1 | Page
It is the system in which each street or block is supplied separately from the main. So there is
end of system at each end of the block.
2 | Page
Advantages
This type of system is good for a city which has been developed irregularly.
Disadvantages
This system is less desirable due to following reasons.
When tap is not opened for a long time, bacterial growth may take place which can
also cause contamination.
Grid system
In grid system, the whole distribution system is interconnected. So the water remains in
circulation and there is no contamination of water. Because water does not stand still at any
point and it continues circulation.
3 | Page
Advantages
Disadvantages
The main problem in grid system is that a lot of valve to cut off a small area in case of
accidental hazards.
The network of pipes forming loops in possible only in well planned cities.
Primary pipes
These are known as primary feeders or mains. They are the skeleton of the water distribution
system. They are so located that they carry large quantity of water from the pumping plant to
storage tanks and from storage tanks to the various parts of area to be served. This pipe
system form loops. The distance between two main pipes should not be greater than 1 km.
They should have valves no more than 1.5 km apart. Large and long feeders should be
equipped with blow off valves at lower point and air relief valves at higher point.
Secondary pipes
These are the pipes which carry water from the primary pipes to the various areas for normal
supply or for fire fighting. Secondary pipe system form smaller mains within the primary
mains by running from one primary pipe to another. They should be only a few blocks apart.
The diameter of these pipes should not be greater than 400 mm.
Distribution pipes
4 | Page
This pipe system consists of the network of uniformly spaced horizontal and perpendicular
pipes. These pipes supply water to fire hydrants and service pipes of the residential and other
buildings. The size of these pipes is determined according to the demand for fire flow.
Their diameter should not be less than 150 mm for fire hydrants and 75 mm for residential
buildings.The function of water distribution system is to supply required quantity of water at
normal pressure maintaining a good standard of quality.
Components of water distribution system
Direct pumping
In this method the pumps force water direct into the mains with no other outlet than the water
actually being used. It is a least desirable system as a power failure would result in the no
availability of water. As consumption varies so pressure in the mains is likely to fluctuate. To
fulfil the varying consumptions, several pumps are available to add water output when
needed. This requiring constant attendance of electricity. This method is costly.
An advantage of this method is that a large fire pump may be sued which can step up the
pressure to any desired amount permitted by the construction of mains.
In this method, the excessive water is pumped during period of low consumption. This water
is then stored in elevated tanks and reservoirs. And when water consumption is high then this
stored water is drawn. This method fairly allows uniform rates of pumping and hence it is
economical. This method is fairly reliable. Because the stored water may be use at any time
when there will be a sudden power failure.
Gravity distribution
5 | Page
This is possible when lake or reservoir is at some elevation above the city so that sufficient
pressure can be maintained in mains for domestic and fire purposes. This is the most reliable
method if the conduit from the source to city is sufficient in size and well protected against
accidental breaks. High pressure for fire fighting may be obtained only by using motor
pumpers of the fire department.
Service storage / Distribution reservoir
The principal functions of distribution storage are:
emergency reserve
Fire reservoir
Its function is to meet the fire demand.
6 | Page
Emergency Reserve
Its function is to meet the demand in case of system failure. Emergency storage is used to
meet the demand in case of any disturbance in supply. Disturbance may be source
contamination, equipment failure, pipeline breaks or power failure. It can also be used for
large fires which consumes the design fire reserve volume. Generally emergency storage is
not more than 25 % of the total storage.
Storage Location
Location of storage facilities can greatly affect overall system cost and performance.
Following considerations must kept in mind for effective placement of future storage:
The location and capacities of supply, pumping, transmission and storage facilities.
7 | Page
the drinking water at the tap and complicate the formulation of coherent strategies to
minimize risk.
DESIGN CRITERION:
8 | Page
As given in the photo, we know that there are 255 units of single-storey low cost terrace
house, a day school that capacitates 600 students, a surau that capacitates 200 persons, and
also a wet market with 12 stalls. Because we know those values, the daily water demand was
calculate in part 2.0 of the project.
Also based on the Photo 1.0, the area is proposed to have a service reservoir. ( The once in
the green square) When calculated, the total daily water demand was 389,500 liters.
We know that service materials registered with the Commission. Since the capacity is less
than 454,000 liters, no reinforced concrete is needed. The water depth for non-reinforced
concrete service reservoirs or storage cisterns shall not be more than five (5) meters.
With this we were able to choose the optimum site dimension for the reservoir.
9 | Page
The optimum site dimension for the service reservoir is 27m x 59m, while the minimum site
dimension for service reservoir (square footprint) is 28m x 28m.
We chose this as the optimum site dimension as it is stated in Table B.2 in the UTG as we
know our daily water demand as 389,500 liters/day.
