Anda di halaman 1dari 160

Drilling and Completions Systems

Module 7: Hydraulics

Module 7: Hydraulics
Lesson 1: Hydraulic Pumps
Lesson 1: Learning Objectives
Pumps
Circulating System for Typical Rotary
Drilling Rig
Formula for Volumetric Displacement
for Cylinders
Class Activities: Calculations
Duplex Type
Pump Displacement and Output Flow
Rate
Double Acting Cylinder
Pump Displacement and Output
Volume Rates
Double Acting Duplex Pump
Horse Power Requirements

Lesson 2: Flow Velocity


Lesson 2: Learning Objectives
Class Activities: Calculations
Required Flow Rate
Geometry of the Well Bore
Flow Rate of the Mud Pumps
Viscosity
Newtonian Fluid
Fanning Friction Factor vs. Reynolds
Number

Module 7: Hydraulics Cont.


Lesson 3: Rheology Models (nonNewtonian Models)
Lesson 3: Learning Objectives
Laminar and Turbulent Flow Patterns in
Pipe
Plastic Fluid
Class Activity
The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for
Laminar Flow
Optional: Density and Viscosity Video

Lesson 5: Newtonian Fluids (Possible


Homework)
Lesson 5: Learning Objectives
Calculation
Lesson 6 Plastic Fluids Calculation
(Possible Homework)
Lesson 6: Learning Objectives
Calculation

Lesson 4: Pressure Drop in Pipe


Lesson 4: Learning Objectives
Flow in a Cylindrical Annulus
Pressure Drop
P Parasitic Components
Critical Reynolds Number versus
Hedstrom Plot
Figure Reynolds Number versus Fanning
Friction Factor
Bit Nozzles

Lesson 1: Hydraulic Pumps

Image source: http://www.botta-equipment.com/content/catalog/mudpump-and-spares

Lesson 1: Hydraulic Pumps Learning Objectives


In this lesson we will:
Distinguish two types of pumps
Define the circulating system for a typical rotary drilling
Identify a working drilling rig circulation system
Explain how the Double Acting Duplex Pump works
Explain how mud pumps work and label parts of a pump
Calculate the output flow rate
Note: Instructor will go through a series of examples and expect students to work
through remaining examples as homework or in class in groups.

http://www.hddtrenchless.co
m.au/product/Mud-PumpParts-Pistons-andLiners.cfm

Two Different Types of Pumps

Circulating System for Typical Rotary Drilling Rig

http://www.conservation.
ca.gov/dog/picture_a_w
ell/PublishingImages/DR
ILLING-RIGnew.gif

Mud Pumps

http://www.pacificoilfield.com/images/mud_pump_working.gif

How Single Acting, Single Cylinder Pumps Work


Suction Cycle and Discharge Cycle

Formula for Volumetric Displacement for Single Cylinder


Let D = inside the diameter of the cylinder (or piston diameter), inches
S = length of the stroke (or piston movement), inches
Then,
Volume displacement per stroke = ( ) D2 s = in3/stroke
4
or,
Pump displacement = PD (.7854) (in2)
(in)
(7.48 gal)
(144 in2/ft2) (12 in/ft.)
ft3
= gal/stroke
If N = strokes/min
then, PD = .7854(D2)(S )(7.48)(N) = gal/min where, PD = gal/min
144
12
D = in
S = in
N = strokes/min
https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:
ANd9GcRoaogU8BSHWCMUImpZMihpjsE-s_yLfzuO8Do15O3Ms62pzu9oS

10

Formula for Volumetric Displacement for Double Cylinder


Let D = inside the diameter of the cylinder (or piston diameter), inches
S = length of the stroke (or piston movement), inches

qout = (PD)(ev) =.7854(D2)(S )(7.48)(N)(2)(ev) = gal/min


144

12

Where,
q = gal/min
D = in
S = in
N = strokes/min
(2) = No. of cylinders

11

Class Activity: Example 1 Volumetric Displacement


What is the output flow rate for a 10 20" Single-acting, Single- cylinder pump
operating at 40 strokes per minute?

12

Example 1 Solution
10"x 20" describes the pump as;

D = 10"

S = 20"
then, PD = q =.7854(102)(20)(7.48)(40) = 272 gal/min
144
12

Since the placement of fluid in the cylinder by the piston and the operation of the
discharge and suction valves is not 100% efficient due to worn mechanical parts,
the output volume rate will be less than the calculated pump displacement. A
volumetric efficiency, ev, must be used,
or,

qoutput = (PD)(ev)

13

Class Activity: Example 2 Volumetric Displacement


What is the output flow rate in Example #1 if the volumetric efficiency of the pump
is 85%?

14

Example 2 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 272(.85) = 231 gal/min

15

Class Activity: Example 3 Volumetric Displacement


Using a flow meter, the output flow rate for a 12" x 18" Single-acting, Single
cylinder pump operating at 30 strokes per minute was measured at 215 gal/min.
Calculate the volumetric efficiency of the pump.

16

Example 3 Solution
EV = qout
PD
qout = 215 gal/min
PD = .7854(122)(18)(7.48)(30) = 264 gal/min
144
12
Ev = 215 = 0.814 = 81.4%
264

17

Duplex Type

18

Pump Displacement and Output Flow Rate


Pump displacement and output flow rate can be calculated in the same manner as
for the single cylinder by multiplying by 2 cylinders, or,
qout = (PD)(ev) =.7854(D2)(S ) (7.48)(N)(2)(ev) = gal/min
(144)

(12)

Where,
q = gal/min
D = in
S = in

N = strokes/min
(2) = No. of cylinders

19

Class Activity: Example 4 Calculate the Cylinder ID


Calculate the cylinder ID (or piston diameter) needed in a Single-acting, Duplex
pump needed to have an output of 125 gal/min if the stroke length 16" and
operates at 25 strokes per minute with a volumetric efficiency of 80%.

20

Example 4 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 125 gal/min = .7854(D2)(16 )(7.48)(25)(2)(0.80) = gal/min
144
12
D2 = 125 = 57
2.18
D = 7.58 in

21

Double Acting Cylinder

22

Pump Displacement and Output Volume Rates


Pump displacement and output volume rates can be calculated for each side of
the piston is the total volume of the cylinder, or,
q1 = (PD1)(ev) = .7854(D2)( S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min

144

12

The PD in the connector rod side of the cylinder is the total volume of the
cylinder minus the volume occupied by the connecting rod,
or,
q2 = (PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min
144

12

Then,

qout = (PD1 + PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 + D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min


144

12

23

Class Activity: Example 5 Calculate Output Flow


Calculate the output flow rate for a 7"x14", Double-acting, Single-cylinder pump
when operating at 45 strokes/min using a 2" connector rod and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%.

