Fortified
sites
from the 1 millennium BC
st
C H I I NU 2015
Editorial Board:
Aurel Zanoci
Peter Ettel
Mihail B
Published by:
Bons Offices
Chiinu, Feredeului 4/6 str., MD-2005
Website: www.bons.md
Contact: ion@bons.md
ISBN 978-9975-80-980-1
Summary
4
Foreword
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany
the height of fixtures near Jena
Fortificaii din epoca bronzului trziu i epoca fierului timpuriu n Germania Central fortificaiile din
preajma Jenei
21
47
63
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
Peisaj i populaii pe cursul superior al rului Botna n perioada getic
81
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of HorodisteTipova
Fortificaii i aezri civile din mileniul I a. Chr. n microzona Horodite-ipova
101
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
Unele observaii asupra centrelor fortificate geto-dacice din Muntenia central-nordic
Foreword
Prof. Dr. Peter Ettel
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Teritoriul Germaniei Centrale se remarc printr-un numr sporit de fortificaii, n special, din perioada trzie a epocii bronzului i cea
timpurie a epocii fierului. Acestea sunt atribuite, n cele mai dese cazuri, culturilor cmpurilor de urne (Urnenfelderkultur) i lusacian
(Lausitzerkultur).
n articolul de fa sunt analizate fortificaiile din bazinul mijlociu al rului Saale: Rudelsburg, Jenzig, Johannisberg i Alte Gleisberg,
situate n preajma oraului Jena. Cetile au fost amplasate pe locuri nalte, fiind fortificate cu elemente defensive artificiale. Datorit
poziiei dominante din aceste fortificaii puteau fi supravegheate cile de acces i comerciale din bazinul rului Saale, prin al crui
intermediu, la rndul su, se putea face legtura cu bazinul Elbei.
Dintre fortificaiile din acest spaiu se evideniaz cea de la Alte Gleisberg, studiat n ultimii ani de ctre cercettorii de la
Universitatea din Jena (Bereich fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte). Ca urmare a cercetrilor s-a stabilit ca aceasta ocupa o poziie-cheie n
viaa economic i social a regiunii i a servit, probabil, drept centru administrativ.
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
Fig. 2. The middle Saale valley near Jena. Red fortified hilltop settlements
(Ettel 2014).
Fig. 2. Bazinul mijlociu al rului Saale n apropiere de Jena. Cu rou
fortificaii din epocile bronzului i a fierului (Ettel 2014).
Fig. 3. Alter Gleisberg near Graitschen, view from the south (Ettel 2009).
Fig. 3. Alte Gleisberg bei Graitschen, vedere dinspre sud (Ettel 2009).
10
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
the south terrace and the center bolt. There are three
entrances to the plateau, the southern one leading from
Graitschen is only the only one accessible by car in dry
weather and soil conditions. The other approaches have
their origin in Graitschen and Lberschtz and lead to
the middle bolt or the north terrace and are accessible
only by foot. Although the hillfort located on the
Gleisberg backs a bit into the Gleise valley, it dominates
the middle Saale valley impressively (Ettel , 97).
Fig. 5. Viewable space from the highes point of the Alter Gleisberg
(Paust in Ettel 2014).
Fig. 5. Vizibilitatea de pe Alte Gleisberg (Paust in Ettel 2014).
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
11
12
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 7. Alter Gleisberg geomagnetic and archaeological (red) investigated areas (Ettel 2014).
Fig. 7. Alte Gleisberg. Suprafaa cercetat geomagnetic i arheologic (cu culoare roie) (Ettel 2014).
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
13
14
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 10. The Johannisberg above Wllnitz and Jena-Lobeda seen from northwest (Department of Pre- and Protohistory, University of Jena)
Fig. 10. Johannisberg. Jena-Lobeda. Vedere dinspre nord-vest
(Departamentul de Pre- i Protoistorie, Universitatea Jena).
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
Fig. 11. Map of the plateau of the Johannisberg with the prehistoric and the early medieval ramparts (Grabolle 2007).
Fig. 11. Planul platoului Johannisberg cu indicarea elemetelor defensive din perioadele preistoric i medieval timpurie (Grabolle 2007).
15
16
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 12. Profile of the prehistoric rampart at the Johannisberg (Simon 1972).
Fig. 12. Johannisberg. Seciune prin valul din perioada Urnenfeld (Simon 1972).
Fig. 13. Map of the Rudelsburg near Bad Ksen (Simon 1991).
Fig. 13. Planul sitului Rudelsburg bei Bad Ksen (Simon 1991).
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
17
18
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 17. Date range of the fortified hilltop settlements in the Saale
valley (according to Simon 1984).
Fig. 17. Diapazonul cronologic al fortificaiilor (dup Simon 1984).
Fortified hilltop settlements of the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central Germany the height of fixtures near Jena
Bibliography
19
20
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Daniel Scherf
Department of Prehistory and Early History,
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena,
Lbdergraben 24a, 07743 Jena, Germany,
e-mail: daniel.scherf1986@yahoo.de
Thraco-Getic fortifications
in Middle Dniester region.
Sites from Saharna micro-zone1
Ion Niculi
Aurel Zanoci
Mihail B
Graie condiiilor fizico-geografice prielnice, partea de sud a regiunii Nistrului Mijlociu a servit din cele mai vechi timpuri drept
loc de trai pentru comunitile umane, fapt documentat prin numeroase situri arheologice (fig. 1). ns, o adevrat explozie
demografic este atestat n aa-numita perioad traco-getic, de cnd n acest spaiu sunt cunoscute vestigiile a cca 39
fortificaii i 63 aezri deschise (fig. 2). n urma cartrii s-a observat c, de regul, ele sunt grupate n aglomerri/concentrri,
constituite din cteva fortificaii i un numr variabil de aezri civile. n regiunea de sud a Nistrului Mijlociu astfel de aglomerri
de situri pot fi conturate n bazinele rurilor Ciorna i Coglnic, precum i pe malul drept al Nistrului, n microzonele Horoditeipova i Saharna.
Dintre acestea, cea mai intens studiat n ultimii ani este aglomerarea de situri din microzona Saharna, din care, la momentul
actual, sunt cunoscute 13 fortificaii (Saharna Mare, Saharna Mic, Saharna La an, Saharna La Vile etc.) i 10 aezri civile (fig.
7).
Ca urmare a cercetrilor perieghetice i a investigaiilor arheologice s-a stabilit c un rol important n spaiul menionat a avut
fortificaia de la Saharna Mare, care se evideniaz prin poziia strategic, suprafa (cca 6 ha), complexitatea sistemului defensiv,
precum i prin descoperirile din incint. Acestea permit s presupunem c cetatea de la Saharna Mare a funcionat ca un centru
economic, administrativ, social-politic i religios.
