Materials Properties Handbook:

Titanium Alloys
Rodney Boyer
Boeing Commercial Airplane Company
Gerhard Welsch
Case Western Reserve University
E.W. Codings
Battelle Memorial Institute (Columbus)

Dr. W i l l i a m W . S c o t t , Jr., D i r e c t o r of T e c h n i c a l P u b l i c a t i o n s
S c o t t D. H e n r y , M a n a g e r of H a n d b o o k D e v e l o p m e n t
Steve L a m p m a n , H a n d b o o k Editor
V e r o n i c a Flint, A c q u i s i t i o n s a n d R e v i e w
Production Assistance
Nancy M. Sobie
Ann-Marie O'Loughlin
R a n d a l l L. B o r i n g
Patricia Eland
William J . O'Brien
Jeff F e n s t e r m a k e r
Editorial A s s i s t a n c e
N i k k i D. W h e a t o n
Judith Woodruff
Terri W e i n t r a u b

The Materials
Information Society

Copyright 1994
by
ASM International
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First printing, J u n e 1994

Second printing, J a n u a r y 1998
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F o u r t h printing, August 2007
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Materials properties handbook: titanium alloys /
editors, Rodney Boyer, Gerhard Welsch, E.W. Collings
p. cm.
ISBN-10: 0-87170-481-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-87170-481-8
1. Titanium alloys.
I. Welsch, Gerhard.
II. Boyer, Rodney
III. Collings, E.W
TA480.T54M37
620.1 '89322dc20

1994
94-15791
CIP

SAN No. 204-7586

ASM International
Materials Park, O H 44073-0002
Printed in the United States of America

Preface
Titanium Alloys is t h e r e s u l t of a n a m b i t i o u s effort to prov i d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o p e r t y d a t a i n e l e c t r o n i c form for n o t
only d a t a b a s e s b u t also p r i n t p r o d u c t s s u c h a s t h e Materials
Properties Handbooks s e r i e s . I n t h i s e n d e a v o r , Titanium
Alloys
r e p r e s e n t s a "book-first" a p p r o a c h d e v o t e d to c o m p r e h e n s i v e ,
alloy-specific c o m p i l a t i o n s of p r o p e r t i e s a n d p r o c e s s i n g inform a t i o n on engineering m a t e r i a l s . This work h a s produced a
s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t of t i t a n i u m p r o p e r t y d a t a i n electronic
form, a n d follow-up efforts will d e t e r m i n e w h i c h of t h e inform a t i o n is s u i t a b l e for m o r e s t r u c t u r e d a n d s e a r c h a b l e elect r o n i c f o r m a t s s u c h a s MatDB.
T i t a n i u m w a s c h o s e n a s t h e first topic i n t h i s "book-then-dat a b a s e " effort b e c a u s e t h e s m a l l n u m b e r of m a j o r t i t a n i u m
alloys w a s a factor c o n s i d e r e d by t h e i n i t i a l project m a n a g e r s .
However, t h e scope w a s e x p a n d e d a n d a s u b s t a n t i a l effort w a s
e x p e n d e d i n collecting a w i d e v a r i e t y of i n f o r m a t i o n on differe n t alloys a n d p r o p e r t i e s ( w i t h p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s on t h e
w o r k h o r s e alloy, Ti-6A1-4V). T h e a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n w a s
m o n u m e n t a l , a n d t h e t a s k of s e l e c t i n g a n d e d i t i n g t h e d a t a for
s u b s e q u e n t p r o d u c t i o n w a s p u r s u e d w i t h t h e goal of providing
c o m p r e h e n s i v e coverage on a n alloy-specific b a s i s . W h e t h e r
this approach w a s p r u d e n t m a y be questionable in hindsight.
However, t h i s h a n d b o o k p r o v i d e s a c o m p i l a t i o n of p r o p e r t i e s
a n d f a b r i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s for v i r t u a l l y all of t h e alloys w h i c h
h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d over t h e 4 5 - y e a r t i m e s p a n of t h e t i t a n i u m i n d u s t r y u p to e a r l y 1 9 9 3 . T h e d a t a is q u i t e c o m p r e h e n sive for t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t alloys a n d n o t a s c o m p l e t e for some
of t h e l e s s e r alloys, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e t h a t n e v e r w e n t i n t o
p r o d u c t i o n . I t is n o t i n t e n d e d to p r o v i d e all t h e d a t a i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e , b u t to provide a q u i c k , u p - t o - d a t e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e
k e y i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t is a v a i l a b l e . H o w e v e r , for t h o s e alloys
a n d / o r p r o p e r t i e s w h e r e m o r e d e t a i l is r e q u i r e d , r e f e r e n c e s a r e
cited to e n a b l e t h e r e a d e r to o b t a i n f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n .

T h i s h a n d b o o k will b e a v a l u a b l e a d d i t i o n t o t h e l i b r a r y of
a n y o n e w i t h m o r e t h a n a superficial i n v o l v e m e n t or i n t e r e s t in
t i t a n i u m in t h a t in this single volume, t h e physical, thermal,
m e c h a n i c a l , c o r r o s i o n , f a t i g u e , a n d f r a c t u r e p r o p e r t i e s of alm o s t all t i t a n i u m alloys (except for a l l o y s of t h e former Soviet
U n i o n ) , a l o n g w i t h c h a p t e r s on t h e b a s i c m e t a l l u r g y of titan i u m a r e c o m p i l e d . T h i s g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e s c o m p a r i s o n of alloy
p r o p e r t i e s ; t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l a n d h e a t t r e a t m e n t effects on
t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e alloys a r e also p r o v i d e d . T h i s book will
f u r n i s h a quick, s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t overview, w h i c h will provide
t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t from w h i c h a m o r e d e t a i l e d s e a r c h of t h e
l i t e r a t u r e c a n b e i n i t i a t e d , l e a d i n g to a n i n t e l l i g e n t a s s e s s m e n t of t h e p r o p e r alloy for a specific a p p l i c a t i o n . I t is t r u l y
u n i q u e to h a v e a d a t a b a s e t h i s c o m p r e h e n s i v e for basically all
a l l o y s i n a g i v e n alloy s y s t e m c o n t a i n e d i n o n e v o l u m e . T h i s
o n e book will e i t h e r p r o v i d e t h e d a t a y o u n e e d , or provide
r e f e r e n c e s on w h e r e to find it, for a n y t i t a n i u m alloy.
I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s v o l u m e also c o n t a i n s p r o c e s s i n g informat i o n s u c h a s forging, f o r m i n g , c a s t i n g , p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y , a n d
welding. Recommended procedures/hmits in these a r e a s are
p r o v i d e d , a n d w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , t h e affects of s o m e of t h e s e
p r o c e s s i n g v a r i a b l e s on t h e final p r o p e r t i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d .
T h i s h a s b e e n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l effort, w i t h c o n t r i b u t o r s
from N o r t h A m e r i c a , E u r o p e , a n d A s i a . T h e s e c o n t r i b u t o r s a r e
l e a d e r s i n t h e field, a n d r e p r e s e n t all s e c t o r s of t h e i n d u s t r y
including t i t a n i u m producers, t i t a n i u m fabricators, end users,
g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d a c a d e m i a . A n effort of t h i s m a g n i t u d e repr e s e n t s a s u b s t a n t i a l c o m m i t m e n t by A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d
t h e efforts of h u n d r e d s of i n d i v i d u a l s i n collection of t h e d a t a ,
c o m p i l a t i o n i n t o c o h e r e n t c h a p t e r s a n d s e c t i o n s , r e v i e w of t h e
a s s e m b l e d s e c t i o n s , a n d t h e p a i n s t a k i n g efforts of p r o d u c i n g
a n d proofing g r a p h i c s a n d p a g e l a y o u t s . We w o u l d like to give
t h e m o u r h e a r t f e l t t h a n k s , for w i t h o u t t h e m t h i s book would
not h a v e been possible.

R. B o y e r a n d S. L a m p m a n

iii

Table of Contents
Preface
Contributors a n d R e v i e w e r s

"i

Summary Table o f T i t a n i u m
Alloys

445

S e c t i o n IV: A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s
vii

Alloy D a t a S h e e t C o n t e n t s

xiii

Technical N o t e C o n t e n t s

xix

Abbreviations a n d S y m b o l s

xxi

Section I: P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s
Introduction
Classification of T i t a n i u m Alloys

Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-lMo-0.1Si

3
5

T i - 5 A l - 2 S n - 2 Z r - 4 M o - 4 C r (Ti-17)

453

T i - 6 A l - 2 S n - 4 Z r - 6 M o (Ti-6246)

465

Ti-6A1-4V

483

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

637

Ti-7Al-4Mo

667

TIMETAL 62S

679

Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700)

685

IMI 367

693

Physical P r o p e r t i e s

12

IMI 550

695

Equilibrium P h a s e s

23

I M I 551

701

Nonequilibrium Pfiases

34

Corona 5

705

Deformation

49

Ti-6-22-22-S .

713

Aging

56

Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV

733

Titanium A l l o y s for Low-Temperature S e r v i c e

68

Ti-5Al-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo

735

Ti-5Al-2.5Fe

737

Evolution of C o n v e n t i o n a l (Ingot M e t a l l u r g y )
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Titanium Alloys

76

Powder M e t a l l u r g y a n d Rapid-Solidification
Processing

81

Rapid-Solidification Processing of Precipitate a n d

D i s p e r s i o n - S t r e n g t h e n e d Titanium Alloys
Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s
References

747

T i - 6 . 4 A l - 1 . 2 F e ( R M I L o w - C o s t Alloy)

751

Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo

753

Ti-8Mn

755

87
94
112

Section I L T i t a n i u m D a t a Sheets
High-Purity Ti
Commercially P u r e a n d Modified Ti

Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si

125
165

Section I I L A l p h a a n d N e a r - A l p h a Alloys

S e c t i o n V: B e t a a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s
T i - 1 1 . 5 M o - 6 Z r - 4 . 5 S n (Beta III)

767

Ti-8V-3Al-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)

797

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-10-2-3)

829

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

867

Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn(Ti-15-3)

899

TIMETAL 21S

921

BetaCEZ

931

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al

935

Ti-15Mo-5Zr

943

Ti-3A1-2.5V

263

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

287

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al

949

Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo(Ti-6211)

321

T i - 1 1 . 5 V - 2 A l - 2 S n - l l Z r ( T r a n s a g e 129)

957

T i - 6 A l - 2 S n - 4 Z r - 2 M o - 0 . 1 S i (Ti-6242) Si

337

T i - 1 2 V - 2 . 5 A l - 2 S n - 6 Z r ( T r a n s a g e 134)

971

Ti-8Al-lMo-lV

377

T i - 1 3 V - 2 . 7 A l - 7 S n - 2 Z r ( T r a n s a g e 175)

979

Ti-11

409

Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl

993

T I M E T A L 1100

411

Ti-16V-2.5Al

999

IMI 2 3 0

415

IMI 4 1 7

419

IMI 6 7 9

421

Section VI: Advanced Materials

IMI 685

431

Titanium A l u m i n i d e s

IMI 8 2 9

435

T 1 3 A I Alloys

1009
1019

IMI 8 3 4

439

G a m m a (Ti-Al) A l l o y s

1029

Ti-Ni S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s

1035

Section VII: Technical N o t e s

Technical Note 1: M e t a l l o g r a p h y and
Microstructure

1051

Technical Note 1 A p p e n d i x : E x a m p l e of CDiso

formation

1065

Technical Note 2: Corrosion

1065

Technical Note 3 : C a s t i n g

1079

Technical Note 4: Forging

1083

Technical
Technical
Technical
Technical
Technical
Technical
Technical

N o t e 5: F o r m i n g
N o t e 5a: Superplastic F o r m i n g
note 6: Heat Treating
N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g
N o t e 8: P o w d e r Metallurgy
N o t e 9: Surface Treatments
Note 10: Welding and Brazing

Rolling
Friction and Wear of Titanium A l l o y s

1093
1101
1111
1119
1137
1145
1159
1167
1169

Physical Metallurgy of Titanium

Alloys*
E.W. C o l l i n g s , B a t t e l l e M e m o r i a l I n s t i t u t e , C o l u m b u s , O h i o , U . S . A .

*Revised from The Physical Metallurgy of Titanium

in Alloying (ASM I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1988)

Alloys (ASM I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1984) a n d "Introduction to T i t a n i u m Alloy Design"

1. Introduction
1.1 Origin and Uses of
Titanium
Titanium
is
widely
distributed
throughout t h e universe. I t h a s b e e n discovered in t h e s t a r s , in i n t e r s t e l l a r dust,
i n meteorites, a n d on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e
e a r t h . Its concentration w i t h i n t h e e a r t h ' s
crust of about 0.6% m a k e s i t t h e fourth
m o s t a b u n d a n t of t h e s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l s
(after a l u m i n u m , iron, a n d m a g n e s i u m ) .
It is 20 t i m e s m o r e p r e v a l e n t t h a n chrom i u m , 30 t i m e s m o r e t h a n nickel, 60
times more t h a n copper, 100 t i m e s more
t h a n t u n g s t e n , a n d 600 t i m e s m o r e t h a n
molybdenum. T h i s a b u n d a n c e i s t o some
extent illusory, however, i n t h a t t i t a n i u m
is not so frequently found i n economically
extractable concentrations. C o n c e n t r a t e d
sources of t h e m e t a l a r e t h e m i n e r a l s ilmenite, t i t a n o m a g n e t i t e , r u t i l e , a n a t a s e ,
a n d brookite.
Ilmenite is h a e m a t i t e ( F e 0 3 ) in
which half of t h e iron h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d by
titanium; titanomagnetite is magnetite
(Fe3(>4) in which one-third of t h e i r o n h a s
been replaced by t i t a n i u m . R u t i l e is TiC>2
(as are a n a t a s e a n d brookite). N a t u r a l l y
occurring (and t i t a n i u m - d e f i c i e n t ) ilm e n i t e consists of h a e m a t i t e p a r t i c l e s in a
m a t r i x of ilmenite; n a t u r a l l y occurring
(and, again,
titanium-deficient)
tit a n o m a g n e t i t e is m a g n e t i t e c o n t a i n i n g
l a t h s of ilmenite. I n short, t h e m o s t import a n t titanium minerals are ilmenite and
rutile.
2

^ a n i u m w a s first d i s c o v e r e d in mine r a l s now k n o w n a s r u t i l e b y W. Gregor

(England) a n d M.H. K l a p r o t h ( G e r m a n y )
in about 1790. The first c o m m e r c i a l mill
products were produced b y t h e T i t a n i u m
M e t a l s Company of A m e r i c a (TMCA)
a r o u n d 1950. F r o m t h a t t i m e t o t h e prese n t , production of t h e m e t a l h a s g r o w n a t
a n average a n n u a l r a t e of a b o u t 8%. Superimposed upon p a r t of t h i s t e m p o r a l
growth curve is a large f l u c t u a t i n g compon e n t , a r e m i n d e r of t h e c a p r i c i o u s n e s s of
t h e m a t e r i a l s d e m a n d s of t h e a e r o s p a c e
industry, t i t a n i u m ' s principal m a r k e t duri n g t h e early y e a r s . F o r t u n a t e l y for t h e titanium-production industry, t h e 1 3 % ann u a l growth r a t e exhibited b y t h e civilian
sector of t h e t o t a l m a r k e t s i n c e t h e early

