END-SEMESTER EXAMINATION, SPRING 2014

MA 108: Differential Equations I (Part I)

Date: April 21, 2014
Max Marks : 60

Time : 14:30 to 17:30

Weightage : 100%

y
(1) Show that the function f (x, y) = is neither bounded nor Lipschitz in y
2 x
in the rectangle R = {0 x 1, 0 y 2}. Solve the Initial Value Problem
y
y 0 = ; y(0) = 1
2 x
by Picards iteration starting with y0 = 1. Prove by induction that the nth Pi
n
X
( x)k
which converges.
cards iterate towards solving the IVP is yn (x) =
k!
k=0
Does this contradict Picards theorem?
y
1
f (x, y) = and fy (x, y) = are both unbounded as (x, y) approaces
x
x
(0, y) for any fixed nonzero y
[1]
Statement about yn is true for n = 0.
[1]
Assume for n and
Z x
n Z x k
X
yn ()
( )
d = 1 +
d
yn+1 = 1 +
[1]
2 k!
0 2
k=0 0
n Z x k1
X
( )
d
= 1+
2k!
0
k=0

n
n+1
X
( x)k+1 X ( x)k
= 1+
=
.
[1]
(k + 1)!
k!
k=0
k=0
No contradiction as the conditions are sufficient and not necessary for convergence.
[1]
(2) (a) Prove: If p(x) and q(x) are continuous on an open interval I, then
y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0 has two linearly independent solutions on I.
By Picards existence and uniqueness, there is precisely one solution satisfying y(x0 ) = a, y 0 (x0 ) = b. Therefore, there are unique solutions y1
and y2 satisfying y1 (x0 ) = 1, y10 (x0 ) = 0 and y2 (x0 ) = 0, y20 (x0 ) = 1
respectively.
[1]
Any y as above can be uniquely represented as ay1 + by2 .
[1]
(b) Find a second solution of the equation (1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 + 2y = 0 given
that y = x is a solution.
Let y(x) = xv(x) and substitute in the equation to obtain
v 00
1
1
2
x(1 x2 )v 00 = 2(2x2 1)v 0 = 0 =

[1]
v
1x 1+x x
1
1
v0 = 2 +
[1]
x
1 x2
1 1 1+x
= v = + ln
[1]
x 2 1x


x 1+x
The second solution is y(x) = 1 + ln
2 1x

(3) Find a basis of solutions for the homogeneous equation y 000 + y 0 = 0 and solve
the inhomogeneous equation y 000 + y 0 = sec x tan x by the method of variations
of parameters.
Ch. Eqn is m3 + m = 0 and the roots are 0, 2, 2 and so basis from the
homogeneous equation is {1, cos x, sin x}.
[1]
Wronskian matrix is

1 cos x
sin x
[W ] = 0 sin x cos x .
[1]
0 cos x sin x

1
[W ]1 = cos x .
[1]
sin x
Therefore,

Z

sec x
[ v] = [W ]1 r(x)dx = ln cos x .
[1]
x tan x
yp = sec x + cos x ln cos x + x sin x sin x tan x
[1]
y = A + B cos x + C sin x + (sec x + cos x ln cos x + x sin x sin x tan x)
(4) Find the general solution by the method of undetermined coefficients of the
differential equation
y (iv) + 8y 00 + 16y = 32 cos 2x.
Ch. Eqn. is m4 + 8m2 + 16 = 0 and the roots are 2, 2, 2, 2.
A basis of the solution of the homogeneous equation is

[1]

{cos 2x, sin 2x, x cos 2x, x sin 2x}.

Hence yp = x2 (A cos 2x + B sin 2x)
[1]
2
2
Now L(x cos 2x) = 32 cos 2x and L(x sin 2x) = 32 sin 2x
[1]
This yields A = 1 and B = 0.
[1]
2
Hence the general soln. is y = (a + bx x ) cos 2x + (c + dx) sin 2x
[1]
Evaluators note: If ax2 cos2x is chosen as a candidate then 2 marks are
deducted as the choice is theoretically untenable (without further finer arguments). If correct choice is made and sin 2x term appears due to calculation
mistakes only 1 mark is cut.

(5) (a) Define convolution product f g of two functions defined on [0, ) and
prove that L (f g) = L f L
Z g.
t

(f g)(t) =

Definition:

f (t )g( )d

[1]

L (f g)(s) =

Z

f (t )g( )d est dt
0
0
Z

Z
st
=
g( )
f (t )e dt d
0


Z
Z
st
s
f (t)e dt d = L f (s)L g(s)
g( )e
=

[1]
[1]

(b) Show using the above result and a certain shifting theorem that eat eat =
teat . Which shifting theorem did you use?

2
L (eat eat )(s) = L (eat ) =

1
(s a)2

[1]

1
1
= L (eat t) =
= eat eat = teat
2
s
(s a)2
by s-shifting.
[1]
Evaluators note: If shift is not used to show eat eat = teat , then 1 mark
for the last step is to be deducted or rather withheld.
(6) Solve for y(t) the differential equation t
y + y + ty = sin t, t 0 subject to
1
Y (1) = , where Y = L y is the Laplace transform of y.
2
Taking Laplace transform
1
(s2 Y sy0 y1 )0 + (sY y0 ) Y 0 =
[1]
1 + s2
Simplifying,
sY
1
Y0+
=
[1]
1 + s2
(s + 1)2

Using the I.F. 1 + s2 ,

s
1 + s2 Y =
+C
[1]
1 + s2
1
[1]
Y (1) = = C = 0
2
s
Whence Y =
and y(t) = cos t.
[1]
1 + s2
Remark: 1 mark to be reduced if y0 = y(0) or y1 = y 0 (0) are not taken into
account.
L (t) =