22
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
The investigated area is a strip about 2.0 to 4.5 km wide and about
8.5 km long, located on the right bank of the Dniester, between the villages
of Stohnaia (47 43 37 North, 28 57 53 East) and Buciuca (47 38 55
North, 28 59 35 East). Added to this is a small portion of land on the le
bank of the Dniester, where the fortification of Ofatini is located.
3
It is possible that the number of civilian settlements have been higher.
However, given that the Saharna micro-zone is mostly covered by forests,
the discovery of open settlements here is more dicult.
Exceptions are only two fortresses, which are located directly on the
high and steep banks of the Dniester Saharna La Revichin (on the right
bank) and Ofatini (on the le bank).
23
24
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Cozia-Saharna
180.6
208.3
Podoima
Vertiujeni
Fortifications
1. Saharna Mare
2. Horodite La an
145.8
222.8
169.7
184.6
206.7
Cot
Temeleui
206.4
206.3
Constantinovca
Japca
Alexeevca
267.7
Bursuc
196.7
184.4
166.3
Necropolis
42. Alcedar
43. Ciorna
44. Climuii de Jos
45. Mateui
46. Mihuleni
47. Poiana
48. Saharna Gura Hulboacei
49. Saharna iglu
50. areuca
200.0
138.7
Vascaui
Octiabrscoe
23
44
Salcia
252.0
227.2
215.4
204.0
Sloboda-Racov
Racov
Climuii de Jos
280.3
Fgdu
211.6
231.0
270.6
Open settlements
3. Alcedar III
4. Alcedar La Cordon
5. Ciorna I
6. Cinieui I
7. Cinieui II
8. Curatura II
9. Cumirca
10. Echimui
11. Glinjeni V
12. Glinjeni La an
13. Horodite Groapa Turcului
14. Mateui
15. Mateui Curtaia I
16. Mateui La Bane
17. Mihuleni I
18. Mihuleni II
19. Odaia
20. Parcani I
21. Parcani II
22. Popui II
23. Racov Mln
24. Stohnaia I
25. Saharna I
26. Saharna Budei
27. Saharna Mare/Dealul
Mnstirii
28. Saharna Gura Hulboacei
29. Saharna Hulboaca
30. Saharna La an
31. Saharna Rude
32. Saharna iglu
33. Saharna Valea de Mijloc
34. Socol Craina
35. Solonceni Hlinaia
36. Solonceni La Ursari
37. ipca I
38. ipca II
39. ahnui
40. areuca
41. ipova II
233.8
297.4
ipordei
Cuguretii de Jos
275.5
Vadul-Turcului
Caterinovca
207.0
217.3
233.9
Vadul-Racov
235.9
Nicolaevca
212.5
296.9
324.8
210.7
208.6
178.2
321.3
Cunicea
277.4
318.5
282.8
Cumirca
264.0
300.9
260.6
330.8
293.6
186.7
264.0
190.5
34
265.3
284.0
308.1
Cuelovca
312.8
Socol
295.0
204.1
Poiana
Stroieti
256.0
277.6
268.7
313.6
47
8 Curtura
286.0
289.2
295.6
Coblnea
37
295.6
estaci
286.9
320.5
271.8
Cotiujeni
Odaia
219.0
273.7
197.7
42
3
51 4
19
270.3
57
35
ipca
14
226.5
228.2
38
oldneti
194.4
12
59
253.6
60
Glinjeni
11
52
58
54
Dobrua
36
Mihuleni
160.8
Olicani
16 53
46
17 18
21
20 Parcani
215.9
Pogorna
Mateui
Lipceni
272.8
62
Popui
235.8
267.3
61
45
15
22
273.7
Chipeca
3 km
Ciorna
RBNIA
235.6
areuca
Open settlements
51. Alcedar III
52. Glinjeni La an
53. Mateui La Bane
54. Olicani II
55. Saharna I
56. Saharna Mare
57. Solonceni Hlinaia
58. oldneti I La Periori
59. oldneti III
60. oldneti IV Piscreti
Necropolis
61. Mateui Curtaia
62. oldneti II
24
Piscreti
274.8
225.3
246.0
Boernia
43
233.3
50 40
264.7
178.]
231.6
282.4
Basarabi-oldneti
Beloci
Tarasovca
Alcedar
251.2
ahnui
REZINA
39
259.1
Srcov
176.3
271.0
291.7
10
287.1
281.3
242.0
286.8
275.4
Ghidirim
240.8
49 32
55
25
56
1
Saharna
216.3 27 26 30
33
31
281.0
Gordineti
Cinieui
Pripiceni-Reze
Pripiceni-Curchi
Echimui
Trifeti
Saharna Nou
261.3
273.7
3 km
48
298.3
282.9
Pereni
265.0
Ofatini
28
29
Mincetii de Sus
274.3
243.5
232.6
101.8
th
th
288.2
227.1
th
Mincenii de Jos
Coglniceni
Rocani
235.8
106.8
Horodite
Cuizuca
224.9
Buciuca
230.6
179.8
250.2
187.9
13
Zozuleni
253.4
ipova
Bueuca
216.1
Slobozia Horodite
218.7
41
180.6
Fortifications
1. Alcedar La Cordon
2. Buciuca
3. Buciuca II
4. Buciuca III
5. Caterinovca
6. Coglniceni
7. Cunicea
8. Curtura
9. Dobrua
10. Glinjeni La Lacuri
11. Glinjeni La an
12. Horodite La an
13. Horodite II
14. Horodite La Cot
15. Japca
16. Mateui
17. Ofatini
18. Olicani
19. Parcani
20. Racov
21. Rezina
22. Stohnaia I
23. Stohnaia III
24. Stohnaia IV
25. Saharna Hulboaca
26. Saharna La an
27. Saharna La an I
28. Saharna La an II
29. Saharna Mare
30. Saharna Mic
31. Saharna Dealul Grimidon
32. Saharna La Vile
33. Saharna La Revichin
34. Stroieti
35. Temeleui
36. ahnui
37. areuca
38. ipova III
39. Vertiujeni
Open settlements
40. Alcedar
41. Bueuca I
42. Bueuca II
43. Buciuca IV
44. Buciuca V
45. Coglniceni I
46. Coglniceni II
47. Coglniceni III
48. Coglniceni IV
49. Coglniceni V
50. Coglniceni VI
51. Coglniceni VII
52. Coglniceni VIII
53. Coglniceni IX
54. Coglniceni X
55. Curatura IIIa
56. Curatura IIIb
57. Curatura IIIc
58. Cumirca I
39
208.3
Podoima
Vertiujeni
184.6
145.8
222.8
169.7
35
Temeleui
206.7
Cot
15
267.7
Bursuc
196.7
184.4
Salcia
252.0
227.2
215.4
204.0
Racov
Climuii de Jos
280.3
Fgdu
211.6
231.0
86
20
200.0
Octiabrscoe
Alexeevca
166.3
270.6
138.7
Vascaui
206.4
206.3
Constantinovca
Japca
Sloboda-Racov
233.8
297.4
ipordei
Cuguretii de Jos
275.5
Vadul-Turcului
Caterinovca
207.0
217.3
233.9
Vadul-Racov
235.9
Nicolaevca
212.5
296.9
324.8
210.7
178.2
321.3
Cunicea
277.4
318.5
282.8
Cumirca
Socol
295.0
186.7
58
260.6
293.6
312.8
96 77 78
264.0
300.9
330.8
208.6
59 60 61
264.0
265.3
284.0
308.1
Cuelovca
204.1
34
82
8
Poiana
256.0
55 56 57
286.0
Coblnea
100
295.6
286.9
estaci
99
320.5
251.2
271.8
197.7
Odaia
219.0
273.7
Alcedar
71
270.3
Cotiujeni
Mihuleni
68 69
70
75
74 Parcani
215.9
oldneti
Dobrua
19
11
63
66 Lipceni
Mateui
84 83
272.8
253.6
3 km
59. Cumirca II
60. Cumirca III
61. Cumirca IV
62. Ghiduleni I
63. Glinjeni
64. Glinjeni V
65. Lipceni IV
66. Lipceni Rpa Zanova
67. Mateui La Bane
68. Mihuleni I
69. Mihuleni II
70. Mihuleni VII
71. Odaia
72. Olicani II
73. Olicani III
74. Parcani I
75. Parcani II
76. Pereni
77. Poiana III
78. Poiana IV
79. Poiana V
80. Poiana VI
Popui
235.8
267.3
102
85
178.]