1960s h a s s e r v e d to s o m e w h a t offset t h e
decline i n m i h t a r y d e m a n d d u r i n g t h e
s a m e period, t h e r e b y y i e l d i n g n o t only a
n e t growth b u t a relatively steady one.
T i t a n i u m ( m e a n i n g t i t a n i u m a n d its
alloys) h a s t w o p r i n c i p a l v i r t u e s : (1) a
h i g h s t r e n g t h / w e i g h t r a t i o a n d (2) good
corrosion r e s i s t a n c e . A t o n e t i m e or a n o t h e r practically all a e r o s p a c e s t r u c t u r e s
a i r f r a m e s , s k i n , a n d e n g i n e compon e n t s h a v e benefited from t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t i t a n i u m . N o n a e r o s p a c e applications include steam-turbine
blades,
hydrogen-storage media, high-current/
high-field s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s , c o n d e n s e r
t u b i n g for n u c l e a r a n d fossil-fuel p o w e r
generation, and other corrosion-resistant
a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s c o m p o n e n t s for
o c e a n t h e r m a l - e n e r g y c o n v e r s i o n , offs h o r e oil drilling, m a r i n e - s u b m e r s i b l e
vessels, d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t s , w a s t e - t r e a t ment plants, the pulp-and-paper industry, a n d t h e c h e m i c a l a n d p e t r o c h e m i c a l
industries.
I n t e r e s t i n t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t i t a n i u m
a n d i t s alloys b e g a n t o a c c e l e r a t e i n t h e
l a t e 1940s [CRA49] a n d e a r l y 1 9 5 0 s a s
their potential as high-temperature,
high-strength/weight
materials
with
aeronautical applications became more
a n d m o r e widely recognized. T h e h i s t o r y
of t i t a n i u m a n d i t s d e v e l o p m e n t i n alloyed
form h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e int r o d u c t i o n t o t h e first I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference o n t h e subject [JAF70] a n d i n t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n to ZwiCKER's c o m p r e h e n s i v e
m e t a l l u r g i c a l t r e a t i s e Titan und Titanlegierungen [Zwi74]. As e v i d e n c e d b y t h e
papers presented a t the subsequent Intern a t i o n a l Conferences, t i t a n i u m a n d i t s alloys h a v e by n o w found w i d e s p r e a d u s e i n
t h e a e r o s p a c e i n d u s t r y (for b o t h f r a m e
a n d engine components) a n d in t h e chemical a n d r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s , w h e r e a d v a n t a g e c a n b e t a k e n of t h e i r c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e . According t o WOOD [ W o o 7 2 ] , by
1972 a b o u t 30 c o m m e r c i a l alloys w e r e alr e a d y o n t h e m a r k e t i n m i l l - p r o d u c t form.
Of t h e s e , t h e e i g h t m o s t favored composit i o n s , a c c o u n t i n g for s o m e 9 0 % of t h e
s a l e s , w e r e t h r e e g r a d e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a n d t h e alloys Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, -614V, Ti-8Al-lMo-lV, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, a n d Ti1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l . A t t h a t t i m e also, i n t e r e s t

in e a c h of t h e alloys Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
(i.e., "Ti-6242"), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (i.e.,
"Ti-6246"), a n d T i - l l . 5 M o - 6 Z r - 4 . 5 S n (i.e.,
"-") w a s on t h e i n c r e a s e . Today t h e alloy Ti-6242 to w h i c h a b o u t 0 . 1 % Si h a s
b e e n a d d e d is b e i n g u s e d i n t i t a n i u m alloy
forgings a n d h a s received e x t e n s i v e s t u d y
a n d u s e i n its role a s a g a s - t u r b i n e compressor-disc m a t e r i a l . Finally it s h o u l d be
n o t e d t h a t Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al h a s b e e n t h e
beneficiary of t h e r e n e w e d i n t e r e s t b e i n g
s h o w n i n so-called "near-" t i t a n i u m alloys [ D u E 8 0 ] [TER80] [TOR80], w h i l e it is
a t l a s t becoming recognized t h a t Ti-50Nb,
one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t of today's technical s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s , is i n fact a -Ti alloy [COL81].
a

1.2 Extraction of Titanium

I n o r d e r to cope w i t h u n e x p e c t e d inc r e a s e s i n t h e d e m a n d for a m e t a l , i t is
helpful t o be able t o r e l y on a copious a n d
s t a b l e supply of t h e b a s i c ore. T h e t i t a n i u m i n d u s t r y i s f o r t u n a t e in t h i s r e g a r d .
T i t a n i u m dioxide is p r o d u c e d in l a r g e
q u a n t i t i e s for m a n y applications, so m u c h
so t h a t i n 1977, for e x a m p l e , only a few
p e r c e n t of t h e world's production of t i t a n i u m o r e w a s t a p p e d for m e t a l l i c sponge
r e f i n e m e n t (most of t h e m i n e d ore b e i n g
u s e d t o m a k e p a i n t p i g m e n t ) . T h u s , since
t h e overall d e m a n d for r a w m a t e r i a l is n o t
subject t o t h e s a m e f l u c t u a t i o n s a s t h e dem a n d for t h e m e t a l , s h o u l d t h e l a t t e r u n dergo a significant i n c r e a s e a t a n y t i m e ,
t h e r e is a t l e a s t a s t r o n g r a w - m a t e r i a l
b a s e from which to draw.
I n d u s t r y ' s g r o w i n g a w a r e n e s s of t h e
n e e d for e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n h a s s e r v e d
to e m p h a s i z e a n u n f o r t u n a t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e c u r r e n t m e t h o d s of t i t a n i u m m e t a l r e f i n e m e n t : t h e i r e n e r g y int e n s i v e n e s s . T h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e d to
p r o d u c e a t o n of s p o n g e - t i t a n i u m from its
ore is 16 t i m e s t h a t n e e d e d to p r o d u c e a
t o n of steel, 3.7 t i m e s t h a t n e e d e d for ferr o c h r o m e , 1.7 t i m e s t h a t n e e d e d for alum i n u m production, a n d a little m o r e t h a n
t h a t n e e d e d for a 1-ton i n g o t of m a g n e s i u m . Since, however, t h e h e a t s of formation of r u t i l e ( 2 2 8 kcal/mol), h a e m a t i t e
(~ - 2 0 0 kcal/mol), a n d m a g n e t i t e (~ - 2 6 8
kcal/ mol) a r e i n t h e r a t i o of 1:0.88:1.18,

4 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Table 1.1 Total Impurity Contents of Iodide- and Kroll-Process Titaniums (in w t % )

E-W. C o l l i n g s

Table 1 . 2 Typical Interstitial Impurity Contents of Several Grades of Titanium

[RAS72]

Element
Mg
Si
Al
Fe
Ni
Co
Cr
Mn
C

Iodide Ti

KrollTi

0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01

0.13
0.05
0.20
0.02

0.01
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.02

0.02
0.08
0.04
0.11

t h e r e s e e m s t o b e some scope for i n c r e a s i n g t h e e n e r g y efficiency of t h e t i t a n i u m r e f i n e m e n t process.

T h e m o s t well-known m e t h o d of t i t a n i u m p r o d u c t i o n is t h e Rroll p r o c e s s ,
w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e r e d u c t i o n of T1CI4 y
m a g n e s i u m . T h e first s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s
is t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e t e t r a c h l o r i d e itself, w h i c h i s c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e c M o r i n a tion of a m i x t u r e of carbon w i t h r u t i l e o r ilm e n i t e . T h e Kroll m a g n e s i u m - r e d u c t i o n
r e a c t i o n t a k e s place in a closed h e a t e d r e actor v e s s e l u n d e r a n i n e r t a t m o s p h e r e .
Liquid TiCl4 is i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e l i q u i d
m a g n e s i u m already present in t h e vessel,
t h e r e b y i n i t i a t i n g t h e reaction 2 M g +
TiCl
2 M g C I + Ti. T h e r e a c t i o n p r o d 4

Grade of titanium
MRC (MARZ-grade)
MRC (VP-grade)
TMC electrorefined sponge (grade ELXX)
Kroll-process (Toho sponge)
Kroll-process
Iodide-process

Interstitial content, p p m

Data

source

78
150

6
40
40
110
400
200

63
350
370
860
1100
200

1
2
3
4
5
5

800
100

(1) Materials Research Corp.: Zone-refined; supplied typical analysis. (2) Materials Research Corp.: Vacuum
melted; supplied typical analysis. (3) Titanium Metals Corp.: See also fCoL701. (4) See [COLTOI. (5) See Table 1.1.

u c t s a r e commercially p u r e sponge-titan i u m (in t h e form of a p o r o u s , gray, cokelike m a s s ) a n d MgCl2, m o s t of w h i c h c a n

b e d r a i n e d o u t of t h e r e a c t i o n c h a m b e r a s
a liquid. T h e MgCl2 is electrolytically
recycled. T h e t i t a n i u m s p o n g e i s consol i d a t e d b y a r c m e l t i n g i n a water-cooled
c o p p e r crucible: t h i s p r o c e s s involves
s e v e r a l i t e r a t i o n s of a p r o c e d u r e i n w h i c h
a n a r c is m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n a consum a b l e c o m p a c t e d - s p o n g e - t i t a n i u m elect r o d e a n d a pool of m o l t e n s p o n g e .
T h e h i g h e s t p u r i t y t i t a n i u m is p r e p a r e d for r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s b y t h e iodide
process. C r u d e t i t a n i u m is first r e a c t e d
w i t h i o d i n e i n a n i n e r t a t m o s p h e r e to form
t i t a n i u m iodide. This c a n t h e n b e decomp o s e d a t t h e surface of a h e a t e d t i t a n i u m

w i r e , w h i c h a c t s a s n u c l e u s for t h e g r o w t h
of a long cylindrical b a r of h i g h - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m c r y s t a l s . Typical i m p u r i t y cont e n t s of s e v e r a l g r a d e s of t i t a n i u m a r e
l i s t e d i n Tables 1.1 a n d 1.2.
T h e s e a n d o t h e r s t a n d a r d commercial m e t h o d s of t i t a n i u m production, such
a s t h e s o d i u m - r e d u c t i o n (or H u n t e r ) process, t h e direct-oxide-reduction process,
a n d t h e electrolytic process, h a v e b e e n described i n d e t a i l by MCQUILLAN [MCQ56,
C h a p . 2 ] , HOCH [ H o c 7 3 ] , a n d ZwiCKER
[Zwi74, pp. 2 1 - 2 7 ] , while s o m e n e w a p p r o a c h e s developed i n t h e Soviet U n i o n
h a v e b e e n o u t l i n e d by REZNICHENKO a n d
b

c o w o r k e r s [REZ82, R E Z 8 2 ] .
3

2. Classification of Titanium Alloys

2.1 Systematics of Phase
Stability
P u r e t i t a n i u m u n d e r g o e s a n allotropic
transformation from h e p (a) t o bec () a s
its t e m p e r a t u r e is r a i s e d t h r o u g h 8 8 2 . 5 C
[MOL65][ZWI74]. E l e m e n t s t h a t w h e n dissolved in t i t a n i u m produce little c h a n g e i n
t h e transformation t e m p e r a t u r e (e.g., t i n )
or cause i t to i n c r e a s e (e.g., a l u m i n u m ,
oxygen) a r e k n o w n a s " a stabilizers"; t h e y
a r e simple m e t a l s (SM) or i n t e r s t i t i a l elem e n t s [MOL65, p . 1 5 4 ] g e n e r a l l y n o n transition e l e m e n t s . Alloying a d d i t i o n s
t h a t decrease t h e p h a s e - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e a r e referred t o a s " stabilizers"; they a r e g e n e r a l l y t h e t r a n s i t i o n
m e t a l s (TM) (e.g., M o a n d V) a n d noble
metalsi.e., m e t a l s t h a t , like t i t a n i u m ,
h a v e unfilled or just-filled cf-electron
b a n d s . In t h e alloys, of course, t h e singlephase-oc a n d single-phase- r e g i o n s a r e
not i n contact a s t h e y a r e i n p u r e t i t a nium; they are instead separated by a
two-phase + region w h o s e w i d t h i n creases with i n c r e a s i n g solute c o n c e n t r a tion. Based on t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , technical alloys of t i t a n i u m a r e classified a s
"," "," a n d "a + ."
The question of lattice s t a b i l i t y p l a y s
a n i m p o r t a n t role i n a n y discussion of t h e
physics of p u r e m e t a l or alloy s y s t e m s .
This is particularly t r u e of t i t a n i u m a l loys, whose lattice stability (i.e., struct u r a l phase stability) h a s technical a s well
as fundamental significance. T h e c r y s t a l
structures of t h e t h r e e long p e r i o d s of
transition e l e m e n t s c h a n g e m o r e o r less
systematically from h e p t h r o u g h fee a s t h e
group n u m b e r i n c r e a s e s from I V t o VIII.
W h e t h e r or n o t t h e r e i s a n u n d e r l y i n g
physical significance t o t h i s , i n t h e c a s e of
t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s a useful correlation certainly exists b e t w e e n c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e
a n d group n u m b e r (in t h e c a s e of elem e n t s ) or crystal s t r u c t u r e a n d a v e r a g e
group n u m b e r or electron/atom r a t i o (in
t h e case of alloys). T h e existence of s u c h
correlations s u g g e s t s t h a t electronic
s t r u c t u r e plays a n i m p o r t a n t role i n t h e
control of p h a s e stability.
Numerous workers have attempted to
define t h e factors t h a t g o v e r n t h e existence of t h e a n d p h a s e s of t i t a n i u m al-

loys. Solute a t o m s w h i c h lower t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e allotropic + t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h a t of p u r e t i t a n i u m , a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s stabilizers.

Conversely, stabilizers r a i s e t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e . A s p o i n t e d o u t b y MCQUILLAN
[MCQ63], t h e relatively m o r e open bec
structure h a s a higher vibrational ent r o p y t h a n do t h e close-packed s t r u c t u r e s
h e p a n d fee. Consequently, d u r i n g h e a t ing, t h e free e n e r g y of a n i m a g i n a r y bec
l a t t i c e will d e c r e a s e m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n
t h o s e of t h e c o m p e t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s s u c h
t h a t e v e n t u a l l y a t e m p e r a t u r e will b e
r e a c h e d w h e r e a t t h e l a t t i c e (if it does n o t
m e l t ) will t r a n s f o r m from t h e low-temp e r a t u r e - s t a b l e close-packed s t r u c t u r e
(generally h e p , a ) t o bec. U n d e r l y i n g t h i s
t h e r m o d y n a m i c p i c t u r e is a n a t o m i s t i c
m o d e l i n v o l v i n g electronic cohesive forces
(directional o r o t h e r w i s e ) a n d atomic-size
effects. JAFFEE, i n a n e a r l y a n a l y s i s of t h e
s i t u a t i o n [JAF58], s u g g e s t e d t h a t atomicsize effect w a s t h e d o m i n a n t factor; s u b sequently, h e w a s able t o conclude t h a t ,
a l t h o u g h size effect n e e d e d t o be t a k e n
into consideration, t h e dominant phases t a b i l i z i n g m e c h a n i s m w a s electronic i n
n a t u r e . MCQUILLAN also took t h i s l a t t e r
v i e w [MCQ63], b u t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t except i o n s did of c o u r s e existfor e x a m p l e , t h e
- s t a b i l i z i n g t e n d e n c i e s of t h e s o l u t e s
b i s m u t h a n d lead were thought to be
d u e to t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e atomic sizes
[MCQ63].
F a c t o r s c o n t r o l l i n g t h e stabilization of
t h e a n d p h a s e s i n t i t a n i u m alloys h a v e
also b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n s e v e r a l publicat i o n s b y COLLINGS a n d GEGEL [COL73 ,
COL73 , COL75 ], w i t h p a r t i c u l a r refere n c e t o t h e Ti-Al a n d Ti-Mo s y s t e m s . S t a bility w a s q u a l i t a t i v e l y discussed from
b o t h electronic [COL73, COL82 ] a n d t h e r m o d y n a m i c (phenomenological) [COL75 ]
standpoints.
a

2.1.1 E l e c t r o n i c C o n s i d e r a t i o n s in
Phase Stability

As a r e s u l t of low-temperature specific
heat measurements, it was noted that the
m o r e s t a b l e of a p a i r of a l l o t r o p e s w a s a s sociated w i t h t h e lower electronic d e n s i t y of-states a t t h e F e r m i level, n{Ep). T h i s

rule w a s exemplified u s i n g data for t h e

following pairs of competing phases: Ct2*
a n d a; a and ; and [COL73].
With transition metals, the electron/atom ratio, e/a, i s t h e s a m e as the average "group number"referring to t h e
numbers assigned to the groups of the periodic table. Thus, e/a t a k e s on the values
4 through 1 0 w h e n applied to t h e members of the seven columns of the TM block
of t h e periodic table headed by the elem e n t s Ti through Ni. The el a is a parameter i n terms of which numerous physical
a n d mechanical properties of binary TM
alloys, particularly Ti-TM, can be conveniently displayed. Several important
physical (mcluding superconductive) properties m a y also be indexed i n terms of
quantities related to the above-mentioned
conventional el a, viz.: t h e atomic-volumecorrected "electron concentration" of J E N S E N etal. [ J E N 6 5 ] or the "effective electron/
a t o m ratio," of DESORBO [ D E S 6 5 ] . Another quantity advocated by LUKE et al.
[ L U K 6 4 ] a s being appropriate for the indexing of the compositional threshold for
martensitic transformation in Ti-TM alloys i s an average Pauling valence which,
although equal to conventional e/a for the
groups IV through V I transition elem e n t s , never exceeds t h e value 6 for elem e n t s of later groups. T h e crystal struct u r e s , particularly those of simple metals,
h a v e been justified from several fundam e n t a l standpoints. BREWER [BRE67] h a s
related structure to t h e spectroscopic
s t a t e s of the individual participating ato m s . PAULING [ P A U 6 7 ] , i n considering t h e

metallic bond, h a s also utilized this a s a

b a s i s for discussion. The O P W type of approach also utilized atomic spectroscopic
states, but i n a more satisfactory manner
by starting w i t h an array of bare ions and
t h e n replacing t h e electrons in such a w a y
t h a t their wavefunctions
represent
tightly bound electrons near t h e cores,
a n d nearly free electrons i n t h e spaces bet w e e n . Although attempts to deal electronically with phase stability in transition metals have b e e n made by
INGLESFIELD

[ING69]

and

PETTIFOR

*A hexagonal DO19 structure found in the

Ti-Al system.

E.W. Collings

6 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

[PET72], t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o alloys is m u c h m o r e difficult.