24

Example 5 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(7 + 7 - 2)(14 )(45)(7.48)(0.90) = 181 gal/min
144
12

25

Class Activity: Example 6 Length of Stroke


What length of stroke is needed to give 250 gal/min output when using a Doubleacting, Single cylinder pump with an 8" cylinder diameter and a 2.25" diameter
connector rod when operating at 40 strokes/min and 80% volumetric efficiency?

26

Example 6 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(82 + 82 - 2.252)(S )(40)(7.48)(0.80) = 250 gal/min
144

12

S = 250 = 18.7"
1.34

27

Formula for Volumetric Displacement for Double-Acting, Single-Cylinder


Let D = inside the diameter of the cylinder (or piston diameter), inches

S = length of the stroke (or piston movement), inches


q1 = (PD1)(ev) = .7854(D2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min
144
12
Or,
q2 = (PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min
144
12
Then,
qout = (PD1 + PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 + D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min
144
12

28

Double- Acting, Duplex Type

29

How the Double Acting Duplex Pump Works


Therefore, during this one-half of the stroke, the PD is equal to PD in front of the
piston + PD in connector rod side of the piston.
Since each one-half of the cycle the discharged volumes are equal, the PD for
one stroke is,
PD = PD of one cylinder x number of cylinders
or,
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(2D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(2)(ev) = gal/min
144

12

Note: Since the two cylinders are driven by connector rods connected to a
common crank, 1 stroke is equivalent to 1 revolution of the crank, or, strokes/min
= RPM of the crank.

30

Class Activity: Example 7 Calculate the Output Flow Rate


Calculate the output flow rate of a 6"x12" Double-acting, Duplex pump using 1"
(1.75 in) connector rods when operating at 35 RPM and a volumetric efficiency of
90%.

31

Example 7 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854 {(2)(62) - (1.752)} (12)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.90)
144

12

qout = 177 gal/min

32

Class Activity: Example 8 (Concept of RPM)


At what RPM of the crank should a 8"x16", Double-acting, Duplex pump be operated
to give a flow rate output of 400 gal/min when operating 85% volumetric efficiency
and using 2" diameter connecting rods?

33

Example 8 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 400 gal/min = .7854(82 + 82 - 22)(16)(N)(7.48)(2)(0.85)
144

12

N = 400 = 35 RPM
11.5

To improve the efficiency of the operating conditions, a liner (or sleeve) can be
inserted in the pump cylinders to decrease the inside diameter of the cylinder (also
decreases the diameter of the piston).

34

Horse Power Requirements


Hydraulic horsepower can be calculated from the flow rate and the pressure, or,
Hp = q P
1714
where,

Hp = hydraulic horsepower

q = flow rate, gal/min


P = pressure, psi
Therefore,
Pump output Hp = Hpout = qoutPp = (PD)(ev)(Pp)
1714

1714

Note: Pump output flow rate can be calculated from the required upward annular
circulating from the required upward annular circulating velocity and the pump output
pressure will be the pressure required to overcome the pressure drops around the
circulating system (inside the drill string, annulus around the drill string, etc.)

35

Class Activity: Example 9 (Diameter Liner)


What diameter liner (inside) and pistons would be needed for the pump in Example
#7 to maintain the same operating conditions with an output flow rate of 300
gal/min?

(Ex. 7: Calculate the output flow rate of a 6"x12" Double-acting, Duplex pump using
1 3/4" connector rods when operating at 35 RPM and a volumetric efficiency of
90%.)
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854 {(2)(62) - (1.752)} (12)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.90)

144

12

qout = 177 gal/min

36

Example 9 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(2D2 - 22)(16)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.85) = 300 gal/min
144

12

D2 = 48.34; D = 6.95

qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854 {(2)(D2) - (1.752)} (12)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.90) = 300 gal/min


144

12.

D = 7.75

37

Class Activity: Example 10 (Calculate the Output Horsepower)


Calculate the output horsepower available from a 7 x 14", Double-acting, duplex
pump with 2" connecting rods operating at 40 RPM with a volumetric efficiency of
85% and an output pressure of 1500 psi.

38

Example 10 Solution
Hpout = q outPp = (PD) (ev)(Pp)
1714

1714

= .7854(72+72-22)(14)(40)(7.48)(2)(0.85)(1500)( 1 )
144

12

1714

Hpout = 266Hp
In the above calculations, the volumetric efficiency is defined as qout
PD

39

Example 10 Solution Cont.


Therefore,
Hppump = HpPD = Hpout
ev
Pumps have a mechanical efficiency, em, also. The input Hp from the engine must
have overcome both mechanical and volumetric losses to produce a given output
Hp,
then,
Hpin = HPPD and HpPD = Hpout
em
ev
or,
Hpin = Hpout
(em)(ev)

40

Class Activity: Example 11 (Engine Output)


What engine output horsepower will be needed to operate the pump in Example
# 9 and Example #10 if the mechanical efficiency is 80%?

41

Example 11 Solution
HpPD = Hpout = 266 = 313 Hp
ev

(0.85)

and,
Hpin = HPPD = 313 = 391Hp

em

(0.80)

or,
Hpin = Hpout =

266

= 391 Hp

(ev)(em)(0.85)(0.80)

42

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.1: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.1
Introduction to Drilling, 5.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Calculations (pp. 179 -182);
Section 5.2.4 Equivalent Density Concept (pp. 187-189)
Assignment 7.1: Problem Solving: Complete Problems 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 on page
296; Show Your Work!

43

Lesson 2: Flow Velocity

44

Lesson 2: Flow Velocity Learning Objectives


In this lesson we will:
Interpret geometry of the well bore
Calculate the required output flow rate of the mud pumps
Perform a demonstration of viscosity using a rheometer

Define the ratio of viscosity of a fluid


Calculate types of flow
Define the Fanning Equation
Relate the Fanning Friction Factor to the Reynolds Number
Apply the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow
Calculate the equivalent Reynolds Number

45

Required Flow Rate


Since drilling fluid is incompressible, the volume or flow rate will be constant at
any point in the circulating system. The flow velocity will vary due to changes in
cross-sectional area,
or,
q = A v (in consistent units)

46

Geometry of the Well Bore

From Bourgoyene et al. (1991)

47

An Experience Factor to Determine the Required Output Flow Rate of


the Mud Pumps
To determine the required output flow rate of the mud pumps, an experience
factor is used to determine the required minimum upward velocity in the annulus
necessary for the efficient removal of the cuttings. This "experience" velocity is
usually given in ft./min and can be used to calculate the required flow rate,
or,
q = A v in consistent units or,

q = 2.448 (d2hole- d2OD pipe) v

Note: 2.448 = (0.7854)(1/122)(60)(7.48)


Note: 0.7854 = /4

Where

q = gal/min
d = in
v = ft./sec

48

Class Activity: Example 12 (Calculate Required Flow Rate)


If the bore hole is 8 " and using 4 " OD drill pipe, what is the required flow rate
if the minimum upward velocity is 195 ft./min.?

