ARIZONA
SOLAR JOBS
CENSUS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Solar Foundation (TSF) is a national 501(c)
(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to
increase understanding of solar energy through
strategic research and education that transform
markets. In 2010, TSF conducted its first National
Solar Jobs Census report, establishing the first
credible solar jobs baseline and verifying that
the solar industry is having a positive impact
on the U.S. economy. Using the same rigorous,
peer-reviewed methodology, TSF has conducted
an annual Census in each of the last six years to
track changes and analyze trends.
This Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015 report is
an offshoot of TSFs National Solar Jobs Census
2015 effort. Research partners for the Census
2015 effort include the Arizona State University
Energy Policy Innovation Council for providing
editorial guidance and peer review, the George
Washington University Solar Institute for
providing assistance and support in reviewing
and validating report results and analysis; the
Philip Jordan
Principal and Vice President
BW Research Partnership
508-384-2471; pjordan@bwresearch.com
www.bwresearch.com
Please cite this publication when referencing this material as Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015,
The Solar Foundation, available at: www.TSFcensus.org and SolarStates.org
PLACEHOLDERPhoto
IMAGE
courtesy of Wikimedia Commons - Flagstaff AZ
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. solar industry experienced
yet another record-breaking year
in 2015, with more than 7,400
megawatts (MW) of domestic
photovoltaic (PV) capacity expected
to have been installed an 18.5%
increase over that of 2014 bringing
total U.S. solar capacity to nearly
27.5 gigawatts (GW).1
As the rate of capacity installation has
accelerated, employers across the country
8,000
Solar Jobs
200,000
173,807
100,000
6,000
142,698
150,000
93,502
105,145
7,000
5,000
119,016
4,000
3,000
2,000
50,000
208,859
1,000
0
0
2010
2011
2012
PV Capacity Additions
2013
2014
2015E
Solar Jobs
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
2010
Residential (PV)
2011
2012
Non-Residential (PV)
2013
Utility (PV)
2014
2015E
Subsequently,
applications
for
rooftop
installations in SRPs territory have fallen by
an estimated 75 - 95%.9 Arizona Public Service
(APS), the states largest investor-owned
utility, followed suit at the beginning of April,
ARIZONA
SOLAR JOBS
Key Data Points
6,922
Cumulative Installed
Capacity thru Q3 2015 (MW)14
2,209.8
Projected Solar
Jobs Growth, 2016
580
(8.4%)
Capacity Installed in
2015 thru Q3 (MW)15
140.9
Detailed employment and demographic data for Arizonas legislative districts, counties, and metropolitan statistical areas
can be found in the appendix of this report and on The Solar Foundations interactive jobs map at SolarStates.org.
WORKFORCE
OVERVIEW
Installation Jobs
2,549
Manufacturing Jobs
2,400
Sales & Distribution Jobs
1,095
10,000
8,000
8,558
9,170
6,992
6,000
7,501
4,000
584
Other Jobs
294
Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015
2,000
2013
2014
2015
2016E
The Arizona solar workforce is generally less diverse than the states workforce as a whole, with
women (29.5%), African-Americans (3.0%),
Asian or Pacific Islanders (1.9%), and Latinos
(12.5%) all relatively underrepresented. How-
ever, many of these otherwise underserved demographics women, Latinos, older workers,
and veterans are represented in the state solar
workforce at higher rates than their counterparts in the solar industry nationwide.
Women
29.5%
46.1%
23.8%
African-American
3.0%
4.6%
5.1%
1.9%
4.0%
8.6%
Latino or Hispanic
12.5%
33.7%
11.3%
28.2%
20.6%
18.6%
5.5%
11.5%
9.3%
8.1%
Union Members
by facilitating the transition from military service to employment in the civilian solar workforce.18 Arizona solar firms clearly understand this value proposition, with veterans
comprising 11.5% of the states solar workforce, compared to just 9.3% of the states
total workforce and 8.1% of the solar workforce nationally.
7
Position
Solar Installer
Solar Sales Representative
Solar System Designer
Solar Assembly Worker
Arizona
Median Wage
Mountain Division
Median Wage
U.S.
Median Wage
$18.00
$20.00
$21.00
$22.00
$25.50
$26.92
$36.06
$33.65
Wages paid by firms in the Arizona solar industry differ slightly from those paid by solar employers across the other states in the U.S. Census
Bureaus Mountain Division19 and the industry nationwide. Solar installers in the state are
among the lowest paid in the country, at $18.00
per hour, but solar sales representatives are better paid than their counterparts nationally.
Solar employers in Arizona experience a slightly
higher level of difficulty on average finding qual-
$28.85
$18.00
Arizona
20.0%
Mountain
54.3%
28.0%
National
51.8%
24.2%
0%
20.2%
51.7%
20%
Not Difficult
25.7%
40%
Somewhat Difficult
24.2%
60%
80%
100%
Very Difficult
8
prospects. Arizona employers overwhelmingly cite the federal investment tax credit (ITC)
as substantially contributing to their firms
success, with 64.3% of respondents referring
to it directly, more than doubling the second
most commonly cited policy, the states renewable energy standard, at 30.4%.