Very successful calculations of t h e
electronic structures of alloys, a n d i n p a r ticular t h e m a n n e r in which t h e band density of s t a t e s , n(E), v a r i e s w i t h energy, E,
have been m a d e using t h e coherent potential a p p r o x i m a t i o n (CPA) first a p p l i e d b y
EHRENREICH a n d colleagues [Km70] t o t h e
Cu-Ni system. The particular m e t h o d
u s e d , since i t took a t i g h t - b m d i n g (TB) a p p r o a c h t o t h e c?-electrons a n d a n e a r l y free-electron ( N F E ) o n e to t h e o t h e r elect r o n s i n t h e b a n d , h a s b e e n referred t o a s
t h e N F E - T B - C P A . A l t h o u g h it w a s e s p e cially applicable to Cu-Ni, it w a s t h e forer u n n e r of m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d m e t h o d s ,
developed by o t h e r s , of d e a l i n g w i t h t h e
e n e r g y - b a n d s t r u c t u r e s of d i s o r d e r e d alloys [FAU82]. I n overcoming t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e N F E - T B - C P A , a CPA m e t h o d
w a s developed w h i c h h a d s o m e f e a t u r e s
i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e old K o r r i n g a - K o h n Rostocker (KKR) m e t h o d . T h e first p u b lication of a full K K R - C P A calculation,
a g a i n a s i t a p p l i e d t o C u - N i alloys, w a s b y
STOCKS et al. [STO78]. T h e n u m b e r of alloy
s y s t e m s t o w h i c h s u c h calculations h a v e
b e e n applied, a n d for w h i c h t h e r e s u l t s
have been compared with experiment (ang u l a r resolved p h o t o e m i s s i o n is a favored
m e t h o d ) , h a s b e e n q u i t e limited.
However, it i s still a l a r g e s t e p from
calculations of t h i s k i n d to c a l c u l a t i o n s of
l a t t i c e - p h a s e ( c r y s t a l - s t r u c t u r e ) stability.
PETTIFOR [PET79] h a s m a d e c o n s i d e r a b l e
p r o g r e s s t o w a r d t h e calculations of t h e
h e a t s of f o r m a t i o n of b i n a r y alloys b y u s i n g a s i m p l e f o r m a l i s m , b a s e d on a F r i e d e l
e x p r e s s i o n for t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r
a t o m , i n w h i c h t h e CPA p l a y e d a f u n d a m e n t a l role. As i n d i c a t e d above, it i s a r e m a r k a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l fact t h a t t h e
c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e s of 3d, 4d, a n d od t r a n sition m e t a l s , a n d t h e i r "adjacent" b i n a r y
alloys, v a r y i n a r e g u l a r m a n n e r from h e p
t h r o u g h bec t o fee a s a function of t h e el a
or a v e r a g e g r o u p n u m b e r . MOTT a n d
JONES' i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of one of t h e H u m e R o t h e r y r u l e s w a s a n unsuccessful a t t e m p t t o provide a c r y s t a l - s t r u c t u r e /
e l e c t r o n - c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p for
nontransition metals; other approaches
h a v e b e e n m o r e successful [BLA67]. S O far
the empirical crystal structure ("phase
stability") v e r s u s ela r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s t h e y
a p p l y t o transition metals s e e m t o e x i s t
without a general theoretical interpretat i o n [FAU82, p . 186].
T h e closest a p p r o a c h t o a n exact calcul a t i o n of p h a s e stability i n a t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l alloy s y s t e m , i n p a r t i c u l a r Z r - N b ,
h a s b e e n m a d e b y MYRONei al. [ M Y R 7 5 ] ,
who dealt not with equilibrium p h a s e s
b u t w i t h a n electronic m e c h a n i s m l e a d i n g
to t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e m e t a s t a b l e
phase. Adequately discussed in t h e i r pap e r (see also S m H A a n d HARMON [SIN76]),

t h e t e c h n i q u e e m p l o y e d coupled a K K R
b a n d - s t r u c t u r e a n d F e r m i - s u r f a c e calcul a t i o n for bec z i r c o n i u m w i t h t h e effects of
"rigid-band" modifications of i t b r o u g h t
a b o u t by t h e a d d i t i o n of n i o b i u m , i n o r d e r
t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t electronically i n s t i g a t e d e n h a n c e m e n t of t h e n a t u r a l dip i n
t h e bcc-lattice p h o n o n s p e c t r u m a t /3<111)
could lead, i n a m a n n e r t o be d i s c u s s e d below, t o t h e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .
2

2.1.2 T h e r m o d y n a m i c
C o n s i d e r a t i o n s in P h a s e S t a b i l i t y

P u r e l y electronic d e s c r i p t i o n s of equilibrium-phase
stability
have
been
s t r o n g l y criticized from t w o s t a n d p o i n t s
by K A U F M A N a n d N E S O R [KAU73]. T h e y

n o t e d t h a t : (1) i n m a n y t r e a t m e n t s , comp e t i t i o n b e t w e e n p h a s e s w a s completely

ignored; a n d (2) w h e n electronic p r o p e r t y
d a t a a c q u i r e d a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e
u s e d to j u s t i f y h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e p h a s e
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , n o a c c o u n t w a s t a k e n of
t h e e n t r o p y differences. KAUFMAN a n d
N E S O R r e c o m m e n d e d t h e u s e of a t h e r m o dynamic procedure, in which t h e energetic c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n c a n d i d a t e
p h a s e s w a s fully t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , w h e n
a t t e m p t i n g t o define t h e l a t t i c e s t a b i l i t i e s
of m e t a l l i c e l e m e n t s a s well a s alloy syst e m s . F u l l d i s c u s s i o n of a q u a n t i t a t i v e
thermodynamic approach, leading to t h e
c o m p u t e r - a s s i s t e d calculation of b i n a r y
a n d m u l t i c o m p o n e n t p h a s e d i a g r a m s , is
t o b e found i n t h e w o r k of KAUFMAN
[KAU70].

Pair-interaction-potential calculations
b a s e d on t h e relative-vapor-pressure m e a s u r e m e n t s of H O C H et al. [ROL71, ROL72],
h a v e divided t h e field of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys i n t o t w o r e g i m e s : (1) -stabilized TiT M alloys w h o s e r e g u l a r - s o l u t i o n t h e r m o d y n a m i c i n t e r a c t i o n p a r a m e t e r , Q , is
positive (indicative of c l u s t e r i n g s y s t e m s ) ,
a n d (2) -stabilized Ti-SM alloys for
which Q is negative (short-range-orderi n g s y s t e m s ) [COL75 ].
y

2.2 Alpha Alloys

U n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a n d alloys of t i t a n i u m with stabilizers such as alumin u m , g a l l i u m , a n d t i n , e i t h e r singly o r i n
c o m b i n a t i o n , a s i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l alloy
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l Ti-AlG a alloys [HOC73][GEG73], a r e h e p a t ord i n a r y t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d as s u c h a r e classified a s alloys. T h e s e alloys, a c c o r d i n g
to W O O D [ W O O 7 2 ] , a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

satisfactory s t r e n g t h , t o u g h n e s s , c r e e p
r e s i s t a n c e , a n d weldability. F u r t h e r m o r e ,
t h e a b s e n c e of a d u c t i l e - b r i t t l e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , a p r o p e r t y of t h e bec s t r u c t u r e ,
r e n d e r s alloys (typified b y Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)
suitable
for
cryogenic
applications
[SAL79].

Alpha-stabilizing solutes a r e those

which, a s a function of concentration, elev a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e ( + )/ transus. S u c h solutes a r e generally nontransition m e t a l s (i.e., "simple metals", SM). An
e x p l a n a t i o n of stability b a s e d on elect r o n - s c r e e n i n g a r g u m e n t s proceeds as follows: W h e n simple metals (e.g., alumin u m ) a r e dissolved in t i t a n i u m , very few
e l e c t r o n s a p p e a r a t t h e F e r m i level, most
of t h e m going to states within t h e lower
p a r t of t h e b a n d . T h e t i t a n i u m c?-electrons
t e n d to avoid t h e a l u m i n u m a t o m s , which
t h e r e b y h a v e t h e effect of d i l u t i n g t h e titan i u m sublattice. T h e consequence of this
is to e m p h a s i z e a n y preexisting Ti-Ti bond
directionality a n d t h u s to p r e s e r v e the
h e p s t r u c t u r e characteristic of t h e titan i u m crystal. I n general, w h e n simple
m e t a l s a r e a d d e d t o t i t a n i u m , t h e fields of
t i t a n i u m - l i k e stability a r e eventually
t e r m i n a t e d by i n t e r m e t a l h c compounds,
of compositions such as T i S M , which are
also h e x a g o n a l i n structure. T h e bond arg u m e n t is c o n s i s t e n t with t h e observation t h a t stabilizers are q u i t e r a p i d sol u t i o n s t r e n g t h e n e d either i n h e p solid
solution or w h e n added to bec alloys
[GEG73 ]. T h e classification of - p h a s e alloys i n t o s y s t e m s whose p h a s e diagrams
e x h i b i t (1) peritectic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s or
(2) peritectoid t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , according
to Molchanova's simplified s c h e m e , is cons i d e r e d in Section 2.5.
3

2.3 Beta Alloys

T r a n s i t i o n - m e t a l (TM) s o l u t e s a r e stabilizers of t h e bec phase. T h u s all- alloys
g e n e r a l l y c o n t a i n large a m o u n t s of one or
m o r e of t h e so-called "-isomorphous"f o r m i n g a d d i t i o n s v a n a d i u m , niobium,
t a n t a l u m (group-V TM's), a n d molybden u m (a group-VI TM). The s y s t e m a t i c s of
stabilization in binary and multicompon e n t t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys h a s b e e n disc u s s e d i n d e t a i l by AGEEV a n d PETROVA
[AGE70]. T h e archetypal b i n a r y -stabilized t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloy, a b o u t w h i c h a
g r e a t d e a l of physical a n d m e t a l l u r g i c a l
information h a s been garnered over the
y e a r s , is Ti-Mo. F o r a useful o v e r v i e w of
t h e m e c h a n i c a l properties a n d aging
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a pair of typical alloys,
Ti-15Mo-5Zr a n d Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al, t h e
w o r k of NlSfflMURAei al. [Nis82] is recomm e n d e d . T h e r e a r e several i m p o r t a n t
c o m m e r c i a l alloys; t h r e e t h a t h a v e been
a t t r a c t i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n rec e n t l y a r e Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti-15V-3Cr3Al-3Sn,
and
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
[FR073] [PET73] [VIG82] [WlL82 ]. B e t a alloys, according t o WOOD [Woo72], a r e ext r e m e l y formable. They a r e , however,
p r o n e t o ductile-brittle t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
[G-OR73] a n d , a l o n g with o t h e r b e c - p h a s e
a

2. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f T i t a n i u m A l l o y s / 7

alloys, a r e u n s u i t a b l e for l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e applications [ S A L 7 9 ] .

The TM block of t h e periodic t a b l e m a y
be r e g a r d e d a s c o m m e n c i n g w i t h g r o u p
III: scandium, y t t r i u m , a n d l a n t h a n u m
(or, p e r h a p s m o r e precisely, l u t e t i u m ) . In
this scheme, t h e a l k a l i n e - e a r t h m e t a l s
calcium, s t r o n t i u m , a n d b a r i u m m a y be
regarded as " p r e t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s , " a n d
t h e noble metalscopper, silver, a n d
goldas "post-transition m e t a l s . " As indicated in m o s t periodic c h a r t s of t h e elem e n t s , t h e s t r u c t u r e s of t h e t r a n s i t i o n
metals all c h a n g e from h e p to bec a s ela increases from 4 t h r o u g h 6. It is possible
t h a t stabilization of t h e bec s t r u c t u r e c a n
be justified w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k of a
screening model i n t e r m s of w h i c h a high
conduction-electron c o n c e n t r a t i o n , w h i c h
enhances t h e s c r e e n i n g of ion cores, m a y
favor a s y m m e t r i c a l , h e n c e cubic, structure. T h u s a n i n c r e a s e i n electron density
(as in groups V a n d VI e l e m e n t s ) , w h i c h
tends to s y m m e t r i z e t h e screening, increases t h e stability of t h e bee s t r u c t u r e .
Symmetrization m a y also be accomplished t h r o u g h lattice v i b r a t i o n s ; t h u s ,
all six of t h e g r o u p s III a n d IV e l e m e n t s
transform to t h e bec s t r u c t u r e a t h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e s (as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i r Debye t e m p e r a t u r e s ) . W i t h r e g a r d t o alloys,
t h e addition of t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s to t i t a nium increases t h e electron d e n s i t y a n d
consequently stabilizes t h e bec or s t r u c ture. T h u s , a s a g e n e r a l r u l e , t h e t r a n s i tion e l e m e n t s a r e stabilizers. T h e systematics of stabilization b y t r a n s i t i o n
elements h a s b e e n discussed i n d e t a i l by
AGEEVand PETROVA [AGE70], according to
whom: (1) t h e -stabilizing action of T M
solutes is g r e a t e r t h e "farther" t h e y a r e
from t i t a n i u m i n t h e periodic t a b l e ; a n d
(2) for t h e r e t e n t i o n of t h e m e t a s t a b l e -
solid solution d u r i n g q u e n c h i n g , t h e stabilizer h a s to provide for a n electron/atom
ratio of a t l e a s t 4.2.

itself a s a l o w e r i n g of t h e /( + ) t r a n s u s
temperature.
A s i n d i c a t e d below, w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t
of s t a b i l i z a t i o n t w o subclasses of p h a s e
d i a g r a m s e x i s t t h e " i s o m o r p h o u s " a n d
t h e " eutectoid," d e p e n d i n g on w h e t h e r
or n o t a sohd-solution/compound e u t e c toid exists a t a sufficiently e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e . It is i n s t r u c t i v e in t h e p r e s e n t
c o n t e x t t o c o n s i d e r a g r o u p of simplified,
compositionally t r u n c a t e d , b i n a r y T i - T M
equilibrium phase diagrams, a r r a n g e d
a c c o r d i n g to t h e positions t h a t t h e s o l u t e
e l e m e n t s o c c u p y i n t h e T M block of t h e
p e r i o d i c t a b l e . S o m e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e diag r a m s selected from s u c h a p o s t u l a t e d arr a n g e m e n t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Fig. 2.2. I n ord e r t o focus a t t e n t i o n on t h e alloys of m o s t
i n t e r e s t , t h e h m i t i n g composition (in
at.%) i n e a c h g r o u p (except group I V itself)
h a s b e e n selected s u c h t h a t ela < 5.0. I n so
d o i n g it h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r s of s + d v a l e n c e electrons b e l o n g i n g t o
t h e e l e m e n t s i n t h e c o l u m n s h e a d e d by
F e , Co, N i , a n d C u , a r e 8 , 9 , 1 0 , a n d 1 1 , r e spectively. A n a l t e r n a t i v e w a y of d e r i v i n g
a r e d u c e d composition scale for i n t e r c o m p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s , a n d one t h a t w o u l d foc u s a t t e n t i o n on alloy composition r a t h e r
t h a n e l e c t r o n density, m i g h t h a v e b e e n t o
n o r m a l i z e composition (i.e., s t r e t c h t h e
composition scale) to t h a t of t h e first -eut e c t o i d a l i n t e r m e t a U i c compound.

According t o ZENER [ZEN48], a n d subsequently FISHER [FIS70, Fis75], w h o h a s

considered t h e p r o b l e m of bee stability i n
considerable detail, t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e
elastic s h e a r m o d u l u s C'= {C\\ _Ci2)/2 is a
useful p a r a m e t e r for r a n k i n g t h e stabilities of bee t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s a n d alloys.
The variation of C w i t h t h e conventional
ela ratio is plotted i n Fig. 2 . 1 , w h i c h shows
t h a t t h e alloying of g r o u p IV e l e m e n t s
with other e l e m e n t s to t h e "right" of t h e m
in t h e periodic t a b l e i n c r e a s e s t h e bec s t a bility, which rises t o a m a x i m u m n e a r e/a
= 6 for t h e e l e m e n t s c h r o m i u m , molybdenum, and tungsten. On the other hand,
with decreasing e/a, t h e v a n i s h i n g of C for
ela = 4.1 corresponds t o t h e compositional
threshold for m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a tionto be discussed below. A s a r e s u l t of
t h e alloying of t i t a n i u m w i t h t r a n s i t i o n
elements of h i g h e r g r o u p n u m b e r , t h e continuous i n c r e a s e of bec s t a b i l i t y m a n i f e s t s

2.4 Alpha + Beta Alloys

I n t e r e s t i n g s y s t e m a t i c s to be n o t e d i n
Fig. 2.2 a r e t h a t : (1) a s t h e solute e l e m e n t
m o v e s t o t h e "right," t h e p h a s e d i a g r a m
c h a n g e s from t h e -isomorphous t o t h e e u t e c t o i d a l t y p e ; a n d (2) along t h e r o w
Mn-Fe-Co-Ni-Cu, t h e eutectoid t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s monotonically. E x t r a p o l a t i n g t h i s t r e n d t o t h e "left" s u g g e s t s t h a t
- V c a n also b e t h o u g h t of as e u t e c t o i d a l ,
b u t w i t h a n inaccessibly low e u t e c t o i d
temperature.