49

Example 12 Solution
q=Av
Where,

q = ft3/sec

A = ft2
v = ft./sec

Then

Note: = 0.7854
A = (8.75)2 - (4.5)2 = 0.3071ft2
4

12

12

v = 195 ft./min = 3.25 ft./sec


60 sec/min
And,
q = (0.3071) (3.25) = 1 ft3/sec = 449 gal/min

Or,
q = 2.448 (d2hole - d2OD pipe) v
q = 2.448 (8.752 - 4.52) (195) = 448 gal/min
60

50

Viscosity

51

Viscosity of a Fluid
Viscosity of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear,
or,
Force / Velocity
Area

[Pressure/Rate of velocity change]

Distance

then,
(lbf
ft2

ft./sec)(gc) = lbm/ft.-sec

[Basic Engineering Units]

ft.

52

Types of Flow
Laminar flow occurs when all individual particles in the fluid flow in a straight line parallel to the axis of the
conductor. Under certain conditions (velocity, viscosity, density, and diameter of the conductor),
Turbulent flow occurs when the particles flow in a random manner.
The Reynolds Number, NR, relationship is used to determine the type of flow under given conditions,
Or,
NR = dv

= (diameter, ft) * (density, lbm/ft3) * (velocity, ft/sec)

Where,

viscosity, lbm/ft-sec

NR = dimensionless number

d = diameter, ft.
v = velocity, ft./sec
= viscosity, lbm/ft.-sec
= density, lbm/ft3
Or,
NR = (928) d v (field units)

Where,

NR = dimensionless number

d = diameter, in
= density, lbm/gal
v = velocity, ft./sec
= viscosity,cp

53

Types of Flow (Cont.)


Through experiment, laminar flow exists when the value of the Reynolds Number is
less than 2000 and turbulent flow exists when the value of the Reynolds Number
greater than 2000,

Or,
NR < 2000; laminar flow
NR > 2000; turbulent flow

Note: In some cases, NR < 400; laminar flow


In transition flow, between
NR > 4000; turbulent flow

54

Newtonian Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Pipe


The Hagen-Poiseuille equation states the relationship between pressure drop due
to friction and other flow factors for a Newtonian fluid under laminar flow conditions
in a straight, circular pipe,

or,
pf = 32 L v (Basic units)
gc d2
Or,

pf = L v

(Field units)

1500 d2
Where,

pf = psi
= cp

L = ft. d = in
v = ft./sec

55

Class Activity: Example 13 (Minimum Diameter of a Pipe)


What is the minimum diameter of a pipe needed to insure laminar flow in a pipe
carrying a Newtonian fluid ( = 20 cp & Sp. Gr. = 0.80) at a rate of 40 gal/min?

56

Example 13 Solution
To insure laminar flow, NR = 2000 then,
NR = 2000 = 928 d v;

= (0.80)(8.34) = 6.67 lbm/gal


v=

2.448(d)2

40

2.448(d)2

= 20 cp
Then,

2000 = (928)(d)(6.67) (
20

40

) = (928)(6.67)(40)

2.448 d2

(20)(2.448)(d)

d = 5053 = 2.53"
2000

57

Class Activity: Example 14 Calculate the Pressure Drop


Calculate the pressure drop in 10 miles of the pipe in Example #13 if the 2.53" line
is replaced with a 6 ID line.

58

Example 14 Solution
NR = 928 d v

Where,

v=

d = 6"
= 6.67lbm / gal

40

= 20 cp

= 0.45 ft./sec

2.448d2
Then,
NR = (928)(6)(6.67)(0.45) = 836 ; 836<2000, \laminar flow

20
Or,
pf = L v = (20)(10)(5280)(0.45) = 9 psi
1500 d2

(1500) (6)2

59

Pipe, Turbulent Flow


The Fanning Equation states the relationship between pressure drop due to friction
and other flow factors for a Newtonian fluid under turbulent flow conditions in a
straight, circular pipe,
Or,
pf = 2 f L v2 (Basic units) where, f = Fanning Friction Factor
gc d

f = dimensionless

Or,
pf = f L v2 (Field units) where,

25.8 d

pf = psi

f = dimensionless
= lbm/gal
L = ft.
v = ft./sec

d = in

60

Fanning Friction Factor vs. Reynolds Number


Fanning Friction Factor Curves

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Flow inside glass tubes


Flow inside steel pipe
Annular flow between steel pipe
Annular flow between open hole and steel pipe
61

Text Book p. 254

Class Activity: Example 15 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in psi in 1500' of 4"ID pipe carrying oil (Sp.Gr. = 0.825
& viscosity = 12 cp) at a rate of 1550 gal/min. (The oil is a Newtonian fluid;
Newtonian fluid is only described with viscosity and does not have a yield point)

62

Example 15 Solution
NR = 928 d v ;

= (0.825) (8.34) = 6.88 lbm/gal


d = 4"
v=
q
=
1550
= 39.5 ft./sec
2.448 (d)2
2.448 (4)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(6.88)(4)(39.5) = 84,064 > 2000, turbulent flow
12
Then,
pf =f L v2 ;
f = 0.0055 (from Curve II, f-Curves)
25.8(d)
= 6.88 lbm/gal
L = 1500 ft.
v = 39.5 ft./sec
d = 4 in
Then,
pf = (0.0055) (6.88) (1500) (39.5)2 = 858psi
(25.8) (4)

63

Class Activity: Example 16 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in Example #15 if the pipe diameter is doubled.

64

Example 16 Solution
d = 8"
= 6.88 lbm/gal
v = 1550 = 9.88 ft./sec
2.448(8)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(6.88)(8)(9.88) = 42,053 > 2000, turbulent flow
12
f = .0062 (from Curve II, f-Curves)
Then,
pf = (.0062)(6.88)(1500)(9.88)2 = 30 psi
(25.8)(8)
Note: For the same flow rate, doubling the diameter of the pipe decreases the
pressure drop from 858 psi to 30 psi or 97%.

65

Class Activity: Example 17 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in psi/100' of a 10" ID line carrying a 9 lbm/gal, 12 cP
Newtonian fluid at the rate of 53 gal/min.

66

Example 17 Solution
NR = 928 d v ; = 9 lbm/gal

d = 10"
v=
53
= 0.216 ft./sec
2.448 (10)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(9)(10)(0.216) = 1503 ; 1503 < 2000, therefore laminar flow
(12)

pf = L v = (12) (100) (0.216) = 0.0017 psi/100'


1500 d2
1500(10)2

67

Class Activity: Example 18 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop/100' for the line in Example #17 if the flow rate is
doubled.

