WT Chapter 5 Sed

11/11/2013
SEDIMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation
is removal of particulate materials suspended in

water by quiescent settling due to gravity
Commonly used unit operation in water and wastewater
treatment plants
AAiT
Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
11/11/2013
SEDIMENTATION
Particles
Discrete
Flocculating
Size
Shape
weight
Suspension
displacement of water
velocity field interference
AAiT
Dilute
Concentrated
Water Treatment
TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION
No interaction between particles

Settling velocity is constant for individual particles
Dilute solids concentration
Examples: presedimentation in water treatment, grit removal in
wastewater
Particles collide and adhere to each other resulting in particle growth

Dilute solids concentration
Examples: coagulation/flocculation settling in water treatment and
primary sedimentation in wastewater treatment
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION
Particles are so close together movement is restricted

Intermediate solids concentration
Solids move as a block rather than individual particles
Fluidic interference causes a reduction in settling velocity
Distinguishable solids liquid interface
Intermediate solids concentration
Example: settling of secondary effluents
Particles physically in contact

Water is squeezed out of interstitial spaces
Volume of solids may decrease
High concentration of solids (sludges)
AAiT
Water Treatment
DISCRETE PARTICLES SETTLING (TYPE 1)

Characteristics
Size and shape

Specific gravity
Properties
of the water
Specific gravity
Viscosity
Physical
of the particles
environment of the particle
Velocity of the water

Inlet and outlet arrangements of the structure
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
DISCRETE PARTICLES SETTLING (TYPE 1)

Fb
Fd
Fnet = mg - Fd - Fb
Fnet = 0
mg
vs
4 ( s w ) gd
3
w
CD
Re < 1, Cd = 24/Re (Laminar flow)

1<Re<104, Cd = 24/Re + 3/(Re)1/2 + 0.34 (Transition)
103 < Re < 104, Cd = 0.4 (Turbulent)
AAiT
Water Treatment
STOKES LAW
For
Re < 1 (laminar flow) and

Re = wvsd/ (for perfect sphere),
Stokes
law:
vs
vs
AAiT
gd 2 ( s w )
18
gd 2 ( S g 1)
18
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
EXAMPLE
Estimate the terminal settling velocity in water at a temperature of
15oC of spherical silicon particles with specific gravity 2.40 and
average diameter of (a) 0.05 mm and (b) 1.0 mm
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step
1. Using Stokes equation for (a) at T= 15oC
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step
2. Check with the Reynolds number
Step 3. Using Stokes law for (b)
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step
4. Check the Reynolds number
Since R > 2, the Stokes law does not apply. Use Eq. 1 to calculate v
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step
5. Re-calculate Cd and v
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step
6. Re-check Re
Step 7. Repeat step 5 with new R
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step
8. Re-check Re
Step 9. Repeat step 7
(b) The estimated velocity is around 0.16 m/s
AAiT
Water Treatment
SETTLING COLUMN
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
GENERALLY
All
particles with d>= do, such that v >= vo, will arrive at or pass the
sampling port in time to.
particle with dp < do will have a terminal settling velocity vp < vo

and will arrive at or pass the sampling port in time to, with original
position at, or below a point Zp.
If
the suspension is mixed uniformly then the fraction of particles of

size dp with settling velocity vp which will arrive at or pass the
sampling port in time to will be Zp/Zo = vp/vo.
Thus,
the removal efficiency of any size particle from suspension is

the ratio of the settling velocity of that particle to the settling
velocity vo defined by Zo/to.
AAiT
Water Treatment
PROCEDURE SETTLEABLITY ANALYSIS

Usually 2m
Mix
high column
the suspension thoroughly
Measure
initial SS concentration, Co
Measure
concentrations at certain intervals, Ci
All
particles comprising C1 must have settling velocities less than

Z0/t1. Thus the mass fraction of particles with v1 < Z0/t1 is
AAiT
Water Treatment
11/11/2013
AAiT
Water Treatment

For
a given detention time to, an overall percent removal

can be obtained.
All particles with settling velocities greater than v0=Z0/t0 will
be 100 percent removed.
Thus, 1 xo fraction of particles will be removed completely in time

t0. The remaining will be removed to the ratio vi/vo, corresponding
to the shaded area in Fig. 4.2. If the equation relating v and x is
known the area can be found by integration:
AAiT
Water Treatment
10
11/11/2013
EXAMPLE : SETTLING COLUMN ANALYSIS OF