< 227,000
23 m x 54 m
227,001 454,000
27 m x 59 m
454,001 680,000
32 m x 63 m
680,001 900,000
32 m x 63 m
900,001 1,135,000
32 m x 68 m
1,135,001 2,270,000
36 m x 81 m
2,270,001 3,405,000
41 m x 90 m
3,405,001 6,810,000
45 m x 104 m
6,810,001 13,620,000
50 m x 130 m
>13,620,000
10 | P a g e
Elevated Reservoir
< 227,000
19 x 19
25 x 25
227,001 454,000
22 X 22
28 x 28
454,001 680,000
24 x 24
30 x 30
680,001 900,000
26 x 26
32 x 32
900,001 1,135,000
28 x 28
34 x 34
1,135,001 2,270,000
30 x 30
36 x 36
2,270,001 3,405,000
34 x 34
44 x 44
3,405,001 6,810,000
44 x 44
55 x 55
6,810,001 13,620,000
57 x 57
71 x 71
Table B.4 : Minimum site dimensions for service reservoir (square footprint)
We chose the minimum site dimension of 27m x 59m based on the calculated daily water
demand.
Forthe lining of the service reservoir, we were able to get the site dimension based on Table
B.4 in the UTG.
We chose the minimum lining site dimension of 28m x 28m, elevated reservoir as given the
reservoir is at a elevated level. When a reservoir is placed at an elevated level, it makes the
water distribution better due to the gravity force.
2.1Water Demand of 255single storey terrace house, 200people for surau, and 12 stalls
wet market and 600 students for day school.
Development type
Average Daily
No. of person /
Water
No. of unit
Liters/day (L/d)
Demand
Low cost single-
1300 / unit
255 unit
storey house
Day school
50 / student
Surau
50 / person
Wet market
1500/stall
1300
255 unit
unit
600 students
200 persons
12 stall
Total
The cumulative daily water demand is the total of all development, which is 389,500
liters/day.
Average flow = Total Water demand = 389, 500 liters/day
12 | P a g e
Type of Premises/Buildings
(Liters)
1100/unit
1300/unit
1500/unit
2000/unit
Bungalow / condominium
2000/unit
Wet market
1500/stall
Dry market
450/stall
2000/unit
3000/unit
4100/unit
4550/unit
1500/unit
1500/unit
65000/hectare
50000/hectare
33000/hectare
13 | P a g e
Hotel
1500/room
100/student
kindergarten)
Day school / kindergarden
50/student
250/student
1500/bed
50/person
Prison
250/person
Army Camp
250/person
Bus Terminal
900/service bay
50000/unit
10000/unit
Stadium
55/person
Golf course
Warehouse
1500/unit
Restaurant
25 / square metre
Airport
25/passenger
As per the estimated water
Others
Note :
* As classified under the Piawaian Perancangan Kawasan Perindustrian issued by the
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa or its successor.
Table B.1 : Tabulation of Estimated Water Demand Rate for Planning of External Water
Reticulation System.
14 | P a g e
0.75 meter
Ductile Iron
type of soil at the proposed area of development is non-corrosive soil. The relationship
between type of soil and pipe material needs to be studied carefully as we understand that
pipes are being installed will be functioning at least 10 to 15 years. From the Uniform
Technical Guideline, the joints of Ductile Iron pipes shall be push-in type complete with or
without tie bars depending on site conditions or flanged type (10).
Proposed depth of cover (Based on SYABAS)
15 | P a g e
1 meter
Table 4.0 : Information extracted from the guideline as it matches the development criteria.
According to pipeline designers from Pure Technologies UK, ductile iron pipes are
commonly known as pressure pipe where this material is proven to be a better pipe material
as compared to plastics pipe. Ductile iron pipes are stronger and more fracture resistant.
Table 5.0 : Classification on advantage and disadvantage of using ductile iron pipes.
Figure 4.0 : Different sizes and shapes of ductile pipes and joints available in the
market.
Table 6.0: Additional information required for calculation form the guideline.
16 | P a g e
Table 7.0: Based on the pipe size give, recommended valve size selection from the
guideline.
Justification on valve selection
Since the diameter of pipes is less than 400mm, therefore, all isolating valves shall be of the
flanged ended sluice type of pipe. For external reticulation network systems, isolating valves
shall be provided at all junctions/ branches of pipelines. Isolating valves are to be judiciously
placed within the external reticulation system in order to segregate the system into smaller
zones for a number of purposes including achieving greater control over the distribution of
water; for leakage detection and control purposes; for water quality monitoring; and for
containment of a problem (such as pipe breakages) to small areas of the system so that supply
to the entire network system is not compromise.