T h e + alloys a r e s u c h t h a t a t e q u i librium, usually at room t e m p e r a t u r e ,

t h e y s u p p o r t a m i x t u r e of a n d p h a s e s .
A l t h o u g h m a n y b i n a r y -stabilized alloys
in t h e r m o d y n a m i c equilibrium a r e twop h a s e , i n p r a c t i c e t h e + alloys u s u a l l y
c o n t a i n m i x t u r e s of b o t h a n d s t a b i l i z e r s . T h e s i m p l e s t of s u c h alloys, a n d o n e
upon which most attention has undoubtedly b e e n l a v i s h e d , is Ti-6A1-4V. A l t h o u g h
t h i s p a r t i c u l a r alloy is difficult t o form,
e v e n i n t h e a n n e a l e d condition [SAL79],
+ alloys g e n e r a l l y exhibit good fabricability a s well a s h i g h r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e
strength and moderate elevated-temp e r a t u r e strength. They m a y contain bet w e e n 10 a n d 5 0 % p h a s e a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e ; if t h e y c o n t a i n m o r e t h a n 2 0 % ,
t h e y a r e n o t w e l d a b l e . T h e p r o p e r t i e s of
+ alloys c a n b e controlled by h e a t t r e a t -

1 ! 1

-1: tr

1
1
1
1

.0

VandCr
Nb and Mo
TaandW
Ti-Cr
Zr-Nb
_
Mo - Re

I
5
Electron/Atom

>
l 1' '. 1 1I
6
Ratio

Fig. 2.1 Elastic shear modulus for bec transition metals and some of thei r binary alloys as a function of e la
ratio [COL73 ].
3

m e n t , w h i c h is u s e d to a d j u s t t h e micros t r u c t u r a l a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n a l s t a t e s of
the component.

2.5 Classification Schemes

for Binary Alloys
All a u t h o r s a g r e e t h a t t h e alloys of
t i t a n i u m c a n b e a s s i g n e d t o one of t w o
m a j o r categories*-stabilized or -stabilized s y s t e m s . MARGOLIN [MAR60] h a s
r e c o m m e n d e d s u b d i v i d i n g t h e former
i n t o t w o m o r e g r o u p s according to t h e d e g r e e of stabilization: (1) those of "limi t e d stability," i n w h i c h decomposition of
t a k e s place b y peritectoid reaction i n t o
p l u s a c o m p o u n d (e.g., Ti-B, Ti-C, a n d
Ti-Al); a n d ( 2 ) t h o s e of "complete s t a bility," i n w h i c h t h e p h a s e can coexist
w i t h t h e liquid (e.g., T i - 0 a n d Ti-N). MARGOLIN h a s a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d subdividi n g -stabilized alloys i n t o four categories
i n t h e following w a y : (1) -isomorphous
s y s t e m s , s u c h a s Ti-Mo a n d Ti-Ta, w h i c h
s h o w r e s t r i c t e d a - a n d extensive -solubility r a n g e s ; ( 2 ) -and-a-isomorphous
s y s t e m s , s u c h a s Ti-Zr, s h o w i n g complete
m u t u a l solubilities i n b o t h t h e a n d
p h a s e s ; a n d (3) -eutectoid systems, i n
w h i c h t h e p h a s e h a s a limited solubility
r a n g e a n d i s able t o decompose into a n d
a c o m p o u n d (e.g., Ti-Cr a n d Ti-Cu)this
class b e i n g f u r t h e r subdivisible into t w o
m o r e d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r t h e decomposition i s r a p i d (e.g., Ti-Cu, Ti-Ni, a n d
Ti-Sn) o r s l u g g i s h (e.g., Ti-Cr, Ti-Mn, a n d
Ti-Fe). KORNlLOV[KOR82] h a s discussed a
subdivision i n t o w h a t h e refers to as four
basic alloy t y p e s . A l t h o u g h t h e classes
w e r e u n t i t l e d , t h e i r descriptions con*As indicated above, technical alloys are, of
course, classified as , , and + according to
their microstructural states when placed in
service.

E.W. C o l l i n g s

8 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m Alloys

100
Fig. 22. Equilibrium phase diagrams for a representative group of binary Ti-TM alloys truncated at an e la ratio of 5.0. Composition scales: 10 at.% intervals along the tops of the
figures; 10 wt% along the grid lines.
(a)

<b)

formed to t h e categories: p h a s e , -and-cc

isomorphous, isomorphous, and eutectoid, r e f e r r e d to above. I n a survey of t i t a n i u m alloy p h a s e s , MOLCHANOVA [MOL65,
p . xiv] h a s offered a d e t a i l e d subdivision of
t h e equilibrium p h a s e diagrams into two
g r o u p s of t h r e e s u b c a t e g o r i e s , a n d one
g r o u p of four. T h e s c h e m a t i c p h a s e diag r a m s w h i c h typify t h e s e 10 s u b c a t e gories, a n d t h e s o l u t e s w h i c h give r i s e to
e a c h of t h e m , a r e depicted i n Fig. 2.3. T h e
descriptions of t h e g r o u p i n g s a r e a s follows:

Zr,Hf
(a)

G r o u p II: E u t e c t i c s y s t e m s
11(a) P a r t i a l miscibility i n t h e a n d
p h a s e s ; e u t e c t o i d decomposition
of t h e p h a s e
11(b) P a r t i a l irascibility i n t h e a n d
p h a s e s ; peritectic decomposition
of t h e p h a s e
11(c) No d e t e c t a b l e solid solubility

I
+

Cr,U

(b)

G r o u p I: S y s t e m s w i t h c o n t i n u o u s
solid solubility
1(a) C o m p l e t e miscibility i n t h e
phase
1(b) P a r t i a l miscibility i n t h e p h a s e
1(c) P a r t i a l miscibility i n t h e p h a s e
a n d e u t e c t o i d d e c o m p o s i t i o n of
the phase

V,Nb,Ta,Mo

/
//

+
a +y

+ -

, Cu,Ag,Au,Be,Si,Sn,
Bi,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Pd,Pt

B,Sc,Ga,La,Ce,Nd,
Gd,Ge

+y
Y,Th

<d)

+y

Pb.W

Fig. 2.3 Classification scheme for binary titanium alloy phase diagrams [MOL65, p. xiv].

+y

AI,C

2. Classification of Titanium Alloys / 9

Group III: Peritectic s y s t e m s

111(a) Simple peritectic
111(b) P a r t i a l miscibility i n t h e a n d
phases
III(c) P a r t i a l miscibility in t h e a n d
p h a s e s ; eutectoid decomposition of t h e p h a s e
111(d) P a r t i a l miscibility i n t h e a n d
p h a s e s ; peritectic dissociations
of t h e p h a s e
In t h e s a m e book, MOLCHENOVA [MOL65,
p. 154] h a s also offered a s i m p l e r subdivision into t h e four categories d e p i c t e d i n
Fig. 2.4.

m a p p e d (Fig. 2.5) t h e locations of a s e r i e s

of U . S . t e c h n i c a l alloys along t h e a b scissa of a "-isomorphous" (see Fig. 2.4)
b i n a r y alloy p h a s e d i a g r a m . P r e s e n t e d i n
t h i s way, i t is clear t h a t position a l o n g
t h e a b s c i s s a is controlled by t h e r e l a t i v e
a b u n d a n c e of t h e alloy's a- a n d -stabilizing c o m p o n e n t s . T h i s r a t i o can be m o s t
c o n v e n i e n t l y e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of De-

Binary

Technical m u l t i c o m p o n e n t alloys a r e
generally composed of m i x t u r e s of a n d
stabilizers (see Section 2.4), d e p e n d i n g on
the ratio of which t h e y m a y be classified
broadly a s "," "," or " a + ." W i t h i n t h e
last category a r e t h e subclasses "near-oc"
and "near-," referring to alloys w h o s e
compositions place t h e m n e a r t h e /( + )
or ( + )/ p h a s e b o u n d a r i e s , respectively. A list of U.S. alloys subdivided i n t o
these categories is p r e s e n t e d i n Table 2 . 1 .
The compositions of some o t h e r U . S . alloys a n d of some technical B r i t i s h a n d Soviet alloys a r e listed in Tables 2 . 2 , 2 . 3 , a n d
2.4, respectively. These alloys m a y also be
sorted into m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l classifications
with t h e a i d of a scheme to b e d i s c u s s e d i n
the following subsection.
In a n a l t e r n a t i v e a t t e m p t a t alloy classification, NiSHDMURA et al. [Nis84] h a v e

Composition, wt%

Classification

-stabilizing

equiva-

2.6.2 Alpha-Stabilizing and BetaStabilizing Equivalences

T h e prototypical -stabilizing a n d s t a b i l i z i n g a d d i t i o n s t o t i t a n i u m a r e alum i n u m a n d m o l y b d e n u m , respectively.

Titanium

Alloys

-stabilized

Simple

Eutectoid

Transformation

Transformation

(-isomorphous)

(-eutectoid)

Simple
Peritectic

Peritectoid -*
Transformation
(-peritectoid)

Solutes

Solutes

Solutes

Solutes

V
Zr Nb Mo
Hf Ta
Re

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Pd Ag
W
Pt Au

, 0

B, Sc, Ga, La
Ce, Gd, Nd,Ge
Al, C

H,Be Si,Sn, Pb, Bi, U

r

Solute

Table 2.1 Classification of U . S . Technical

Multicomponent Alloys [ W O O 7 2 ] [ S T R 8 2 ]

and

-stabilized

2.6 Classification of
Technical Multicomponent
Alloys
2.6.1 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S c h e m e s

stabilizing
lences."

Content

Fig. 2.4 Classification scheme for binary titanium alloy phase diagramsan alternative to the scheme in Fig. 2.3.
"a" and "" are hep and bec solid-solution alloys, respectively, and y represents an intermetaUic compound [MOL65,
p. 1 5 4 ] .

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-3A1-2.5V
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Cr-4Mo
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

Table 2 . 2 Commercial and Semicommercial U.S Titanium Alloys [ F R O 8 5 ] (Supplement to Table 2 . 1 )

Near-ot

Near-

C o m p o s i t i o n , wt%
Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo
Ti-2.25Al-llSn-5Zr-lMo
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo

Classification

Table 2 . 3

British Technical Commercial Al-

loys [ F R O 8 5 ]

and near-a

Designation

Ti-7Al-4Mo
Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-l.5Cr
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr

Ti-8Mn

Metastable

IMI 318
IMI 550
IMI 679
IMI 680
IMI 685
IMI 829
IMI 834

Composition, wt%
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si
Ti-llSn-lMo-5Zr-2.25Al-0.25Si
Ti-llSn-4Mo-2.25Al-0.25Si
Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.3Si
Ti-5.5Al-3.5Sn-3Zr-lNb-0.3Mo-0.3Si
Ti-5.5Al-4Sn-4Zr-lNb-0.3Mo-0.5Si

E.W. C o l l i n g s

1 0 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Table 2 . 4

Soviet Titanium Alloys(a)

[FRO85]

Code

Composition, wt%

TG-00
TG-2

99.7 Ti
99.2 Ti

VT1-1
VT1D-1
VT1-2

Commercial unalloyed grades

VT-2
VT-3
VT-3-1
VT-4
VT-5
VT-5-1
VT-6
VT-8
VT-14
VT-15
VT-16

Ti-l.6Al-2.5Cr
Ti-4.6Al-2.5Cr
Ti-4.6Al-2Cr-l.7Mo-0.5Fe
Ti-4.6Al-l.5Mn
Ti-4.5A1
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-3Mo
Ti-4AJ-3Mo-lV
Ti-3Al-6.5Mo-llCr
Ti-2Al-7Mo

OT-4
OT-4-1

Ti-3Al-1.5Mn
Ti-l.7Al-l.4Mn

48-OT3

Ti-4Al-0. ISi-O. lFe-0.005B

IRM-1
IRM-2
IRM-3
IRM-4

Ti-4Al-4Nb
Ti-4Al-4Nb-0.1Re
Ti-4Al-3.5Mo
Ti-3.5Al-3.5Mo-0.1Re

AT-2-1
AT-2-2
AT-2-4

Ti-Zr-(MoorNborV)
Ti-Zr-(MoorNborV)
Ti-Zr-(MoorNborV)

AT-3
AT-4
AT-6
AT-8

Ti-3Al-0.7Cr-0.4Fe-0.3Si-0.01B
Ti-4Al-0.6Cr-0.23Fe-0.4Si-0.01B
Ti-6Al-0.6Cr-0.4Fe-0.3Si-0.01B
Ti-7Al-0.6Cr-0.2Fe-0.3Si-0.01B

'
L-

Ti-8Mn

-Ti-13V-11

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

L-Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn

>-

1Cr-3AI

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI

I Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

()

Ti-6AI-4V
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
*-Ti-8AI-1Mo-rV

(a) See also Table 9.2

Table 2 . 5 Concentration of Transition Elements Needed to Retain the Phase at

Room Temperature. After MOLCHANOVA
[MOL65]

Element

Critical
concentration,
wt%

V
Nb
Ta

15
36
50

VI

Cr
Mo
W

8
10
25

vn

Mn

Vni(a)
Vni(b)

Fe
Co
Ni

4
6
8

Group
No.

VTJKc)

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn

Fig. 2.5 Compositions of U.S. technical alloys mapped onto a pseudobinary -isomorphous phase diagram [Nis84].

Accordingly, i t is useful to be a b l e t o classify a m u l t i c o m p o n e n t t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloy

i n t e r m s of i t s e q u i v a l e n t a l u m i n u m a n d
molybdenum contents.
E q u i v a l e n t A l u m i n u m C o n t e n t . In
t h a t e l e m e n t s s u c h a s a l u m i n u m a n d oxyg e n e l e v a t e t h e ( + ) / a t r a n s u s w h e n alloyed i n t o t i t a n i u m , t h e y a r e r e g a r d e d a s
s t r o n g s t a b i l i z e r s of t h e p h a s e . T i n is
also a n stabilizer, a l t h o u g h n o t a s t r o n g
o n e . Since z i r c o n i u m h a s t h e effect of lowe r i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e ( + )/
t r a n s u s a t a v e r y low r a t e , it m a y from
t h a t s t a n d p o i n t be r e g a r d e d a s a n e u t r a l
addition. O n t h e other hand, zirconium
occupies t h e s a m e column of t h e periodic
t a b l e a s t i t a n i u m (viz., group IV). A s a cons e q u e n c e of t h i s chemical similarity, zircon i u m m a y s u b s t i t u t e for t i t a n i u m i n a
m u l t i c o m p o n e n t alloy a n d t h e r e b y a d d
w e i g h t t o i t s cc-stabilizing c o m p o n e n t . F o r
t h i s r e a s o n it m a y be r e g a r d e d a s a n s t a bilizer.
A l u m i n u m i s t h e canonical cc-stabilizi n g a d d i t i o n a g a i n s t which o t h e r s u c h add i t i v e s m a y b e compared. According t o
ROSENBERG [ROS70], the equivalent alu-

m i n u m c o n t e n t of a n alloy c o n t a i n i n g a l u m i n u m , z i r c o n i u m , tin, a n d oxygen is:

[Al] =[Al] +

[Zr] . [Sn]

e 9

+ 10[O](Eq2.1)

w h e r e [x] i n d i c a t e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of
e l e m e n t "x" i n w e i g h t p e r c e n t .
Equivalent Molybdenum
Cont e n t . T h e -stabilizing s t r e n g t h of t r a n s i tion-element additions to titanium can be
g a u g e d b y t h e r a t e s a t w h i c h t h e y lower
t h e m a r t e n s i t e t r a n s u s a n d h e n c e t h e degree t o w h i c h t h e y p e r m i t t h e r e t e n t i o n of
t h e p h a s e a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . MOLCHANOVA h a s d i s p l a y e d t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n
i n t h e form of a p a r t i a l p h a s e d i a g r a m
[MOL65, p . 158] w h o s e e s s e n t i a l d a t a a r e
s u m m a r i z e d i n Table 2.5. A n i n t e r c o m p a r i s o n of t h e s e d a t a e n a b l e s t h e Moequivalence of a n alloy t o b e e x p r e s s e d i n
t h e form:
[Mo]

e 9

[Ta]
[Nb]
= [Mo] +
.
~ "
+

[W]
2.5

[V]
+ rrt + 1.25[Cr] + 1.25[Ni] + 1.7[Mn]
1.5
+ 1.7[Co] + 2.5[Fe]

(Eq2.2)

T r a n s f o r m a t i o n of a n u m b e r of m u l t i c o m p o n e n t t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys into t h e i r
Al- a n d M o - e q u i v a l e n t f o r m a t s provides a
r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n for t h e i r p l a c e m e n t i n t o
one or a n o t h e r of t h e previously discussed
p h a s e - s t a b i l i t y classifications (Table 2.6).

