Module 7: Hydraulics
Module 7: Hydraulics
Lesson 1: Hydraulic Pumps
Lesson 1: Learning Objectives
Pumps
Circulating System for Typical Rotary
Drilling Rig
Formula for Volumetric Displacement
for Cylinders
Class Activities: Calculations
Duplex Type
Pump Displacement and Output Flow
Rate
Double Acting Cylinder
Pump Displacement and Output
Volume Rates
Double Acting Duplex Pump
Horse Power Requirements
http://www.hddtrenchless.co
m.au/product/Mud-PumpParts-Pistons-andLiners.cfm
http://www.conservation.
ca.gov/dog/picture_a_w
ell/PublishingImages/DR
ILLING-RIGnew.gif
Mud Pumps
http://www.pacificoilfield.com/images/mud_pump_working.gif
10
12
Where,
q = gal/min
D = in
S = in
N = strokes/min
(2) = No. of cylinders
11
12
Example 1 Solution
10"x 20" describes the pump as;
D = 10"
S = 20"
then, PD = q =.7854(102)(20)(7.48)(40) = 272 gal/min
144
12
Since the placement of fluid in the cylinder by the piston and the operation of the
discharge and suction valves is not 100% efficient due to worn mechanical parts,
the output volume rate will be less than the calculated pump displacement. A
volumetric efficiency, ev, must be used,
or,
qoutput = (PD)(ev)
13
14
Example 2 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 272(.85) = 231 gal/min
15
16
Example 3 Solution
EV = qout
PD
qout = 215 gal/min
PD = .7854(122)(18)(7.48)(30) = 264 gal/min
144
12
Ev = 215 = 0.814 = 81.4%
264
17
Duplex Type
18
(12)
Where,
q = gal/min
D = in
S = in
N = strokes/min
(2) = No. of cylinders
19
20
Example 4 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 125 gal/min = .7854(D2)(16 )(7.48)(25)(2)(0.80) = gal/min
144
12
D2 = 125 = 57
2.18
D = 7.58 in
21
22
144
12
The PD in the connector rod side of the cylinder is the total volume of the
cylinder minus the volume occupied by the connecting rod,
or,
q2 = (PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min
144
12
Then,
12
23
24
Example 5 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(7 + 7 - 2)(14 )(45)(7.48)(0.90) = 181 gal/min
144
12
25
26
Example 6 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(82 + 82 - 2.252)(S )(40)(7.48)(0.80) = 250 gal/min
144
12
S = 250 = 18.7"
1.34
27
28
29
12
Note: Since the two cylinders are driven by connector rods connected to a
common crank, 1 stroke is equivalent to 1 revolution of the crank, or, strokes/min
= RPM of the crank.
30
31
Example 7 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854 {(2)(62) - (1.752)} (12)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.90)
144
12
32
33
Example 8 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = 400 gal/min = .7854(82 + 82 - 22)(16)(N)(7.48)(2)(0.85)
144
12
N = 400 = 35 RPM
11.5
To improve the efficiency of the operating conditions, a liner (or sleeve) can be
inserted in the pump cylinders to decrease the inside diameter of the cylinder (also
decreases the diameter of the piston).
34
Hp = hydraulic horsepower
1714
Note: Pump output flow rate can be calculated from the required upward annular
circulating from the required upward annular circulating velocity and the pump output
pressure will be the pressure required to overcome the pressure drops around the
circulating system (inside the drill string, annulus around the drill string, etc.)
35
(Ex. 7: Calculate the output flow rate of a 6"x12" Double-acting, Duplex pump using
1 3/4" connector rods when operating at 35 RPM and a volumetric efficiency of
90%.)
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854 {(2)(62) - (1.752)} (12)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.90)
144
12
36
Example 9 Solution
qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(2D2 - 22)(16)(35)(7.48)(2)(0.85) = 300 gal/min
144
12
D2 = 48.34; D = 6.95
12.
D = 7.75
37
38
Example 10 Solution
Hpout = q outPp = (PD) (ev)(Pp)
1714
1714
= .7854(72+72-22)(14)(40)(7.48)(2)(0.85)(1500)( 1 )
144
12
1714
Hpout = 266Hp
In the above calculations, the volumetric efficiency is defined as qout
PD
39
40
41
Example 11 Solution
HpPD = Hpout = 266 = 313 Hp
ev
(0.85)
and,
Hpin = HPPD = 313 = 391Hp
em
(0.80)
or,
Hpin = Hpout =
266
= 391 Hp
(ev)(em)(0.85)(0.80)
42
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.1: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.1
Introduction to Drilling, 5.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Calculations (pp. 179 -182);
Section 5.2.4 Equivalent Density Concept (pp. 187-189)
Assignment 7.1: Problem Solving: Complete Problems 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 on page
296; Show Your Work!