68

Example 18 Solution
NR = 928 d v ; = 9 lbm/gal

d = 10"
v=

106 = 0.433 ft./sec


2.448 (10)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(9)(100)(0.433)2 = 3014 ; 3014 > 2000, turbulent flow
(12)
pf = f L v2 ; f = 0.0115 (equation or curve II)
25.8 d
pf = (0.0115)(9)(100)(0.4333)2 = 0.0075 psi/100'
(25.8)(10)

Note: Doubling the flow rate in Examples #16 & #17 changed the type of flow
from laminar to turbulent and increased the pressure drop by 4+ times.

69

Newtonian Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Annulus

d1 = outside diameter of the inside conductor


d2 = inside diameter of the outside conductor

Therefore,
de = 4 rh = (4)( /4)(d22 - d2i) = (d2 - di)
(d2 + di)
The actual velocity, va, in an annulus
is,
va =
q
ft./sec
2.448 (d22 - d2i)
70

Laminar Flow in Pipe vs. Annulus

(a)

(b)

71

Type of Flow in an Annulus


Calculate the equivalent Reynolds Number using the equivalent diameter and
the actual velocity.
Or,
Nre = 757(d 2 - di) va; Nr < 2000, laminar flow

Nre =757 de va
Nr > 2000, turbulent flow

If laminar, use the Hagen-Poiseuille equation modified for annular flow to


calculate pressure drop,

Or,
pf =

L va
=
1000(d 2 - di)2

L va
(Field units)
1000(de)2

72

Class Activity: Example 19 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in the annulus per 1000' of 5"OD pipe suspended in a
15" hole when a Newtonian fluid (Sp.Gr. = 0.92 & viscosity = 8 cP) is flowing at a
rate of 100 gal/min.

73

Example 19 Solution
NR = 757 de va ;

va =
q
=
2.448(d22 - di2)

= (0.92)(8.34) = 7.67 lbm/gal


de = (d2 - di) = (15 - 5) = 10"
100 __ = 0.204 ft./sec.
2.448(152 - 52)
= 8 cP

Then,
NR = (757)(7.67)(10)(0.204) = 1815; 1815 < 2000, Laminar flow
(8)
Then,
pf = L va = (8)(1000)(0.204) = 0.016 psi/1000'
1000 d2e
1000(10)2

74

Newtonian Fluid - Turbulent Flow - In Annulus


The Fanning equation for turbulent flow applies only to a straight, circular pipe and cannot be used directly if
the cross-sectional area of flow is an annulus. To use this equation for an annulus, the annular crosssectional area must be expressed as an equivalent cross-sectional area of pipe which will have the same
pressure drop per length at the same flow rate. This expression is the diameter of a pipe which will have the
same pressure drop-flow rate relation as the equivalent cross section of the annulus,

Or,
de = (d2 d1)

75

Type of Flow in an Annulus


Calculate the equivalent Reynolds Number using the equivalent diameter and the
actual velocity,
Or,
Nre = 757 de v ; NR < 2000, laminar flow

NR > 2000, turbulent flow

If turbulent flow, use the Fanning equation to calculate pressure drop,


Or,
pf = f L v2 = (field units)(Determine f from NR and f-curves)
21.1 de

76

Class Activity: Example 20 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


With 3000' of 2 nom. tubing (OD 2.375" & ID = 1.995") hung in 5", 18 lb./ft. (ID =
4.276") casing, salt water (Sp.Gr. = 1.05 & viscosity = 5 cP) is being pumped down
the tubing and back up the annulus at a rate of 400 gal/min. Calculate the
pressure drop in the annulus.

77

Example 20 Solution
Nre = 757 de va ; = (1.05)(8.34) = 8.76 lbm/gal

de = (d2 - di) = (4.276 - 2.375) = 1.901


va =

q
=
2.448(d22 - di2)

400
= 12.91 ft./sec.
2.448(4.2762 - 2.3752)

= 5cP
Then,
Nre = (757)(8.76)(1.901)(12.91) = 39 902; turbulent flow
5
f = 0.0070 (from Curve III, f-Curves)
Then,
pf = f L v2a = (0.0070)(8.76)(3000)(12.91)2 = 626 psi
21.1 de
(21.1)(1.901)

78

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.2: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.2.6
Effect of Well Deviation (pp. 192-194); Section 5.3 Steady Flow of Drilling
Fluids (pp. 194 206)
Assignment 7.2: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.10, 5.11, 5.12 on
page 296 - 297; Show Your Work!

79

Lesson 3: Rheology Models (non-Newtonian Models)

80

Lesson 3: Rheology Models Learning Objectives


In this lesson we will:
Interpret laminar and turbulent flow patterns in pipe
Solve the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flows
Determine where viscosity appears in the Fanning equation for turbulent flow

Calculate the pressure drop in the annulus

81

Laminar and Turbulent Flow Patterns in Pipe

Textbook p. 246

82

Plastic Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Pipe (Will discuss)


Referring to the plastic fluid viscosity curve, the equation for the straight line portion of the
curve is,
pf = m v + YB
And the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow is,
pf = 32 v L
g c d2
Or,
Slope = m = pf = 32 L
v
gc d2
Then,
pf = ( 32 L)(v) + YB
gc d 2
And,
YB expressed in equivalent pressure terms = 4 YB L
d
Then,
pf = 32 p L v + 4 YB L (Basic units)
gc d2
d
Or,
pf = p L v + YB L (Field units)
1500 d2
300 d

83

Plastic Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Pipe (Cont.)


The Reynolds Number equation and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow
apply only to a Newtonian fluid flowing in a straight, circular pipe. If these equations
are to be used for a plastic fluid, an equivalent viscosity, e, which is the viscosity a
plastic fluid would have if it were a Newtonian fluid, must be used,
And,
e = 5 YB d + p ( Field Units )
v

Since e is an equivalent Newtonian viscosity, it can be used in the Reynolds Number


equation,
Or,

NR = 928 d v ;
5 YB d + p
v

NR < 2000, laminar flow


NR > 2000, turbulent flow

84

Plastic Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Pipe (Cont.)


Setting Nr = 2000 and solving for velocity yields a critical velocity, vc, and an actual velocity
below which is laminar flow and an actual velocity above which is turbulent flow,
Or,

vact < vc , laminar flow


vact > vc , turbulent flow

Then,
NR = 2000 = 928 d v
5 YB d + p
v

This leads to a quadratic equation for v solved as:


Or,
vc = 1.08 p + 1.08 (2p + 9.3 d2 YB)0.5
d
Note: (Field Units) - is the minus portion discarded because a negative velocity
would be meaningless
And,
vact =

q
(Field units)
2.448 d2

85

Class Activity: Example 21 (Pressure Drop; non-Newtonian fluid)


What is the pressure drop in 4000' of 5 , 17 lb./ft. casing (ID = 4.892") when
carrying 9.2 lbm/gal drilling mud (Plastic viscosity = p = 20 cP & Bingham Yield
point = YB = 25 lbf/100 ft) at a rate of 150 gal/min?