2. Classification of T i t a n i u m Alloys / 1 1

Table 2.6

Aluminum and Molybdenum Equivalences of a Series of U.S. Titanium Alloys

Aluminum

Alloy c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
and c o m p o s i t i o n , wt.%

equivalency, wt. %
[Al] ^

I^Ei
6

[Al] q
e

M o l y b d e n u m e q u i v a l e n c y , wt.%
[Mo]

^
5

3.6

1.25[Cr]

1.25[Ni] 1.7[Mn] 1.7[Co] 2.5[Fe] [ M o ]

1.5

Alpha a n d n e a r - a l p h a a l l o y s
Ti-0.8Ni-0.3Mo
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. ISi
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo
Ti-2.25Al-llSn-5Zr-lMo
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo

0.8
0.7

0.7

0.8
0.3

3.7
1.7

5.8
8.0
7.4
6.0
6.8
7.0

1.0
2.0
0.8
1.0
2.0

1.3

1.0

0.3
5.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
2.3
5.0

0.2

0.7

1.7
2.0
1.6
1.0
2.0

2.7
4.0

2.7
4.0
4.0
6.9
6.0
9.0
4.5
1.7
11.7

0.6

Alpha-beta a l l o y s
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-7Al-4Mo
Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-l.5Cr
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr
Ti-3A1-2.5V
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al

6.0
6.0
7.0
4.5
6.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
3.0

0.7

0.7
0.3
0.3

0.7
0.7
0.7

6.0
6.7
7.0
4.5
7.4
6.0
7.0
3.0
3.0

4.0
5.0
6.0
4.0
2.0

1.9
5.0
2.5
1.7
6.7

5.0

Beta a l l o y s (metastable)
Ti-8Mn
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr

13.6
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

0.4
1.0

0.7

1.4
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.7

11.5

8.0
4.0

6.7
10.0
8.7
5.3
5.3

5.0
3.8
13.8
5.0
7.5

13.6
11.5
11.7
13.8
22.5
18.3
16.8

e g

3. Physical Properties
3.1 Introduction

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e from very low (2 ~

20 K) t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e h a s b e e n a s s e m b l e d b y SALMON [SAL79].

3.1.1 P r o p e r t i e s a n d S c o p e

A c c o m p a n y i n g t h e development of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys a n d t h e associated

mechanical-property measurements duri n g t h e 1 9 7 0 s w a s a series of studies b y
COLLINGS a n d coworkers of o n e or m o r e of
t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s : electrical resistivity, H a l l coefficient, m a g n e t i c susceptibility, a n d l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific h e a t .
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e - p h a s e alloys t h a t h a v e
b e e n s u b j e c t e d to t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s
are: Ti-Al, T i - G a , Ti-Sn, Ti-AL.-Ga,, Ti-AlG a (TisX-type), a n d Ti-Al-Sn ( T i ^ - t y p e ) .
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e -phase alloys were: TiMo, Ti-Mo-Al, Ti-Mo-Si, Ti-Mo-Fe, a n d TiMo-Al-Fe. T h e n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s t h e m selves w e r e r e p o r t e d in [ C 0 L 7 1 ] , while a
critical i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e a n d o t h e r
r e s u l t s a c q u i r e d d u r i n g t h e 1970s h a s
b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n [COL80]. FiSHER a n d coworkers h a v e conducted an extensive ser i e s of s t u d i e s of t h e e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of
monocrystalline
titanium-base
and
o t h e r t r a n s i t i o n - m e t a l alloy s y s t e m s
[Fis70, F i s 7 0 , Fis75][KAT79, 7 9 ] .
T h e e l a s t i c m o d u l i of polycrystalline alloys, i n r e l a t i o n to t h e i r compositions a n d
m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s , have been studied by
FEDOTOV a n d coworkers a n d t h e r e s u l t s
p u b l i s h e d i n a series of p a p e r s s p a n n i n g
t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 3 to 1973 [FED63, FED64,
FED66, FED73]. Elastic m o d u l u s m a y of
c o u r s e b e r e g a r d e d a s e i t h e r a physical o r
a m e c h a n i c a l property. Again, with cons i d e r a b l e e m p h a s i s on m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
states a n d p h a s e transformations, various p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s such a s electrical
resistivity a n d superconducting transit i o n t e m p e r a t u r e h a v e b e e n studied b y
POLONIS, c o w o r k e r s , a n d s t u d e n t s on r e s e a r c h alloys s u c h a s Ti-Nb, Ti-Cr, Ti-Mo,
Ti-Mo-Al, Ti-Nb-Al, a n d o t h e r s [CHA73,
CHA74] [ L U H 6 8 , LUH69, LUH70, LUEfiO A

LUH71,

LUH72][POL69,

POL70,

POL71].

W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e physical p r o p e r t i e s of
technical t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys, a compend i u m of p r o p e r t i e s s u c h as electrical r e s i s tivity, specific h e a t , t h e r m a l conductivity,
a n d t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n of unalloyed t i t a n i u m , Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6A1-4V, -81-lV, a n d Ti-13V-llCr-3Al covering

W t h i n t h e space of a single c h a p t e r i t
is obviously n o t possible to do full j u s t i c e
t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e referred to above. I n s t e a d , a b r i e f review b a s e d on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e collection of p a p e r s is p r e s e n t e d
i n w h i c h t h e e m p h a s i s is placed o n t h e
m a n n e r i n w h i c h physical-property m e a s u r e m e n t s m a y b e u s e d a s indicators of: (1)
microscopic a n d macroscopic m e t a l l u r g i cal s t a t e s of t i t a n i u m alloys, a n d (2) p h a s e
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a n d precipitation effects
w h i c h t a k e place i n r e s p o n s e to h e a t t r e a t m e n t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h i s c h a p t e r will
t a k e t h e f o r m of a s u r v e y of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y m e a s u r e m e n t s as t h e y a p p l y t o
m e t a l l u r g i c a l - p r o p e r t y diagnosis.
D y n a m i c elastic m o d u l u s , r e g a r d e d
h e r e i n a s a m e c h a n i c a l property, will b e
t r e a t e d a l o n g w i t h static elastic m o d u l u s
a n d t h e p l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s i n C h a p t e r 12.
P r o p e r t i e s i n c l u d e d for discussion i n t h i s
c h a p t e r a r e listed in t h e following five
subsections.

3.1.3 M e a s u r e m e n t of M a g n e t i c
Susceptibility

M a g n e t i c susceptibility is t h e s u m of
n u m e r o u s t e r m s , o n e of which, , t h e
P a u l i p a r a m a g n e t i s m , is proportional to
t h e density-of-states a t t h e F e r m i level,
(), a n i m p o r t a n t f u n d a m e n t a l elect r o n i c property. B u t , ignoring i t s u n d e r l y i n g significance, m a g n e t i c susceptibility
h a s b e e n u s e d to (1) d e l i n e a t e p h a s e
b o u n d a r i e s in q u e n c h e d Ti-SM alloys, (2)
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e a2 > a (order-disorder)
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n Ti-SM alloys, a n d
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s to t h e p h a s e i n b o t h TiS M a n d Ti-TM alloys, (3) a u g m e n t electrical r e s i s t i v i t y i n s t u d y i n g r e v e r s i b l e cop h a s e precipitation i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
r a n g e 150 to 300 i n q u e n c h e d Ti-TM alloys, a n d (4) m o n i t o r t h e course of co-phase
precipitation during the protracted
m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e a g i n g of initially
q u e n c h e d Ti-TM alloys.
3.1.4 M e a s u r e m e n t of LowT e m p e r a t u r e Specific Heat

T h e specific h e a t a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
C, is g e n e r a l l y t h e s u m of t w o compon e n t s : a n d , w h e r e is t h e absol u t e t e m p e r a t u r e , is t h e electronic specific-heat coefficient (proportional t o t h e
density-of-states a t t h e F e r m i level, r e f e r r e d t o above), a n d , t h e lattice specifich e a t coefficient, c o n t a i n s t h e D e b y e t e m p e r a t u r e , Or;- I n t h e case of Ti-TM alloys, a
d e c r e a s e of # t o low v a l u e s , w h e n p l o t t e d
v e r s u s composition or electron/atom ratio,
signifies lattice softening i n t e r p r e t a b l e a s
a p r e c u r s o r t o -phase precipitation. If
t h e s a m p l e is a superconductor, a n o t h e r
electronic p r o p e r t y obtainable from lowt e m p e r a t u r e specific-heat m e a s u r e m e n t s
is T , t h e superconducting transition temperature. Both and T , together with the
t o t a l m a g n e t i c susceptibility, , h a v e b e e n
u s e d t o m o n i t o r i s o t h e r m a l co-phase p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u r i n g aging. T h e electronic
c o m p o n e n t of t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific h e a t of a p u r e u n s t r a i n e d singlep h a s e superconductor undergoes a sharp
discontinuous j u m p at the supercond u c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n . If, a s a r e s u l t of i n a d e q u a t e q u e n c h i n g , d e l i b e r a t e a g i n g , or
m e c h a n i c a l deformation, t h e s u p e r c o n 3

3.1.2 M e a s u r e m e n t of Electrical
Resistivity

M e a s u r e m e n t s of electrical r e s i s t i v i t y
a s f u n c t i o n s of composition a n d t e m p e r a t u r e h a v e p r o v i d e d useful m e t a l l u r g i c a l
insights into certain strength and stabili t y p r o p e r t i e s of - p h a s e a n d -phase alloys. I n -Ti alloys (i.e., Ti-SM alloys
w h e r e t h e s o l u t e is a so-called " s i m p l e
m e t a l " ) , a l a r g e specific solute r e s i s t i v i t y
( r e s i s t i v i t y p e r at.% solute) is indicative of
r a p i d solid-solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d i s
often a c c o m p a n i e d by a r a p i d h a r d e n i n g
coefficient. I n -Ti-TM alloys, a n a n o m a l o u s r e s i s t i v i t y composition d e p e n d e n c e i s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e composition r a n g e
over which isothermal- and a t h e r m a l -
p h a s e s a r e expected, w i t h a n a n o m a l o u s
r e s i s t i v i t y t e m p e r a t u r e dependence within t h i s composition r a n g e i n d i c a t i n g t h e
o c c u r r e n c e of reversible precipitation o r
a s s o c i a t e d s t r u c t u r a l fluctuations.

3. P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s / 1 3

ductive specific-heat j u m p is severely

rounded, t h e fitting of a distribution of
sharp j u m p s t o it c a n provide information
relating t o t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l constitution of a polyphase s a m p l e .

t i c u l a r l y LUHMAN (e.g., [L.UH70]), h a v e

e m p l o y e d t h i s principle t o s t u d y t h e p r e cipitation of p h a s e i n Ti-Cr alloys a s well
a s t h e ( + - ' + ) -reversion effect.

3.1.5 M e a s u r e m e n t o f a c i m p e d a n c e

3.2 Electrical Resistivity

L o w - t e m p e r a t u r e calorimetry provides a contactless m e a n s of s t u d y i n g t h e

superconducting t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
of a b u l k s a m p l e . A C i m p e d a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t is a n o t h e r such technique. I n
this method, a s applied by LUHMAN
[LUH70] t o t h e s t u d y of metallurgical effects i n Ti-TM alloys, p a r t i c u l a r l y Ti-Cr,
the sample is s u r r o u n d e d b y a coil connected to a n oscillator adjusted t o s o m e
convenient frequency, s a y 1 k H z . A n electronic voltmeter p l a c e d across t h e coil
gives a n indication proportional to t h e impedance of t h e coil + s a m p l e . Since t h i s i s
sensitive t o t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y (hence A C
susceptibility, dMIdH) of t h e sample, t h e
voltmeter r e a d i n g r e s p o n d s t o t h e t r a n s i tion from t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t o t h e
n o r m a l s t a t e a s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e
sample i s increased^LuHMAN a n d o t h e r s
(e.g., [L.UH70]) h a v e exploited t h i s technique i n a s t u d y of t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
responses of several Ti-TM alloys to v a r i ations i n composition a n d t h e r m a l t r e a t ment. Their work o n Ti-Cr, a -eutectoid
alloy, might b e r e g a r d e d a s a n indirect
companion to t h e c o m p a r a b l e series of calorimetric s t u d i e s performed by COLLINGS
a n d Ho on Ti-Mo, a r e l a t e d -isomorphous
alloy system.

S t u d i e s of t h e composition- a n d t e m p e r a t u r e - d e p e n d e n c e s of electrical r e s i s tivity p r o v i d e i n s i g h t s i n t o s t r e n g t h e n i n g

m e c h a n i s m s , p h a s e stability, a n d t h e elect r o n i c s t r u c t u r e of alloys. E m p l o y e d a s a
diagnostic tool, electrical r e s i s t i v i t y m a y
b e u s e d t o detect p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
during rapid quenching, a n d t h e measu r e m e n t of r e l a t i v e resistivity d u r i n g
i s o t h e r m a l a g i n g facilitates t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
(TTT) d i a g r a m s [SOE69][HOR73]. I n s t u d ies of b i n a r y alloys of t i t a n i u m , t h e favori n g by s o l u t e a t o m s of e i t h e r - p h a s e o r p h a s e s t a b i l i t y subdivides t i t a n i u m - b a s e
b i n a r y alloys i n t o t w o classes: (1) alloys of
t i t a n i u m w i t h s i m p l e m e t a l s or i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s , a n d (2) alloys of t i t a n i u m
w i t h t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s . F i g u r e 3.2, a n exa m p l e of t h i s , s h o w s t h e r e s i s t i v i t y composition d e p e n d e n c e s of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys falling e s s e n t i a l l y onto t w o b r a n c h e s :
a n u p p e r b r a n c h c o n s i s t i n g of t h e Ti-SM
alloys a n d a lower b r a n c h c o r r e s p o n d i n g
to t h e Ti-TM alloys. A s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y
CoiUNGS et al. [GEG73 ][C0L75 ] a n d
a

p o i n t e d o u t by S T E R N [ S T E 7 5 ] , t h e r a p i d

s t r e n g t h e n i n g exhibited by s i m p l e m e t a l s
i n t i t a n i u m i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i r being
s t r o n g s c a t t e r e r s of t h e conduction electrons.
T h e resistivity of a n alloy c a n b e usefully s e p a r a t e d into t w o t e r m s , t h u s :
(Eq3.1)

total = P i + Ps

w h e r e p;, t h e "ideal" resistivity of t h e host,

w h i c h m a y a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s be exp r e s s e d i n t h e form [ M E A 6 5 , p . 98]
(Eq3.2)

i s a function of b o t h t h e electronic struct u r e of t h e alloy a n d t h e r m a l scattering,

a n d t h e other term, p represents the temp e r a t u r e - i n d e p e n d e n t i m p u r i t y scatteri n g from t h e solute a t o m s .
s

I n n u m e r o u s low- or i n t e r m e d i a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n alloys, it h a s b e e n discove r e d t h a t , a n d p a r e i n d e p e n d e n t . Evid e n c e i n s u p p o r t of t h i s property, k n o w n

a s M a t t h i e s s e n ' s r u l e , i s t h e parallelism
f r e q u e n t l y n o t e d a m o n g t h e p(c) curves for
m e m b e r s of a n alloy series. Naturally,
Matthiessen's rule breaks down when the
p r e s e n c e of solute b e g i n s t o influence p
t h r o u g h i t s effect o n n{Ep) a n d # or for
other reasons such as:
s

3.1.6 M a g n e t i z a t i o n M e a s u r e m e n t s
of S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g - - A l l o y s

W h e n a m a g n e t i c field, H , is applied
to a type-II s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g m a t e r i a l , i t i s
excluded from i t s i n t e r i o r b y circulating
surface s u p e r c u r r e n t s u n t i l i t r e a c h e s a
valueH i, t h e lower critical field. P e n e t r a tion of t h e field t o form w h a t is k n o w n a s
t h e "mixed state"* t h e n commences. As H
increases, t h e n o r m a l fraction of t h e
mixed s t a t e i n c r e a s e s u n t i l t h e e n t i r e
sample goes normal atH , t h e u p p e r critical field. If m e t a l l u r g i c a l defects of t h e
kind which inhibit t h e i n g r e s s a n d egress
of magnetic flux a r e a b s e n t , t h e m a g n e t i zation i s reversible, a s i n Fig. 3.1, curve
(a); on t h e o t h e r h a n d , if flux-pinning sites
such a s precipitates o r o t h e r metallurgical irregularities a r e p r e s e n t , some of t h e
applied flux will r e m a i n t r a p p e d w h e n t h e
applied field is removedi.e., t h e m a g netization is irreversible, a s i n Fig. 3 . 1 ,
curve (6). POLONIS a n d coworkers, p a r a

G
a.

c2

* The mixed state is a microscopic ordered arrangement of normal and superconducting

zones.

10

12 14

Atomic Percent Solute

Fig. 3.1 Magnetization of a superconducting paramagnetic Ti-TM alloy schematic diagrams of magnetization , , versus the applied magnetic field,
(a) reversible magnetization curve for an "ideal" or unpinned annealed sample; (b) irreversible (hysteretic)
curve for a sample with a high density of flux-pinning
sites.

