
contents of Silurus glanis, which is very suitable for
cultured breeding.

During this study, 162 Silurus glanis were caught

between September 1996 and August 1997. Fishing was
carried out with 100 m trammel nets with 18, 25, 33,
40 and 55 mm inner mesh sizes and fishing hooks. The
inner/outer mesh ratio ranged from 0.60 to 0.65. The
lengths of the samples were measured on a millimetric
plate and they were weighed using a balance with an
accuracy of 0.1 g. The average lengths and the weights
were determined according to age.
The fish were dissected with scalpels in the laboratory
and their stomachs were removed. The stomachs were

* Email: ali@gef.gazi.edu.tr

471

Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanl Dam Lake

3925

3923

Yeniky

Fishing regions
0

347
3323

5 km

Hirfanl Dam Lake

KIRfiEHR
Sddkkkoba
Sddkbykoba
KIRfiEHR

39

Gzler

Evren

Bekdik

39
347

3325
Figure 1. Map of Hirfanl Dam Lake.

kept in 4% formaldehyde. The ages of the fish were

determined from their vertebrae (25,26). The contents
of each stomach were classified and counted separately.
Small organisms in the stomach were determined by
means of the relevant literature (27-32).
The percentage of a certain organism found in the
stomachs of the fish was calculated by the formula
F = f x 100 .
n

The weight of a recognized small

organism in the total weight was found by the formula

W = f x 100 .
Wtotal
The average number of systematically classified

organisms among the total number of organisms was

computed by means of the formula S = n x 100
S
(33,34).
Results
Length and weight distribution according to age

S. glanis individuals were found to range between 0

and 5 years of age. The lengths of the females and males
ranged from 22.3 to 52.4 cm and 22.2 to 52.9 cm,
respectively. The weight distribution was 68-920 g for
females and 63-955 g for males. The male and female
individuals at II and III years of age were higher in
number compared with the other age groups (Table 1).

Table 1. The weight and length distribution of S. glanis individuals living in Hirfanl Dam Lake
according to age.
Female
Age

N
L (cm)
(Min-Max)

0
I

472

Male

11

W (g)
(Min-Max)
- 1

L (cm)
(Min-Max)

W (g)
(Min-Max)

18.3

33
74
22.2-24.1

63-89

24
22.3-25.9

769
68-91.7

23

II

24

27.9
24.1-32.5

140.9
69-215

28

28
24-35.1

150.3
78-275

III

32

34.2
26.5-38.6

28335
142-370

33.5

264.7
27-39.7

91-390

IV

42.4
40.1-45.1

458.8
316-530

43.6
41.2-45.3

501.6
418-540

49.2
45.9-52.4

8464
820-920

50.6

895
48.4-52.4

840-955

N. DOAN BORA, A. GL

100
80

August

July

June

May

March

February

January

December

November

September

Figure 2. The percentage of full stomachs of the Silurus glanis

individuals caught in Hirfanl Dam Lake according to month.

Other

Fish remains

Caryophylaidae

Stomach contents

Homoptera

Gastropoda

Gammarus

Odonata

N%
W%

Diptera

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

S.glanis

The weight, numbers and percentages of the

organisms observed in the stomachs of the S. glanis
individuals are listed in Table 3. It was determined that
the major portion of the dietary intake of S. glanis
individuals consists of fish, followed by Odonata and
other invertebrate species. Figure 3 shows the number
and weight percentages of the various organisms found in
the stomachs of S. glanis individuals.

Months

S.lucioperca

Total weights of stomach contents and weight

percentage distribution of the organisms

20
0

N% and W%

The stomach contents of the individuals were as

follows: Sander lucioperca (L., 1758), Tinca tinca (L.,
1758), Odonata (Aeshna sp, Zygoptera), Gammarus,
Diptera, Gastropoda, Caryophyllaidae and Homoptera.
The percentages of the empty and full stomachs are given
in Figure 2.

40

October

Table 2 tabulates the cases of full and empty stomachs

among the Silurus glanis individuals caught during the
study.

60

T.tinca

The stomachs of 71 Silurus glanis out of the 162

were empty. There were undigested and recognizable
organisms in the stomachs of the remaining 91 fish.

Fullness %

The organisms found in the stomachs

Figure 3. The number and the weight percentage of the food found in
the stomachs of Silurus glanis individuals.