TYPE-1 SUSPENSION
A
settling analysis is run on a type-1 suspension. The column is 2 m

deep and data are shown below.
What
will be the theoretical removal efficiency in a settling basin with

a loading rate of 25 m3/m2-d (25m/d)?
Water Treatment
AAiT
SOLUTION
Step
1. Calculate mass fraction remaining and corresponding settling
rates
x=
Ci
189
0.63
Time, min
60
80
100
130
200
240
420
Mass fraction remaining
0.63
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.37
0.26
0.09
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.55
1.0
0.83
0.48
Vt x
102,
AAiT
Co
m/min
300
Water Treatment
11
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step
2. Plot mass fraction vs. settling velocity

X, Wt. fraction remaining
0.7
xo
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
vo = 1.74 x 10-2 m/min
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Velocity, m/min X 10-2
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step
3. Determine vo
vo = 25m3/m2.d = 1.74 x 10-2 m/min
Step
4. Determine xo = 54 %
AAiT
Water Treatment
12
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
5. x.vt by graphical integration
Step
0.6
x = 0.06
0.5
vo=1.74 x 10-2 m/min
X, Wt. fraction remaining
0.7
x = 0.06
0.4
x = 0.1
0.3
x = 0.1
0.2
x = 0.1
0.1
x = 0.06
x = 0.06
AAiT
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Velocity, m/min x 10-2

Water Treatment
SOLUTION
5. x.vt by graphical
integration
Step
vt
x.vt
0.06
1.50
0.09
0.06
1.22
0.07
0.1
1.00
0.10
0.1
0.85
0.09
0.1
0.70
0.07
0.06
0.48
0.03
0.06
0.16
0.01
x.vt=0.46
Step 6. Determine overall

removal efficiency
X 1 xo
0.46
AAiT
Water Treatment
x.vt
vo
0.46
1.74
72%
13
11/11/2013
TYPE-2 SETTLING
AAiT
Water Treatment
TYPE-2 SETTLING
Mass fraction removed is calculated as:
AAiT
Water Treatment
14
11/11/2013
EXAMPLE: SETTLING COLUMN ANALYSIS OF

FLOCCULATING PARTICLES
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step 1. Determine the removal rate at each depth and time
xij = (1- Ci/Co)x100
x11 = (1 133/250) x 100 = 47
Depth,
m
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
AAiT
30
47
28
19
15
12
10
Time of sampling, min

60
90
120
150
67
80
85
88
51
63
74
78
40
53
63
72
33
46
56
64
28
42
51
59
25
38
47
55
180
91
83
77
72
68
62
Water Treatment
15
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step 2. Plot the isoconcentration lines
Step 3. Construct vertical line at to = 105 min
AAiT
Water Treatment
SETTLING TANKS /SEDIMENTATION TANKS

The
principle involved in these tanks is reduction of velocity of
flow so that the particles settle during the detention period.

Such
tanks are classified into,
Fill and draw types tanks (batch-process)
Continuous flow tanks.
AAiT
Water Treatment
16
11/11/2013
SETTLING TANKS /SEDIMENTATION TANKS

Depending
on their shape, sedimentation tanks may be

classified as,
circular,
rectangular, and
square.
Depending
on the direction of flow, as
horizontal flowlongitudinal, radial flow
Vertical flowcircular (upward flow)
AAiT
Water Treatment
LONG-RECTANGULAR BASINS
Long
rectangular basins are commonly used in treatment plants

processing large flows.
hydraulically more stable, and flow control through large volumes is easier
with this configuration.
AAiT
Water Treatment
17
11/11/2013
LONG-RECTANGULAR TANK
the inlet zone in which baffles intercept the
oncoming water and spread the flow
uniformity
both
vertically
the
outlet zone
in horizontally
which waterand
flows
across the
upward
andtank
over the outlet weir
settling zone, which occupies the
sludge zone,
which
extends
remaining
volume
of the
tank from the
bottom of the tank to just above the
scraper mechanism
AAiT
Water Treatment
LONG-RECTANGULAR TANK
Detention
time: is the theoretical time that the water is detained

in a settling basin. it is calculated as the volume of the tank
divided by the rate of flow, and is denoted as = V/Q.
vo
or Q/As is called overflow rate or surface loading rate or surface

overflow rate (SOR).
AAiT
Water Treatment
18
11/11/2013
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF PARTICLES

A
particle initially at height h with settling velocity of vsh will just be

removed by the time it has traversed the settling zone.
Particles initially at heights less than h will also be removed and those at
greater heights will not reach the bottom before reaching the outlet zone.
All particles with settling velocity vs < vsh are removed partly, depending
on their position at a height from the top of the sludge zone.
The efficiency of removal of such particles is given by h/H.
The greater the surface area, the higher the efficiency.