43
44
45
46
47
Where
q = gal/min
d = in
v = ft./sec
48
49
Example 12 Solution
q=Av
Where,
q = ft3/sec
A = ft2
v = ft./sec
Then
Note: = 0.7854
A = (8.75)2 - (4.5)2 = 0.3071ft2
4
12
12
Or,
q = 2.448 (d2hole - d2OD pipe) v
q = 2.448 (8.752 - 4.52) (195) = 448 gal/min
60
50
Viscosity
51
Viscosity of a Fluid
Viscosity of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear,
or,
Force / Velocity
Area
Distance
then,
(lbf
ft2
ft./sec)(gc) = lbm/ft.-sec
ft.
52
Types of Flow
Laminar flow occurs when all individual particles in the fluid flow in a straight line parallel to the axis of the
conductor. Under certain conditions (velocity, viscosity, density, and diameter of the conductor),
Turbulent flow occurs when the particles flow in a random manner.
The Reynolds Number, NR, relationship is used to determine the type of flow under given conditions,
Or,
NR = dv
Where,
viscosity, lbm/ft-sec
NR = dimensionless number
d = diameter, ft.
v = velocity, ft./sec
= viscosity, lbm/ft.-sec
= density, lbm/ft3
Or,
NR = (928) d v (field units)
Where,
NR = dimensionless number
d = diameter, in
= density, lbm/gal
v = velocity, ft./sec
= viscosity,cp
53
Or,
NR < 2000; laminar flow
NR > 2000; turbulent flow
54
or,
pf = 32 L v (Basic units)
gc d2
Or,
pf = L v
(Field units)
1500 d2
Where,
pf = psi
= cp
L = ft. d = in
v = ft./sec
55
56
Example 13 Solution
To insure laminar flow, NR = 2000 then,
NR = 2000 = 928 d v;
2.448(d)2
40
2.448(d)2
= 20 cp
Then,
2000 = (928)(d)(6.67) (
20
40
) = (928)(6.67)(40)
2.448 d2
(20)(2.448)(d)
d = 5053 = 2.53"
2000
57
58
Example 14 Solution
NR = 928 d v
Where,
v=
d = 6"
= 6.67lbm / gal
40
= 20 cp
= 0.45 ft./sec
2.448d2
Then,
NR = (928)(6)(6.67)(0.45) = 836 ; 836<2000, \laminar flow
20
Or,
pf = L v = (20)(10)(5280)(0.45) = 9 psi
1500 d2
(1500) (6)2
59
f = dimensionless
Or,
pf = f L v2 (Field units) where,
25.8 d
pf = psi
f = dimensionless
= lbm/gal
L = ft.
v = ft./sec
d = in
60
I.
II.
III.
IV.
62
Example 15 Solution
NR = 928 d v ;
63
64
Example 16 Solution
d = 8"
= 6.88 lbm/gal
v = 1550 = 9.88 ft./sec
2.448(8)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(6.88)(8)(9.88) = 42,053 > 2000, turbulent flow
12
f = .0062 (from Curve II, f-Curves)
Then,
pf = (.0062)(6.88)(1500)(9.88)2 = 30 psi
(25.8)(8)
Note: For the same flow rate, doubling the diameter of the pipe decreases the
pressure drop from 858 psi to 30 psi or 97%.
65
66
Example 17 Solution
NR = 928 d v ; = 9 lbm/gal
d = 10"
v=
53
= 0.216 ft./sec
2.448 (10)2
= 12 cp
Then,
NR = (928)(9)(10)(0.216) = 1503 ; 1503 < 2000, therefore laminar flow
(12)
67
68
Example 18 Solution
NR = 928 d v ; = 9 lbm/gal
d = 10"
v=
Note: Doubling the flow rate in Examples #16 & #17 changed the type of flow
from laminar to turbulent and increased the pressure drop by 4+ times.
