Minnesota Solar Jobs Census 2015

2015
MINNESOTA
SOLAR JOBS
CENSUS
ABOUT THE SOLAR FOUNDATION

The Solar Foundation (TSF) is an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit
organization whose mission is to increase understanding of solar
energy through strategic research and education that transforms
markets. TSF is considered the premier research organization on the
solar labor workforce, employer trends, and the economic impacts
of solar. It has provided expert advice to leading organizations such
as the National Academies, the Inter-American Development Bank,
the U.S. Department of Energy, and others during a time of dynamic
industry growth and policy and economic uncertainty.
While TSF recognizes that solar energy is a key part of our energy
future, it is committed to excellence in its aim to help people
fairly and objectively gauge the value and importance of solar
technologies.
ABOUT BW RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP

BW Research is widely regarded as the national leader in labor
market research for emerging industries and clean energy
technologies. In addition to the Census series, BW Research has
conducted rigorous solar installation and wind industry labor
market analysis for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
wind energy and energy retrofit studies for the Natural Resources
Defense Council, a series of comprehensive clean energy workforce
studies for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Illinois, Vermont,
Florida, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and California, as well as numerous
skills and gap analyses for community colleges, workforce
investment boards, state agencies, and nonprofit organizations.
ABOUT THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
The Minnesota Department of Commerce serves the people of
Minnesota with jurisdiction over a broad range of industries,
including energy. The Departments Division of Energy Resources
advocates on behalf of the public interest in proceedings involving
regulated utilities; oversees energy conservation programs;
promotes energy efficiency and new technologies; delivers energyrelated education and technical assistance to consumers, businesses
and government agencies; and administers low-income energy
assistance and weatherization programs. The Minnesota Solar
Jobs Census 2015 was produced with funding from the Minnesota
Department of Commerce.
COVER IMAGE COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Solar Foundation (TSF) is a national 501(c)
(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to
increase understanding of solar energy through
strategic research and education that transform
markets. In 2010, TSF conducted its first National
Solar Jobs Census report, establishing the first
credible solar jobs baseline and verifying that
the solar industry is having a positive impact
on the U.S. economy. Using the same rigorous,
peer-reviewed methodology, TSF has conducted
an annual Census in each of the last six years to
track changes and analyze trends.
This Minnesota Solar Jobs Census 2015 report is
an offshoot of TSFs National Solar Jobs Census
2015 effort. Research partners for the Census
2015 effort include the State of Minnesota
Department of Commerce for providing
editorial guidance and peer review, the George
Washington University Solar Institute for
providing assistance and support in reviewing
and validating report results and analysis; the
Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) for

use of its National Solar Database and peer
review; and GTM Research/SEIA for providing
survey respondents with the U.S. Solar Market
Insight: 2014 YIR report.
Sponsors of this years Census effort include:
Energy Foundation, William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation, Tilia Fund, George Washington
University Solar Institute, SEIA, Recurrent,
SolarCity, First Solar, Sol Systems, E.ON,
Trina Solar, State of Minnesota Department
of Commerce, State of New Mexico Energy
Minerals and Natural Resources Department,
Utah Governors Office of Energy Development,
sPower, Standard Solar, CALSEIA, All Earth
Renewables, and groSolar.
Finally, we want to thank all the Minnesota
employers that participated in the survey. Your
responses were critical in providing us with
accurate and timely data.
For questions or comments about this report, please contact either:

Andrea Luecke
President and Executive Director
The Solar Foundation
202-469-3750; aluecke@solarfound.org
www.TheSolarFoundation.org
Philip Jordan
Principal and Vice President
BW Research Partnership
508-384-2471; pjordan@bwresearch.com
www.bwresearch.com
Please cite this publication when referencing this material as Minnesota Solar Jobs Census 2015,
The Solar Foundation, available at: www.TSFcensus.org and SolarStates.org
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. solar industry experienced
yet another record-breaking year
in 2015, with more than 7,400
megawatts (MW) of domestic
photovoltaic (PV) capacity expected
to have been installed an 18.5%
increase over the amount installed
in 2014 bringing total U.S. solar
capacity to nearly 27.5 gigawatts
(GW).1
As the rate of capacity installation has
accelerated, employers across the country have
continued to expand the size of their payrolls.