86

Example 21 Solution
vc = (1.08)(20) + {1.08 ( (20)2 + (9.3)(9.2)(4.892)2(25)}0.5 = 5.94 ft./sec.
(9.2)(4.892)
And,
vact =
150
= 2.56 ft./sec
2.448(4.892)2
Therefore,
2.63 < 5.94 or v act < vc ; laminar flow
Then,
PF = (20)(4000)(2.56) + (25)(4000) = 5.706 + 68.14
1500 (4.892)2
300(4.892)
PF = 73.8 psi

87

Class Activity: Example 22 (Maximum Flow Rate)


What is the maximum flow rate allowable through 1000' of 3" ID line carrying a 10
lbm/gal plastic fluid ( = 30 cP & Yt = 15 lbf/100 ft) to insure laminar flow?

88

Example 22 Solution
vc = (1.08)(30) + {1.08( (30)2 + (9.3)(10)(3)2 (4/3) (15)}0.5 = 5.86 ft./sec
(10)(3)
To insure laminar flow, vc = vact = 5.86 ft./sec

Then,
Or,

vact = 5.86 =

q
.
2.448(3)2

q = 129.2 gal/min

89

Determine f
Determine f using the f-Curves and the Reynolds Number, NR, calculated using the
actual velocity, vact , and plastic viscosity, P,
Or,
NR = 928 d

vact (Field units)

P
Then,
Dpf = f

L v2act

(Field units)

25.8 de

90

Plastic Fluid - Turbulent Flow - In Pipe


Determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent by calculating the critical velocity, vc,
and comparing to the actual velocity, vact ,
or,
vact < vc ; laminar flow
vact > vc ; turbulent flow
If flow is turbulent, the Fanning Equation must be used to calculate the pressure in a
straight, circular pipe.

91

Class Activity: Example 23 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in 600' of 4 ID pipe carrying 9.0 lb./gal mud (P
= 18 cP & YB = 25 lbf/100 ft) at a rate of 400 gal/min.

92

Example 23 Solution
vc = (1.08)(18) + (1.08){(18)2 + (9.3)(9.0)(4)2(25)}0.5 = 6.06 ft./sec
(9.0)(4)
vact =

400
= 10.2 ft./sec
2.448(4)2

10.2 > 6.06 or vact > vc ; turbulent flow


Then,
NR = (928)(4)(9.0)(10.2) = 18931 ; f = 0.0075
(18)

And,
pf = (0.0075)(9.0)(600)(10.2)2 = 41 psi
(25.8)(4)

93

The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for Laminar Flow


This expression is the diameter of a circular pipe which will have the
same pressure drop-flow rate relation as the equivalent diameter of the
annulus,
Or,
Equivalent diameter, de, is defined as , rh = Cross-sectional area of flow
Wetted perimeter
Where, the wetted perimeter is the total length of surface contacted by
the fluid;

94

The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation for Laminar Flow (Cont.)


d = inside diameter of the outside
conductor
d1 = outside diameter of the inside
conductor

Therefore,
de = 4 rh = (4)(/4)(d2 - d2i) = (d - di)
(d + di)
The actual velocity, va, in an annulus
is,
va =
q
ft./sec
2.448 (d2 - d2i)

95

Type of Flow in an Annulus


The expression for determining the critical velocity, vc, is modified when the flow
is in an annulus, or,
vc = 1.08p + 1.08( 2p + 6.98 d2e YB) 0.5

where, de = (d - d1)

de

Determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent by calculating the critical velocity,


vc, using the equivalent diameter, (d - d1), and comparing to the actual velocity,
vact,
Or,
vact < vc ; laminar flow
vact > vc ; turbulent flow

If laminar flow , the Hagen-Poiseuille equation modified for annular flow must be
used to calculate pressure drop using de, vact, and p
pf =

p L vact
1000 (d - d1)2

YB L

(Field units)

200 (d - d1)

96

Class Activity: Example 24 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in the annulus with 3000' of 4 " drill pipe suspended in
a 7 " hole. The mud is 10.2 lb./gal (p = 30 cP & YB = 28 lbf/100 ft) and the flow
rate is that required to give an upward annular velocity of 165 ft./min.

97

Example 24 Solution
de = 7.875 - 4.5 = 3.375"
vc = (1.08)(30) + (1.08) (30) 2 + (6.98)(10.2)(3.375)2(28) = 5.76 ft./sec
(10.2)(3.375)
vact = 165 ft./min = 2.75 ft./sec
60 sec/min
2.75 < 5.76 or vact < vc ; laminar flow
Then,
pf = (30)(3000)(2.75) +
(1000)(3.375)2

(28)(3000) = 21.73 + 93.22 = 115 psi


(200)(3.375)

98

Type of Flow in an Annulus


Determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent by calculating the critical velocity, vc,
and comparing to the actual velocity, vact or,

vact < vc ; laminar flow


vact > vc ; turbulent flow
If flow is turbulent, the Fanning equation must be used to calculate the pressure
in a straight, circular pipe.

99

Type of Flow in an Annulus (Cont.)


Note: Viscosity does not appear in the Fanning equation for turbulent flow except
in determining the friction factor, f, from the Reynolds Number equation and the
f-Curves and has little effect on the pressure drop calculation when turbulent
flow exists.
Determine f using the f-curves and the Reynolds Numbers, NR, calculated using
the actual velocity, vact, and plastic velocity, p, and equivalent diameter, de

or
NR = 757 de vact (Field units)
p
then,
pf = f L v2act (Field units)
21.1 de

100

Class Activity: Example 25 (Calculate the Pressure Drop)


Calculate the pressure drop in the annulus for 390' of 6 " OD drill collars
suspended in a 8 " hole. The mud is 9.0 lb./gal (p = 15 cP & Yb = 22 lbf/100 ft)
and the flow rate is 485 gal/min.

101

Example 25 Solution
de = 8.5 - 6.625 = 1.875"
vc = (1.08)(15) + (1.08) {(15)2 + (6.98)(9.0)(1.875)2(22)} 0.5 = 5.52 ft./sec
(9.0)(1.875)

Vact =

485
= 6.98 ft./sec
(2.448)(8.52 - 6.6252)

6.98 > 5.52 or vact > vc ; turbulent flow

Then,
NR = (757)(9.0)(1.875)(6.98) = 5,944; f = 0.0105 (Curve IV, f-Curves)
(15)
And,
pf = (0.0105)(9.0)(390)(6.98)2 = 44.9 psi
(21.1)(1.875)

102

Density and Viscosity Video (Optional if Lab is not Available or has


not been completed in Module 3)
Instructions

Review Video
Complete questions (Handout in SharePoint)
Prepare to discuss in class.

Additional questions regarding this video may be on a quiz or test.