Fig. 3.2 Intercomparison between the composition

dependences of electrical resistivity of two classes of
titanium-base binary alloys: the -SM type and the
Ti-TM type. Conditions: as-cast: Ti-Sn (), Ti-Ga (0),
Ti-Al (O); 1 h/1000 C/WQ: Ti-Ge (x), Ti-Bi (+), Ti-Si
(V), Ti-V () [Coi73 , COL75 ].
a

E.W. C o l l i n g s

14 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m Alloys

W h e n ptotal becomes sufficiently

l a r g e , a s a r e s u l t of e i t h e r i m p u r i t y
s c a t t e r i n g ( p a t h i g h solute concent r a t i o n s ) o r t h e r m a l s c a t t e r i n g (p; a t
s

220
Ti-AI (33 at. %)

21 s

t OX
X
be.
i

210
205

"

h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s ) , f u r t h e r increm e n t s of solute o r t e m p e r a t u r e , r e spectively, become r e l a t i v e l y less effective. F o r e x a m p l e : (1) t h e specific

resistivities of Al, G a , Ge, o r S n i n TiMo (25 at.%) a r e o n t h e a v e r a g e four
times smaller t h a n when the same
e l e m e n t s a r e dissolved i n p u r e t i t a n i u m [GEG73 ][COL75 ]; (2) a t h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e resistivity temp e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e s of s o m e p u r e
m e t a l s a n d alloys develop n e g a t i v e
c u r v a t u r e s (see Fig. 3.3).
a

T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e p e n d e n c e of resistivity of c o n c e n t r a t e d simple bin a r y alloys n o t only d e c r e a s e s w i t h

increasing concentration, b u t passes
t h r o u g h a m a x i m u m according t o
N o r d h e i m ' s r u l e [MEA65, p . 113],
which states t h a t :
(Eq3.3)

p c(l-c)
s

N u m e r o u s Ti-SM a n d Ti-TM alloys

exhibit n e g a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e coefficients of resistivity. S u c h gross d e p a r t u r e s from M a t t h i e s s e n ' s r u l e r e q u i r e
d e t a i l e d k n o w l e d g e of t h e electronic
s t r u c t u r e s , a n d / o r t h e p h o n o n spect r a of t h e alloys c o n c e r n e d , for t h e i r
explanations.
3.2.1 A n o m a l o u s

Resistivity

Temperature Dependence,
200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature,
Fig. 3.3 Temperature dependences of the electrical
resistivities, p, of unalloyed titanium and four Ti-AI alloys showing the tendency for dpIdT to shift from
strongly positive to weakly negative with increasing
aluminum content [Moo73].

dp/dT

Negative resistivity t e m p e r a t u r e dep e n d e n c e h a s a t t r a c t e d considerable a t t e n t i o n over a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d of t i m e .

Depending on t e m p e r a t u r e range a n d alloy t y p e , t h e p h e n o m e n o n h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d to: (1) t h e K o n d o effect (dilute alloys
a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s [ R I Z 7 4 ] ) , ( 2 ) t h e in-

c r e a s e w i t h d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e of
s p i n - d i s o r d e r s c a t t e r i n g from local m o m e n t c l u s t e r s (e.g., c o n c e n t r a t e d C u - N i
alloys [ H O U 7 0 ] ) , (3) a n i n c r e a s e w i t h d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e d e n s i t y of cop h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n itself [ H O 7 2 ] [ C O L 7 4 ,
C O L 7 8 ] ( a s i n Ti-V a n d Ti-Mo alloys a n d
r e l a t e d alloy s y s t e m s s e e also references
in [ C H A 7 4 ] ) , a n d ( 4 ) a s m e a r i n g - o u t w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e density-ofs t a t e s s t r u c t u r e n e a r Epin c e r t a i n classes
of s t r o n g - s c a t t e r i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d b i n a r y
alloys [ C H E 7 2 ] . M e c h a n i s m - 3 , which i n
t h e spirit of t h e above t h r e e e q u a t i o n s r e fers t o t h e s c a t t e r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n , p , a n d
m e c h a n i s m - 4 , w h i c h r e l i e s o n a n alloy
density-of-states effect, a r e of p a r t i c u l a r
significance i n t h i s c o n t e x t , t h e former bei n g applicable t o Ti-TM alloys a n d t h e latt e r t o Ti-SM alloys.
s

-2.0

-1.2 -0.4

0.4

1.2 2.0

Energy,

Fig. 3.4 Density-of-states, (), versus energy, E,

curves calculated using the C P A method for a model
equiatomic (f = 0.5) strong-scattering (parameterized
by , with = 0.8 on a scale of 0 to 1) binary alloy. Results for five values (0 to 0.1) of a reduced temperature, f, are indicated [CHE72].

p o s s e s s considerable s t r u c t u r e . CHEN et
al. [CHE72], u s i n g t h e c o h e r e n t potential
a p p r o x i m a t i o n (CPA) [FAU82], h a v e perf o r m e d a m o d e l calculation o n a concent r a t e d b i n a r y alloy s y s t e m , a n d have
w a t c h e d t h e c h a n g e s i n density-of-states,
n(E), w h i c h occur i n r e s p o n s e to: (1)
c h a n g e of solute concentration, (2) change
of solute s c a t t e r i n g s t r e n g t h , or (3) c h a n g e
of t e m p e r a t u r e . I n o r d e r t o do so, t h e y
h a v e c a l c u l a t e d t h e relative electrical cond u c t i v i t y a s a f u n c t i o n of b a n d filling,
a n d h a v e b e e n able t o predict i n a
s e m i q u a n t i t a t i v e w a y t h e m a n n e r in
w h i c h resistivity m a y c h a n g e w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e i n t w o classes of c o n c e n t r a t e d bin a r y alloys: (1) virtual-crystal
or weakscattering
alloys,
characterized
by
f e a t u r e l e s s parabolic n{E) curves, whose
r e s i s t i v i t i e s i n c r e a s e w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e in
t h e " u s u a l way," a n d (2)
strong-scattering
alloys, w h o s e n(E) curves possess deep
m i n i m a o r "pseudogaps," s u c h t h a t alloys
w h o s e compositions fall w i t h i n t h e
g a p w h i c h b r o a d e n s a n d fills i n w i t h inc r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e h a v e electrical
conductivities t h a t i n c r e a s e w i t h temp e r a t u r e (i.e., n e g a t i v e v a l u e s of dp/dT).
T h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s of t h e model a r e illust r a t e d i n F i g s . 3.4 a n d 3.5.

3 . 2 . 2 A n o m a l o u s d p / d T in T i - S M
Alloys

Ti-SM s y s t e m s a r e s t r o n g - s c a t t e r i n g
alloys w h o s e density-of-states functions

3.2.3 A n o m a l o u s
Resistivity

Isothermal

Composition

D e p e n d e n c e in T i - T M A l l o y s

T h e resistivities of Ti-TM alloys exh i b i t i s o t h e r m a l resistivity-compositiond e p e n d e n c e a n o m a l i e s w i t h i n which

a n o m a l o u s (i.e., negative) resistivity t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e s a r e located. T h e resistivity composition d e p e n d e n c e s of Ti-V,
for e x a m p l e , a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s 300,
200, a n d 77 [COL74] a r e s h o w n i n Fig.
3.6. T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g q u e n c h e d micros t r u c t u r e s a r e also i n d i c a t e d i n t h a t figure.

According

to

MCCABE

and

SASS

[MCC71], w h o h a v e m a d e a d e t a i l e d T E M
s t u d y of t h e s y s t e m , p h a s e i s s e e n a s a
submicroscopic precipitate i n t h e concent r a t i o n r a n g e 13 t h r o u g h 25 at.% V, j u s t
t h a t w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e resistivity maxim u m . B u t a l t h o u g h t h e s e q u e n c e of
s h a r p , t h e n diffuse, electron-diffraction
s p o t s i s confined t o t h e above concentrat i o n r a n g e , diffuse h a l o e s p e r s i s t i n g r a d u ally d e c r e a s i n g i n t e n s i t y a l l t h e w a y
across to pure vanadium, a manifestation
of a c o r r e s p o n d i n g g r a d u a l l y decreasing
l a t t i c e i n s t a b i h t y . T h e obvious conclusion
i s t h a t t h e a n o m a l o u s excess i s o t h e r m a l
r e s i s t i v i t y is closely associated i n some
w a y w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e of b o t h t h e a t h e r m a l and t h e diffuse p h a s e s .

3. Physical Properties / 1 5

3.2.4 A n o m a l o u s dp/or in T i - T M
Alloys

Figure 3.6 shows, i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e effect considered above, t h a t t h e r e s i s t i v i t y

isothermals i n t e r s e c t i n s u c h a w a y a s t o
establish a n e g a t i v e dp/dT w i t h i n t h e
composition i n t e r v a l 2 0 t o a b o u t 3 3 a t . % V.
P r e s e n t e d in t h i s way, it a p p e a r s t h a t
negative dp/dT i n alloys s u c h a s Ti-V is a
m i n o r p e r t u r b a t i o n of a m u c h l a r g e r effectthe a n o m a l o u s composition d e p e n d -

e n c e a n d , a s such, is a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e
i n s t a b i h t y . O t h e r Ti-TM s y s t e m s i n
w h i c h n e g a t i v e dp/dT h a s b e e n s t u d i e d
a r e T i - N b [AME54][PRE74], Ti-Cr [LUH68]
[CHA73, CHA74], Ti-Mo [YOS56][HAK61]
[Ho72][CHA73,
CHA74],
and
Ti-Fe
[HAK61] [PRE76]. T h e q u e s t i o n i n e v i t a b l y
a r o s e a s t o w h e t h e r t h e n e g a t i v e dp/dT
w a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of r e v e r s i b l e ( a t h e r m a l ) - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n (as s u g g e s t e d
i n [ H o 72]) or a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of t h e soft-

= 0.1

- 0.8

-A

6.00
0.9

4.80

3.60

o.6

I /

vi

\ c I

"

2.40

1.20

-v.

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.8

d e d u c e d r e v e r s i b l e c h a n g e of crystalline
a t h e r m a l - p h a s e a b u n d a n c e . B u t since
t h e a t h e r m a l is expected t o be associa t e d w i t h a fluctuation (or diffuse) compon e n t , t h e r e s u l t w a s still inconclusive. The
p i c t u r e h a s b e e n clarified by POLONIS et al.
[CHA74] i n a n e l e g a n t series of experim e n t s commencing with measurements
on q u e n c h e d Ti-Cr(20 at.%). Since both
t h e a s - q u e n c h e d + -phase alloy a n d t h e
4 3 5 C - r e v e r t e d ' + -phase alloy s h a r e d
t h e s a m e n e g a t i v e v a l u e of dp/dT I 1^1, it
b e c a m e e v i d e n t t h a t t h e n e g a t i v e resistivi t y t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e exhibited by
Ti-Cr alloys w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e insta-

\'l

0.3

_____ -

p h o n o n i n s t a b i h t y t h a t gives rise to it
[COL74]. C i r c u m s t a n t i a l evidence which
could b e t a k e n i n s u p p o r t of t h e former hyp o t h e s i s c a n b e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e form of
Fig. 3.7, i n w h i c h t h e a n o m a l o u s reversis juxible r e s i s t i v i t y c o m p o n e n t , j
t a p o s e d a g a i n s t / | a magnetically

0.4

0.2

1.0

Number of Electrons Atom-1

0.6

1.0

0.8

Spin-'
(b)

(a)

Fig. 3.5 Relative electrical conductivity as a function of band filling at three reduced temperatures for the model
equiatomic alloy of Fig. 3.4: (a) weak-scattering case ( = 0.1); t= 0.000 (), 0.006 (- - -), 0.012 (
); (b)
strong-scattering case (=0.8); f= 0.000 (-). 0.0075 (
). 0.015 (
). In the strong-scattering case, which
applies to Fig. 3.3, three dp/dT signatures are possible depending on the level of band filling: dp/oTis positive at A,
zero at B, and negative at C [Che72].
ol" + +

y
140
130
120

.'

m/}

/ <

I
-

9
II // 6r
Ui

-11
1
11

99

f t|
1
1I

'

1k.

L
R>
k

\ ^

"

20

30

f
\

c ooling

98

\
\

Atomic Percent V

Fig. 3.6 Electrical resistivities of -V alloys at three temperatures. Resistivities were measured at77.3,200 1, and
298 1 K. In the latter cases they were corrected to 200.0 and 300.0 K, respectively, using measured /oTdata.
Negative /oTis found within the composition range 20 - 30 at.% V between the points of intersection of the isothermals [COL74],

96

\J

77. 3

300.0
7m

_8 Q

50

eating

97

1 ?
L /

40

Atomic Percent V

100

Hi
/
01
J 1
Ji

77- V

10

Fig. 3.7 Increase in anomalous resistivity, , incurred on lowering the temperature of quenched Ti-V
alloys from 300to 77 K, compared with a magnetically
derived estimate of the increase in co-phase abundance that takes place as the temperature is lowered
from 300 to 150 [COL74, COL78].

'\'

Ti

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Temperature, ,

Fig. 3.8 Temperature dependence of resistivity of Ti39.8Nb. See the original paper for the method of determining p(7) without hysteresis. After Ikede ef al.
[88].

E.W. Collings

1 6 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

(i) Linear dependence of stable

(ii) Component due to athermal
(Hi) = (i) + (ii)

influence t h e v a l u e of t h e m i x e d - s t a t e u p p e r critical field.

3.3.1 Total M a g n e t i c S u s c e p t i b i l i t y

C o m p o n e n t s of t h e Total Suscept i b i l i t y . I t i s convenient t o t r e a t t h e t o t a l

m a g n e t i c susceptibility of a t r a n s i t i o n
m e t a l o r alloy a s t h e l i n e a r s u p e r p o s i t i o n
of c o m p o n e n t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of contribut i o n s t o i t from (1) electrons a t t h e F e r m i
level, (2) s t a t e s w i t h i n t h e b a n d , a n d (3)
t h e i n d i v i d u a l ion cores t h u s :

\('0
\

/
/'

C = XP+XL + Xso + Xorb + Xi

*s

(1)

Temperature

Fig. 3.9 Schematic representation of a p(T) curve

formed from the sum of a linear component due to stable and a sigmoidal component due to scattering
from athermal . After IKEDEera/. [lKE88, IKE88 ].
b

bility of t h e p h a s e itself, r a t h e r t h a n
i t s by-product, t h e co-phase precipitate.
T h e r e c e n t series of s t u d i e s by IKEDA et
al. r e p r e s e n t s a r e n e w e d i n t e r e s t i n t h e
a n o m a l o u s r e s i s t i v i t y t e m p e r a t u r e dep e n d e n c e of Ti-TM a l l o y s a n d its i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n m e t a l l u r g i c a l t e r m s . Alloy syst e m s i n v e s t i g a t e d w e r e Ti-Mo(2-25 wt%)
[lKE88 , lKE88 ], Ti-Nb(20-50 w t % )
[IKE88 , IKE89], a n d Ti-V(5-50 w t % )
[IKE90]. I n t h i s w o r k t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
p(T) e x h i b i t e d b y a t y p i c a l "-phase" alloy
consisted (with d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e )
of a m i n i m u m followed b y a m a x i m u m a s
i n Fig. 3.8. T h e a u t h o r s h a v e p o i n t e d o u t
t h a t s u c h a c u r v e could b e r e g a r d e d a s
h a v i n g b e e n g e n e r a t e d b y t h e superposit i o n of a s i g m o i d a l p(T) c u r v e d u e t o r e versible a t h e r m a l co-phase formation onto
a u n i f o r m l y positive dp/dT b a c k g r o u n d
c o m i n g from t h e u n p e r t u r b e d p h a s e
(Fig. 3.9). T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t which p(T)
first d e p a r t e d from l i n e a r i t y w i t h d e c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d t h a t a t which i t r e s u m e d its linear descent, were designated
co a n d ay, respectively, for t h e s t a r t i n g a n d
finishing
t e m p e r a t u r e s of a t h e r m a l -
transformation.
a

3.3 Magnetic Susceptibility

As w i t h m a n y o t h e r physical propert i e s , m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y n o t only provides useful i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o t h e
electronic s t r u c t u r e s of m e t a l s a n d alloys
but, w h e n calibrated against suitable
metallographic bench m a r k s , can aid in
phase-diagram investigation and in t h e
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a g i n g e x p e r i m e n t s . A s
a n i n g r e d i e n t of t h e t h e o r y of superconductivity, t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e P a u l i spin
susceptibility c o m p o n e n t of t h e t o t a l norm a l - s t a t e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y m a y profoundly

(2)

(Eq 3.4)

(3)

w h e r e t h e t e r m s a r e e n t i t l e d , respectively,
P a u l i s p i n p a r a m a g n e t i s m , L a n d a u diam a g n e t i s m , spin-orbit susceptibility, orb i t a l p a r a m a g n e t i s m , a n d ion-core diam a g n e t i s m . T h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e
individual components have been adeq u a t e l y discussed e l s e w h e r e [ C O L 7 0 ,
COL71, COL80]. For t h e present purpose,

it i s sufficient simply t o r e g a r d t h e t o t a l
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y a s a macroscopic physical
m e a s u r a b l e and to consider its changes i n
response to changes in metallurgical variables.
Magnetic Diagnostic Methods.
T h e t o t a l m a g n e t i c susceptibility of a syst e m of t w o c o m p o n e n t s A a n d of susceptibilities, XA,^, a n d r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e s ,
f/^B ( w i t h / = 1 - / g ) , i s g i v e n b y t h e u s u a l
continuity equation:
C=fXXA+fBXB

(Eq3.5)