69
Therefore,
de = 4 rh = (4)( /4)(d22 - d2i) = (d2 - di)
(d2 + di)
The actual velocity, va, in an annulus
is,
va =
q
ft./sec
2.448 (d22 - d2i)
70
(a)
(b)
71
Nre =757 de va
Nr > 2000, turbulent flow
Or,
pf =
L va
=
1000(d 2 - di)2
L va
(Field units)
1000(de)2
72
73
Example 19 Solution
NR = 757 de va ;
va =
q
=
2.448(d22 - di2)
Then,
NR = (757)(7.67)(10)(0.204) = 1815; 1815 < 2000, Laminar flow
(8)
Then,
pf = L va = (8)(1000)(0.204) = 0.016 psi/1000'
1000 d2e
1000(10)2
74
Or,
de = (d2 d1)
75
76
77
Example 20 Solution
Nre = 757 de va ; = (1.05)(8.34) = 8.76 lbm/gal
q
=
2.448(d22 - di2)
400
= 12.91 ft./sec.
2.448(4.2762 - 2.3752)
= 5cP
Then,
Nre = (757)(8.76)(1.901)(12.91) = 39 902; turbulent flow
5
f = 0.0070 (from Curve III, f-Curves)
Then,
pf = f L v2a = (0.0070)(8.76)(3000)(12.91)2 = 626 psi
21.1 de
(21.1)(1.901)
78
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.2: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.2.6
Effect of Well Deviation (pp. 192-194); Section 5.3 Steady Flow of Drilling
Fluids (pp. 194 206)
Assignment 7.2: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.10, 5.11, 5.12 on
page 296 - 297; Show Your Work!
79
80
81
Textbook p. 246
82
83
NR = 928 d v ;
5 YB d + p
v
84
Then,
NR = 2000 = 928 d v
5 YB d + p
v
q
(Field units)
2.448 d2
85
86
Example 21 Solution
vc = (1.08)(20) + {1.08 ( (20)2 + (9.3)(9.2)(4.892)2(25)}0.5 = 5.94 ft./sec.
(9.2)(4.892)
And,
vact =
150
= 2.56 ft./sec
2.448(4.892)2
Therefore,
2.63 < 5.94 or v act < vc ; laminar flow
Then,
PF = (20)(4000)(2.56) + (25)(4000) = 5.706 + 68.14
1500 (4.892)2
300(4.892)
PF = 73.8 psi
87
88
Example 22 Solution
vc = (1.08)(30) + {1.08( (30)2 + (9.3)(10)(3)2 (4/3) (15)}0.5 = 5.86 ft./sec
(10)(3)
To insure laminar flow, vc = vact = 5.86 ft./sec
Then,
Or,
vact = 5.86 =
q
.
2.448(3)2
q = 129.2 gal/min
89
Determine f
Determine f using the f-Curves and the Reynolds Number, NR, calculated using the
actual velocity, vact , and plastic viscosity, P,
Or,
NR = 928 d
P
Then,
Dpf = f
L v2act
(Field units)
25.8 de
90
91
92
Example 23 Solution
vc = (1.08)(18) + (1.08){(18)2 + (9.3)(9.0)(4)2(25)}0.5 = 6.06 ft./sec
(9.0)(4)
vact =
400
= 10.2 ft./sec
2.448(4)2
And,
pf = (0.0075)(9.0)(600)(10.2)2 = 41 psi
(25.8)(4)
93
94
Therefore,
de = 4 rh = (4)(/4)(d2 - d2i) = (d - di)
(d + di)
The actual velocity, va, in an annulus
is,
va =
q
ft./sec
2.448 (d2 - d2i)
95
where, de = (d - d1)
de
If laminar flow , the Hagen-Poiseuille equation modified for annular flow must be
used to calculate pressure drop using de, vact, and p
pf =
p L vact
1000 (d - d1)2
YB L
(Field units)
200 (d - d1)
96
97
Example 24 Solution
de = 7.875 - 4.5 = 3.375"
vc = (1.08)(30) + (1.08) (30) 2 + (6.98)(10.2)(3.375)2(28) = 5.76 ft./sec
(10.2)(3.375)
vact = 165 ft./min = 2.75 ft./sec
60 sec/min
2.75 < 5.76 or vact < vc ; laminar flow
Then,
pf = (30)(3000)(2.75) +
(1000)(3.375)2
98
99
or
NR = 757 de vact (Field units)
p
then,
pf = f L v2act (Field units)
21.1 de
100
101
Example 25 Solution
de = 8.5 - 6.625 = 1.875"
vc = (1.08)(15) + (1.08) {(15)2 + (6.98)(9.0)(1.875)2(22)} 0.5 = 5.52 ft./sec
(9.0)(1.875)
Vact =
485
= 6.98 ft./sec
(2.448)(8.52 - 6.6252)
Then,
NR = (757)(9.0)(1.875)(6.98) = 5,944; f = 0.0105 (Curve IV, f-Curves)
(15)
And,
pf = (0.0105)(9.0)(390)(6.98)2 = 44.9 psi
(21.1)(1.875)
102
Review Video
Complete questions (Handout in SharePoint)
Prepare to discuss in class.