Table 2. The conditions of the full and the empty stomachs of Silurus glanis caught at different
times in Hirfanl Dam Lake.
Date of fishing

Number of
fish caught

FULL

EMPTY

September

18

13

72.22

27.78

October

11

54.55

45.45

November

25.00

75.00

December

33.33

66.67

January

27

11.11

24

88.89

February

12

11

91.67

8.33

March

20

11

55.00

45.00

May

11

45.45

54.55

June

14

11

78.57

21.43

July

11

72.73

27.27

August

24

19

79.17

20.83

TOTAL

162

91

56.17

71

43.83

473

Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanl Dam Lake

Total numbers and percentage distribution of the

organisms found in the stomachs of S. glanis

autumn diptera individuals dominated the stomach

contents and the variety of feeding organisms was lower
than in the spring and summer. The variety of the feeding
organisms increased in the spring and fish was the most
preferred organism for feeding purposes.

There were 865 organisms counted in the stomachs of

the 162 S. glanis investigated. The most abundantly found
organism among these is Diptera, counted 532 times
(61.50%) followed by Aeshna sp. and Odonata larvae,
counted 198 times (22.89%). Zygoptera, another
Odonata larva, was counted 3 times (0.34%). Among the
fish species the distribution was as follows: Tinca tinca 19
counts (2.19%), Sander lucioperca 20 counts (2.31%),
Gammarus sp. 87 counts (10.05%), Gastropoda 2 counts
(0.239%), S. glanis one count (0.11%), Homoptera one
count (0.11%), and Caryophyllaidae 2 counts (0.239%).
Since S. glanis is a fish that lives in the benthic region its
dietary intake is constituted by the fish and Chironomus
larvae living in the same region (Table 3 and Figure 3).

The weight and weight percentage distribution of

organisms according to season
The weight and weight percentage distribution of the
organisms according to season are given in Table 4 and
Figure 4. The weight of organisms found in the stomachs
in each season revealed that the amount of organisms
was at its maximum in the summer and at a minimum in
the winter.
The distribution of the total weight and the
number of the food found in the stomachs of S. glanis
individuals according to month

The numbers and percentage distribution of the

organisms according to season

There was 837.22 g of organisms found in the

stomachs of 91 S. glanis individuals. The total weight and
percentage distribution of food according to month is
given in Table 5 and Figure 5. The numeric distribution
and the numeric percentage of the food according to
month were also determined (Table 5 and Figure 6).
August is the month when the highest amount of food
was taken, at 291.53 g and 613 pieces.

The number and percentage distribution of the

organisms according to season are given in Table 4 and
Figure 4. Summer was when the maximum amount of
organisms was found in the stomachs, as was also the
case with weight distribution. In winter the variety of the
feeding organisms decreased and the most abundant
organism in the stomach contents was Gammarus. In

Table 3. The total number, weight and percentage of the organisms encountered in the stomachs of the Silurus glanis
individuals.
The organisms found
in the stomachs

474

Total number
(N)

N%

Total weight of food

(g)

Weight percentage

Tinca tinca

19

2.19

193.28

23.09

S. lucioperca

20

2.31

151.11

18.05

S. glanis

0.12

10.00

1.19

Diptera

532

61.50

10.26

1.23

Odonata

201

23.24

142.33

17.00

Gammarus

87

10.06

4.27

0.51

Gastropoda

0.23

0.28

0.03

Homoptera

0.12

0.19

0.02

Caryophyllaidae

0.23

1.37

0.16

Fish remains

291.14

34.78

Other

32.99

3.94

TOTAL

865

100

837.22

100

Homoptera

Caryophyllaidae

Fish remains

Odonata

Diptera

Gastropoda

S. glanis

10

S. lucioperca

Gammarus

Tinca tinca

Number of stomachs

Seasons

c o n t e n t s

S t o m a c h

4.16

12.5

12.5

4.16

41.66

40.89

0.19

0.11

0.05

10.00

66.92

37.45

25.49

0.11

6.85

3.11

6.23

41.73

23.35

W%

56

198

454

0.27

7.82

27.65

63.40

0.27

0.55

N%

124.19

0.28

2.85

142.28

9.00

22.61

70.00

38

16

25.00

N%

Summer

Spring

32.59

7.34

0.74

37.34

2.36

5.93

18.37

W%

78

1.12

87.64

7.86

3.37

N%

21

86.41

0.72

1.35

55.78

31.01

Autumn

46.08

0.38

0.71

29.74

16.53

W%

28

2.77

77.77

2.77

16.66

N%

16

Winter

W%

0.59

--

1.20

5.34

39.65 36.55

0.65

1.31

5.8

54.83 50.54

Table 4. The total weight, number percentage distribution of the food found in the stomachs of Silurus glanis individuals according to season.