If Xa a n d # a r e k n o w n a s a r e s u l t of
some preKrninary investigation, E q 3 . 5
c a n b e m a n i p u l a t e d so a s t o yield q u a n t i tative information relating to various
m e t a l l u r g i c a l effects, p r o c e s s e s , a n d prope r t i e s s u c h a s ( 1 ) a t h e r m a l co-phase prec i p i t a t i o n [ C O L 7 8 ] , ( 2 ) t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n of
phase
during isothermal
aging
[ C O L 7 5 ] , a n d ( 3 ) t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of equiK b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m s [ C O L 7 9 ] . Finally,
a n d i n a s o m e w h a t different vein, a d v a n t a g e m a y b e t a k e n of t h e m a g n e t i c anisotr o p y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of - p h a s e t i t a n i u m b a s e alloys i n o r d e r t o q u a n t i f y t h e
c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c t e x t u r e s w h i c h t h e y acq u i r e a s a r e s u l t of anisotropic cold deform a t i o n . Alloys which h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d
in t h i s w a y a r e Ti-Al(0, 3 , 5 , a n d 1 0 at.%)

dx)
\
Ja>

dT

(&
'^,
V
J

+ (->

dT
V

(Eq3.6)(a)

(Eq 3.6)(b)
J

T h e first p a i r of t e r m s , (a), on t h e
right-hand
side of t h e e q u a t i o n is equival e n t to dyJdT, t h e i n t r i n s i c . t e m p e r a t u r e dep e n d e n c e of t h e t o t a l m e a n susceptibility.
T h e second pair, (b), r e p r e s e n t s t h e
c h a n g e i n susceptibility t h a t t a k e s place
d u r i n g r e v e r s i b l e <-> allotropic t r a n s formation. T h e fraction of a t h e r m a l
p h a s e , f , i s a reversible function of t e m perature whose value a t a n y temperat u r e , say Ti, is
a

(Eq3.7)

" ( - )

according t o E q 3.5. A n application of

t h i s a n a l y s i s t o t h e r e s u l t s of a susceptibili t y t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e investigat i o n of a series of Ti-V alloys h a s e n a b l e d
/ I So - f l

5 0 K

~ fl

to be calculated

a n d plotted v e r s u s v a n a d i u m concentrat i o n a s i n Fig. 3.7. T h e q u a n t i t y Af | J ^ i s

a

t h e mole-fraction of p h a s e t h a t a p p e a r s
a n d d i s a p p e a r s reversibly a s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s cycled b e t w e e n 3 0 0 a n d 150
[COL78].
3.3.3 M a g n e t i c Studies of Isothermal
-Phase Precipitation

D u r i n g t h e i s o t h e r m a l a g i n g of a TiT M alloy, w i t h i n t h e m e t a s t a b l e + p h a s e regime, t h e magnetic response to

t h e approach to + meta-equilibrium
c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y m e a n s of t h e following
e q u a t i o n , d e r i v e d from E q 3.5 a n d similar
t o Eq 3.6:
AN

(-) /

[COL82].

3.3.2 M a g n e t i c S t u d i e s of A t h e r m a l
-Phase Precipitation

(Eq3.8)

(a)
(b)
w h e r e AN ( > 1 ) r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r of
m o l e s of s o l u t e t h a t a r e t r a n s f e r r e d from
t o d u r i n g t h e a g i n g of AT m o l e s of alloy.
A s before, t h e first t e r m , (a), r e p r e s e n t s a n
i n t r i n s i c effectthis t i m e , t h e difference
b e t w e e n t h e susceptibility composition
d e p e n d e n c e s of t h e a n d p h a s e s . T h e
second t e r m , (b), r e p r e s e n t s t h e susceptibility c h a n g e i n r e s p o n s e t o a n allotropic
c h a n g e i n t h e alloy's s t r u c t u r e b e t w e e n
a n d . Recognizing t h a t i s a l w a y s less
t h a n , E q 3.8 s h o w s t h a t , if t h e composit i o n d e p e n d e n c e s ( ) a n d %R(C) a r e exactly p a r a l l e l , t h e susceptibility c h a n g e
w i t h a g i n g (invariably a d e c r e a s e , [Ho73]
[COL75 ]) will b e a direct r e s u l t of t h e alio

A n e x p r e s s i o n for t h e t e m p e r a t u r e dep e n d e n c e of t h e t o t a l m a g n e t i c susceptibility c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y differentiating

E q 3.5. P e r f o r m i n g t h i s differentiation,
a n d w r i t i n g for A a n d for B, w e find:

3. P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s / 1 7

0 As-Cast
Annealed and Quenched

O [Hie 68, Hie 69 ]

a

Calibration point extrapolation of

[Hie 68, Hie 69 ] data to 1000 hours
a

Magnetic results

Atomic Percent (or mole

fraction) Solute

JO
Elapsed Time, h
Fig. 3.10 Magnetic study of 3 0 0 C-aging-induced -phase precipitation in a Ti-V alloy. The results are in good accord with those of HICKMAN, from whose work the calibration point, f (1000 h / 3 0 0 C ) = 0 . 8 4 , was taken [^^.

tropic - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c o m p o n e n t ,
(b); o t h e r w i s e , t h i s d e c r e a s e will b e a g g r a vated if / 3 ) is m o r e positive t h a n
0 /\;) (as i t t u r n e d o u t t o b e i n Ti-V) o r
partially offset if t h e converse i s t r u e . B y
exploiting t h e s e principles i t h a s , for example, b e e n possible t o o b t a i n m a g n e t i c
e s t i m a t e s of t h e r e s p o n s e s of q u e n c h e d TiV(15 at.%) a n d Ti-V(19 at.%) t o a g i n g a t
300 C [COL75 ]. A t y p i c a l r e s u l t i s g i v e n
in Fig. 3.10, i n w h i c h a c o m p a r i s o n h a s
been m a d e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of t h e m o r e direct m e a s u r e m e n t s of HlCKMAN [ H i c 6 8 ,
Hic69a].

c =

bXa~caXb

Xb~Xa

B~ca

(Eq3.10)
o

[COL79].

3.3.4 M a g n e t i c S t u d i e s o f P h a s e
Equilibria

w h i c h i m p l i e s t h a t a plot of v e r s u s c for a
series of e q u i l i b r a t e d t w o - p h a s e alloys i s
i n d e e d l i n e a r w i t h i n t e r c e p t (cbXa -

(b)

CAXB)/(CB - c ) a n d slope ( _XAV(CB - c )A

T h i s i s t h e "tie-line," p r o p e r identification
of whose e n d p o i n t s c a n r e s u l t i n t h e accur a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a p a i r of p h a s e
b o u n d a r i e s . I n practice, s e v e r a l s e r i e s of
alloys a r e p r e p a r e d , e q u i l i b r a t e d a t a s e t
of t e m p e r a t u r e s , a n d q u e n c h e d . T h e
q u e n c h e d s t r u c t u r e is a s s u m e d t o reflect
t h a t at equnibrium, due regard being
given t o t h e possibility of a t h e r m a l t r a n s formation ( s u c h a s - a ' o r a > a for TiAl alloys) w h i c h , however, does n o t influence t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e tie-line e n d p o i n t s .
F r o m t h e f a m i l y of m a g n e t i c "isotherm a l s " so g e n e r a t e d , loci of e n d p o i n t s c a n
b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o form t h e e q u i l i b r i u m
p h a s e b o u n d a r i e s . T h e r e s u l t s of a p p l y i n g
t h i s t e c h n i q u e t o a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e
portion of t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m
for Ti-Al w i t h i n t h e composition r a n g e 3 0
t o 57 at.% Al a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e
900 to 1315 C a r e p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p t e r 4.

*ref

)
B'^

Rotation
of Magnet

\
^-^q'^S

In Ti-SM alloys, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e
Ti-Al s y s t e m q u e n c h e d from v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s , m a g n e t i c susceptibility procedures h a v e a s s i s t e d i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of
phase equilibria [YAO61] [ C O L 7 0 , C O L 7 9 ,
3

COL82]. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n devoted to Ti-Al i n which s i n g l e - p h a s e - d i s ordered (a) a n d l o n g - r a n g e - o r d e r e d (a

and ) regions a l t e r n a t e w i t h t w o - p h a s e
fields whose b o u n d a r i e s c a n t h e n b e determined
b y t h e "tie-line" m e t h o d
2

3.3.5 M a g n e t i c S t u d i e s of Texture

[YA061J.

Although susceptibility-composition
characteristics of single-phase alloys a r e
generally curvilinear, a n y line crossing a
two-phase field m u s t be u n c o m p r o m i s ingly s t r a i g h t , a s i n Fig. 3.11. T h a t t h i s i s
so c a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y c o m b i n i n g E q
3.5 a n d its compositional c o u n t e r p a r t :
( E q 3.9)
in such a w a y t h a t

Fig. 3.11 Tie-line concept in the determination of equilibrium phase boundaries. The method requires welldefined "single-phase curves" (insensitive to annealing temperature), in the construction of which some
extrapolation may be necessary near the phase
boundaries. The concentration dependence of in
the two-phase region is linear and is constructed
eitherthrough datum points or on theirlar sides" (with
respect to some reference conditione.g., as-cast)

I n h e x a g o n a l close-packed c r y s t a l s ,
m a g n e t i c susceptibility, a s w i t h o t h e r second-rank tensor properties, m a y be assigned t w o p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t s , a n d
I t follows t h a t a n a v e r a g e susceptibility, lav = , + /3ZJ_, m a y b e o b t a i n e d a s
t h e r e s u l t of a single m e a s u r e m e n t of a n
ideal p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s a m p l e . B u t t h e
l a r g e n u m b e r of r a n d o m l y o r i e n t e d g r a i n s
required m a y not be present i n a small as2

Fig. 3.12 "Double-rotation method" for the determination of three mutually orthogonal magnetic-susceptibility components. The average susceptibility is, of
course, =
(^,+'+")3[32].
3

c a s t s p e c i m e n . G r a i n size may, of course,

b e r e d u c e d t o microscopic d i m e n s i o n s b y
cold w o r k followed b y recrystallization,
b u t t h e n r a n d o m n e s s of o r i e n t a t i o n cannot be guaranteed. Deformation generally
i n d u c e s t e x t u r i z a t i o n , w h i c h m a y survive,
or e v e n b e e n h a n c e d by, s u b s e q u e n t h e a t
t r e a t m e n t s . Provided proper precautions
a r e followed, however, i t i s still possible t o
obtain a
from m e a s u r e m e n t s o n a t e x t u r e d s p e c i m e n . I n a d d i t i o n , if a n d
v a l u e s a r e a v a i l a b l e from m e a s u r e m e n t s
o n a single crystal, i t i s possible t o t a k e adv a n t a g e of t h e a b o v e effect by e m p l o y i n g
magnetic susceptibility to m a k e quantitative e s t i m a t e s of bulk ( a s distinct from
surface) t e x t u r i z a t i o n .
T h u s w i t h - p h a s e Ti-SM alloys,
w h i c h a r e m a g n e t i c a l l y anisotropic, a n

1 8 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

o p p o r t u n i t y exists for u s i n g m a g n e t i c susceptibility t e c h n i q u e s in t h e s t u d y of

basal-pole t e x t u r e . T h e t e c h n i q u e r e c o m m e n d e d , n o w referred to a s t h e "doubler o t a t i o n m e t h o d , " w a s developed by
COLLINGS a n d SMITH i n 1 9 6 8 [ C O L 6 8 ] for

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e
principal susceptibility c o m p o n e n t s
(parallel to t h e c-axis) a n d _|_(within t h e
b a s a l plane) of he p c r y s t a l s .
Determination of
a n d ^. T h e
m e a s u r e m e n t of

a n d is d e s c r i b e d

w i t h reference to Fig. 3 . 1 2 a n d 3 . 1 3 . A n a r b i t r a r y reference p l a n e i s g r o u n d on a single-crystal s p e c i m e n of u n r e c o r d e d o r i e n t a t i o n ; i t is t h e n s u s p e n d e d , in t u r n , a l o n g

e a c h of t h e two directions t h a t a r e ort h o g o n a l to t h e reference direction ( a l o n g
w h i c h t h e susceptibility is a n d rot a t e d t h r o u g h a n g l e s ' a n d ". T h e r e s u l t i n g susceptibility oscillations p o s s e s s a
c o m m o n t u r n i n g point, Xc n> w h i c h b y
g e o m e t r y is a l w a y s __| _ If w h e n ' a n d "
a r e e q u a l to 9 0 t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s u s c e p tibilities a r e ' a n d ", respectively, t h e n
since

E.W. Collings

n o r m a l to i t by _|_', t h e n i t c a n be s h o w n
that
(Eq 3.13a)

X || X || ^X
and
= 0

(Eq3.11)

3Xav = Xref+X' + X"

and
3

= + 2 = + 2 ^ ,ommon
1

1(

Table 3 . 1

where
(Eq 3.15a)

,|-

which a r e m u c h s i m p l e r functions of t h e
anisotropy, A, t h a n t h o s e described in E q
3.14a a n d 3.14b.
D e v e l o p m e n t of a Texture Parameter.
Double-rotation
experiments
s i m i l a r t o t h a t depicted by Figs. 3.12 a n d
3.13 s e r v e t o d e t e r m i n e first
(the comm o n m i n i m u m ) a n d t h e n . A singler o t a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t could of course yield
* immediately, a n d after i n s e r t i o n i n E q
3.14b yield a v a l u e for t h e t e x t u r e par a m e t e r , Q (or cp ), provided single-crystal
d a t a w e r e available. T h i s would, however,
involve a c o m p a r i s o n of w i t h (for t h e
c

Pur e Ti

3.4

p
5 b>

3.2
>

'~Zref

3.0
360

270

180

180

90

90

360

270

Angle of Magnet Rotation, degrees

Fig. 3 . 1 3 Magnetic susceptibility of a sample suspended from a vertical fiber versus the angle () of an applied mag3 -2 ,
netic field rotating about the sample-suspension as axis. The common minimum ; y is then given by
where % is given (as before) by (x + ' + ")/3 [Coi_80].
3

av

ref

Texturization Parameters ("Isotropic Model") for Cold-Rolled Ti-AI Alloys [ C O L 8 2 ]

Aluminum
concentration,
at.%

10.6

(Eq 3.14b)

x] = c* + A ( l - Q ) / 3

t h e d e g r e e of t e x t u r i z a t i o n .
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Texture. The
simplest texture models are those in
w h i c h t h e b a s a l poles a r e d i s t r i b u t e d s y m metrically a b o u t s o m e preferred direction. If t h e susceptibility in t h a t d i r e c t i o n

5.5

and

(Eq 3.16b)

(Eq3.12)

T h e double-rotation t e c h n i q u e m a y
also b e a p p l i e d to a t e x t u r e d s a m p l e r e g a r d e d a s a "pseudocrystal" c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by n e w p s e u d o p r i n c i p a l susceptibility
c o m p o n e n t s w h o s e m a g n i t u d e s a r e funct i o n s of t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e a n d a n d

3.2

| |

and

e n o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n is available w i t h
w h i c h to c o m p u t e t h e r e m a i n i n g u n known,

0.0

(Eq 3.14a)

= -2(1-)/3

(Eq 3.16a)

= + / 4

a n d w h e r e , of course, 2A(1 - Q)/3 plays t h e

role of t h e i n E q 3.13a a n d 3.13b.
(2) A cosine distribution
function bet w e e n = 0 a n d /2, b e i n g a n angle t h a t
some direction m a k e s w i t h t h e preferred
direction, i n w h i c h case:

and

0mmO

(Eq 3.13b)

/2

w h e r e is a m e a s u r e of t h e m a g n e t i c a n isotropy i n t r o d u c e d by t h e t e x t u r e
[ C O L 8 2 ] . W i t h i n t h i s context, t w o model
d i s t r i b u t i o n functions h a v e b e e n considered.
(1) A rectangular (or step)
distribution
function i n w h i c h all b a s a l pole directions
lying w i t h i n a cone of s e m i v e r t i c a l a n g l e
cp a r e e q u a l l y probable. I n t h i s case:
| |

(Eq 3.15b)

2Q = cos cp (l + cos q>)

is d e s i g n a t e d by , a n d t h a t i n t h e p l a n e

Reduction i n
t h i c k n e s s by
cold rolling, %

Magnetic susceptibility c o m p o n e n t s , 1 0 c m / g
A
A'
= 3( ,-)0>)
= ('+2',)/3
= (X||-Xx)(a)
- 6

25
50

3.16
3.17

25
50

3.117
3.116

0.41s

25
50

3.U
3.11s

0.35s

24

3.09

0.23s

0.51s

Texturization parameters
ip degrees
Q
(fromEq 3.15b)
= A'/A
c

0.14
0.297

0.28o
0.57

66
48

0.084

.22
0.70s

72
38

0.21o
0.25s

0.59$
0.72
2

46
37

0.II7

0.502

52

0.29

(a) From monocrystalline results, (b) From textured polycrystalline results; see [COL821 for further details.