Boernia
231.6
282.4
233.3
37
264.7
194.4
Glinjeni
64
65
73 18
72
67
10
101
160.8
Olicani
97
16
Pogorna
40
ipca
226.5
228.2
Beloci
Tarasovca
Curtura
289.2
295.6
Stroieti
277.6
268.7
313.6
190.5
79 80 81
273.7
Chipeca
21
225.3
246.0
22
3 km
areuca
ahnui
REZINA
36
259.1
Srcov
176.3
98
24
23
271.0
291.7
287.1
281.3
242.0
286.8
275.4
33
Ghidirim
90 89 32
30 31 94
91
29 27 28 Saharna
26
216.3 87
17
95 93
240.8
281.0
Gordineti
Cinieui
Echimui
Pripiceni-Reze
Pripiceni-Curchi
Trifeti
Saharna Nou 92
261.3
273.7
Ofatini
88
298.3
282.9
Pereni
265.0
76
274.3
54
48
101.8 45-47 -51
52
53
232.6
Mincenii de Jos
Coglniceni
288.2
227.1
Buciuca
230.6
179.8
250.2
235.8
106.8
13
Horodite
Cuizuca
62
224.9
42
25
2
Mincetii de Sus
243.5
th
RBNIA
235.6
Rocani
th
Ciorna
Piscreti
274.8
187.9
253.4
41
Bueuca
4
43
Zozuleni
12
14 44 3
38
ipova
216.1
Slobozia Horodite
218.7
25
26
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Saharna Mare
Saharna La an
Saharna Mic
27
Rampart Bastions
Bastion
Central bastion
Citadel
Wall
Bastion
100 m
Saharna La Vile
Saharna La an II
Saharna La an I
28
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Saharna La an
Saharna La an I
Fig. 5. Saharna Mare. 1 - The rampart and the central bastion; 2 - bastions in the northeast side.
Fig. 5. Saharna Mare. 1 - Valul i bastionul central; 2 - bastioanele din partea de nord-est.
Saharna La Vile
29
Saharna La Revechin
Stohnaia III
Stohnaia IV
30
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Saharna Mic
Saharna Mare
Saharna La an I
Quelle
Saharna La Vile
Saharna La an II
100 m
Fig. 7. Orthophotomap (2006) of the Saharna micro-region (by Google Earth Pro).
Fig. 7. Ortofotoplanul (2006) microzonei Saharna (dup Google Earth Pro).
41 29.9000 North, 28 57 39.2400 East) has semioval shape with the size of about 17560 m (about 0.9
ha) and was defended on the north by a steep side of
the canyon and on the west, east and south with an
artificial defense system (a wall with adjacent ditch)
forming a semicircle. The research conducted in this
defensive system revealed that the wall consists of a
Saharna La an
31
Saharna Mare
7
It was identified in 2008 as a result of study of orthophotoplans and
field research.
32
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Saharna La an I
Saharna La an
Saharna La an II
Fig. 9. View of the headland from the southern part of the Saharna village.
Fig. 9. Vedere a promontoriului din partea de sud a satului Saharna.
33
34
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
10
Saharna La Vile
Fig. 11. View of the headland from the northern part of the Saharna village.
Fig. 11. Vedere a promontoriului din partea de nord a satului Saharna.
35
36
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
12
37
Stohnaia III
Stohnaia IV
Fig. 13. 1 - View of the canyon between Stohnaia III and Stohnaia
IV from the east; 2 - view of the Stohnaia III headland from the
north; 3 - ruins of the rampart from Stohnaia III at present.
Fig. 13. 1 - Vedere a canionului dintre Stohnaia III i Stohnaia IV
dinspre est; 2 - vedere a promontoriului Stohnaia III dinspre nord;
3 - ruinele actuale ale valului de la Stohnaia III.
3
Wall
38
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Wall
Buciuca
Wall
100 m
39
40
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
41
Wall
Wall
100 m
Fig. 17. Ofatini: 1 - orthophotomap (by http://geoportal.md/); 2 - view from the south; 3, 4 - remains of the defensive system at present.
Fig. 17. Ofatini: 1 - ortofoplan (dup http://geoportal.md/); 2 - vedere dinspre sud; 3, 4 - ruinele actuale ale sistemului defensiv.
42
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Conclusions
Based on the results of geospatial and field
investigations, it appears that most sites, both fortified
and unfortified, are concentrated in the central part
of the Saharna micro-zone, on the sides of the Valea
Crac canyon (fig. 18/1). This fortress of Saharna Mare
occupies a special position here, being located on the
most secluded place (about 1 km west of the Dniester)
and less exposed to direct attacks from the east. Access
to the site from the river was possible only through the
canyon. In order to control this corridor, on its northern
side there were built the fortifications of Saharna La
Vile, Saharna Dealul Grimidon and Saharna Mic, and
on the southern side the fortresses of Saharna La
an II, Saharna La an I and Saharna La an.