AAiT
Water Treatment
CIRCULAR BASINS
Simple sludge removal

mechanisms
require less maintenance
no excessive weir overflow
AAiT
Water Treatment
19
11/11/2013
SHORT-CIRCUITING AND REDUCTION OF

EFFICIENCY
AAiT
Water Treatment
INLET ZONE
Inlets should be designed to dissipate the momentum and accurately distribute the
incoming flow
Baffle
Multiple
opening
across
width
Flow distribution
AAiT
Baffle
Multiple
opening
across
width
Typical baffle (diffuser) walls
Water Treatment
20
11/11/2013
OUTLET STRUCTURE
consist of an overflow weir and a receiving channel or launder.

The launder to the exit channel or pipe.
re-suspension of settled solids must be prevented
flow velocity in upward direction has to be limited
Increase the length of the overflow overflow weir
AAiT
Water Treatment
DESIGN DETAILS
Detention period: for plain sedimentation: 3 to 4 h, and for coagulated
sedimentation: 2 to 2 1/2 h
Velocity of flow: < 18 m/h (horizontal flow tanks)
Tank dimensions: L : B : 3 to 5 : 1
Depth 2.5 to 5.0 m (3 m)

Surface loading (or) overflow rate or (SOR)
Generally L = 30 m (common) maximum 100 m.

Breadth: 6 m to 10 m.
Circular: Dia < 60 m, Generally 20 to 40 m
For plain sedimentation- 12,000 to 18,000 1/d/m2

for thoroughly flocculated water 24,000 to 30, 000 1/d/m2
horizontal flow circular tank 30,000 to 40,000 1/d/m2
Slopes: Rectangular 1 % towards inlet and circular 8%

Weir loading rate, m3/m/d < 248
AAiT
Water Treatment
21
11/11/2013
EXAMPLE
Find
the dimensions of a rectangular sedimentation basin for the

following data:
Volume of water to be treated = 3 MLD

Detention period = 4 hrs
Velocity of flow = 10 cm/min
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
22
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE
Design a circular basin. A circular
sedimentation tank is to have a minimum
detention time of 4 h and a maximum
overflow rate of 20 m3/m2.d. Determine the
required diameter of the tank and the depth
if the average flow rate through the tank is
6 ML/d.
AAiT
Water Treatment
23
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
V=6000x4/24=1000
Depth=20x4/24=3.33=3.5m
As=V/d=1000/3.5=285.7m2
As=xD2/4
Diameter=19m
Hence
provide 5 m deep (1 m for sludge and 0.5 m free

board) by 19 m diameter tank
AAiT
Water Treatment
EXAMPLE
Design a long-rectangular settling basin for
type-2 settling. A city must treat about
15,000 m3/d of water. Flocculating particles
are produced by coagulation, and a column
analysis indicates that an overflow rate of 20
m/d will produce satisfactory removal at a
depth of 2.5 m. Determine the size of the
required settling tank.
AAiT
Water Treatment
24
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
= 15,000 m3/d, SOR (V) = 20 m/d and d = 2.5 m
Calculate surface area
A = Q/V = 15,000 / 20 = 750 m2
Use two tanks A = 375 m2 for each
Take L: B = 3: 1
L = 33.50 m and B = 11.20 m
Q
AAiT
Water Treatment
HIGH-RATE SETTLING MODULES

Small
inclined tubes or tilted parallel plates which permit

effective gravitational settling of suspended particles within
the modules.
Surface loading 5 to 10 m/h
AAiT
Water Treatment
25
11/11/2013
TYPICAL CONFIGURATIONS
Countercurrent
AAiT
Water Treatment
Cocurrent
AAiT
Water Treatment
26
11/11/2013
Crosscurrent
AAiT
Water Treatment
TUBE SETTLERS
Take
advantage of the theory that surface overflow loading, which
can also be defined as particle settling velocity, is the important

design parameter.
Theoretically,
Use
At
a shallow basin should be effective.
tubes of 25 to 50 mm diameter
a 60o angle provide efficient settling

AAiT
Water Treatment
27
11/11/2013
TUBE SETTLERS
Water Treatment
AAiT
PLATE /LAMELLA PLATE SETTLER

Taking
advantage of the theory that settling depends on the
settling area rather than detention time.

Distance
between plates is designed to provide an upflow velocity
lower than the settling velocity of the particles,

The
effective settling area is the horizontal projected area
AAiT
Water Treatment
28
11/11/2013
PLATE /LAMELLA PLATE SETTLER
Water Treatment
AAiT
DESIGN OF INCLINED SETTLERS
v
H
u
sin
=
( cos + 2 )
=
AAiT
Water Treatment
29
11/11/2013
EXAMPLE
A water treatment work treats 1.0 m3/s and
removes flocs larger than 0.02 mm. The
settling velocity of the 0.02mm flocs is
measured in the laboratory as 0.22 mm/s at 15
oC. Tube settlers of 50 mm square honeycombs
are inclined at a 50o angle and its vertical
height is 1.22 m. Determine the basin are
required for the settler module.
Water Treatment
AAiT
SOLUTION
Step
1. Determine the area needed for the settler modules
Q = (1m3 /s)/2 = 0.5 m3/s = 30 m3 /min