87

201

532

20

19

291.14

1.37

0.19

0.28

4.27

142.33

10.35

10.00

151.11

193.29

91

Total

N. DOAN BORA, A. GL

475

Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanl Dam Lake

50

70
SUMMER

60

SPRING
N%
W%

30
20
10

N%
W%

50

N% and W%

N% and W%

40

40
30
20

Fish remains

Caryophyllaidae

Homoptera

Gammarus

Gastropoda

Odonata

Diptera

S. glanis

Stomach contents

100

100

AUTUMN

WINTER

80

80

W%

60
40
20

N% and W%

N%

N%
W%

60
40
20

Stomach contents

Fish remains

Caryophyllaidae

Homoptera

Gastropoda

Gammarus

Odonata

Diptera

T. tinca

Fish remains

Caryophyllaidae

Homoptera

Gastropoda

Gammarus

Odonata

Diptera

S. glanis

S. lucioperca

T. tinca

Stomach contents

S. glanis

S. lucioperca

N% and W%

T. tinca

Fish remains

Caryophyllaidae

Homoptera

Gastropoda

Gammarus

Odonata

Diptera

S. glanis

S. lucioperca

T. tinca

Stomach contents

S. lucioperca

10
0

Figure 4. The total weight, number percentage distribution of the food found in the stomachs of Silurus glanis individuals according
to season.

Table 5. The total weights and weight percentage of the food found in the stomachs of Silurus glanis individuals according to month.

Months

September

Number
of
stomachs

Total food
weight
(g)

Percentage
distribution of the
total food

Average organism
weight per S. glanis
individual (g)

Total
number
of food

Percentage
distribution of
the total food

Average organism
weight per S. glanis
individual

13

96.11

11.47

7.39

72

8.32

5.53

October

60.45

7.22

10.07

15

1.74

2.5

November

30.96

3.69

15.48

0.23

1.00

December

26.51

3.16

13.25

0.23

1.00

January

32.56

3.93

10.85

0.35

1.00

February

11

49.4

5.90

4.49

31

3.58

2.81

March

11

115.85

13.83

10.53

15

1.74

1.36

May

44.51

5.31

8.90

1.04

1.8

June

11

20.25

2.41

1.84

56

6.47

5.09

July

69.19

8.26

8.64

47

5.43

5.87

August

19

291.53

34.82

5.34

613

70.87

32.26

TOTAL

91

837.22

865

476

100

100

60.22

N. DOAN BORA, A. GL

40

Month

August

July

June

May

10
0

March

August

July

June

May

March

February

January

December

November

October

September

February

10

40
30
20

January

15

60
50

December

20

November

25

80
70

October

Numeric % of organisms

Total food %

30

September

35

Month

Figure 5. The percentage distribution of the total weight of the food

found in the stomachs of Silurus glanis according to month.

Figure 6. The numeric and percentage distribution of the food found in

the stomachs of Silurus glanis according to month.

Discussion

observed in January (88.89%). Although stomach

fullness ratios were high in February (Table 2 and Figure
2), Table 5 reveals that the level of feeding was low as
regards stomach contents. Winter was when the variety
of organism as regards the contents of the stomachs was
at its lowest level. This shows that the fish is not properly
fed. In the fish investigated there were digested and
undigested organisms, which were classified at the level
of species or family.

The age distribution of the S. glanis individuals was

between 0 and V years. The average weights and lengths
were determined according to ages. The smallest
individual was a male at 0 years of age with a length of
18.2 cm and a weight of 33 g. The largest individual was
a male at the age of V with a length of 43.4 cm and a
weight of 955 g. The number of studies related to the
age distribution of S. glanis is very limited. Saylar (11)
determined that the S. glanis individuals in Altnkaya Dam
Lake and Kabalar Pond ranged from 0-XV and 0-IX in
age, respectively. He indicated that the population density
was between I and VII in Altnkaya Dam Lake and
between II-V in Kabalar Pond. These values partly
correspond to the age distribution of S. glanis individuals
in Hirfanl Dam Lake. The fact that no fish were caught at
advanced ages may be due to fishing techniques. Average
weight and lengths in Altnkaya Dam Lake and Kabalar
Pond were higher than those in Hirfanl Dam Lake. This
may be a consequence of the difference in habitats and
diversity of feeding organisms.