103
104
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1: Self Study Review
Assignment 7.3: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.4
Rheological Models of Drilling Fluids (pp. 206-213 only)
Assignment 7.3: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.20, 5.21, 5.22. 5.23,
5.24, 5.25 on pages 297 - 298; Show Your Work!
106
107
108
Textbook p. 221
p
cp
ty
lbf/100ft2
lbm/gal
K
equiv. cp
8000
12.50
26.7761
12.48
.6573
339.611
9000
14.56
26.0576
48.63
.2524
7514.073
10000
15.60
35.9729
2.13
.9296
59.396
11000
15.60
53.5043
45.96
.3674
4860.413
12000
16.40
58.1985
32.56
.4924
2057.784
110
111
112
1 = Surface Equipment
5 = Annulus between Open Hole and Drill Pipe (may have 0 length)
7 = Annulus between Cased Hole and Drill Collar (May have 0 length)
1
In this picture,
Position 5 has 0
length.
In the previous
slide, Position 7
has 0 length.
113
P Parasitic Components
PFQ = PSE + PDP + PDC + POH/DC + POH/DP + PCH/DP + PCH/DC
*5
114
*7
115
2.
3.
4.
pressure in annulus between open hole and drill collars, (annular flow, laminar)
5.
pressure in annulus between open hole and drill pipe, (annular flow, laminar)
6.
pressure in annulus between cased hole and drill collars, (annular flow,
laminar)
7.
pressure in annulus between cased hole and drill pipe, (annular flow, laminar)
116
117
Interval 1
Determine correct qmax :
qmaxpump = 1714 PHP E/Pmax
118
NReBingham = 928 v d /p
19864 = 928 * 12.50 * 12.13 * 3.78 / 26.7761
turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty d2 / p2
115342 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 3.782 / 26.77612
NReC = 7000
119
Compare f Position 1
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.001405 = 16 [ 1 / 19864 + ( 115342 / 198642 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.006482 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve @ NRe = 19864 (See slide 118)
fturbulentDS = 0.057 / NRe0.2
120
121
122
123
124
NreBingham = 928 v d / p
19864 = 928 * 12.50 * 12.13 * 3.78 / 26.7761
turbulent flow indicated
NHE = 37100 ty d2/p2
125
Compare f Position 2
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.001405 = 16 [ 1 / 19864 + ( 115342 / 198642 ) / 7.9 ]
126
p = p/DL L
904.2 psi = 0.1222 * 7400
127
128
Compare f Position 3
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.0006457 = 16 [ 1 / 30043 + (50453 / 300432 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.006082 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve @ NRe = 19 864
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2
129
130
NreBingham = 928 v de /p
4000 = 928 * 12.50 * 5.776 * 1.633 / 26.7761
laminar / turbulent flow indicated NHE = 37100 ty de2 / p2
21527 = 37100 * 12.50 * 12.48 * 1.6332 / 26.77612
NReC = 5004 from Hedstrom vs. Critical Reynolds Curve @ NHe = 21 527
laminar flow indicated
131
132
133
134
Friction Position 7
flaminar = 24 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.01158 = 24 [ 1 / 3998 + ( 29357 / 39982 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009988 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 3998
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2
135
Pressure Position 7
p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.06889 = 0.03875 * 0.01158 * 12.50 * 4.839**2 / 1.907
p = p/DL L
0.0 psi = 0.06889 * 0
136
137
Friction Position 6
flaminar = 24 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.009514 = 24 [ 1 / 4714 + ( 86108 / 47142 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009462 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 4714
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2
138
Pressure Position 6
p/DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.01567 = 0.03875 * 0.009514 * 12.50 * 3.3322 / 3.266
p = (p/ DL ) L
68.93 psi = 0.01567 * 4400
139
NreBingham =
928 v de /p
140
Friction Position 6
flaminar = 16 [ 1 / NRe + ( NHe / NRe2 ) / 7.9 ]
0.009709 = 16 [ 1 / 4582 + ( 101162 / 45822 ) / 7.9 ]
fturbulent = 0.009688 from Reynolds vs. Fanning Curve fit value @ NRe = 4582
fturbulentDS = 0.057 /NRe 0.2
141
Pressure Position 6
p/ DL = 0.03875 f v2 / de
0.01194 = 0.03875 * 0.009709 * 12.50 * 2.9982 / 3.540
p = (p/ DL ) L
35.81 psi = 0.01194 * 3000
142
58.89 +
0.00 +
68.93 +
35.81
143
Bit Nozzles
At each depth a like calculation is made. The results are shown below:
Depth
ft.