The visibility analysis (aer Global Mapper) showed that
the possibilities to observe the Dniester valley, both
9
8
12
5
1
6 7
3
13
10
11
16
18
15
14 19
17
20
Saharna micro-region:
1 - Saharna Mare;
2 - Saharna La an;
3 - Saharna La an I;
4 - Saharna La an II;
5 - Saharna Mic;
6 - Saharna; Dealul Grimidon;
7 - Saharna La Vile;
8 - Stohnaia III;
9 - Stohnaia IV;
10 - Saharna Hulboaca;
11 - Buciuca;
12 - Saharna La Revichin;
13 - Ofatini
Horodite-ipova micro-region:
14 - Horodite La Cot;
15 - Horodite La an;
16 - Horodite II;
17 - Buciuca II;
18 - Buciuca III;
19 - ipova III;
20 - ipova IV
Fig. 18. 1 - Map of fortifications of the Saharna and Horodite-ipova micro-regions; 2 - 25 km visibility range for Saharna Mare site; 3 - 25
km visibility range for sites no. 1-9, 12; 4 - 25 km visibility range for sites no. 1-13.
Fig. 18. 1 - Harta fortificaiilor din microzonele Horodite-ipova i Saharna; 2 - raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru situl Saharna Mare; 3 raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru siturile 1-9, 12; 4 - raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru siturile 1-13.
43
44
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
19
Bibliography
Begu et al. 2006: A. Begu, Gh. Postolache, N. Volontir, A.
Prepeli, Resursele vegetale. In: (coord. C. Mihailescu et
al.) Mediul geografic al Republicii Moldova. Vol. I, Resursele
naturale (Chiinu 2006), 110-135.
Boboc 2009: N. Boboc, Probleme de regionare fizicogeografic a teritoriului Republicii Moldova. Buletinul Academiei
de tiine a Moldovei. tiinele vieii 1 (307), 2009, 161-169.
Bubulici 1993: V. Bubulici, Repertoriul monumentelor
arheologice din Republica Moldova. Raionul Floreti (Chiinu
1993). Arhiva MNIM, nr. inv. 22.
Ciubotaru 2014: V. Ciubotaru, Aspecte geologice generale. In:
I. Niculi, A. Nicic, Aezarea i necropola din prima epoc a
fierului Saharna-iglu (Chiinu 2014), 11-13.
Haheu 1993: V. Haheu, Repertoriul monumentelor arheologice
din Republica Moldova. Raionul oldneti (Chiinu 1993).
Arhiva MNIM, nr. inv. 38.
Kauba, Haheu, Leviki 2000: M. Kauba, V. Haheu, O. Leviki,
Vestigii traco-getice pe Nistrul Mijlociu (Bucureti 2000).
Levinschi 2001: A. Levinschi, Date preliminare privind
datarea complexelor fortificaiei getice Saharna-La Revichin.
Tyragetia X, 2001, 103-116.
Levinschi 2004: A. Levinschi, Fortificaia getic Saharna
- La Revichin (cercetrile din anii 2000-2002). In: Cercetri
arheologice n Republica Moldova (2000-2003) (Chiinu 2004),
64-80
Levinschi, Covalenco, Abzov 2002: A. Levinschi, S.
Covalenco, E. Abzov, Fortificaia getic Saharna-La Revichin
sistemul defensiv. Tyragetia XI, 2002, 41-48.
45
46
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
.
(- 2013), 125-130.
, , 1974: .. ,
.. , .. ,
. : . 4 ( 1974).
1954: .. ,
1952 .
.:
, . 56 ( 1954), 59-68.
1955: .. ,
1952-1953 .
.: ,
5(25) ( 1955), 51-83.
1952: .. ,
1952 ( 1952).
Arhiva MNIM, nr. inv. 369.
1982: .. , -
( 1982).
1949a: .. ,
. :
, . 26 (
1949), 93-96.
1949b: .. ,
1946 . :
, , II ( 1949),
189-202.
Mihail B,
n articol este analizat materialul amforologic grecesc, provenit din cercetrile efectuate la patru situri importante din microzona
Saharna, raionul Rezina, Republica Moldova. Lotul de piese databile include fragmente de amfore din mai multe centre productoare
de ambalaj amforistic ale Greciei continentale i insulare: Thasos, Heracleea Pontic, Chios, Samos, Peparethos, Mende, Sinope,
Chersones, Cos, tip Soloha i din alte cteva centre nc neidentificate.
Cadrul cronologic al importurilor greceti n zona Saharna cuprinde perioada plasat ntre sfritul sec. VI i sfritul sec. III a.
Chr., ceea ce, n linii generale, corespunde perioadei de ptrundere a mrfurilor greceti n mediul barbar getic al spaiului nordvest pontic. Tabloul ponderii anumitor centre greceti n comerul greco-indigen (getic) din regiunea Saharna, este analogic celui
general al mediului barbar din spaiul menionat. Locurile de frunte n importul greco-barbar n sec. IV - prima jumtate a sec. III a.
Chr. l menin Thasosul i Heracleea Pontic, ambele cunoscute centre de vinificaie. Acelai interval cronologic, este considerat ca
perioada de maxim dezvoltare a relaiilor comerciale dintre civilizaia greac i cea a tracilor septentrionali, n epoca antic. Printre
piesele databile depistate la siturile din microzona Saharna au fost descoperite i nou tampile de amfore, a cror descriere este
fcut n catalogul de la finalul articolului.
About 200 km in a straight line, and about 430 km along the Dniester
River.
48
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Saharna Mare
The fortress of Saharna Mare, which is located west of
the Saharna village, in an interfluve on the right bank of
the Dniester, has provided the largest group of Greek
amphora artifacts. The analysis of these allowed us
to highlight 12 identified or partially identified Greek
centers of production, as well as goods from still
unidentified centers. The earliest artifact of the Greek
imports in Saharna Mare is a foot of a Chios amphora
with swollen neck (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnaut, 2008, fig.
143/2) of the type III-C, aer Monakhov (fig. 1/1), dated
420s - 430s BC ( 2003, . 7/5). The capacity
of such amphorae varies between 22.4 and 19.6 liters.
Chios amphorae are present in the range of Greek
amphorae from Sahrana Mare during the 4th century
BC as well: three lip fragments of amphorae (Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut 2008, fig. 143/1, 4; Niculi et al. 2013,
fig. 69/1) of the type V-B (aer Monakhov), so-called
amphorae of new type, with a sleeve-shaped foot,
which dates from the first and third quarter of the 4th
century BC ( 2003, . 12/5) (fig. 1/2-4). The
amphorae of this type totally repeat the capacity of the
vessels of the type III-C.
4
5
10
Fig. 1. Greek amphorae from Saharna Mare; 1-4 - Chios; 5 - Mende; 6-10 - Thasos.