Bedding details : The trench above the pipe shall be well compacted with suitable backfill
materials, and all pipes shall be able to withstand the expected design traffic loads taking into
consideration the standard of pipe bedding selected. As suggested, water pipes shall not be
laid below sewers. A minimum vertical clearance shall be provided between the crown of a
sewer pipe and the bottom of a water pipe. The horizontal clearance between sewer and water
pipelines shall be 3.0m where water pipes shall be installed on the opposite side of road
carriageways or shoulders in relation to sewers installed along the same road. The pipes shall
be laid a minimum of 600mm away from any other utilities and also from drains.
All pipes shall be laid at locations which are readily accessible for carrying out maintenance
works, and where the repair and rehabilitation works can be carried out economically.
Pipelines shall not be laid beneath a road pavement; it is preferable to be laid within a utility
reserve where the minimum width of 5 meters (10).
17 | P a g e
Figure 5.0: Types of bedding suggested constructing for the proposed development.
Suggested bedding
Proposed distance between pipes
Type 5
3 meters
Besides understanding the classification of pipes and study about the bedding details, we do
have to consider in constructing whether or not to have a water sampling station. Since the
number of connections is less than 300, we do not have install water sampling station.
18 | P a g e
Water tank or reservoir is a container for storing water. Water tank parameters include the
general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials. Types of tanks are described
(9):
Description
FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention time
for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact" (chemically treat) with
product water.
Made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a water well or
from surface water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in
19 | P a g e
This type of water tank is able to generate power to deliver water to all parts of the
development area under gravitational force, as we know that the pressure head of the pipe
from source is able to send water to store at the tank without having to install pump to
accelerate the flow of water.
TABLE 1: Water Demand
Total
consumption (L/d)
331500
10000
30000
18000
389500
Developments
255
1300
Single-story terrace
200
600
12
50
50
1500
house
Surau
School
Wet market
Total
389500 L/d
24 60 60 s/d
= 4.508 L/s
Flow Cases:
Case 1: peak flow = Qavg peak factor
= 4.508 2.5
= 11.270 L/s
Case 2: Average flow + Fire flow = Qavg + Qfire
= 4.508 + 19
20 | P a g e
= 23.508 L/d
No of
Water consumption
peak
averag
unit/person
(rate)
(l/s)
Type of development
No of
node
e
(l/s)
0.28
0.87
0
0.112
0.347
200
50
Surau
600
50
School
1
2
Singlestory
terrace 10
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 11
terrace 12
0263
0.105
1300
0.22
0.090
6
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
3
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 13
3
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 15
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 16
terrace 17
3
0.22
0.090
6
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
3
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 18
3
0.26
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 20
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 21
terrace 22
3
0.22
0.090
6
0.22
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
6
0.22
0.105
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 23
6
0.15
0.060
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 30
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 40
0
0.113 0.045
houses
21 | P a g e
0.22
6
0.74
0.090
0.299
6
6
1300
Singlestory
terrace 60
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 61
7
0.37
houses
0.150
12
10
1500
1300
Wet market
Singlestory
terrace 70
terrace 71
6
0.22
0.090
1300
houses
Singlestory
6
0.18
0.075
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 72
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 73
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 80
terrace 81
8
0.15
0.060
0
0.113 0.045
4
3
0.15
0.060
1300
houses
Singlestory
0
0.30
0.120
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 82
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 83
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 84
terrace 85
0
0.82
8
0.68
0.331
0.271
22
18
0
0.37
0.150
10
1300
houses
Singlestory
6
0.60
0.241
16
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 86
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 87
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 90
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace
2
0.22
6
0.56
0.090
0.226
6
15
4
0.33
9
9
0.135
houses
91
0.33
0.135
1300
Singlestory
terrace 92
9
0.30
0.120
1300
houses
Singlestory
terrace 93
houses
CASE 1: Qavg:
22 | P a g e
Figure 1: Designthewaterreticulation(Qavg)
Nodes Tables
Table 3: Nodes Data.
23 | P a g e
24 | P a g e
25 | P a g e
Pipes tables
Table 5: Pipe Data.
26 | P a g e
continued
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
CASE 2: Qpeak
Figure 2:Designthewaterreticulation(Qpeak)
30 | P a g e
Nodes Tables
31 | P a g e
32 | P a g e
PEAK TABLES
Table 11: Pipe Data.
33 | P a g e
34 | P a g e
35 | P a g e
36 | P a g e
DISCUSSION
In our design, we have two flow cases: peak flow and average flow + fire flow. The
water is initially flow from reservoir located at 100.84m in reduced level to the water tank in
the development area with reduced level of 74m. Since our development is at reduced level of
54m, thus the water tank need to be design at a higher level to supply adequate water pressure
to the housing area by gravity. Therefore, the water tank is design to be 20m elevated from
the ground level. From the water tank, the water will distribute to the housing area based on
their local demand.
The local demand of each house, day school, surau,and wet market was calculated
and taking in for the consideration before we design the whole second reticulation system.