S. glanis is a carnivorous fish and its infants feed on

plankton until 1 year of age. They hide during the day and
seek food in shallow places at night (2). They eat small
aquatic organisms during their youth and then they
mostly feed on fish at later stages (1). During the
investigation of the stomachs of S. glanis individuals, the
percentages of full and empty stomachs were 56.17%
and 43.83% (Table 2). The percentage of empty
stomachs is highly significant. The highest ratio was

The fact that there were Sander lucioperca and Tinca

tinca individuals in particular in the stomachs of S. glanis
individuals implies that the fish is particular about its
food. We had no opportunity to make any comparison
since there have been no studies carried out on this
subject. Although the Hirfanl Cyprinus carpio is
abundantly present in the lake according to stocks (70 t)
it was not encountered in any stomach during the year
(24).
Tanyola and Karabatak (7) investigated the stomach
contents of the S. glanis individuals in Mogan Lake, and
reported that there were Cyprinus carpio and Alburnus
escherrichi in the stomachs of mature individuals at the
ages of VII to IX with a length of 79 cm. This shows that
S. glanis cannot consume carp at early ages.
The organisms found in the stomachs of S. glanis
individuals in Hirfanl Dam Lake reached their maximum
level in summer as regards number and weight (Table 3).
Atay (2) states that S. glanis consumes the most food at
the end of its breeding period. This study also verifies this
hypothesis.

477

Feeding Biology of Silurus glanis (L., 1758) Living in Hirfanl Dam Lake

Hirfanl Dam Lake was first implanted with S. glanis,

a carnivorous fish living at the bottom. It was then
implanted with Sander lucioperca to meet the need for a
carnivorous fish living at the surface (23,34). The
investigation of the feeding behavior of these 2 fishes
revealed that the organisms Gammarus, Diptera and
Odonata are common in their dietary intake (35). This
results implies that there will be feeding competition
between Sander lucioperca and S. glanis.
Orlova and Popava (17) studied 911 S. glanis
individuals living in the Volga river, and found that these
feed on invertebrates such as Cladocera, Gammaridae and
Chironomidae when their length is in the range 4-7 cm,
but that their dietary intake includes various fish and even
frogs when they grow older. They reported that food
consumption decreased in autumn and the most food
intake was seen in fish at the ages of 2 to 4. We reached
the same conclusion in this study.
Aydn (10) states that cannibalism starts among S.
glanis infants when they reach a length of 4-5 cm. Orlova
and Popava (17) report that S. glanis is a predatory fish
like Sander lucioperca.
Among the fish investigated in Hirfanl Dam Lake S.
glanis was found only in one stomach. The fact that one
species of S. glanis was found only in the stomach of one
individual throughout the year prevents us reaching any
definite conclusion about cannibalism. A study over a
much more prolonged period will shed light on this issue.

S. glanis is a species that is highly tolerant to a lack of

oxygen, high salinity and the turbidity of the water, and
it grows very fast (11). Bauch states that S. glanis may
reach a weight of 50 g in summer and 3000 g at the age
of IV. Meske reported that in cultured breeding it might
reach a weight of 1270 g (11).
The S. glanis population in Hirfanl Dam Lake is not

high in number. Individuals at the ages of IV and V were

rarely encountered in the population. This was attributed
to the fact that this is a species of high economic value
and is consumed by the local people. That is why the
adjustment of the mesh size of the nets and control of
fishing in the lake are of great importance for increasing
the stock in the lake.
Another important finding of the study is that S.
glanis feeds on economically valuable fish such as Sander
lucioperca and Tinca tinca. We are of the opinion that the
number of uneconomical fish should be reduced in the
lake for the future of the population of the economically
valuable fish.
The investigation of the fish stocks in the Hirfanl Dam
Lake reveals that the S. glanis stock in the lake has
decreased over the years (23,24). It is thought that the
water criteria as well as over-fishing influenced this.
Therefore an investigation of the relation between the
water criteria and the fish population is necessary. It was
observed that the fishermen were fishing every month of
the year. Therefore we think that the controlling of illegal
fishing is of great importance and the lake should be
rented to institutions that are able to carry out this duty
on a regular basis. This will ensure the sustainability of
the population.
Studies on S. glanis in Turkey are very rare. The
adaptability of S. glanis to adverse conditions, the use of
its floating pouch and bones in the glue industry and the
use of its caviar for food, increase the economic viability
of this species (1,2). The cultured breeding of this species
is of great importance for Turkey. It is necessary to
investigate the ecological and feeding behavior of S.
glanis, which occupies an important place among the
fresh water fish of the country, in different habitats.
These studies will permit the widespread economic
utilization of S. glanis as an animal based protein source.

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