Fig. 1. Fragmente de amfore de la Saharna Mare: 1-4 - Chios; 5 - Mende; 6-10 - Thasos.
49
50
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
2
1
8
9
7
10
11
12
stamp dates the early 3rd century BC, and the amphorae
with such stamps belong to the so-called Geaferca type,
variant IV (first discovered in Islam Geaferca, Dobrogea,
Romania). Such vessels are small, their capacity ranging
between 2.8 and 4.2 liters.
Import of amphorae from Peparethos is not large,
being represented by only two fragments of datable
pieces, including the foot of an amphora of the variant
I-A (Solokha), which was found in the cultural layer
(Niculi et al. 2013, fig. 69/11) and is dated the first
half of the 4th century BC (fig. 2/11). Such vessels had
a volume of 14.7 up to 19.7 liter. A fragment of a lip
(fig. 2/12) dated the middle - the 3rd quarter of the
4th century BC belongs to another type of Peparethos
amphorae (variant I-B), with a capacity of 13 to 16.4
liters (Mo 2003, 100).
Also less numerous and representative are Chersonesus
amphora fragments. A fragment of a lip with handle
(fig. 3/2) was found in the cultural layer and belongs to
a vessel dated to the middle - the 3rd quarter of the 4th
century BC. From the pit no. 56 comes another fragment
of a Chersonesus amphora lip (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut
2008, fig. 116/10), which belongs to a vessel produced
at the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd centuries
BC (fig. 3/1). A fragment of an amphora foot of
Chersonesus, although incompletely preserved (Niculi,
Zanoci, Arnut 2008, fig. 144/10), allowed us to date it
to the middle - the 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC (fig.
3/4).
Another Pontic center represented by its goods at
Saharna Mare is Sinope. A small number of Sinope
51
52
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
1
2
6
7
7
8
Fig. 4. Greek amphorae from Saharna Mare; 1-7 - Cnidos; 8 Solokha I type.
Fig. 4. Fragmente de amfore de la Saharna Mare: 1-7 - Cnidos; 8 tip Solocha I.
53
54
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
4
3
Saharna La an
The small stronghold of Saharna La an is located
on the edge of the Valea Crac lowland, southeast (opposite) from the Saharna Mare fortress.
Archaeological research at the site started in 2003, and
from 2006 to 2008 there were undertaken investigations
in five sections. The Greek amphora material found at
the site is very poor; it includes only a few inexpressive
fragments of handles and walls of amphorae from
Heraclea and Thasos having uncertain dating: the 4th - 3rd
centuries BC.
The only datable fragment belongs to a lip of a pithoid
Heraclean amphora, variant I-4 and is dated to the first
quarter of the 4th century BC (fig. 6/1).
Saharna Mic
The fortification of Saharna Mic is located in the north
(opposite) of the Saharna Mare fortress, on a high
promontory of the gorge that separates them. Remains
of a defensive structure (rampart) can be traced in
the northwest of the promontory. First investigations
at Saharna Mic were conducted in the late 1940s by
G. Smirnov. The research was resumed in 2003 and
continued intermittently until now.
Greek amphora fragments are negligible, among them
there is a lip of an amphora from Thasos of developed
truncated biconical type (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut 2008,
fig. 39/8), variant II-B-2 (fig. 6/2). This type of amphora
is dated between the 2nd and the 3rd quarters of the 4th
century BC. Vessels of this type (full standard) have the
capacity from 8.2 to 11.6 liters (Mo 2003, 76).
The second datable piece from Saharna Mic is a lip of
an amphora from Heraclea (Niculi, Zanoci, Arnut,
2008, fig. 14/14) that belonged to a vessel of the type
II-A, variant II-A-3, dated from the beginning of the 3rd
century BC (fig. 6/3). This second artifact was found in a
complex (structure no. 5).
Saharna La Revechin
The small fortification of Saharna La Revechin is
located northeast of the Saharna Mare fortress and was
documented for the first time by G. Smirnov in 1946
( 1949, 196). The fortification is semicircular
in plan, placed on an inclined slope of the right bank of
the Dniester River, at a height of 90 m from the riverbed
55
56
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
1
2
4
8
7
10
11
Fig. 6. Greek amphorae: Saharna La an (1 - Heraclea Pontica); Saharna Mic (2 - Thasos; 3 - Heraclea Pontica);
Saharna La Revechin (4 - Cos; 5 - Chios; 6 - Samos; 7 - Chidos; 8-11 - Heraclea Pontica).
Fig. 6. Fragmente de amfore: Saharna La an (1 - Heraclea Pontica); Saharna Mic (2 - Thasos; 3 - Heraclea Pontica);
Saharna La Revechin (4 - Cos; 5 - Chios; 6 - Samos; 7 - Chidos; 8-11 - Heraclea Pontica).
57
58
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Conclusion
Although field investigations at the sites of the Saharna
micro-zone continue and are far from complete, the
primary analysis of the fragments of Greek amphorae,
which had been found there, gives some results on
the development of trade relations between the Getic
and the Greek worlds, represented by the pottery
from multiple famous manufacturing centers: Thasos,
Catalogue of stamps:
1.
ladle
2.
Symbol?
[]
Saharna Mare. Thasos Stamp of the magistrate.
3. []
Horn of plenty
A
Saharna Mare. Thasos. Stamp belonging to the
magistrate A 1, the activity of which falls
between 294-287 BC. Similar in Bon 1957, no. 113.
4. []
Symbol
[]
Saharna La Revechin. Thasos. The proper name
in the first line may belong to both magistrate and
manufacturer. But certainly, the text in the bottom line
is a demonym. The artifact can be dated from the 4th
century BC.
59
60
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
5. I
Saharna Mare. Heraclea Pontica. Stamp of
manufacturer. Made in relief in a circular cartouche,
representing two combined letters, which is the short
name of the manufacturer, may be or
names of manufacturers who worked in the final period
of stamping of Heraclean amphorae: end of the 4th
century - beginning of the 3rd century BC ( 2007, 430).
All known stamps of this manufacturer are the same,
moreover, are executed with the same matrix, that
suggests a short period of his activity. Exact same in
2007, 244, . 57/5 (Gorgipia); Mateevici 2007, 154,
cat. nr. 181 (Tuluceti). One more stamp was noted at
Tyras (working material of N. Mateevici, T. Samoylova).
6.
Saharna La Revechin. Heraclea Pontica.
Manufacturers stamp from the final group of Heraclean
stamping end of the 4th century - beginning of the 3rd
century BC. The stamp is engraved retrograde. Similar in
Mateevici 2007, 154, cat. nr. 175 (Pivdennoe); M
1999, . 190/2 (Beglitsk).
