Nama : Karina Pratiwi

NPM : 0913024049
P. Biologi 2009 A
Unit 5
1. Pre Reading Activity
Before you read the text, answer the following question, using your guessing and background
knowledge. Then compare your answer with the information from the text.
1. What does the amphibian means? Please give some example.
Amphibian are the animals that can live in 2 places, in water and on land. For example is
frog.
2. Where is the habitat of the bacteria? Can we find bacteria that live on the organism? Please
give your example?
Bacteria can live in almost all places, in aquatic environment, soil, air, and even can be
found in living organisms. For example Lactobacillus acidophilus, live in the human
digestive tract.
3. What is the antibiotic and what does its role in our daily life ?
Antibiotic is chemicals substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria or kill bacteria or
other microorganisms.
4. What is the extension of the AMP and what does its function in organism?
AMP is antimicrobial peptides, the function is killing the microbe.
2. Read the following text at home and repeat it in the class!
Some of the nastiest smelling creatures on Earth have skin that produces the greatest known variety
of anti-bacterial substances that hold promise for becoming new weapons in the battle against
antibiotic-resistant infections, scientists are reporting. Their research on amphibians so smelly (like
rotten fish, for instance) that scientists term them "odorous frogs" appears in ACS' Journal of
Proteome Research.
Yun Zhang, Wen-Hui Lee and Xinwang Yang explain that scientists long have recognized frogs'
skin as a rich potential source of new antibiotics. Frogs live in warm, wet places where bacteria
thrive and have adapted skin that secretes chemicals, known as peptides, to protect themselves from
infections. Zhang's group wanted to identify the specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and the
most potent to give scientists clues for developing new antibiotics.

They identified more than 700 of these substances from nine species of odorous frogs and
concluded that the AMPs account for almost one-third of all AMPs found in the world, the greatest
known diversity of these germ-killing chemicals. Interestingly, some of the AMPs have a dual
action, killing bacteria directly and also activating the immune system to assist in the battle.
(Modified from American Chemical Society.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130100449.htm)
3. Vocabularry Words
Please find the meaning of the following words in Bahasa Indonesia.
Vocabulary
Nastiest (adj)

Meaning in B. Indonesia
Paling menjijikan

Vocabulary
Amphibian (n)

Meaning in B. Indonesia
Amfibi

To smell (v)

Mencium

Odorous (adj).

Harum

Skin (n)

Kulit

To thrive (v)

Tumbuh dengan subur

Variety (n)

Keanekaragaman

Antimicrobial (adj)

Antimikroba

To promise (v)

Menjanjikan

Germ (n)

Kuman

Creature (n)

Makhluk

Immune (adj)

Kebal

Infections (n)

Infeksi

4. Reading Comprehesion
After you read the text, please answer the following questions.
1. What is the main idea of the text?
New antibiotics from frogs skin
2. What is the main idea of each paragraph?
Paragraph : Research on amphibians that scientists term them "odorous frogs"
Paragraph 2 : Frogs' skin has a rich potential source of new antibiotics
Paragraph 3 : They identified more than 700 of these substances from nine species of
odorous frogs.
3. What is the meaning of amphibian ?
Amphibians is the animal that live in warm and wet places.
4. What is the word reffered by the phrase 700 of these substances in the line 1 of paragraph
3?
The word reffered by AMPs
5. From the 2nd paragraph, why the anti-bacterial substances from frog skin are named as
weapons?
Because the anti-bacterial substances can protect frogs from infections.
5.

Comprehesion Questions

Answer the questions below. The answers could be obtained from your experience or other
resources.
1) Where does the term "odorous frogs" come from?
Its come from the smell of amphibians.
2) How can the skin of frogs be able to be source of antibiotic?
Frogs skin secrete chemicals, known as peptides that can protect themselves from
infections.
3) Why frogs do not become infected even though there are many bacteria on the skin?
Because their skin have adapted, so produce AMPs to protect themselves from infections.
4) What compounds are obtained from frog skin and become a source of germ killer?
Chemical substances known as peptides (AMPs)
5) Please explain based on the text, why the skin of frogs is very importand as a source of germkilling substances?
Frogs skin have high potential source of new antibiotics, because they can produce
chemical substances for killing bacteria and also activating the immune system.
6. Forms and Functions
Read the sentences.
The scientists term them "odorous frogs"
The smelly frogs are termed "odorous frogs"
These two sentenses have similar meaning, but the way of writing is different from each other. The
first sentence is written in active and the second is written in passive.
Please rewrite these sentences into different types of sentences: Active to passive or passive to
active
1) Some of the nastiest smelling creatures skin produce variety of anti-bacterial substances.
Variety of anti-bacterial substances are produced by some of the nastiest smelling creature
skin.
2) They identified more than 700 of these substances
More than 700 of these substances was identified by they.
3) A reach potential source of new antibiotics is recognized from the odorous frog skin by
scientists
Scientists recognize a reach potential source of new antibiotics from the odorous frog skin.
4) Zhang's group identifies the specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
The specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are identified by Zhang's group.
7. Writing Skill
A. The following sentences are jumbled. You are supposed to arrange these phrases into a correct
sentence.

For example:
more than

700 of - these substances

Identified

the

y
1

They identified more than 700 of these substances

1) some of - produces - anti-bacterial substances - the nastiest smelling - the
greatest variety of - creatures.
Some of the nastiest smelling creatures produces the greatest variety of antibacterial substances.
2) frogs skin have recognized the scientists- antibiotics as a rich potential source of new.
The scientists have recognized frogs' skin as a rich potential source of new
antibiotics.
3) that secretes chemicals the animals live in - where bacteria to its skin
warm and wet places have adapted.
The animals live in warm and wet places where bacteria thrive and have
adapted skin that secretes chemicals to its skin.
4) to identify - antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) - wanted - they - the specific.
They wanted to identify the specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
5) the AMPs - and - some of - have - bacteria directly - that are killing - a dual
action
Some of the AMPs have a dual action, that are killing bacteria directly and
also activating the immune system.

B. Make one paragraph by a maximum of 40 words on your own that contains the words listed
below:
Amphibians, skin, chemical, antibiotics, sources, immune, scientists, bacteria, potential,
odorous, wet, chemicals
For example (of one of the sentences):
The scientists have recognized that new antibactria substances are found in frog skin.
The scientists have found sources of new antibiotics from amphibians skin, called odorous
frogs. Frog skin secretes chemicals to protect themselves from infection. In fact, this chemical
have high potential for killing bacteria directly and also activating the imunne system.