Experiment Number: - 03

Name of the Experiment: Standardization of Hydrochloric

Acid with Standard Sodium Carbonate
Solution
Course: CHEM-114

Name: -A.N.M.Ashrafuzzaman.
Roll: - 200306040
Group: - A2
Partners Roll: - 200306045
Department: - EEE

Date of Performance: - 09-01-2005

Date of Submission: - 22-05-2004

Objective:The objective of this experiment is to determine the

strength of a given Hydrochloric acid(HCl) with a standard
Sodium Carbonate(Na2CO3) solution. As this neutralization
reaction occurs in two steps,two indicators are to be used to
determine the two end points of this reaction.Both HCl and
Na2CO3 are widely used in industry.So this examination is
very useful to find out the percentage of purity of HCl and
reversely of Na2CO3 as well.
Theory:Standardization is the process by which the strength of
an acid or a base solution is determined with the help of a
standard base or acid solution.A solution of known
concentration is called a standard solution.This experiment
is done by means of titration.In presence of a suitable
indicator,a chemical substance that detects the end point of
reaction by changing its color,the
volumetric analysis in
which a standard solution is added in another solution
(whose strength is unknown) to reach its end point to
determine the strength of that solution is called titration.
Neutralization reaction between Na2CO3 and HCl acid
takes place into two stepsNa2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl = NaCl + H2CO3
The ultimate reaction,
Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2CO3
For the first step reaction phenolphthalein is used as
indicator because of the fact that the solution is basic due to
the formation of a salt where the basic part is stronger than
the acidic part.In the second step reaction Carbonic acid is
formed which make the solution an acidic one.So Methyl
Orange is used as indicator for the this step.

Apparatus:1. Conical flask

2. Burette
3. Pipette
4. Volumetric flask
5. Stand
6. Funnel
Chemicals:1. Standardized Na2CO3 solution
2. HCl solution
3. Methyl Orange
4. Phenolphthalein
5. Distilled water

Data:Standardization of HCl acid with standard Na2CO3 solution

No. Volume
Burette reading
First
Second
of
of
(ml)
differe
defere
Obs.
Na2C
nce
nce
Initia
First
Seco
O3
(Volum (Volum
l
end
nd
e of
e of
readi
poin
end
(ml)
HCl)
HCl)
ng
t
point
(ml)
(ml)
01.

10

6.3

9.7

13.7

3.4

7.4

02.
03.

10
10

13.7
24.4

17.0
27.8

21.2
32.0

3.3
3.4

7.5
7.6

04.

10

32.0

35.3

39.5

3.3

7.5

Weight of Na2CO3 =0.531 gm.

Avera
ge
(Volu
me of
HCl)

(ml)
7.53

Calculation: Strength of Na2CO3 = (0.531 X 1000)/ (106 X50)

= 0.1002 N
We know that, V acid X S acid = V base X S base
Here,
V base = 10 ml
S base = 0.1002 ml
V acid = 7.53 ml
S acid = ?
So, S acid = ( 10 X 0.1002)/7.53 N
= 0.133 N
We also know, V concentrated X S concentrated = V dilute X
S dilute,
Here,
V HCl(conc.) = 1.2 ml
S HCl(conc.) = ?
V HCl(dil.) = 100 ml
S HCl(dil.)
= 0.133 N
So, S HCl(conc.) = (100 X 0.133 ) / 1.2
= 11.083 N
Result:The strength of the supplied HCl (concentrated) is :
11.083 N
Error:Percentage of error = (known value ~observed value) X
100 known value
= ( 11.3 - 11.083) X 100 / 11.3
= 1. 92%

Discussion:The following causes can be assumed for the possible

cause of error:
1.Taking exactly 1.20 ml concentrated HCl from burette is
quite difficult.It might be 1.15 or 1.25 or something
thereabouts.
2.End point of reactions are determined by watching the
colour changes.So there is every possibility of adding a bit
more or less acid from burette.
If these causes could be avoided we could have get a perfect
result of the concentration of Commercial Hydrochloric Acid.