7. () [].
[grape]
[] []
Saharna Mare. Sinope. Stamp of a magistrate
belonging to the astynome 1, the activity of
which pertains to the group III (early 3rd century - 295280 BC), that worked with the manufacturer ,
the son of , who is known as working in the
period of groups II-IV.
8. []
M [] [grape]
[].
[]
Saharna Mare. Sinope. Stamp of a magistrate
belonging to the astynome M 2 (aer
Garlan 2004, 286). Dates to the chronological group VI
(between 220-208 BC). Similar in Mateevici 2007, 161,
at. nr. 238 (Ciobruciu); Mateevici 2007, 164, cat. nr.
254 (Hansca).
Bibliography
Avram 1996: A. Avram, Les timbres amphoriques. Thasos.
HISTRIA, VIII (1), 1996.
Bon 1957: A.-M. Bon, A. Bon, Les timbres amphoriques de
Thasos (Paris 1957).
Garlan 2004: Y. Garlaln, Les timbres cramiques sinopeens
sur amphores et sur tuiles trouvs Sinope. Prsentation et
catalogue. Varia Anatolica XVI (Istanbul 2004).
Levinschi, cipachin, Dulea 1999: A. Levinschi, O. cipachin,
G. Dulea, Rezervaia istorico-natural Saharna primele
investigaii. Tyragetia VIII, 1999, 51-68.
Levinschi, cipachin, Negur 2000: A. Levinschi, O.
cipachin, M. Negur, Complexele locative din fortificaia
getic Saharna La Revechin. Tyragetia IX, 2000, 87-100.
Levinschi 2002: A. Levinschi, Despre un tip de amfore din sec.
IV a. Chr. din fortificaia Saharna La Revechin. Tyragetia XI,
2002, 49-52.
Mateevici 2007: N. Mateevici, Amforele greceti n mediul
barbar din nord-vestul Pontului Euxin n sec. VI - nceputul sec.
II a. Chr. (Chiinu 2007).
Mateevici, Zanoci 2009: N. Mateevici, A. Zanoci, Informaii
preliminare privind importurile amforistice greceti la cetatea
getic Saharna Mare. In: (Eds. A. Zanoci, T. Arnut, M. B)
Studia Archeologiae et Historiae Antiquae. Doctissimo viro
Scientiarum Archeologiae et Historiae Ion Niculi, anno
septuagesimo aetatis suae, dedicatur (Chisinu 2009), 197-203.
61
n rndurile ce urmeaz, ne vom referi la dou fortificaii getice crora le-am acordat mai mult atenie n ultimii ani. Este vorba de
cetuile getice intrate n circuitul tiinific cu numele de Horodca Mare i Horodca Mic, amplasate n zona Codrilor din centrul
Republicii Moldova. Am considerat necesar s orientm studiile noastre privind fortificaiile din preajma satului Horodca n direcia
abordrilor multidisciplinare, n special, n direcia intercalrii studiilor arheologice cu cele geografice. n acest sens, vom aborda
respectivele situri n contextul relaiilor pe care le-au dezvoltat comunitile getice din zona cursului superior al rului Botna cu
mediul ambiant. Pentru aceasta, n etapa actual, ne propunem s oferim un tablou general al peisajului n care sunt amplasate
aceste situri, desprinznd cteva aspecte care pot fi accesibile la momentul actual: relieful, solurile, vegetaia i apele. Respectiv,
vom prezenta fortificaiile amintite mai sus n contextul condiiilor geografice, dar vom urmri i corelaia lor n raport cu alte situri
sincrone cunoscute n spaiile limitrofe.
64
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Horodca
1
The presented geo-climateric conditions of the micro zone are based
on the studies performed by Ion Danilescu, drawn in the PhD thesis Studiu
landaic al prii centrale i sud-estice din Republica Moldova, deended at
the Iasi University, A. I. Cuza (1999), Faculty of Geology and Geography
(manuscript). On this occasion we express our deep gratitude for having
been given the opportunity to rely on and use his works.
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Physical Map
upper course
of the river Botna
Land Elevation
Codrii
Scale 1 : 1 500 000
Fig. 2. Map indicating the location of the Moldavian Codri and the
upper stream of the river Botna.
Fig. 2. Harta Republicii Moldova cu localizarea Codrilor i cursului
superior al rului Botna.
65
66
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Horodca
67
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
68
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
69
Horodca Mic
Horodca Mare
70
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Horodca Mare
Horodca Mic
71
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
Fig. 9. Horodca Mic. View of the defensive system, from its inner area: A - South-East; B - the southern part.
Fig. 9. Horodca Mic. Vedere asupra sistemului defensiv dinspre incint: A - partea sud-estic; B - partea sudic.
72
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
Horodca Mic
Fig. 13. Horodca Mic. View of the bastion from the extra-muros.
Fig. 13. Horodca Mic. Vedere asupra bastionului dinspre zona
extra-muros.
Fig. 14. Horodca Mic. View of the headland from the North-East.
Fig. 14. Horodca Mare. Vedere asupra promontoriului dinspre nordest.
Fig. 15. Horodca Mare. View of the headland from the North-East,
indicating the sites location. Orthophotomap (by Google Earht
PRO).
Fig. 15. Horodca Mare. Vedere asupra promontoriului dinspre nordest cu localizarea sitului (dup Google Earht PRO).
73
74
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
Horodca Mare
Horodca Mic
Horodca aezare
Fig. 18. Horodca Mare. View of the defensive system from the
north-eastern part of the promontory.
Fig. 18. Horodca Mare. Vedere asupra sistemului defensiv de pe
marginea nord-estic a promontoriului.
75
76
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 20. View of the Botna river valley from the promontory
The Citadel (Horodca Mare).
Fig. 20. Vedere asupra vii rului Botna de pe promontoriul
La Cetate (Horodca Mare).
Fig. 21. View of the Botna river valley from the promontory
At Hultan (Horodca Mic).
Fig. 21. Vedere asupra vii rului Botna de pe promontoriul
La Hultan (Horodca Mic).
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
Fig. 22. View of the promontory At Hultan (Horodca Mic) from the
promontory The Citadel (Horodca Mare).
Fig. 22. Vedere asupra promontoriului La Hultan (Horodca Mic) de
pe promontoriul La Cetate (Horodca Mare).
Fig. 23. View of the promontory The Citadel (Horodca Mare) from
the promontory At Hultan (Horodca Mic).
Fig. 23. Vedere asupra promontoriului La Cetate (Horodca Mare) de
pe promontoriul La Hultan (Horodca Mic).