This years sixth annual National Solar Jobs
Census found that the U.S. solar industry
employed 208,859 workers as of November
2015, an addition of 35,052 jobs, and a 20.2%
increase in employment over November
2014. Since The Solar Foundation began
tracking these numbers in 2010, employment in
the industry has more than doubled, growing by
123% and adding over 115,000 jobs. Employers
nationwide expect this growth trend to continue
through 2016, projecting to add nearly 31,000
jobs to the solar workforce over the course of
the year.
U.S. PV Capacity Additions & Solar Jobs, 2010 - 2015E

8,000
208,859
Solar Jobs
200,000
173,807
100,000
6,000
142,698
150,000
93,502
105,145
7,000
5,000
119,016
4,000
3,000
2,000
50,000
Added Capacity (MW)
250,000
1,000
0
0
2010
2011
2012
PV Capacity Additions
2013
2014
2015E
Solar Jobs
Capacity Data Source: SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015
Minnesota Solar Jobs Census 2015
Minnesota Solar Capacity Additions, 2010 - 2015E
Added Capacity (MW)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2010
2011
Residential
2012
2013
Non-Residential
2014
2015E
Utility
Source: SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015
With the exception of a slight lull in growth from

2013 to 2014, the Minnesota solar industry
has installed a steadily increasing amount of
capacity in the state each year since 2011.2
Employment in the local industry has kept pace,
and as of November 2015, there are 1,995
workers are employed by the industry in the
state, representing nearly 131% growth in
the size of the workforce since 2013.3
As of September, approximately 6.5 MW of solar
capacity had been installed in Minnesota during
2015, already surpassing that installed in the
state throughout all of 2014, with cumulative
installed capacity approaching 30 MW. That
said, industry experts expect that the final three
months of 2015 will have witnessed an even
faster pace of capacity additions, assuring the
30 MW milestone was achieved and exceeded
with relative ease. Although Minnesotas
residential market has seen significant growth
since 2013, the medium-scale non-residential
market has accounted for the vast majority of
the states solar capacity additions since 2010,
experiencing uninterrupted expansion over the
past five years, with 2015 being no exception.4
By years end, Minnesotas non-residential
installed capacity alone is believed to have
grown by nearly as much as the states installed

capacity across all market segments during both
2012 and 2013 combined.5
Facilitating this growth, in large measure, is

a state policy environment that has provided
the local industry with certainty that demand
for their products is, and will remain, strong
into the future. In 2007, the state legislature
passed a measure transforming Minnesotas
existing renewable energy goals into mandatory
standards. Known as the Renewable Energy
Standard, the policy requires municipal utilities,
rural electric cooperatives, and power districts
to meet at least 25% of their retail electricity
sales with renewable energy by 2025. The
states investor-owned utilities are subject to
even higher requirements, with Xcel Energy,
Minnesotas largest electric utility, specifically
mandated to meet 31.5% of its retail demand
through renewables by 2020. In 2013, the
Renewable Energy Standard was expanded to
require the investor-owned utilities to meet
a minimum of 1.5% of their retail demand
with solar by 2020, and a statewide goal
was established calling for 10% of electricity
generation from solar by 2030.6
2
The same legislation expanding the Renewable

Energy Standard in 2013 also tasked the
Minnesota Department of Commerce with
devising an alternative method to the states
30-year-old net-metering policy, through which
the states utilities could choose to credit their
customers for the solar energy generated by
their systems. This first-in-the-nation Value of
Solar Tariff sets a fixed value for solar energy
generation, that accounts for the avoided
social and economic environmental costs, as
well as the beneficial grid services created
by distributed solar generation.7 To date, no
utilities in the state have chosen to switch
to the Value of Solar Tariff from traditional
net-metering, but this could change as retail
electricity prices fluctuate over time. The
Department of Commerce also administers an
incentive program for the installation of solar
systems using equipment manufactured in the
state. The Made in Minnesota Solar Incentive
Program is scheduled to remain in effect until
2023, ensuring local businesses engaged at
all levels of the solar value chain benefit from
steadily increasing consumer demand.8
The past year also witnessed community solar
development establish itself as a driver of non-
residential market growth in the state. Xcel

