Reinforced Concrete I

Course Outline

Course Outline

Course Outline

Course Outline

Course Outline

Introduction
Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most widely used material

for construction.
In RC construction, two different materials, concrete and

steel reinforcement, are used together.

Properties of Reinforced
Concrete

Concrete
Concrete a mixture of fine aggregate (sand), coarse
aggregate (eg, limestone), cement, water, air and
admixtures.

Admixtures are materials, other than cement, aggregate

and water, that are added to concrete either before
or during its mixing to alter its properties, such as
workability, curing temperature range, set time or
color.

Concrete

Concrete has high compressive strength and

low tensile strength.

Concrete
Portland Cement
Type I common, all-purpose cement
Type II low heat of hydration and some resistance to
sulfates
Type III high, early strength; high heat of hydration

Type IV low heat of hydration

Type V used for concrete with exposure to high
concentration of sulfates

Concrete
Compressive Strength
The specified compressive strength of concrete is

denoted by the symbol

fc

Compressive strength is determined by testing a 6x12

in cylinder or cubes at an age of 28 days

28-day cylinder strength is about 80% of the 28-day

cube strength.

Compression Test Setup for

Concrete
Compressive Strength
The ultimate strain cu = 0.003 0.004.
ACI takes the value as 0.003.

Typical Stress-strain diagram of concrete

Concrete
The relationship between stress and strain is
roughly linear at
stress levels equal
to about one-third
to one-half the
ultimate strength.
Beyond this range
the relationship is
non-linear
Typical Stress-Strain Diagram

Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity

Concrete does not have a single modulus of elasticity

The particular value varies with concrete strength, age,

type of loading and proportions of aggregate and cement
Ec 33wc1.5 f c'

ACI Code Section 8.5.1 - For concrete weighing about 145 lb/ft 3
Ec 57,000 f c'

Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (SI)
Ec wc1.5 (0.043) fc '

ACI Code Section 8.5.1

For concrete weighing about 2320 kg/m3 E 4700 fc '
c
fc in MPa

Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity
High-strength concrete (> 6,000 psi)
1.5

'
6 wc

Ec 40,000 f c 10

145

Dynamic modulus is about 20 to 40 percent

higher than the static modulus

Concrete
Static Modulus of Elasticity (SI)
High-strength concrete (> 42 MPa)

Dynamic modulus is about 20 to 40 percent

higher than the static modulus

Concrete
Poissons Ratio
About 0.11 for high strength concrete
About 0.21 for low strength concrete

Average value is about 0.16

Concrete
Shrinkage
Change in dimensions, hence volume, due to drying (loss

of moisture) and is not related to load.

Workable concrete requires more water than is necessary

to fully hydrate the cement

As concrete cures, water not used in hydration begins to

evaporate
The effect of evaporating water is shrinkage and cracking

of the concrete

Concrete
To Minimize Shrinkage
Keep mixing water to a minimum

Cure thoroughly
Place concrete in small sections
Use construction joints
Use shrinkage reinforcement

Concrete
Creep
Creep is indicated by continuous deformation under

constant stress or load (sustained load)

Creep is also called plastic flow
75 percent of creep occurs during the first year
Creep can also cause concrete strength reduction of 15 to

25 percent

Concrete
Ductility
Capacity to undergo large deformation before
failure.

Plain concrete is not ductile, but brittle.

Concrete
Tensile Strength

Tensile strength
of concrete is measured
indirectly, using either the modulus of rupture or
split cylinder test

While tensile strength is small, it nevertheless has a

significant impact on deflections, bond strength, shear
strength and torsional strength

Concrete

Modulus of Rupture Test

ASTM C78
150-mm x 150-mm x 750-mm unreinforced
concrete specimen

Tested as a simple beam on a 600-in span

Loaded at third-points with two concentrated loads

Concrete
Modulus of Rupture Test
Flexural formula for
fr (modulus of rupture)
P/2

L/3

P/2

L/3

Mc
I
PL
M
6
bh3
I
12
PL h

6 2 PL

fr
2
3
bh
bh
12
fr

Concrete
ACI Value for fr
ACI Code Section 9.5.2.3

f r 7.5 f

'
c

is a parameter to account for lightweight

concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete

Concrete
ACI Value for fr (SI unit)
ACI Code Section 9.5.2.3

f r 0.7 fc '

MPa

is a parameter to account for lightweight

concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete

Split Cylinder Test

Concrete

Split Cylinder Test

ASTM C496
2P
fr
LD
L length of specimen
D diameter of specimen

Concrete
Aggregates
ACI Code Section 3.3.2

Aggregates
Cement

Reinforcing Steel
Bars or welded wire fabric (WWF)
Bars can be plain or deformed
Plain bars are rarely used
Deformed bars come in these sizes: No 3 to No
11, No 14 and No 18
The diameter of the bar is the bars number
divided by 8 (up to #8)
34

Reinforcing Steel

35

Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)

ASTM Reinforcing Steel Standards

ASTM A615 deformed or plain
Grade 40, 50, 60, 75 or 80
Grade 60

60 ksi specified minimum yield stress

Grade 60 most commonly used

ASTM Reinforcing Steel Standards

ASTM A615 deformed or plain
Grade 40, 50, 60, 75 or 80
Grade 60
stress

420 MPa specified minimum yield

Grade 60 most commonly used

Reinforcing Steel Identification

Deformed Rebar

Ribs

Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing steel
Grade 40 ksi
Grade 50 ksi
Grade 60 ksi
The modulus of elasticity Es is
defined as the slope of the
stress-strain curve. All steel
grades have same modulus of
elasticity Es= 29x103 where Es
is given in Ksi.