pd
psi
8000
q
vmina
gal/min ft./sec
psi
378.68
2.68
pbit
psi
1383
2129 3512
11 11 11
436.35
9000
549.87
3.89
2129
1383 3511
15 15 16
325.78
10000
247.91
1.75
951
2542 3493
9 9 9
426.73
11000
199.53
1.41
1615
1903 3518
8 9 9
369.29
12000
239.86
1.69
1643
1871 3514
9 10 10
357.05
144
ptotal
Jets
32 inch
vbit
ft./sec
145
146
Depth
ft.
pd
psi
8000
q
vopt
gal/min ft./sec
psi
378.68 2.68
pbit
psi
1383
2129 3512
11 11 11
436.35
9000
549.87
3.89
2129
1383 3511
15 15 16
325.78
10000
247.91
1.75
951
2542 3493
9 9 9
426.73
11000
199.53
1.41
1615
1903 3518
8 9 9
369.29
12000
239.86
1.69
1643
1871 3514
9 10 10
357.05
147
ptotal
Jets
32 inch
vbit
ft./sec
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.4: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.5
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli (pp. 218-240 only); Section 5.6 Turbulent
Flow in Pipes and Annuli (pp. 245-260 omit Hershel Bulkley Model), p. 267
only)
148
149
150
Note: May be assigned as homework and then review answers (next slide) or work on
calculation together in class
151
2.
Continuing with the information from the problems above, the mud pump is a 6 x 10 x 2
single acting triplex, volumetric efficiency 0.95, maximum recommend pump pressure is
2200 psi. (Note 3 strokes per minute = 1 revolution per minute.) The number of strokes
per minute to pump at q min is most nearly:
a.
a. 64
b.
b. 129
c.
c. 191
d.
d. 222
The hydraulic horsepower used by the pump at q min and maximum pump pressure is
most nearly:
a. 285
b. 342
c. 469
152
d. 496
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.5: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.9
Calculating Steady-State Pressures in a Wellbore (pp.267 269, omit 5.9.2)
Assignment 7.5: Problem Solving, Complete Problems 5.27, 5.28, 5.29. 5.30,
5.31on page 298; Show Your Work!
153
154
155
156
2.
d. 0.228 e. 0.324
b. 0.0798
c. 0.180
d. 0.228 e. 0.324
The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the open hole/drill collar annulus is most nearly:
a. 0.0276
4.
c. 0.110
The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the drill collars are most nearly:
a. 0.0276
3.
b. 0.0798
b. 0.0798
c. 0.158
d. 0.310 e. 0.324
The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the open hole/drill pipe annulus is most nearly:
a. 0.0276
b. 0.0798
c. 0.158
157
1
d. 0.228 e. 0.324
The capacity factor, ft3/ft., of the cased hole/drill pipe annulus is most nearly:
a. 0.0276
6.
b. 102
c. 138
d. 145
e. 205
f. 222
b. 17
c. 68
d. 88
e. 138
f. 193
The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the drill pipe at q min is most nearly:
a. 8
9.
d. 0.310 e. 0.324
The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the surface equipment at q min is most nearly:
a. 8
8.
c. 0.158
If the minimum velocity in the annulus required to lift cutting is 1 ft./sec, q min (gal/min) is
most nearly:
a. 71
7.
b. 0.0798
b. 17
c. 68
d. 88
e. 138
f. 193
The pressure drop, lbf/in2, through the drill collars at q min is most nearly:
a. 8
b. 17
c. 68
d. 88
e. 138
f. 193
10. The pressure drop, lbf/in2, in the annulus around the drill collars at q min is most nearly:
a. 8
b. 17
c. 68
d. 88
e. 138
f. 237
11. The pressure drop, lbf/in2, in the annulus around the drill pipe at q min is most nearly:
a. 8
b. 17
c. 69
d. 88
158
e. 138
f. 237
Lesson Wrap Up
What is still unclear?
What questions do you have about the topics we have discussed before we
move on?
Homework
Assignment 7.1 Self Study Review
Assignment 7.6: Read Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering Section 5.11 Cutting
Transport (p.279 287, omit 5.11.4, read pp. 289 294, omit 5.11.6, read pp. 289
294, omit 5.11.6
Assignment 7.6: Complete Problems 5.32, 5.33, 5.34. 5.35,5.36, 5.37, and 5.40 on
page 298 - 299; Show Your Work!
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