Energy, the only utility required by law to offer
a community solar program, has received so
many applications for community solar gardens
that the state Public Utilities Commission was
forced to issue a clarification of the rules over the
summer limiting the number of 1 MW gardens
that could be developed in a single location.9
Although contentious at the time, this ruling
provides a level of clarity that should allow
community solar development to accelerate in
the years to come.
Industry experts anticipate significant growth
in installed capacity over the course of 2016
across all market segments, including the advent
of large utility-scale projects in the state, like
the 100 MW Aurora Solar Project. Approved in
May of 2015 and scheduled to be brought online
later in 2016, Aurora will be the states largest
installation, more than tripling Minnesotas total
solar capacity installed to date. This uptick
in capacity deployment is projected to be
mirrored by the hiring plans of Minnesota
solar companies, who plan on adding more
than 400 jobs in 2016, expanding the states
solar workforce by more than 20% over the
course of the year.10
ABOUT THE MINNESOTA SOLAR JOBS CENSUS 2015
This report includes information about all types

of Minnesota companies engaged in the analysis,
research and development, production, sales,
installation, and use of all solar technologies
ranging from solar photovoltaics (PV), to
concentrating solar power (CSP), to solar water
heating systems for the residential, commercial,
industrial, and utility market segments.
The findings presented herein are based on
rigorous survey efforts throughout the months
of September, October, and November 2015 that
include telephone calls and emails to known
and potential solar establishments across
Minnesota. Unlike economic impact models
that generate employment estimates based on
economic data or jobs-per-megawatt (or jobsper-dollar) assumptions, The Solar Foundations
Solar Jobs Census series provides statistically

valid and current data gathered from actual
employers. This analysis also purposefully
avoids artificially inflating its results with
questionable multiplier effects often found in
analyses of other industries.
The number of establishments included in this

report include all businesses that conduct any
solar activity. This includes many businesses
that play a very small part in a solar project,
or provide financing, legal services, or other
support services to solar firms. Employment,
however, is only counted for workers that spend
at least 50% of their time on solar.
A full explanation of this methodology can be
found on page 10 of this report.
3
MINNESOTA
SOLAR JOBS
Key Data Points
Total Solar Jobs, 2015
1,995
Cumulative Installed
Capacity thru Q3 2015 (MW)11
26.6
Projected Solar
Jobs Growth, 2016
410
(20.5%)
Capacity Installed in
2015 thru Q3 (MW)12
6.5
Detailed employment and demographic data for Minnesotas legislative districts, counties, and metropolitan statistical areas can be found in the appendix of this report and on The Solar Foundations interactive jobs map at SolarStates.org.
WORKFORCE
OVERVIEW
Installation Jobs
347
Manufacturing Jobs
348
Sales & Distribution Jobs
949
Project Development Jobs
230
The Minnesota solar industry employs 1,995

workers at 1,283 establishments throughout
the state. The state is ranked 22nd nationally
in solar jobs, and 29th in solar jobs as a share
of the states total employment. Employers
expect to add more than 400 new solar
workers to payrolls over the course of 2016
a growth rate of 20.5% while the states
workforce as a whole is projected to grow
only 0.9% during the same period.13
Sales & distribution firms employ the largest
portion (47.6%) of the Minnesota solar
workforce. Installation firms, on the other hand,
employ a much smaller percentage, at 17.4%.
This contrasts with the solar industry nationally,
in which 57.4% of the workforce is employed by
installation firms and only 11.7% of workers
are employed by sales & distribution firms.
However, it is interesting to note that Minnesota
employers report two out of three solar workers
in the state work directly on installing and
repairing solar systems, potentially signifying
that Minnesota firms self-identifying as
primarily sales & distribution firms are much
more involved in the installation process than
their counterparts nationwide.
Solar Jobs Census 2015
Sector
Installation
Other Jobs
120
Manufacturing
Sales &
Distribution
Project
Development
Other
MN Solar
U.S. Solar
Workforce Workforce
17.4%
57.4%
47.6%
11.7%
17.4%
11.5%
6.0%
14.5%
10.8%
5.7%
Difficulty Hiring in Minnesota
Minnesota
41.7%
West North Central
50.0%
31.9%
National
44.4%
24.2%
0%
Not Difficult
40%
Solar Sales Representative

Solar System Designer
Solar Assembly Worker
24.2%
60%
Somewhat Difficult
Solar employers in Minnesota experience less

difficulty on average finding qualified candidates to fill openings on their payrolls than other solar firms across the country. In fact, only
8.3% of the states employers reported finding it very difficult to find such candidates,
the lowest percentage out of any state in the
country. This finding is not unexpected considering that in 2015 far fewer solar employers
in Minnesota, and the other Midwestern states
comprising the U.S. Census Bureaus West North
Central Division,14 hired for positions that re-
Solar Installer
23.6%
51.7%
20%
Position
8.3%
80%
100%
Very Difficult
quired previous solar experience (22.5%) than

employers nationally (78.2%).
Wages paid by firms in the Minnesota solar industry do not differ in a significant way from
those paid by solar employers across the West
North Central Division. Solar installers and system designers working in Minnesota and its
neighboring states are generally paid better
than their counterparts in any other region of
the country.
West North Central