w = 50 mm = 0.05 m
H = 1.22 m
= 50o
=
( cos cos 2 )
0.5(0.0508)
(1.22 0.643 + 0.0508 0.6432 )
0.312
=
AAiT
Water Treatment
30
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
A safety factor of 0.6 may be applied to determine the designed

settling velocity. Thus,
= 0.6 0.00022/ =
0.0312
= 2362 ( 240 2 )
Step 2. find surface loading rate Q/A
0.5 24 60 603
=
= 1803 /(2 )
2402
Step 3. Compute flow velocity in the settlers

v = Q/A sin = 180/0.766
= 235 m/d
= 0.163 m/min
= 0.0027 m/s
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
30
AAiT
4
= 40
3
Water Treatment
31
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
Step
5. Check horizontal velocity
Q/A = (30 m3/min)/(4 m x 8 m) = 0.938 m/min

Step
6. Check Reynolds number (R) in the settler module
R=
0.05082
= 0.0127
4 0.0508
(0.0027/)(0.0127)
=
0.0000011312
30 < 2000, !
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
Step
7. Launder dimension
Provide 3 launders for each basin. The launder must cover the entire
length of the settler module; thus the length of the launder is 30 m. the flow
rate in each launder trough is 0.5/3 = 0.167 m3/s
For a rectangular trough section

Q = 1.38 bh1.5
Select the width (b) as 0.5 m
Thus h = 0.39 m
Make the interior height of the launder 0.5 m (0.11 m freeboard)
AAiT
Water Treatment
32
11/11/2013
SOLUTION
10 m
30 m (covered with tubes)
16 m
Launder
Baffle wall
Outlet channel
Diffuser wall
Inlet channel
AAiT
Water Treatment
SOLUTION
AAiT
Water Treatment
33
11/11/2013
QUESTIONS?
AAiT
Water Treatment
34

WT Chapter 5 Sed

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

WT Chapter 5 Sed

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

11/11/2013

is removal of particulate materials suspended in

No interaction between particles

Particles collide and adhere to each other resulting in particle growth

Particles are so close together movement is restricted

Particles physically in contact

DISCRETE PARTICLES SETTLING (TYPE 1)

Size and shape

environment of the particle

Velocity of the water

DISCRETE PARTICLES SETTLING (TYPE 1)

Re < 1, Cd = 24/Re (Laminar flow)

Re < 1 (laminar flow) and

1. Using Stokes equation for (a) at T= 15oC

2. Check with the Reynolds number

Step 3. Using Stokes law for (b)

4. Check the Reynolds number

Step 7. Repeat step 5 with new R

Step 9. Repeat step 7

(b) The estimated velocity is around 0.16 m/s

particle with dp < do will have a terminal settling velocity vp < vo

the suspension is mixed uniformly then the fraction of particles of

the removal efficiency of any size particle from suspension is

PROCEDURE SETTLEABLITY ANALYSIS

the suspension thoroughly

concentrations at certain intervals, Ci

particles comprising C1 must have settling velocities less than

PROCEDURE SETTLEABLITY ANALYSIS

PROCEDURE SETTLEABLITY ANALYSIS

a given detention time to, an overall percent removal

Thus, 1 xo fraction of particles will be removed completely in time

EXAMPLE : SETTLING COLUMN ANALYSIS OF

settling analysis is run on a type-1 suspension. The column is 2 m

will be the theoretical removal efficiency in a settling basin with

1. Calculate mass fraction remaining and corresponding settling

Mass fraction remaining

2. Plot mass fraction vs. settling velocity

vo = 1.74 x 10-2 m/min

Velocity, m/min X 10-2

vo = 25m3/m2.d = 1.74 x 10-2 m/min

vo=1.74 x 10-2 m/min

X, Wt. fraction remaining

Velocity, m/min x 10-2

Step 6. Determine overall

Mass fraction removed is calculated as:

EXAMPLE: SETTLING COLUMN ANALYSIS OF

Time of sampling, min

SETTLING TANKS /SEDIMENTATION TANKS

principle involved in these tanks is reduction of velocity of

flow so that the particles settle during the detention period.

tanks are classified into,

Fill and draw types tanks (batch-process)

Continuous flow tanks.

SETTLING TANKS /SEDIMENTATION TANKS

on their shape, sedimentation tanks may be

on the direction of flow, as

horizontal flowlongitudinal, radial flow

Vertical flowcircular (upward flow)

rectangular basins are commonly used in treatment plants

time: is the theoretical time that the water is detained

or Q/As is called overflow rate or surface loading rate or surface

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF PARTICLES

particle initially at height h with settling velocity of vsh will just be