77
78
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fortifications
Open settlements
Fig. 24. The micro-zone of the Botna river upper course indicating
the sites location (by http://geoportal.md/): 1 - Horodca Mare;
2 - Horodca Mic; 3 - aezarea Horodca; 4 - Horodca VI;
5 - Horodca sat; 6 - Horodca sud; 7 - Ulmu III; 8 - Ulmu IV;
9 - Ulmu VII; 10 - Ulmu V; 11 - Vsieni II; 12 - Vsieni V;
13 - Rusetii Noi IV; 14 - Stolniceni.
Fig. 24. Microzona cursului superior al rului Botna cu amplasarea
siturilor getice (dup http://geoportal.md/): 1 - Horodca Mare; 2 Horodca Mic; 3 - Horodca-aezare; 4 - Horodca VI; 5 - Horodca
sat; 6 - Horodca sud; 7 - Ulmu III; 8 - Ulmu IV; 9 - Ulmu VII; 10
- Ulmu V; 11 - Vsieni II; 12 - Vsieni V; 13 - Rusetii Noi IV; 14 Stolniceni.
Bibliography
Danilescu 1999: I. Danilescu, Studiu landaic al prii
centrale i sud-estice din Republica Moldova. PhD thesis
deended at the Iasi University, A. I. Cuza, Faculty of Geology
and Geography (manuscript).
Hncu 1993: I. Hncu, Ceti antice i medievale timpurii din
Republica Moldova (Chiinu 1993)
Munteanu 2007: O. Munteanu, Noi linii defensive cercetate n
microzona fortificaiei Cosui. Revista Arheologica s.n. III/1-2,
2007, 295-310.
Munteanu 2009: O. Munteanu, Raport tiinific privind
rezultatele investigaiilor arheologice din anul 2011 n
microzona fortificaiilor de la Horodca, raionul Ialoveni
(Chiinu 2009).
Munteanu 2010: O. Munteanu, Raport tiinific privind
rezultatele investigaiilor arheologice din anul 2011 n
microzona fortificaiilor de la Horodca, raionul Ialoveni
(Chiinu 2010).
Landscape and Getic populations in the upper course of the Botna river
79
80
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
1949: T. ,
. :
, 26 ( 1949), 57-68.
1974: . , IV-VII
. , . 7 ( 1974).
1969: .. ,
. . .:
( 1969), 185-210.
1973: . , ,
, . 3 ( 1974).
, 1969: T. , . ,
- IV-III .
.. . .:
( 1969), 35-53.
, , 1974: . ,
. , . ,
. , . 4 ( 1974).
1969: . ,
. .:
( 1969), 81-95.
1949: . ,
1946 .
, , II (
1949), 197-198.
Fortifications
and open settlements of the
1st millennium BC in the
micro-zone of Horodiste-Tipova1
Aurel Zanoci
Ion Niculi
Mihail B
n partea de sud a regiunii Nistrului Mijlociu, n preajma localitilor Horodite i ipova, raionul Rezina, se contureaz un spaiu cu
suprafaa de cca 6 km2, unde au fost evideniate mai multe situri arheologice, atribuite epocii fierului.
Ca urmare a studierii ortofotoplanurilor, a cercetrilor perieghetice i sondajelor arheologice n aceast microzon a fost atestat
o aglomeraie de situri, compus din apte fortificaii i patru aezri civile (fig. 2), atribuite dou orizonturi culturale hallstattian
timpuriu i traco-getic.
Orizontul hallstattian timpuriu, de tip Cozia-Saharna, este reprezentat de o fortificaie (citadela de la Horodite La an) i dou
aezri deschise (Horodite Groapa Turcului i ipova II). Cel traco-getic este documentat prin apte fortificaii (Horodite La Cot,
Horodite La an, Buciuca II, ipova III etc.) i dou aezri deschise (Buciuca IV i Buciuca V).
Dintre fortificaiile traco-getice se evideniaz cea de la Horodite La Cot, care se deosebete de restul prin suprafaa
considerabil (cca 28 ha), complexitatea sistemului defensiv, precum i prin poziia strategic pe care o ocup n microzona
Horodite-ipova. Plecnd de la aceste observaii, la nivelul actual de cercetare, se poate presupune c cetatea Horodite La Cot a
ndeplinit funciile unui centru economic, administrativ etc. pentru comunitile din regiune.
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
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streams flow and fall into the Jidauca stream. This river,
crossing the ipova gorge, flows into the Dniester.
As a result of the study of aerial photos, satellite images
and field research2 in this micro-zone an agglomeration
2
This region has attracted the attention of researchers since the second
half of the 1940s, when the first field investigations were undertaken by
G.D. Smirnov (1946) and T.S. Passek (1947). During this period there were
identified two fortified sites attributed to the Scythians, which in spite of the
dierent locations are known by the same name - Horodite ( 1949,
196; 1949, 64). In the repertories of Getic fortresses compiled in
the following years (, 1969, 47; , ,
1974, 45; Hncu 1993, 96-97; Zanoci 1998, 136; Haheu
2008, 72) the information with reference to the fortress discovered by G.D.
Smirnov is given. According to Repertoryy of archaeological monuments in
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
10
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11
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IPOVA
9
0
100 m
Fig. 2. Orthophotomap of the Horodite-ipova micro-region (fortifications: 1 - Horodite La Cot; 2 - Horodite La an, 3 - Horodite II;
4 - Buciuca II; 5 - Buciuca III; 6 - ipova III; 7 - ipova IV; open settlements: 8 - Horodite Groapa Turcului; 9 - ipova II; 10 - Buciuca IV;
11 - Buciuca V) (by Google Earth Pro).
Fig. 2. Ortofotoplanul microzonei Horodite-ipova (aezri fortificate: 1 - Horodite La Cot; 2 - Horodite La an, 3 - Horodite II; 4
- Buciuca II; 5 - Buciuca III; 6 - ipova III; 7 - ipova IV; aezri civile: 8 - Horodite Groapa Turcului; 9 - ipova II; 10 - Buciuca IV; 11 Buciuca V) (dup Google Earth Pro).
83
84
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 3. The promontory near the Horodite village. View from the north.
Fig. 3. Promontoriul din preama satului Horodite Vedere dinspre nord.
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
85
Bastions
Rampart
Wall A
Quelle
Wall B
Wall C
100 m
Bastions
Section no. 1
HORODITE
Fig. 4. Horodite La Cot. Orthophotomap tracing anomalies of the defensive line on the northern, eastern and southern sides (by http://
geoportal.md/).
Fig. 4. Horodite La Cot. Ortofotoplan cu fixarea anomaliilor liniei defensive de pe laturile de nord, est i sud (dup hp://geoportal.md/).
86
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
-50
-80
-60
-50
-71
-80
-50
1
2m
10 cm
87
88
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
4
The site was discovered in 1946 by G.D. Smirnov, who made a general
description of the defensive system and noted that on the territory of the
inner space of the fortress fragments of hand modeled pottery (Scythian)
and of Greek amphorae were collected ( 1949, 196).