Division Median Wage
U.S. Median Wage
$25.00
$21.00
$31.25
$26.92
$28.85
$18.00
6
Minnesota Solar
Workforce
Minnesota Overall
Employment15
U.S. Solar
Workforce
Women
15.4%
47.7%
23.8%
African-American
4.6%
4.6%
5.1%
Asian or Pacific Islander
5.1%
3.5%
8.6%
Latino or Hispanic
26.3%
4.4%
11.3%
Older Workers (55+)
24.5%
21.6%
18.6%
Union Members
24.8%
5.5%
9.8%
5.9%
8.1%
Veterans of the U.S. Armed

Forces
The Minnesota solar workforce is rather unique

in its demographic makeup. While smaller percentages of solar workers in the state are African-Americans or Asian or Pacific Islanders,
this is reflective of the general demographics of the states overall workforce. However,
Latino or Hispanic workers participate in
the Minnesota solar workforce at six times
their participation rate in the states overall
workforce and more than twice their participation rate in the U.S. solar workforce as a
whole. Similarly, roughly a quarter of all solar
workers in Minnesota belong to labor unions,
nearly five times the rate of solar workers nationally, making the Minnesota solar workforce
the second most unionized in the country, behind only Delaware.
Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces represent a

uniquely valuable source of human capital for
solar employers. With a proven work ethic and
practiced discipline, veterans bring a wealth of
readily transferable skills and leadership acumen to the industry. Through the Solar Ready
Vets program, the U.S. Department of Energy is
helping the industry capitalize on this resource
by facilitating the transition from military service to employment in the civilian solar workforce.16 Minnesota solar firms clearly understand this value proposition, with veterans
comprising 9.8% of the states solar workforce, compared to just 5.9% of the states
total workforce and 8.1% of the solar workforce nationally.
As part of the 2015 Census effort, employers

were asked about the impacts of specific existing, pending, and proposed policies on their
business prospects. Minnesota employers
overwhelmingly cite the federal investment
tax credit (ITC) as substantially contributing
to their firms success, with 56.1% of respondents referring to it directly, more than doubling the second most commonly cited policy,
the Minnesota Renewable Energy Standard,
at 22%.
Nearly 44% of Minnesota solar firms reported

that they receive all of their revenues from solar, which is lower than the national average of
48.2%, while 30.8% reported that they receive
less than half of their revenues from solar, compared to 28.5% nationally. A slightly smaller
portion of the states solar firms (62.5%) work
primarily with in-state customers, compared to
solar firms nationally (65.6%), though a larger
portion (47.5%) source their supplies and work
with vendors in-state than solar firms do nationally (42.5%).
Businesses Citing Policy Contributions to Success

Investment Tax Credit (ITC)
State Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
Other Tax Exemptions, Credits, & Rebates
EPA Clean Power Plan
Utility Rebates
PTC & Other Production Incentives
0.00%
10.00%
Minnesota
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
National
CONCLUSION
While only 6.5 MW of new solar capacity
were installed in Minnesota during the first
nine months of 2015, the industry projects a
dramatic ramp-up throughout 2016, with the
residential, non-residential, and utility-scale
market segments all experiencing significant
growth. Employers in the state have begun
hiring accordingly. At 1,995 workers, the
states solar workforce is the 22nd largest in
the country, ahead of its Midwestern neighbors
Iowa (349), Missouri (1,854), and Wisconsin
(1,941), but lagging behind the larger regional
standouts, Michigan (2,779) and Illinois (3,483).
The workforce is expected to grow larger
still in 2016, with payrolls expanding by
more than 400 positions, or approximately
20.5%, during the year more than twenty
times the growth expected for the states
workforce economy-wide and significantly
higher than the 14.7% growth expected for
the U.S. solar industry at large.
Employers in the state perceive both federal
and state policies to be generally beneficial to
their firms success, though they tend to focus
their attention more on state policies than their
peers nationally. For instance, while Minnesota
firms agree with the industry nationally that
the federal ITC has contributed to their overall
success, their expectations for the impact of the
Clean Power Plan are considerably less rosy,
with only 15.4% anticipating it will considerably
increase their business prospects, compared to
24.2% nationally. And 42.3% expect it to have
no impact at all.
This is perhaps unsurprising given the solarfriendly nature of Minnesota state policies,
including the states Renewable Energy
Standard, which is among the most aggressive
in the country. More than 70% of the states
solar firms credit this policy with substantively
increasing their business prospects. Similarly,
by embracing community solar development