This experiment will help you to:
Grasp the rheological models of drilling fluids, such as:
Newtonian Model
Bingham Plastic Model
Power Law Model
Use instruments, such as mud balance, Fann VG meter (Viscometer), pH scale and Beckman pH
meter, Stirrer, and Stopwatch
Know something about common chemicals used in drilling
Get familiar with flow and chemical parameters, such as:
Density
Viscosity
Gel strength
pH

103

Density and Viscosity VideoQuestions and Answers


1. Bentonite clay is a gelling material and helps increase the viscosity of water.
a. True
b. False
2. What is the specific gravity of Bentonite clay?
a. 2.56
b. 2.65
c. 2.78
d. 2.85
3. Fresh water is also known as a Newtonian Fluid.
a. True
b. False

104

Density and Viscosity VideoQuestions and Answers


4. What is the reason for using 350 cc of water in lab for conducting such
experiments?
a. Short way of measuring things in lab
b. Corresponds to the oil filed units
c. All of the above
5. What was the density of the Bentonite clay fluid?
a. 8.5 lbm/gal
b. 8.6 lbm/gal
c. 8.7 lbm/gal
d. 8.8 lbm/gal
6. What does X denotes in the equation that describes the physical model of a
Bingham Plastic Fluid?
a. Density
b. Viscosity
c. Revolutions per minute (RPM)
d. Weight
105

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.3: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.4
Rheological Models of Drilling Fluids (pp. 206-213 only)

Assignment 7.3: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.20, 5.21, 5.22. 5.23,
5.24, 5.25 on pages 297 - 298; Show Your Work!

106

Lesson 4: Pressure Drop in Pipe

107

Lesson 4: Pressure Drop in Pipe Learning Objectives


In this lesson we will:
Identify the primary type of pressure drops involved in drilling and production
operations
Calculate pressure drop in pipe and annuli
Compare turbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
Calculate summation pressure drop and cutting transport

108

Flow in a Cylindrical Annulus

Textbook p. 221

PT see notes: This is a tau (Font symbol)


109

Pressure Drop in Pipe and AnnuliExample Calculation


Given:
Pump: 3500 psi max surface pressure, 1600 hp max input, 0.85 efficiency
Surface Equipment: equivalent to 340 ft. of drillpipe
Drillpipe: 4.5 inch OD, 16.6 lb./ft., 3.78 inch ID, FH-XH
Drill collars: 600 ft., 6.5 inch OD, 2.5 inch ID
Surface casing: 3000 ft., 8.835 inch ID
Bit: 8.5 inch
Minimum velocity to lift cuttings = 1 ft./sec
Determine the proper pump operating conditions and bit nozzle sizes for maximum bit
horsepower at 1000 ft. increments for an interval of the well between 8000 ft. and intermediate
casing at 12 000 ft.
Mud Plan:
Depth
ft.

p
cp

ty
lbf/100ft2

lbm/gal

K
equiv. cp

8000

12.50

26.7761

12.48

.6573

339.611

9000

14.56

26.0576

48.63

.2524

7514.073

10000

15.60

35.9729

2.13

.9296

59.396

11000

15.60

53.5043

45.96

.3674

4860.413

12000

16.40

58.1985

32.56

.4924

2057.784

110

Mud @ 8000 ft.

111

Pressure Drop Throughout the Circulation System


1

112

Calculate Pressure Drop in Friction in Seven Places

1 = Surface Equipment

2 = Inside Drill Pipe

3 = Inside Drill Collars

4 = Annulus between Open Hole and Drill Collars

5 = Annulus between Open Hole and Drill Pipe (may have 0 length)

6 = Annulus between Cased Hole and Drill Pipe

7 = Annulus between Cased Hole and Drill Collar (May have 0 length)
1

In this picture,
Position 5 has 0
length.
In the previous
slide, Position 7
has 0 length.

113

P Parasitic Components
PFQ = PSE + PDP + PDC + POH/DC + POH/DP + PCH/DP + PCH/DC

*5

* Position 5 or Position 7 will have a length of zero

114

*7

Log of q versus Log of P Parasitic

115

Pressure Parasitic at qmax


We will now calculate pressure parasitic at qmax
This is called interval 1
This will have 7 steps
1.

pressure through surface equipment, (pipe flow, turbulent)

2.

pressure through drill pipe, (pipe flow, turbulent)

3.

pressure through drill collars, (pipe flow, turbulent)

4.

pressure in annulus between open hole and drill collars, (annular flow, laminar)

5.

pressure in annulus between open hole and drill pipe, (annular flow, laminar)

6.

pressure in annulus between cased hole and drill collars, (annular flow,
laminar)

7.

pressure in annulus between cased hole and drill pipe, (annular flow, laminar)

116

Critical Reynolds Number versus Hedstrom Plot

117

Interval 1
Determine correct qmax :
qmaxpump = 1714 PHP E/Pmax

qmaxpump = 1714 * 1600 * 0.85 / 3500 = 666.0 gal/min


qmaxlaminar:
de = 0.8165 ( d2 - d1 )

Note: at smallest annular cross-section: open hole/collar

1.633 inch = 0.8165 * ( 8.5 - 6.5 )

NHEAnnulus = 37100 ty de2 / mp2


215271 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 1.6332 / 26.77612
NReCAnnulus = 5004 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve
qmaxlaminar = 0.0026385 NREC Annulus mp (d2 + d1) /

424.2 gal/min = 0.0026385 * 5004 * 26.7761 * ( 8.5 + 6.5 ) / 12.50


qmax = smallest of qmaxpump or qmax laminar
424.4 gal/min < 666.0 gal/min

118

p Surface Equipment @ qmax: Position 1


v = q / 2.448 / d2
12.13 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / 3.782

Note: drill pipe-equivalent

NReBingham = 928 v d /p
19864 = 928 * 12.50 * 12.13 * 3.78 / 26.7761
turbulent flow indicated

NHE = 37100 ty d2 / p2
115342 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 3.782 / 26.77612
NReC = 7000

Note: from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve @ NHe = 115342

turbulent flow indicated

119

Compare f Position 1
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.001405 = 16 [ 1 / 19864 + ( 115342 / 198642 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.006482 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve @ NRe = 19864 (See slide 118)
fturbulentDS = 0.057 / NRe0.2

0.007875 = 0.057 / 198640.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.006663 = 0.0791 / 198640.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.006482 > 0.001405

120

Figure Reynolds Number versus Fanning Friction Factor

121

Critical Reynolds Numbers to Bingham Plastic Fluids

122

Turbulent Part of the Reynolds Number vs Fanning Friction Factor

123

Calculate Pressure Through Surface Equipment (Position 1)


p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / d
0.1222 = 0.03875 * 0.006482 * 12.50 * 12.132 / 3.78
p = p/ DL L
41.55 psi = 0.1222 * 340

124

pDrillpipe @ qmax: Position 2


v = q / 2.448 / d2
12.13 ft./sec. = 424.2 / 2.448 / 3.782

NreBingham = 928 v d / p
19864 = 928 * 12.50 * 12.13 * 3.78 / 26.7761
turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty d2/p2