For both the cases, the head in the system was range from 100.40 to 100.84m. The nearer the
house to the water tank, the higher the head at that house. This is due to the head loss in the
system cause by the frictional loss, fitting loss and gravitational loss.
The total water demand is 4.508 LPS. For peak flow case, the total water demand in
the system is 11.270 LPS. Therefore, 11.720 LPS of flow will distribute out from the tank.
0.112 LPS of flow will go to the surau and 0.347 LPS to school and 0.299 LPS to wet market.
The rest of the flow, will go to each of the housing section based on the demand and number
of house in a row. While for the average flow + fire flow case, total water demand is 23.508
LPS. From the water tank, 0.280 LPS will go to surau,0.87 to school ,and 0.747 to wet market
while the rest to the houses.
CONCLUSION
Water is one of the few natural resources that is essential and we cannot live without.
Clean water is hard to get by at some places, so, distribution and reticulation of clean water
has to be catered for the needs and demands of people. Engineers have to calculate flows of
water that has to be delivered to places high above the ground such as skyscrapers and tower
or low places like houses and places of worship.
The main objective of this assignment is to design a water reticulation for the
secondary distribution system, following the Uniform Technical Guidelines (UTG) and using
EPANET software to analyze the flow. Some of the dimensions were given such as the reduce
levels for all the facilities, pressure head for the reservoir, diameter and length of each pipe
and node numbers.
37 | P a g e
Using the EPANET software, the pipe flow throughout the entire town was able to be
replicated and the plan was shown above. Based on the results, the design has met the criteria
needed to reticulate water to the entire town. There were two types of flow calculated, the
first the peak flow and the second the average flow with the fire flow.
The methodology presents the ways to calculate and how the data was tabulated.
First, an outline description of the external reticulation system was proposed to be
implemented for a particular phase of development. Next, water demand was calculated
corresponding number of units per development type, unit water demand rates for each type
of development, and the sectoral and cumulative daily water demands. Then, calculations of
external reticulation pipe design catering for peak flow, and for fire flow and average flow
conditions were done. After that, selection of type of class of pipe based on imposed loads of
backfill, depth of cover, pipe strength and bedding details were justified. Lastly, the detailed
layout plans and hydraulic calculations for the entire township reticulation system was
calculated. These includes all the pipe dimensions, head losses, flow and velocity at every
node.
In peak flow, the total water demand in the system is 11.270 LPS. Therefore, 11.720
LPS of flow will distribute out from the tank, 0.112 LPS of flow will go to the surau and
0.347 LPS to school and 0.299 LPS to wet market.The total demand of the double story
houses were accumulated at each node/joint and for each rows of houses, the flows were
calculated.
In average flow plus fire flow, total water demand is 23.508 LPS. From the water
tank, 0.280 LPS will go to surau,0.87LPS to school ,and 0.747LPSto wet market while the
rest to the houses.
The total demand of the double story houses were accumulated at each node/joint and
for each rows of houses, the flows were calculated.
Even with the calculations shown, the values of both the EPANET software and
calculation above shows the same values both for the peak flow and average plus fire flow.
Thus,our design has been verified and the criteria has been met.
38 | P a g e
References:
Book reference
1. Jabatan Bekalan Air (2009). Water Supply Industry in Peninsular Malaysia.
2. Malaysian Water Association (1994). MWA Design Guidelines for Water
Supply Systems. The Malaysian Water Association, Malaysia Eisenberg, D.
and Kauzmann, W. (1969). The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford
University Press, New York.
3. Marsalek, J., Watt, W. E., Lefrancois, L., Boots, B. F., and Woods, S. (2004).
Municipal Water Supply and Urban Development. Environment Canada,
National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario.
4. Featherstone, R.E. and Nalluri, C. (1985). Civil Engineering Hydraulics:
Essential Theory with Worked Examples. London: ELBS/Collins Professional
and Technical Books.
5. Board of Editors, Article title: Water tank, Wikipedia, date of modified:
November 2008, date of retrieving data: January 2015.
6. Constable, G. and Somerville, B. (2011). Water supply and distribution. A
Century of Innovation, National Academy of Engineering.
7. Franks, F. (ed.) (1972). Water - A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1, Plenum
Press, New York.
8. Haktanir, T. and Ardiclioglu, M. (2004). Numerical modeling of DarcyWeisbach friction factor and branching pipes problem. Advances in
Engineering Sofware, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp.: 773-779.
9. Board of Editors, Uniform Water Reticulation and Plumbing, Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN), Selangor, Malaysia, First edition published
in February 2014.
10. EPANET software reference
Gin McCarthy, Administrator of EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Software creator
Software
Phone
202-564-4700
listserv@listserv.uoguelph.ca
Website
ttp://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/administrator-gina-mccarthy
39 | P a g e