and establishing the countrys first-ever Value
of Solar Tariff, Minnesota policymakers have
demonstrated to the local industry a willingness
to explore innovative methods for ensuring a
robust market for their products and services
into the foreseeable future.
Although Minnesota solar firms currently
report a lower level of difficulty finding qualified
applicants to fill their open positions than
their counterparts nationwide, this difficulty
is almost certain to grow in significance as
the remaining slack in the labor market from
the recent recession is absorbed and the solar
industry continues to expand. In order to sustain
this future growth, it is essential that Minnesota
employers have ready access to quality talent
and skilled labor or enhance their on-the-job
training offerings. To achieve this, more focused
and comprehensive solar training efforts inhouse, in-state, and across the country must
be sufficiently emphasized. These efforts would
reduce the industrys talent acquisition, training,
and retention costs, increasing efficiency across
the solar value chain, and ultimately reducing
costs for Minnesota solar customers.
This research shows that the Minnesota solar

industry is a growing source of economic
opportunity, creating jobs that pay living wages
and are largely available to individuals across
the state, regardless of previous experience in
the industry. Only regular reexaminations of
the states solar industry, its workforce, and the
employment opportunities presented herein
will confirm this remains the case in years to
come.
APPENDIX
STATE CENSUS METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES
The Solar Jobs Census methodology is the most
closely aligned with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) methodology for its Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) and
Current Employment Statistics (CES). Like BLS,
this study uses survey questionnaires and employer-reported data, though ours are administered by phone and web, as opposed to mail.
Also like BLS, we develop a hierarchy of various categories that represent solar value chain
activities (within their broader NAICS framework), develop representative sample frames,
and use statistical analysis and extrapolation in
a very similar manner to BLS. We also constrain
our universe of establishments by relying on
the most recent data from the BLS or the state
departments of labor, depending on which is
collected most recently. We believe that the categories that we have developed could be readily adopted by BLS should it choose to begin to
quantify solar employment in its QCEW and CES
series.
The results from the overall 2015 Census effort
are based on rigorous survey efforts that include
287,962 telephone calls and over 44,220 emails
to known and potential energy establishments
across the United States, resulting in a total of
2,350 full completions for solar establishments
in the U.S. Unlike economic impact models that
generate employment estimates based on economic data or jobs-per-megawatt (or jobs-perdollar) assumptions, the Solar Jobs Census series provides statistically valid and current data
gathered from actual employers.
The survey was administered to a known universe of energy employers that includes 68,494
establishments and is derived from the Solar
Energy Industry Associations National Solar
Database, as well as other public and private
sources. Of these establishments, 2,118 identified as solar and completed full or substantially
completed surveys.
The survey was also administered to a stratified, clustered, random sampling from various
industries that are potentially energy-related
(unknown universe) that include a total of approximately 314,000 establishments nationwide. After an extensive cleaning and de-duplication process, a sampling plan was developed
that gathered information on the level of solar
activity (including none) from 12,765 establishments. Of these, 327 establishments qualified
as solar establishments and completed full surveys. The sampling rigor in the known and unknown universes provides a margin of error for
establishment counts at +/-0.85% and employment at +/-1.99% at a 95% confidence interval.
This level of national sampling rigor is mirrored at the state level. In addition to the known
Census, the clustered sampling in the unknown
universe is representative relative to establishment totals by size in each of the 50 states and
the District of Columbia. This ensures that each
states employment estimates are accurate with
a maximum margin of error under +/-5% at a
95% confidence interval.
Due to the number of qualifying responses,

some smaller states have higher margins of error for non-employment related questions, such
as workforce and policy related questions, due
to the small universe of solar establishments in
each state. As a result, some state-level, non-employment data is reported using regional averages or have footnotes denoting small response
sizes.
10
GEOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA

In addition to the statewide results detailed
herein, the Solar Jobs Census 2015 effort
compiled comprehensive information about the
distribution of solar workers across each state.
The Solar Jobs Census 2015 companion website,
SolarStates.org, houses solar jobs data for each
state and the District of Columbia. Here, the
employment data have been broken out and
represented in map form at the state, federal

congressional district, state legislative district,
metropolitan statistical area, and county
levels. What follows are tables presenting
the employment counts and demographic
breakdowns of the workforce at each specified
level of granularity previously mentioned.
MINNESOTA FEDERAL CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS

District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Pacific
Islanders
Older
Veterans of
Latino or
Union
Workers
the US Armed
Hispanic
Members
(55+)
Forces
417
64
19
21
110
97
103
41
228
35
11
12
60
59
57
22
156
346
168
137
336
206
24
54
26
21
52
32
16
8
6
16
10
18
9
7
17
10
41
91
44
36
88
54
40
89
43
35
78
48
MINNESOTA STATE SENATE
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
39
86
42
34
83
51
15
34
17
13
33
20
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
49
13
11
12
24
51
50
24
17
22
43
42
23
20
47
50
8
8
4
3
3
7
7
3
3
7
8
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
13
13
6
5
6
12
12
6
4
5
13
12
6
4
5
11
10
11
2
1
2
3
11
6
12
13
10
5
11
12
10
6
12
12
5
5
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
5
5
11
District
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
40
29
62
34
35
55
4
9
5
5
8
64
10
17
46
43
49
28
33
7
7
8
4
5
90
14
43
21
8
8
47
16
6
16
25
24
25
19
33
28
7
3
1
1
7
3
1
2
4
4
4
3
5
4
1
94
15
13
16
29
1
3
4
76
12
24
15
34
9
2
5
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
4
0
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
0
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
10
16
14
15
11
9
9
8
14
13
14
11
10
11
3
2
1
2
1
2
17
12
4
13
7
9
15
11
4
11
6
8
16
11
4
12
7
8
24
21
22
11
11
11
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
6
2
2
12
2
4
7
6
7
5
9
7
2
5
2
2
12
1
4
6
6
6
5
9
7
2
5
2
2
12
1
4
6
6
6
5
8
7
2
25
24
23
0
1
1
2
4
8
2
4
7
2
4
7
20
20
19
1
2
0
4
9
2
4
9
2
4
8
2
3
6
3
3
5
6
5
4
2
5
3
3
9
2
1
4
1
5
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
9
1
2
1
3
7
1
3
2
1
12
District
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
19
16
4
1
2
1
0
74
12
25
26
2
65
20
4
4
0
10
3
1
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
4
1
0
20
19
18
1
1
0
3
1
7
7
1
17
5
6
7
1
17
5
6
7
1
16
5
MINNESOTA STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

District
1A
1B
2A
2B
3A
3B
4A
4B
5A
5B
6A
6B
7A
7B
8A
8B
9A
9B
10A
10B
11A
11B
12A
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
2
0
0
7
2
3
0
0
6
2
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
26
24
23
27
21
29
10
13
6
17
13
4
18
4
19
24
30
13
8
14
7
14
32
4
4
3
4
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
1
3
4
5
2
1
2
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
6
7
6
8
3
4
2
5
4
1
5
1
5
6
8
3
2
4
2
4
8
5
6
5
7
2
3
1
4
3
1
4
1
5
6
7
3
2
3
2
3
7
6
7
5
7
2
3
2
4
3
1
4
1
5
6
7
3
2
3
2
3
8
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
0
2
0
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
13
District
12B
13A
13B
14A
14B
15A
15B
16A
16B
17A
17B
18A
18B
19A
19B
20A
20B
21A
21B
22A
22B
23A
23B
24A
24B
25A
25B
26A
26B
27A
27B
28A
28B
29A
29B
30A
30B
31A
31B
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
15
15
36
14
0
17
29
33
25
15
12
22
35
6
2
3
5
5
4
2
2
3
5
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
10
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
2
1
Union
Members
4
4
8
9
7
4
3
6
9
8
3
4
7
8
6
3
3
5
8
9
3
4
7
8
6
4
3
5
9
4
1
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
29
29
21
35
27
19
25
19
12
4
49
5
3
5
4
3
4
3
2
1
8
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
74
11
16
13
2
2
0
3
1
1
0
4
3
1
5
6
5
3
1
26
12
11
13
20
1
0
5
7
2
5
6
2
2
2
2
1
0
5
18
17
4
19
4
4
1
4
3
2
1
1
7
2
1
1
22
21
1
3
0
1
0
1
2
5
2
5
2
5
1
2
14
District
32A
32B
33A
33B
34A
34B
35A
35B
36A
36B
37A
37B
38A
38B
39A
39B
40A
40B
41A
41B
42A
42B
43A
43B
44A
44B
45A
45B
46A
46B
47A
47B
48A
48B
49A
49B
50A
50B
51A
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
39
15
1
1
6
2
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
10
10
10
2
4
2
4
0
4
1
0
6
9
20
5
20
4
10
15
8
11
27
6
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
2
2
5
1
5
1
3
4
2
3
7
2
1
2
5
1
5
1
3
4
2
3
7
2
1
2
5
1
5
1
3
4
2
3
1
1
2
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
3
1
28
5
24
4
1
4
70
11
11
4
5
5
13
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
7
1
6
7
1
6
7
1
6
18
18
17
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
0
2
7
0
0
1
1
1
55
15
14
14
29
0
21
15
0
34
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
6
4
9
5
4
9
5
4
8
2
1
3
15
District
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
52A
52B
53A
53B
54A
54B
55A
55B
56A
56B
57A
57B
58A
58B
59A
59B
60A
60B
61A
61B
62A
62B
63A
63B
64A
64B
65A
65B
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Islanders
(55+)
Union
Members
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
17
16
19
73
11
20
0
1
19
5
19
18
7
2
19
4
0
1
1
62
10
16
16
15
15
MINNESOTA METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS

Metropolitan
Statistical Area
Duluth, MN-WI
Fargo, ND-MN
Grand Forks, NDMN
La Crosse, WI-MN
Mankato-North
Mankato, MN
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Latino
Older
Veterans of
Union
Pacific
or
Workers
the US Armed
Members
Islanders Hispanic
(55+)
Forces
87
13
23
20
21
16
16
79
44
12
7
1
4
2
1
4
2
21
12
18
10
19
11
2
8
4
16
Metropolitan
Statistical Area
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
MinneapolisSt. PaulBloomington,
MN-WI
MN NONMETROPOLITAN AREA
Rochester, MN
968
151
45
49
256
250
240
95
624
96
29
31
164
145
154
61
67
10
18
16
17
94
St. Cloud, MN
County
Aitkin
Anoka
Becker
Beltrami
Benton
Big Stone
Blue Earth
Brown
Carlton
Carver
Cass
Chippewa
Chisago
Clay
Clearwater
Cook
Cottonwood
Crow Wing
Dakota
Dodge
Douglas
Faribault
Fillmore
Freeborn
Goodhue
Grant
Hennepin
Houston
14
10
10
17
3
34
16
13
26
9
6
6
16
6
3
7
29
2
0
5
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
4
102
16
11
16
15
15
22
6
471
25
22
1
2
2
2
3
1
73
12
3
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
22
4
23
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Union
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Members
Islanders
(55+)
67
12
MINNESOTA COUNTIES
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
79
Asian or
Latino
Older
Veterans of
Union
Pacific
or
Workers
the US Armed
Members
Islanders Hispanic
(55+)
Forces
18
17
17
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
5
1
9
4
4
7
2
2
2
4
1
1
2
8
3
4
1
8
4
3
7
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
7
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
3
1
3
1
8
4
3
6
2
2
1
4
1
1
2
7
7
1
1
0
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
3
27
26
25
10
0
1
1
1
1
0
24
4
1
4
4
4
6
1
124
21
1
4
4
3
5
1
122
18
1
4
4
4
5
1
117
19
0
2
1
1
2
1
46
8
17
County
Hubbard
Isanti
Itasca
Jackson
Kanabec
Kandiyohi
Kittson
Koochiching
Lac Qui
Parle
Lake
Lake of the
Woods
Le Sueur
Lincoln
Lyon
Mahnomen
Marshall
Martin
McLeod
Meeker
Mille Lacs
Morrison
Mower
Murray
Nicollet
Nobles
Norman
Olmsted
Otter Tail
Pennington
Pine
Pipestone
Polk
Pope
Ramsey
Red Lake
Redwood
Renville
Rice
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Union
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Members
Islanders
(55+)
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
17
6
17
5
4
5
2
2
12
4
11
2
8
11
17
12
12
10
16
6
10
11
5
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
0
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
79
12
29
7
7
16
7
4
1
1
2
1
167
26
11
11
22
0
2
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
0
1
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
0
2
3
4
3
3
3
4
2
3
3
1
2
4
1
4
1
1
1
1
0
3
1
2
0
2
3
4
3
3
2
4
1
2
3
1
2
4
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
0
2
3
4
3
3
2
4
1
3
3
1
21
18
20
1
0
0
1
0
8
2
2
4
2
7
2
2
4
2
7
2
2
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
3
1
1
1
2
1
44
43
41
16
0
1
1
1
3
6
1
2
5
1
3
5
0
1
2
18
County
Rock
Roseau
Scott
Sherburne
Sibley
St Louis
Stearns
Steele
Stevens
Swift
Todd
Traverse
Wabasha
Wadena
Waseca
Washington
Watonwan
Wilkin
Winona
Wright
Yellow
Medicine
Total
AfricanWomen
Employment
American
Asian or
Older
Latino or
Union
Pacific
Workers
Hispanic
Members
Islanders
(55+)
Veterans of
the US Armed
Forces
21
26
8
1
4
1
73
11
55
15
8
6
2
10
7
8
2
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
1
0
17
25
8
1
3
0
1
18
17
19
54
15
4
2
2
1
3
2
13
3
2
1
1
2
2
14
4
2
1
1
3
2
5
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
13
14
1
14
2
1
2
19
ENDNOTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015

