Nada Nabilah binti Abdul Rahim

2013158243
Tutorial #3: Apparatus, Technique and Reagent
1. Describe the basic piece of apparatus used for volumetric measurement. List
whether each is designed to contain or to deliver the specified volume.
Volumetric flasks (to contain specified volume)
Pipette (to deliver an accurate volume)
Buret (to deliver)

2. Distinguish between the zero point of a balance.

Zero point of balance is not a constant that can be determine or set
and forgotten. It will drift for a number of reasons, including
temperature change, humidity and static electricity. The zero point
should be checked at least once every half-hours during the prior of
using the balance.

3. Explain the source error in weighing.

including Zero point drift, the weights and buoyancy are source of error. The
change in ambient temperature or change in temperature of object being
weighed is the biggest source of error. Hot or cold objects must be brought to
ambient temperature before weighing.

4. List the general rule for weighing (the use of balance).

1. Never handle objects to be weighed with the fingers. A piece of clean
paper or tong should be used.
2. Weigh at room temperature to avoid air convection current.
3. Never place chemical directly on the pan.
4. Always close the balance door before making the weighing.
5.When using a chemical balance, never place object or weight on the pans
or remove them without securing the beam arrest and the pans arrest.

5. Describe the type of weighing.

 There is two type of weighing rough and accurate. In rough weighing 2 or 3

significant figure are normally used when the amount of substance to be
weighed need only be known to within in a few percent. Meanwhile accurate
weighing are reserved for obtaining the weight of sample to be analyzed,
must generally be known to 4 significant figure to be used in calculating the
analytic result.
6. The pipette is used to transfer a particular of volume solution . give the two
common of type pipette.
The two common pipette are volumetric pipette and measuring
pipette.

7. Give the explanation to differentiate the following terms:

a. TD is labeled on the pipettes and TC is labeled on volumetric flask.
TD labeled on the pipettes is shown these flask is to deliver a
specified volume at given temperature. Meanwhile, TC on the
volumetric flask shown that these flask is designed to contain an
accurate volume at the specified temperature.
b. Volumetric or transfer pipet and measuring or graduated pipet.
Volumetric or transfer pipets accurately deliver fixed volume with a
small volume remain in the tips. Meanwhile, measuring or
graduated pipet are straight-bore pipets marked at different level
and they are less accurate than volumetric pipets.

8. Describe how to calibrate a volumetric flask and pipet.

To calibrate a volumetric flask, weight empty and dry flask. Fill it
with the distilled water up to the mark and weight again. The water
temperature is taken. The mass difference o is the mass of water.
To calibrate a pipette, weight a dry Erlenmeyer flask with a rubber
stopper and the volume of water to be weighed. Fill the pipette with
the distilled water and deliver the water into the flask. Using a
proper pipetting technique, and quickly stopper the container to
avoid evaporating loss. Reweight to obtain the weight in air of water
delivered by the pipet.
9. Distinguish between furnaces and oven.
Furnace is for melting metal and to ignite the sample to high
temperature. Furnace temperature can excess to 500C. for the
oven that used to dry the sample prior to weighing the usual
temperature of to 200C to 300C.
10.Give the function of desiccator.
Desiccator is a storage device used for drying sample and
preventing from re-absorption of moisture after oven drying.

11.Describe:
a. The principle of titration.
Titration is a process in which a standard reagent of a known
concentration from a buret is added to a solution containing the
analyte until the reaction between the analyte and the reagent is
judged to be complete.
b. The technique of titration.
There are four technique of titration firstly is preparation of
crucibles then decantation, decantation is the process of gently
pouring off the bulk of liquid phase while leaving the precipitated
solid essentially undisturbed. After the decantation is washing,
several washing with small volume of liquid are more effective in
removing soluble contaminants that the same total volume used in
a single washing. Lastly is transfer of the precipitated by removing
the last traces of precipitate is accomplished with rubber
policeman.

12.Describe how to clean an apparatus.

The apparatus such as buret and pipette must be rinse so the
solution will flow freely and do not bead up at the wall as the
transfer performed. For a volumetric flask the neck must be clean to
ensure a well formed meniscus.