Reinforcing Steel
Es= 200x103 MPa where Es is given in MPa.

Types of Concrete Design

Concrete design can be classified into three main
categories;
1- Plain Concrete Design

It is mainly used for nonstructural members. This is due

to the low strength of concrete in tension.

Types of Concrete Design

2- Reinforced Concrete Design

The compressive strength of concrete is high while its

tensile strength is low. Therefore, steel is used to
enhance the capacity of concrete members

Types of Concrete Design

3- Prestressed Concrete Design
Since the strength of reinforced concrete can be enhanced by the
elimination of cracking, prestressing is used to produce
compressive stresses in tension regions. Prestress is applied to a
concrete member by high-strength steel tendons in the forms of
bars, wires, or cables that are first tensioned and then anchored to
the member.

Objectives of Structural Design

The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:
1) Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or part of it under the action of loads.
2) Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in
the various structural members.
3) Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under
service load conditions- which implies providing adequate
stiffness to contain deflections, crack widths and vibrations within
acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability, durability.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer in
mind, viz. economy and aesthetics.

Design Methods
Two methods of design :
Working Stress Method focuses on conditions at service
loads.
Strength Design Method focusing on conditions at loads
greater
than the service loads when failure may be
imminent.
The Working-Stress Design Method

This method is based on the condition that the stresses caused

by service loads without load factors are not to exceed the
allowable stresses. Can be used in designing of fluid filled
structures, Calculation of deflection, Design of prestressed
concrete etc.

Design Methods
The Ultimate Strength Design Method

In this method, elements are designed so that the internal forces

produced by factored loads do not exceed the corresponding
strength capacities and allow for some capacity reduction.
strength required to
strength provided

carry
factored
loads

The factored loads are obtained by multiplying the working loads

(service loads) by factors usually greater than unity.

Design Codes
There are two types of codes; Structural code and Building
code.
Structural code is a code that involves the design of a certain
type of structures (reinforced concrete, structural steel, etc.) The
structural code that will be used extensively throughout this
course is The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11), which
is one of the most solid codes.
Building code is a code that reflects local conditions such as
earthquakes, winds, snow, and tornadoes in the specifications.
IBC (UBC,SBC, ...).

Loads and Load Effects

Loads on Structures
Dead load (D.L)
Weight of all permanent construction
Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples: * Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions)
* Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)

Dead Loads

Loads on Structures
Live load (L.L)
The live load is a moving or movable type of load such as
occupants, furniture, etc.

Loads on Structures
Wind load (W.L)
The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and
gusts. It is a type of dynamic load .The magnitude of this force
depends on the shape of the building, its height, the velocity of
the wind and the type of terrain in which the building exists.
Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load
The earthquake load is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load
depends on the mass of the structure and the acceleration
caused by the earthquake.

ACI 318 Load Combinations

A design must consider worst load combinations

in which the effects of several individual loadings
are combined together.

ACI Code Section 9.2 gives the load

combinations to be used in reinforced concrete
design.

ACI 318 Load Combinations

U 1.4 D
U 1.2 D 1.6 L 0.5 Lr or S or R
U 1.2 D 1.6 Lr or S or R L or 0.5W
U 1.2 D 1.0W L 0.5 Lr or S or R
U 1.2 D 1.0 E L 0.2S
U 0.9 D 1.0W
U 0.9 D 1.0 E

ACI 318 Load Combinations

D -> dead load
L -> live load
Lr -> roof live load
F -> weight or pressure created by fluids
T -> temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement
S -> snow load
W -> wind load
E -> seismic load
H -> lateral earth pressure, groundwater pressure or pressure
from bulk materials

Example 1
The compressive gravity axial load for a building column are:
L = 300 k, D = 150 k and Lr = 60 k. The compressive axial
force in the column due to other loads are: wind = 70 k,
seismic = 50 k. Tensile axial force in the column due to other
loads are: wind = 60 k, seismic = 40 k. Determine the critical
design loads based on the ACI load combinations .
Compressive loads are positive (this is an arbitrary choice).

Example 1
9 1
9 2

U 1.4 150 k 210 k

U 1.2 150 k
1.6 300 k 0.5 60 k 690 k

9 3a U 1.2 150 k 1.6 60 k +1.0 300 k 576 k

9 3b U 1.2 150 k 1.6 60 k +0.5 112 k 332 k
9 3c U 1.2 150 k 1.6 60 k +0.5 96 k 228 k
9 4a U 1.2 150 k 1.0 112 k +1.0 300 k 0.5 60 k 622 k
9 4b U 1.2 150 k 1.0 96 k +1.0 300 k 0.5 60 k 414 k

Example 1
9 5a

U 1.2 150 k 1.0 50 k 1.0 300 k 0.2 0 k

530 k

9 5b

U 1.2 150 k 1.0 40 k 1.0 300 k 0.2 0 k

440 k

9 6a
9 6b
9 7a
9 7b

U 0.9 150 k 1.0 112 k 1.6 0 k 247 k

U 0.9 150 k 1.0 96 k 1.6 0 k 39 k
U 0.9 150 k 1.0 50 k 1.6 0 k 185 k
U 0.9 150 k 1.0 40 k 1.6 0 k 95 k

Ans: Largest U = 690 kips (Load combination 9-2)

Design Versus Analysis

Design involves the determination of the type of structural system
to be used, the cross sectional dimensions, and the required
reinforcement.

Analysis involves the determination of the capacity of a section of

known dimensions, material properties and steel reinforcement, if
any to external forces and moments.