115342 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 3.782 / 26.77612


NReC = 7000 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve @ NHe = 115342 turbulent
flow indicated

125

Compare f Position 2
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.001405 = 16 [ 1 / 19864 + ( 115342 / 198642 ) / 7.9 ]

fturbulent = 0.006482 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve @ NRe = 19864


f turbulent DS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2
0.007875 = 0.057 / 198640.2
fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25

0.006663 = 0.0791 / 198640.25


compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value

0.006482 > 0.001405

126

Calculate Pressure through Drill Pipe (Position 2)


p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / d
0.1222 = 0.03875 * 0.006482 * 12.50 * 12.132 / 3.78

p = p/DL L
904.2 psi = 0.1222 * 7400

127

pDrill Collars @ qmax: Position 3


v = q / 2.448 / d2
27.74 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / 2.52

NReBingham = 928 v d /mp


30043 = 928 * 12.50 * 27.74 * 2.5 / 26.7761
turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty d2 / p2

50453 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 2.52 / 26.77612


NReC = 5000 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve @ NHe = 50 453
turbulent flow indicated

128

Compare f Position 3
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.0006457 = 16 [ 1 / 30043 + (50453 / 300432 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.006082 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve @ NRe = 19 864
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2

0.007250 = 0.057 / 300430.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.006008 = 0.0791 / 300430.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve curve fit value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.006082 > 0.0006457

129

Calculate Pressure Through Drill Collars (Position 3)


p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / d
0.8743 = 0.03875 * 0.006082 * 12.50 * 27.242 / 2.5
p = p/DL L
524.6 psi = 0.8743 * 600

130

pDrill Collar / Bit @ qmax: Position 4 OPEN HOLE/DOLLAR


v = q / 2.448 / ( d22 - d12 )
5.776 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / ( 8.52 - 6.52 )
de = 0.8165 ( d2 - d1 )
1.633 = 0.8165 * ( 8.5 - 6.5 )

NreBingham = 928 v de /p
4000 = 928 * 12.50 * 5.776 * 1.633 / 26.7761
laminar / turbulent flow indicated NHE = 37100 ty de2 / p2
21527 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 1.6332 / 26.77612
NReC = 5004 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve @ NHe = 21 527
laminar flow indicated

131

Friction Position 4 (more discussion)


flaminar = 24 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.01010 = 24 [ 1 / 4000 + ( 21527 / 40002 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.01002 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit @ NRe = 4000
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2

0.01085 = 0.057 / 40000.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.009946 = 0.0791 / 40000.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002

use from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value


compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.01002 < 0.01010

132

Pressure Drop Calculation Position 4


p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.09815 = 0.03875 * 0.01010 * 12.50 * 5.7762 / 1.663
p = p / DL L
58.89 psi = 0.09815 * 600
WHAT IS THE RATIONALE OF USING THE Fanning FACTOR FOR LAMINAR
FLOW ???

133

pDrill Collar / Csg @ qmax: Position 7


v = q / 2.448 / ( d22 - d12 )
4.839 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / ( 8.8352 - 6.52 )
de = 0.8165 ( d2 - d1 )
1.907 = 0.8165 * ( 8.835 - 6.5 )

NreBingham = 928 v de /mp


3998 = 928 * 12.50 * 4.839 * 1.907 / 26.7761
laminar / turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty de2 / p2
29357 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 1.9072 / 26.77612
NReC = 5400 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve curve fit @ NHe = 29357
laminar flow indicated

134

Friction Position 7
flaminar = 24 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.01158 = 24 [ 1 / 3998 + ( 29357 / 39982 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009988 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 3998
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2

0.01085 = 0.057 / 39980.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.009946 = 0.0791 / 39980.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.009988 < 0.01158

135

Pressure Position 7
p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.06889 = 0.03875 * 0.01158 * 12.50 * 4.839**2 / 1.907
p = p/DL L
0.0 psi = 0.06889 * 0

136

pDrillpipe / Bit @ qmax: Position 5


v = q / 2.448 / ( d22 - d12 )
3.332 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / ( 8.52 - 4.52 )
de = 0.8165 ( d2 - d1 )
3.266 = 0.8165 * ( 8.5 - 4.5 )

NreBingham = 928 v de /mp


4714 = 928 * 12.50 * 3.332 * 3.266 / 26.7761
laminar / turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty de2 / p2
86108 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 3.2662 / 26.77612
NReC = 6500 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve fit @ NHe = 86108
laminar flow indicated

137

Friction Position 6
flaminar = 24 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.009514 = 24 [ 1 / 4714 + ( 86108 / 47142 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009462 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 4714
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2

0.01050 = 0.057 / 47140.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.009546 = 0.0791 / 47140.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.009462 < 0.009514

138

Pressure Position 6
p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.01567 = 0.03875 * 0.009514 * 12.50 * 3.3322 / 3.266
p = (p/ DL ) L
68.93 psi = 0.01567 * 4400

139

pDrillpipe / Csg @ qmax: Position 6


v = q / 2.448 / ( d22 - d12 )
2.998 ft./sec = 424.2 / 2.448 / ( 8.8352 - 4.52 )
de = 0.8165 ( d2 - d1 )
3.540 = 0.8165 * ( 8.835 - 4.5 )

NreBingham =

928 v de /p

4582 = 928 * 12.50 * 2.998 * 3.540 / 26.7761


laminar / turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty de2 / p2
101162 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 3.5402 / 26.77612
NReC = 7000 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve fit @ NHe = 101162
laminar flow indicated

140

Friction Position 6
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.009709 = 16 [ 1 / 4582 + ( 101162 / 45822 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009688 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 4582
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2

0.01056 = 0.057 / 45820.2


fturbulentSPE = 0.0791 / NRe0.25
0.009614 = 0.0791 / 45820.25
compare fturbulent report error if disagreement exceeds 0.002
use Figure 16 curve fit value
compare fturbulent with flaminar take largest value
0.009988 < 0.01158

(0.009688 < 0.009709)

141

Pressure Position 6
p/ DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.01194 = 0.03875 * 0.009709 * 12.50 * 2.9982 / 3.540
p = (p/ DL ) L
35.81 psi = 0.01194 * 3000

142

Summation of Parasitic Pressure Drops


PFQ = PSE + PDP +

PDC + POH/DC + POH/DP + PCH/DC + PCH/DP

PFQ = 41.55 + 904.2 + 524.6 +


1

58.89 +

0.00 +

68.93 +

35.81

Note: Position 5 or Position 6 will have length of 0.00

143

Bit Nozzles
At each depth a like calculation is made. The results are shown below:

Depth
ft.