Id.
The Minnesota Solar Jobs Census 2013 can be found at www.TSFCensus.org. The 2014 estimate of solar
employment in Minnesota was produced using a carefully developed dual methodology one for installation and
construction jobs and another for non-installation jobs (covering industry sectors such as manufacturing, sales
& distribution, project development, and other occupations that support the solar industry). Method one used
labor intensity multipliers developed internally and cross-checked with leading studies on the subject, while
method two was based not only on a direct count of solar workers, but also the average number of jobs per solar
establishment and total number of establishments in the state. It is also important to note that while the 2014
and 2015 methodologies differ, the results derived from the Census approach are statistically significant and,
therefore, more credible. Details on the methodology can be found on page 10.
The residential, non-residential, and utility-scale market segments are defined by SEIA based on the offtaker of
the electricity their systems generate, though they can generally be used interchangeably with small-scale (i.e.
single-family household rooftop systems, no more than a handful of kilowatts), medium-scale (i.e. multi-unit,
commercial, or government rooftop system), and large-scale (i.e. ground-mounted or very large rooftop systems
ranging from several hundred kilowatts to several hundred megawatts in capacity).
Minnesota Statutes 216B.1691
Haugen, D. (2014, March 12). Minnesota becomes first state to set value of solar tariff. Retrieved January 10,
2016, from http://midwestenergynews.com/2014/03/12/minnesota-becomes-first-state-to-set-value-of-solartariff/
Made in Minnesota Solar Incentive Program. Retrieved January 10, 2016, from https://mn.gov/commerce/
industries/energy/solar/mim/
Shaffer, D. (2015, June 25). Minnesota utility regulators put limits on solar gardens. Retrieved January 10, 2016,
from http://www.startribune.com/regulators-put-limits-on-solar-gardens/309957431/
It is important to note that these projections were based on employer-reported hiring plans for 2016 that may
have since changed in light of the extension of the federal investment tax credit in December of 2015.
Id.
JobsEQ 2015Q3
U.S Census Bureau, Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions. Found at: https://
www.census.gov/geo/reference/gtc/gtc_census_divreg.html
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by state -- 2014
Annual Averages and Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state 2014 Annual Averages.
Found at: http://www.bls.gov/
See, U.S. Department of Energy Solar Ready Vets. Available at: http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-readyvets
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Unless otherwise noted, all design, text, graphics, and the selection and arrangement thereof are Copyright February 2016 by The Solar Foundation
and BW Research Partnership. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Any use of materials in this report, including reproduction, modification, distribution, or
republication, without the prior written consent of The Solar Foundation and BW Research Partnership, is strictly prohibited.
For questions about this report, please contact Andrea Luecke at The Solar Foundation, aluecke@solarfound.org.
The Solar Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and relies on public support. To learn more about supporting The Solar Foundations work, go to
www.TheSolarFoundation.org/donate/
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continued to expand the size of their payrolls.

U.S. PV Capacity Additions & Solar Jobs, 2010 - 2015E

Added Capacity (MW)

Capacity Data Source: SEIA/GTM Research Solar Market Insight Q3 2015