5
Here and below, the distances between the settlements are given in a
straight line (aer www.geoportal.md), disregarding the actual driveways.
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
6
Similar walls were found on the edges of the promontories of
Horodite La Cot, Saharna Mare (Niculi et al. 2013a, 223-237, fig. 9-14,
18, 21), etc.
Line 2
Line 3
Section no. 1
Line 1
50 m
89
90
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
91
-23
-45
-25
-35
-20
-25
5
1 D
2m
92
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
3
2
5
4
1
9
10
10
Fig. 10. Horodite La an. Finds from the debris of the wall (1, 7) and from the cultural layer (2-6, 8-11).
Fig. 10. Horodite La an. Descoperiri din drmtura zidului (1, 7) i din stratul cultural (2-6, 8-11).
11
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
Wall
50 m
2
8
93
94
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Wall
50 m
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
95
Wall
50 m
Fig. 13. Buciuca III: 1 - orthophotomap (by http://geoportal.md/), 2 - ruins of the defensive system.
Fig. 13. Buciuca III: 1 - ortofotoplan (dup http://geoportal.md/); 2 - ruinele sistemului defensiv.
ipova III
Fig. 14. ipova III. View of the headland from the northeast.
Fig. 14. ipova III. Vedere a promontoriului dinspre nord-est.
96
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Open settlements
Fig. 15. ipova IV: 1 - View of the headland from the northeast,
2 - ruins of the defensive system (by http://www.prospect.md/).
Fig. 15. ipova IV: 1 - Vedere a promontoriului dinspre nord-est;
2 - ruinele sistemului defensiv (dup hp://www.prospect.md/).
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
Conclusions
Considering the older publications, archival materials and
results of field investigations and archaeological surveys,
at present we can see the existence of two cultural
horizons Early Hallstatt and Thraco-Getic in the
Horodite-ipova micro-zone in the 1st millennium BC.
The Early Hallstatt horizon is represented by a
fortification (the citadel from Horodite La an) and
two open settlements (Horodite Groapa Turcului and
ipova II). According to materials collected from these
sites, the early habitation layer in the Horodite-ipova
micro-zone can be attributed to the communities of the
Cozia-Saharna culture dated from the end of the 11th c. the beginning of the 8th c. BC ( 2011, 54).
To the Thraco-Getic horizon currently seven fortifications
and two open settlements (Buciuca IV and Buciuca V)
can be attributed.
11
From these fortifications one could oversee east of the Dniester area to
a distance of 8 km, down the river up to 5 km and upstream up to 7 km.
12
About the location of fortifications from the Saharna micro-zone see
the study by I. Niculi, A. Zanoci, and M. B from this collection of papers
(p. 21-46).
97
98
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
16
15
19
12 13 14
8
10
9
11
20
17
18
5
3
2
1
4
7
Horodite-ipova micro-region:
1 - Horodite La Cot;
2 - Horodite La an;
3 - Horodite II;
4 - Buciuca II;
5 - Buciuca III;
6 - ipova III;
7 - ipova IV
Saharna micro-region:
8 - Saharna Mare;
9 - Saharna La an;
10 - Saharna La an I;
11 - Saharna La an II;
12 - Saharna Mic;
13 - Saharna; Dealul Grimidon;
14 - Saharna La Vile;
15 - Stohnaia III;
16 - Stohnaia IV;
17 - Saharna Hulboaca;
18 - Buciuca;
19 - Saharna La Revichin;
20 - Ofatini
Fig. 16. 1 - Map of fortifications of the Horodite-ipova and Saharna micro-regions; 2 - 25 km visibility range for sites no. 1-3, 5, 6; 3 - 25
km visibility range for sites no. 1-7; 4 - 25 km visibility range for sites no. 1-7, 17, 18, 20.
Fig. 16. 1 - Harta fortificaiilor din microzonele Horodite-ipova i Saharna; 2 - raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru siturile 1-3, 5, 6; 3 raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru siturile 1-7; 4 - raza de vizibilitate de 25 km pentru siturile 1-7, 17, 18, 20.
Fortifications and open settlements of the 1st millennium BC in the micro-zone of Horodite-ipova
Bibliography
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Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
2000: M. ,
( -). Stratum plus
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. .:
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.. , .. ,
. , . 4
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. :
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1949: .. ,
1946 . :
, , II ( 1949),
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Mihail B,
Am ales, pentru a ilustra ct mai complet aceast tematic, patru situri geto-dacice aflate n zone diferite, care au structuri de
aprare diferite i care, dincolo de trsturile culturii materiale destul de unitare, au avut o evoluii particulare.
Ele se afl n zone diferite de relief: Piscul Crsanilor, pe un bot de teras din centrul Cmpiei Romne, Pietroasa Mic-Gruiu Drii, pe
un platou calcaros de la Curbura Carpailor, Crlomneti-Cetuie, pe un martor de eroziune din valea Buzului, iar Trcov-Piatra cu
lilieci pe o culme muntoas.
Structurile lor de aprare sunt diverse, n funcie de materialele din zon i de scopul construirii lor. Astfel, la Piscul Crsanilor i la
Crlomneti s-au spat anuri i s-au ridicat valuri cu palisade din lemn, la Trcov erau ziduri din piatr inform ori sumar fasonat,
iar la Gruiu Drii sunt ziduri de inspiraie elenistic, cu dou paramente de calcar i emplecton.
n timp ce la Piscul Crsanilor i la Crlomneti au fost centre rezideniale, cu importante valene economice, politice i religioase,
la Trcov a existat o cetate cu rol strict militar, iar la Gruiu Drii este documentat o unic succesiune de tipuri de situri: aezare
nefortificat, cetate, loc de cult.
102
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Fig. 1. Pietroasa Mic-Gruiu Drii: 1 - vue arienne; 2 - vue du sud-est; 3 - vue du nord-ouest.
Fig. 1. Pietroasa Mic-Gruiu Drii: 1 - vedere aerian; 2 - vedere dinspre sud-est; 3 - vedere dinspre nord-vest.
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
103
104
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
105
106
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
107
108
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
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110
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
111
112
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
113
114
Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
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Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Quelques observations sur des centres fortifies geto-daces dans la Valachie central-nordique
Conclusions
Les fouilles archologiques ont mis en vidence le fait
que lhabitation gto-dace des IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C. stend
autant au nord quau sud de la fortification B.
117
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Fortified sites from the 1st millennium BC in Central and South-Eastern Europe
Bibliographie
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Muse de Brila,
place Traian 3, 810022 Brila, Roumanie,
e-mail: valeriu_sirbu@yahoo.co.uk