pd
psi

8000

q
vmina
gal/min ft./sec
psi
378.68
2.68

pbit
psi

1383

2129 3512

11 11 11

436.35

9000

549.87

3.89

2129

1383 3511

15 15 16

325.78

10000

247.91

1.75

951

2542 3493

9 9 9

426.73

11000

199.53

1.41

1615

1903 3518

8 9 9

369.29

12000

239.86

1.69

1643

1871 3514

9 10 10

357.05

144

ptotal

Jets
32 inch

vbit
ft./sec

Log of q versus Log of P Parasitic

145

Bit Nozzle Calculation


pbit = pmaxpump - d dopt
2083 psi = 3500 - 1417
AT = (0.00008311 qopt2 / Cd2 / p bit)0.5
0.2862 inch2 = (0.00008311*12.5*385.02 / 0.952 / 2083 )0.5

nozzle = ( AT 1.333 /p)0.5 * 32


11.1557 = ( 0.2862 * 1.333 / p) 0.5 * 32

146

Summary of the Calculation Process for all Depths

Depth
ft.

pd
psi

8000

q
vopt
gal/min ft./sec
psi
378.68 2.68

pbit
psi

1383

2129 3512

11 11 11

436.35

9000

549.87

3.89

2129

1383 3511

15 15 16

325.78

10000

247.91

1.75

951

2542 3493

9 9 9

426.73

11000

199.53

1.41

1615

1903 3518

8 9 9

369.29

12000

239.86

1.69

1643

1871 3514

9 10 10

357.05

147

ptotal

Jets
32 inch

vbit
ft./sec

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.4: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.5
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli (pp. 218-240 only); Section 5.6 Turbulent
Flow in Pipes and Annuli (pp. 245-260 omit Hershel Bulkley Model), p. 267
only)

148

Lesson 5: Newtonian Fluids

149

Lesson 5: Newtonian Fluids Learning Objectives


In this lesson we will:
Calculate summation of pressure drop in system and cutting transports for
Newtonian Fluids

150

Newtonian Fluid Calculation


For the following problems :
A 8.625" OD 24 lb./ft. 8.097" nominal ID 7.972" drift ID surface casing set and cemented at
2000 ft. TVD & MD;
The drilling string, currently at 10,000 ft. (TVD, MD), consists of a 7.875" tri-cone rock bit,
1000 ft. of 4.75" OD 2.25" ID 46.70 lb./ft., drill collars 4.5" OD 16.60 lb./ft. 3.826" ID drill
pipe.
The surface equipment is equivalent to 500 ft. of drill pipe.
The drilling mud is 9.0 lb. /gal, = 25 cp Newtonian fluid.

Note: May be assigned as homework and then review answers (next slide) or work on
calculation together in class

151

Newtonian Fluid Calculation (Answers)


1.

2.

Continuing with the information from the problems above, the mud pump is a 6 x 10 x 2
single acting triplex, volumetric efficiency 0.95, maximum recommend pump pressure is
2200 psi. (Note 3 strokes per minute = 1 revolution per minute.) The number of strokes
per minute to pump at q min is most nearly:
a.

a. 64

b.

b. 129

c.

c. 191

d.

d. 222

The hydraulic horsepower used by the pump at q min and maximum pump pressure is
most nearly:
a. 285

b. 342

c. 469

152

d. 496

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.5: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.9
Calculating Steady-State Pressures in a Wellbore (pp.267 269, omit 5.9.2)

Assignment 7.5: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.27, 5.28, 5.29. 5.30,
5.31on page 298; Show Your Work!

153

Lesson 6: Plastic Fluids

154

Lesson 6: Plastic Fluids Learning Objectives


In this lesson, students will be able to:
Calculate summation of pressure drop in system and cutting transports from Plastic
Fluids

155

Lesson 6: Plastic Fluids Calculation


For problems 1 -11:
A 9.625" OD 36 lb./ft. 8.921" nominal ID 8.765" drift ID surface casing set and cemented at
3000 ft. TVD & MD;
The drilling string, currently at 10,000 ft. (TVD, MD), consists of a 7.875" tri-cone rock bit,
1000 ft. of 5.75" OD 2.25" ID 74.70 lb./ft., 4.5" OD 16.60 lb./ft. 3.826" ID drill pipe.
The surface equipment is equivalent to 500 ft. of drill pipe.
The drilling mud is 10.0 lb. /gal, p = 20 cp & Yt = 25 lbf/100 ft2 Bingham Plastic fluid.

Note: May be assigned as homework and then review answers


(next slide) or work on calculation together in class

156

Plastic Fluids Calculation (Answers)


1.

The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the drill pipe is most nearly:


a. 0.0276

2.

d. 0.228 e. 0.324

b. 0.0798

c. 0.180

d. 0.228 e. 0.324

The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the open hole/drill collar annulus is most nearly:
a. 0.0276

4.

c. 0.110

The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the drill collars are most nearly:
a. 0.0276

3.

b. 0.0798

b. 0.0798

c. 0.158

d. 0.310 e. 0.324

The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the open hole/drill pipe annulus is most nearly:

a. 0.0276

b. 0.0798

c. 0.158

157
1

d. 0.228 e. 0.324

Lesson 6: Plastic Fluids Calculation (Answers cont.)


5.

The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the cased hole/drill pipe annulus is most nearly:

a. 0.0276
6.

b. 102

c. 138

d. 145

e. 205

f. 222

b. 17

c. 68

d. 88

e. 138

f. 193

The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the drill pipe at q min is most nearly:
a. 8

9.

d. 0.310 e. 0.324

The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the surface equipment at q min is most nearly:
a. 8

8.

c. 0.158

If the minimum velocity in the annulus required to lift cutting is 1 ft./sec, q min (gal/min) is
most nearly:
a. 71

7.

b. 0.0798

b. 17

c. 68

d. 88

e. 138

f. 193

The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the drill collars at q min is most nearly:
a. 8

b. 17

c. 68

d. 88

e. 138

f. 193

10. The pressure drop, lbf/in2, in the annulus around the drill collars at q min is most nearly:

a. 8

b. 17

c. 68

d. 88

e. 138

f. 237

11. The pressure drop, lbf/in2, in the annulus around the drill pipe at q min is most nearly:

a. 8

b. 17

c. 69

d. 88

158

e. 138

f. 237

Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?

Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.6: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.11 Cutting
Transport (p.279 287, omit 5.11.4, read pp. 289 294, omit 5.11.6, read pp. 289
294, omit 5.11.6
Assignment 7.6: Complete Problems 5.32, 5.33, 5.34. 5.35,5.36, 5.37, and 5.40 on
page 298 - 299; Show Your Work!

159

Credits
Developer

Lloyd R. Heinze, Ph.D., Petroleum Engineering/Texas Tech University

Contributors:

Rui V. Sitoe, Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, UEM


Victoria Johnson, Instructional Designer

160

Anda mungkin juga menyukai