The following pages include detailed breakdowns of workforce data by sector. While there
are a number of Arizona solar firms focusing on
manufacturing, sales and distribution, and other
activities, an insufficient number of these firms
responded to the survey to provide statistically
significant data for each individual sector.
Arizona
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
National
Sector Jobs
2,549
Change Since 2014
-2,282
INSTALLATION
The installation sector is
the largest sector of the
U.S. solar industry and is
composed of companies that
primarily install PV, solar
water heating, and other
solar energy technologies.
Rate of Change
Since 2014
Establishments
AZ Installation Jobs,
2013 - 2015
-47.2%
1,594
5,000
4,831
4,000
3,000
3,311
2,549
2,000
Solar Installer
Median Wage
$18/hr
Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015
1,000
0
2013
2014
2015
10
AZ Installation
12.5%
U.S. Installation
56.3%
19.7%
0%
31.3%
54.2%
20%
Not Difficult
40%
60%
Somewhat Difficult
26.0%
80%
100%
Very Difficult
5.0%
AZ Installation
20.0%
11.7%
0%
7.2%
U.S. Installation
22.1%
20%
1-24%
30.0%
40%
25-49%
60%
50-99%
80%
100%
Pure Plays
11
Sector Jobs
584
Change Since 2014
+92
Rate of Growth
Since 2014
18.7%
PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT
The project development
sector includes companies
that plan, design and build
large commercial- and
utility-scale solar projects.
The project development sector is responsible
for 8.4% of all solar employment in Arizona,
employing 584 workers. This represents a
reversal of fortunes and a return to growth
for the sector, which had witnessed a nearly
75% reduction in its workforce from 2013 to
2014, although it still comprises a much smaller
portion of the states solar jobs than it did in
2013, when project developers employed nearly
22% of Arizona solar workers.
Establishments
262
1,874
1,000
$22/hr
Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015
500
492
584
2013
2014
2015
12
AZ Project Development
11.8%
58.8%
54.1%
21.4%
0%
20%
Not Difficult
29.4%
40%
Somewhat Difficult
24.5%
60%
80%
100%
Very Difficult
17.4%
14.5%
0%
20%
1-24%
7.8%
4.3%
AZ Project Development
25-49%
30.4%
23.1%
40%
60%
50-99%
Pure Plays
80%
100%
13
CONCLUSION
While the Arizona solar industry is expected
to have installed slightly more solar capacity
in 2015 than 2014, the years additions are a
far cry from the industrys peak in 2012, and
little is expected to change over the next twelve
months. The troubles plaguing the Arizona
solar industry are expected to continue in
2016, with regulatory uncertainty casting
doubt over individual solar customers ability
to earn a sufficient return on their investment
and utilities generally satisfied with a relatively
slow pace of utility-scale development. Industry
experts project less solar capacity to be added
in the state in 2016 than in 2015.
It is important however, to consider the Arizona
solar industrys recent doldrums in the context
of its historically strong performance and
note that, even though the states solar firms
employ fewer people than they did at the end
of 2014, the workforce itself is still quite large
relative to other states in the country. At 6,922
workers, the states solar workforce is the 7th
largest in the country, well ahead of its eastern
neighbor New Mexico (1,899), but well behind
Nevada (8,764) to the northwest. Even with
the industrys somewhat bleak outlook for
the coming year, employers are expecting to
expand their payrolls, adding roughly 580
jobs, representing 8.4% growth in 2016
more than six times the growth expected
for the states economy, but only a little more
than half the growth expected for the U.S. solar
industry at large.
APPENDIX
STATE CENSUS METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES
The Solar Jobs Census methodology is the most
closely aligned with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) methodology for its Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) and
Current Employment Statistics (CES). Like BLS,
this study uses survey questionnaires and employer-reported data, though ours are administered by phone and web, as opposed to mail.
Also like BLS, we develop a hierarchy of various categories that represent solar value chain
activities (within their broader NAICS framework), develop representative sample frames,
and use statistical analysis and extrapolation in
a very similar manner to BLS. We also constrain
our universe of establishments by relying on
the most recent data from the BLS or the state
departments of labor, depending on which is
collected most recently. We believe that the categories that we have developed could be readily adopted by BLS should it choose to begin to
quantify solar employment in its QCEW and CES
series.
The results from the overall 2015 Census effort
are based on rigorous survey efforts that include
287,962 telephone calls and over 44,220 emails
to known and potential energy establishments
across the United States, resulting in a total of
2,350 full completions for solar establishments
in the U.S. Unlike economic impact models that
generate employment estimates based on economic data or jobs-per-megawatt (or jobs-perdollar) assumptions, the Solar Jobs Census series provides statistically valid and current data
gathered from actual employers.
The survey was administered to a known universe of energy employers that includes 68,494
establishments and is derived from the Solar
Energy Industry Associations National Solar
Arizona Solar Jobs Census 2015
The survey was also administered to a stratified, clustered, random sampling from various
industries that are potentially energy-related
(unknown universe) that include a total of approximately 314,000 establishments nationwide. After an extensive cleaning and de-duplication process, a sampling plan was developed
that gathered information on the level of solar
activity (including none) from 12,765 establishments. Of these, 327 establishments qualified
as solar establishments and completed full surveys. The sampling rigor in the known and unknown universes provides a margin of error for
establishment counts at +/-0.85% and employment at +/-1.99% at a 95% confidence interval.
This level of national sampling rigor is mirrored
at the state level. In addition to the known Census, the clustered sampling in the unknown
universe is representative relative to establishment totals by size in each of the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. This ensures that each
states employment estimates are accurate with
a maximum margin of error under +/-5% at a
95% confidence interval.
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Pacific
Islanders
Older
Veterans of
Latino or
Union
Workers
the US Armed
Hispanic
Members
(55+)
Forces
534
406
41
26
172
388
159
435
96
10
41
91
37
1,376
419
1,127
332
547
49
688
158
165
203
1,854
324
128
123
34
55
5
21
35
3
16
10
20
13
13
12
8
8
141
318
232
523
21
46
67
151
86
194
55
123
52
118
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
130
214
19
62
50
48
79
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
127
37
16
36
15
148
44
19
42
17
276
218
59
66
15
179
141
23
19
596
82
64
18
19
4
53
42
7
6
176
8
6
2
2
0
5
4
1
1
18
5
4
1
1
0
35
27
7
8
2
22
3
0
11
18
3
75
78
62
17
19
4
51
40
7
5
168
32
25
7
8
2
21
16
3
69
16
District
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
215
30
63
9
6
1
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
4
27
13
585
173
17
11
491
145
15
92
27
104
182
402
381
29
31
54
119
112
9
3
5
12
11
1
657
194
20
420
124
13
1,037
118
0
118
109
84
306
35
0
35
32
25
31
3
8
7
2
1
12
12
51
113
107
8
82
185
53
119
26
48
29
12
50
25
139
62
23
61
165
130
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
73
19
Union
Members
15
15
14
11
293
33
0
33
31
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
68
21
57
46
44
11
3
76
120
District
14
49
14
13
10
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
127
37
16
36
15
148
44
19
42
17
276
218
59
66
15
179
141
23
19
82
64
18
19
4
53
42
7
6
8
6
2
2
0
5
4
1
1
5
4
1
1
0
35
27
7
8
2
22
3
0
18
3
78
62
17
19
4
51
40
7
5
596
176
18
11
75
168
585
173
17
11
73
165
215
30
104
182
63
9
31
54
6
1
3
5
4
1
2
3
27
4
13
23
61
8
29
51
32
25
7
8
2
21
16
3
69
68
25
3
12
21
17
District
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
18
19
145
15
62
139
57
92
27
12
26
11
119
381
21
22
12
112
29
23
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
491
402
20
Union
Members
11
50
113
48
107
46
44
657
194
20
12
82
185
76
420
124
13
53
119
49
109
32
14
31
24
1,037
306
31
19
130
293
120
25
118
35
15
33
14
26
27
28
118
29
30
35
84
25
15
33
11
14
24
13
Metropolitan
Statistical Area
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
AZ NONMETROPOLITAN AREA
80
Flagstaff, AZ
Prescott, AZ
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
10
23
1
1
5,895
1,738
175
110
652
192
19
12
50
87
Yuma, AZ
Apache
13
Tucson, AZ
County
Asian or
Latino
Older
Veterans of
Union
Pacific
or
Workers
the US Armed
Members
Islanders Hispanic
(55+)
Forces
45
Lake Havasu
City-Kingman,
AZ
PhoenixMesa-Scottsdale,
AZ
24
15
26
113
33
26
739
1,663
680
82
184
75
14
1
1
0
0
32
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Union
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Members
Islanders
(55+)
1
25
ARIZONA COUNTIES
14
11
13
0
1
0
0
11
37
11
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
10
10
13
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
10
3
4
1
0
18
County
La Paz
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yuma
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
6
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Union
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Members
Islanders
(55+)
0
5,728
1,689
171
107
718
1,616
652
192
19
12
82
184
95
28
12
27
50
19
167
7
113
15
6
49
2
33
1
1
5
0
3
1
0
3
0
2
6
2
21
1
14
14
47
2
32
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
1
661
75
11
6
2
19
1
13
19
ENDNOTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Unless otherwise noted, all design, text, graphics, and the selection and arrangement thereof are Copyright February 2016 by The Solar Foundation
and BW Research Partnership. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Any use of materials in this report, including reproduction, modification, distribution, or
republication, without the prior written consent of The Solar Foundation and BW Research Partnership, is strictly prohibited.
For questions about this report, please contact Andrea Luecke at The Solar Foundation, aluecke@solarfound.org.
The Solar Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and relies on public support. To learn more about supporting The Solar Foundations work, go to
www.TheSolarFoundation.org/donate/
21
www.TheSolarFoundation.org