3. Physical Properties / 1 9

single crystal) d e t e r m i n e d i n a s e p a r a t e
e x p e r i m e n t , a n d would expose t h e r e s u l t
to u n c e r t a i n t i e s a r i s i n g from positioning
and other errors inherent in absolute susceptibility d e t e r m i n a t i o n . T h e s e difficulties c a n be completely avoided by w o r k i n g
in t e r m s of m a g n e t i c
anisotropics.
Full double-rotation m e a s u r e m e n t s
yield

'

(25)
(40)
(70)

SB
gs"

'
_

2
2

&&&&
-

B o t h m e t h o d s a r e fully described i n
[COL82]. A set of r e s u l t s for a series of coldrolled Ti-Al alloys is g i v e n i n Table 3 . 1 .

70

20

30

Fig. 3.14 Low-temperature specific-heat results for

quenched Ti-Mo(20-70 at.%) alloys plotted in the
usual format C/T versus T . The sharp jumps in the
specific heat take place at the superconducting transition temperatures [COL70 , Coi.71 , COL72 ]
[Ho73 ].
2

As i n d i c a t e d i n Section 3.1.4, t h e specific h e a t , C, of a n o r m a l m e t a l a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s (below 6 ~ 10 K) c a n b e expressed a s t h e s u m of a n electronic

component, C = yT, a n d a lattice component, . Clearly C/T, w h e n p l o t t e d versus , is l i n e a r w i t h i n t e r c e p t a n d slope
. In case t h e s a m p l e is a superconductor,
however, t h e electronic specific h e a t acquires a n additional c o m p o n e n t , C , a t
the transition t e m p e r a t u r e , T , such t h a t
according to B C S t h e o r y [BAR57]:
e

es

es

(Eq 3.18a)

Ir = 2 . 4 3 |

(Eq 3.18b)

= 1.43

Thus, a s t h e s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e decreases, a s h a r p j u m p i n specific h e a t

t a k e s place a s soon a s t h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e is e n c o u n t e r e d (see Fig. 3.14).
The position of t h e j u m p gives, of course,
t h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , T , w h i l e its
relative height, AC I T , w h e n c o m p a r e d
with 1.43, yields a m e a s u r e of t h e d e g r e e
of "completeness" of t h e t r a n s i t i o n . *

70

20

1
30

40

50

60

70

Percent Al

Qd m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a k i n d of b u l k stiffn e s s m o d u l u s . I t i s well k n o w n t h a t t h e directional i n t e r a t o m i c b o n d i n g favored by

t h e majority of i n t e r m e t a U i c c o m p o u n d s
[COL71 ] is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h elastic stiffness, hardness maxima, a n d brittleness.
T h u s , it is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t o find i n Ti-Al, a
typical Ti-SM s y s t e m , local m a x i m a i n
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e positions of t h e b r i t t l e i n t e r m e t a U i c c o m p o u n d s T13AI a n d
TiAl (Fig. 3.15).
T u r n i n g n o w t o Ti-TM aUoys, a c o m p a r a b l e set of s t u d i e s h a s also b e e n u n d e r t a k e n on t h e p r o t o t y p e -isomorphous
s y s t e m Ti-Mo. F i g u r e 3.16, w h i c h d i s p l a y s
t h e c a l o r i m e t r i c a l l y m e a s u r e d __) a s a
function of e l e c t r o n / a t o m r a t i o for a s e r i e s
of q u e n c h e d aUoys, s h o w s : (1) a c o n t i n u o u s softening of t h e bec l a t t i c e w i t h dec r e a s i n g m o l y b d e n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n ; (2)
t h e n , w i t h f u r t h e r d e c r e a s e of m o l y b d e n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n , a p r o n o u n c e d stiffeni n g of t h e l a t t i c e d u e to t h e a p p e a r a n c e of
co-phase p r e c i p i t a t i o n , t h e o c c u r r e n c e of
w h i c h is clearly r e l a t e d to t h e lattice-soft e n i n g effect j u s t r e f e r r e d to [COL72,
COL74].

1 1

1 1 J r
1

450

400

350

3.4 Low-Temperature
Specific Heat

W-

Ti AI

[Temperature, )2

Al-

Mo-

Fig. 3.15 Calorimetrically measured Debye temperature, for Ti-Al alloys. Condition, as-cast (O); ordered (); various other heat treatments (). The Debye temperatures of several pure metals are inserted
for comparison [COL80, COL82 ].

>-

These i n t u r n yield t h e t e x t u r e p a r a m e t e r ,
Q, w h i c h according t o E q 3.14a a n d 3.14b
is n o n e o t h e r t h a n . T h e a l t e r n a t i v e
t e x t u r e index, <p , if n e e d e d , c a n t h e n b e
obtained by solving E q 3.15b.

350

>

4/

Atomic

( t e x t u r e d s a m p l e ) (Eq 3.17b)

,0
5

500

<u
CJ.

450

and
A' = - '

Cr-

-O-

1-

Q 550

(monocrystal) (Eq 3.17a)

= , -

600 1

1
Ti-Mo (at. %)

\ /

300
4.0

1 L_.,.1.,..L.

'

6.0

Electron /Atom

1. 1 I

L., J ., _

5.0

Ratio

Fig. 3.16 Debye temperature as a function of e la ratio

for binary alloys of the Ti-Mo-Re sequence. Particularly noteworthy are that: (1) an e la of 6 guarantees a
maximum in the stiffness of the bec alloys; (2) at sufficiently low e la values, the occurrence of phase begins to stiffen the bec lattice; and (3) at sufficiently high
e la values, the lattice is stiffened by a transformation
to phase [COL73].

3.4.1 D e b y e T e m p e r a t u r e ,

T h e lattice specific-heat coefficient, ,

if e x p r e s s e d i n u n i t s of J m o l e K ,
yields a l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e v a l u e of t h e Debye t e m p e r a t u r e via t h e formula:
- 1

1.944 x 10 '

- 4

()

(Eq3.19)

3.4.2 S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g Transition
Temperature: R e s p o n s e to Aging

L o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific h e a t m a k e s
a useful tool for t h e m o n i t o r i n g of a g i n g i n
Ti-TM s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s . S t u d i e s h a v e
b e e n c o n d u c t e d o n Ti-Fe(7.5 at.%) a g e d for
1170 h a t 175 C followed by a n a d d i t i o n a l
8 8 h a t 300 C [ H o 7 3 ] ; Ti-Mo(10 at.%)
* That is, a measure of how much of the sample is actually participating in transition, particularly in the case of two-phase material.

10

20
(Temperature,

30
Kj?

Fig. 3.17 Effects of prolonged aging at 300 C on the

low-temperature specific heat of Ti-V(15 at.%). The
relative height of the specific-heat jump for specimens
with broad transitions may be graphically estimated
by extrapolating data above and below the superconductive transition to a vertical line positioned at the
transition midpoint (see, for example, the clashed line
for the 300-h aging result). As aging proceeds, the
transition broadens, the jump height decreases, but
T increases [COL75 ].
c

E.W. C o l l i n g s

2 0 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

aged for 880 h a t 350 C [COL72 ][Ho73 ];

a n d Ti-V(15 a n d 19 at.%) a g e d for 1030
a n d 2200 h , respectively, a t 300 C
[COL75 ]. I n Ti-Fe, a s w i t h Ti-Mo, T decreases with aging time and t h e transition
r e m a i n s fairly s h a r p , observations t h a t
a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of a
complete proximity effect (precipitate r a dius < coherence length*) d u r i n g t h e dev e l o p m e n t of -phase precipitation. J u s t
t h e opposite is t r u e for t h e Ti-V alloys; according to Fig. 3.17, for e x a m p l e , t h e
m a x i m u m T i n c r e a s e s while t h e t r a n s i tion b r o a d e n s a n d t h e v o l u m e fraction of
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g p h a s e (as g a u g e d by t h e
u s u a l AC / T criterion) d e c r e a s e s . T h e s e
facts c a n be explained i n t e r m s of a g r o w t h
of p r e c i p i t a t e size (radii b e c o m i n g coh e r e n c e length) accompanied by a solute
e n r i c h m e n t of t h e p h a s e (hence a n increase i n i t s T ) for t h e alloy compositions
concerned [COL75 ].
a

10

1 1 '

T" '"

0/
/

T h i s subject h a s n o t b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d
extensively. A m o n g t h e few s t u d i e s t h a t
h a v e b e e n m a d e of t h e influence of deform a t i o n on t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n
were t h e resistive m e a s u r e m e n t s of t i n by
SWANSON a n d QUENNEVELLE [SWA73]

- 0-0-0I

-...1 ,.

>

(Temperature, K)2
Fig. 3.18 Low-temperature specific-heat results for
quenched-plus-deformed"n-Mo(5 at.%) plotted in the
usual format CI Tversus T and fitted with a Gaussian-rounded BCS-specific-heat function. Best fit to
the data (solid line) was achieved with an "extreme
negative" skew distribution (i.e., left-half Gaussian,
or f= -1.0). The unrounded function is shown as a
broken line [CoL78 ]; see also [WHI76]. (Note: The
symmetrical Gaussian is parameterized by f= 0.0;
see[Wm76].)
2

10

20

from 1 to a b o u t 3 (Fig. 3.18), c a n b e int e r p r e t e d i n t e r m s of 6 8 % oc" m a r t e n s i t e

w i t h T = 3.27 K, 3 2 % ( + ) w i t h T = 1.0
K, p l u s a p r o x i m i t y effect b e t w e e n t h e
two. I n Ti-Mo(7 at.%), i n w h i c h twinning
is believed to b e t h e p r i m a r y d e f o r m a t i o n
product, t h e r e s u l t s of t h e fitting exercise
c a n be i n t e r p r e t e d i n t e r m s of 6 3 % origin a l + p h a s e , 2 7 % low-T t w i n - b o u n d a r y a n d h i g h l y defected m a t e r i a l , a n d 10%
high-T^ co-deficient t w i n - b o u n d a r y p h a s e .
c

Fig. 3.19 Low-temperature specific heats in the vicinity of their superconducting transitions for low-concentration martensitic Ti-V, Ti-Nb, Ti-Mo, Ti-Cr, Ti-Mn,
and Ti-Fe alloys, indicating a decrease in the abruptness of the specific-heatjump on proceeding from the
"-isomorphous" to the "-eutectoid" class of alloys
[Buc65].

70

60

I
I
I
c 3d elements
4d elements

and

t h e calorimetric i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of n i o b i u m
by ZUBECKei al. [ZUB79]. Of p a r t i c u l a r int e r e s t i n t h i s context, however, a r e t h e results of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s of H o a n d
C O L U N G S of several plastically deformed
Ti-TM alloys.
I n alloys of t i t a n i u m w i t h 4.5 at.% Mo
[COL70], 5 at.% Mo [Ho71] [COL71 ], a n d 7
at.% Mo [ H 0 7 1 ] , i t h a s b e e n n o t e d t h a t T
is r a i s e d a s a r e s u l t of deformation-ind u c e d - m a r t e n s i t i c or t w i n n i n g transform a t i o n s ; likewise, t h e addition of 1 or 3
at.% Al to Ti-Mo(5 at.%), w h i c h a g a i n influences m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , res u l t s i n a n i n c r e a s e i n T [C-OL76]. Following a n e a r l i e r suggestion by STRONGEST et
al. [STR68], t h e observed T e n h a n c e m e n t
w a s initially a t t r i b u t e d to a m e c h a n i s m
t h a t r e q u i r e d localized soft-phonon m o d e s
to be associated w i t h displaced a t o m s in
t h e deformed s t r u c t u r e [COL70 ]. M o r e
recently, however, a s a r e s u l t of t h e comp u t e r fitting of a n " a s y m m e t r i c a l - G a u s s i a n - d i s t r i b u t e d " BCS-specific-heat function to t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l calorimetric d a t a
in t h e vicinity of t h e t r a n s i t i o n (Fig. 3.18),
it h a s b e e n possible to a d v a n c e a somew h a t m o r e plausible a r g u m e n t couched in
metallurgical t e r m s [ C O L 7 8 ] . F o r e x a m ple, t h e specific-heat r e s u l t s for Ti-Mo(5
at.%), i n w h i c h t h e deformation r a i s e s T
c

* The characteristic size of the superconducting quasiparticle (electron-pair).

30

(Temperature, Kj?

3.4.3 S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g T r a n s i t i o n
T e m p e r a t u r e : R e s p o n s e to
Deformation

Ti-Mo (Sat. %i

3.4.4 S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g Transition
Temperature: Low-Concentration
Quenched-Martensitic Ti-TM Alloys

S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n s associa t e d w i t h t h e q u e n c h e d - m a r t e n s i t i c (a =
a' or a") s t r u c t u r e h a v e b e e n investig a t e d calorimetrically in s e v e r a l s y s t e m s ,
n o t a b l y Ti-V a n d Ti-Nb [ H E I 6 4 ] , Ti-Mn,
a n d Ti-Co [HAK64], Ti-Fe [BAT64], a n d
Ti-Mo [COL69]. C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d i e s of
t h e superconducting transition in a n
extensive s e r i e s of d i l u t e Ti-TM alloys
h a v e b e e n u n d e r t a k e n by B U C H E R et al.
[Buc65] (Ti-V,-Cr,-Mn,-Fe,-Nb,-Mo), w h o
applied a G a u s s i a n rounding technique
to t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e specific-heat j u m p
in m u c h t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s t h a t r e ferred to above, a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y by
AGARWAL [AGA74] (Ti-Sc,-V,-Cr,-Mn,-Fe,
-Co,-Ni,-Hf). T a k e n together, t h e r e s u l t s of
b o t h w o r k e r s l e a d to t h e following conclusions: (1) t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific
h e a t of a - T i - M n h a s a t e m p e r a t u r e dep e n d e n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e localizedm a g n e t i c - m o m e n t b e h a v i o r r e f e r r e d to
earlier; (2) t h e specific-heat j u m p s i n alloys such a s Ti-V, Ti-Nb, a n d Ti-Mo a r e n o t
u n d u l y r o u n d e d ; a n d (3) t h o s e of t h e alloys
Ti-Cr, Ti-Fe, a n d Ti-Co a r e exceptionally
b r o a d . A subdivision of t h e alloys i n t o t w o
g r o u p s w h i c h i n c l u d e (1) Ti-V, Ti-Nb, a n d
Ti-Mo on one h a n d a n d (2) Ti-Fe on t h e
other, w i t h Ti-Cr occupying a n i n t e r m e d i a t e position, i s a p p a r e n t i n Fig. 3.19.
m

s S
A. 30
* S

20

V
Nb

Cr
Mo

Co

Fig. 3.20 Tracer diffusion coefficients for the 3d solutes V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, and the4dsolutesNb
and Mo, in -Ti at 1000 Ccomputed from frequency-factor and activation-energy data of ZWICKER
[Zwi74, p. 174].

F o r a r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of t h e abovem e n t i o n e d b e h a v i o r w e t u r n a g a i n to a
metallurgical explanation, this time in
t e r m s of t h e r e l a t i v e r a t e s of diffusion of
t r a n s i t i o n - e l e m e n t solutes in -. F i g u r e
3.20, w h i c h i n t e r c o m p a r e s t r a c e r diffusivities [Zwi74, p. 108], i n d i c a t e s t h a t of
t h e alloys for which d a t a a r e available,
only Ti-V, Ti-Nb, a n d Ti-Mo h a v e t h e opp o r t u n i t y to t r a n s f o r m a t h e r m a l l y to <x
d u r i n g q u e n c h i n g from t h e p h a s e , while
i n alloys s u c h a s Ti-Fe, Ti-Co, a n d Ti-Ni,
w h o s e diffusivities a r e a l m o s t t w o o r d e r s
of m a g n i t u d e higher, significant levels of
solute r e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d W i d m a n s t a t m

3. P h y s i c a l Properties / 2 1

associated with quenching, aging, a n d

ten growth can be expected during the

q u e n c h i n g of t h e m o d e r a t e l y massive
s a m p l e s n e e d e d for t h e u s u a l k i n d of lowt e m p e r a t u r e specific-heat m e a s u r e m e n t .

" u p - q u e n c h i n g " [ L U H 6 9 , L U H 7 0 , LlTH70 ,

a

LUH71]. A s i n d i c a t e d i n S e c t i o n 3.1.5,
i m p e d a n c e (inductance) c h a n g e s i n a
s a m p l e / c o i l s y s t e m w e r e d e t e c t e d by
m e a s u r i n g t h e voltage d r o p a c r o s s a coil
( s u r r o u n d i n g t h e alloy s a m p l e ) s u p p l i e d
w i t h 1 - k H z c u r r e n t from a n oscillator. T h e
experimental results were displayed as
plots of " i m p e d a n c e " v e r s u s s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e [LUH70 ] or t h e first d e r i v a t i v e
of i n d u c t a n c e , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t e m p e r a ture, versus temperature [LUH69]. The
m a n n e r i n which t h e i m p e d a n c e r e s u l t s
are interpretable can be described with
t h e a i d of Fig. 3.21 for a s - q u e n c h e d a n d
q u e n c h e d - p l u s - a g e d (51 m i n / 3 0 0 C) TiC r ( 1 5 a t . % ) . I n p a r t (a) of t h e f i g u r e , t h e
a s y m m e t r i c s h a p e of t h e t r a n s i t i o n c u r v e
w a s a s c r i b e d t o composition g r a d i e n t s in
t h e all-bcc alloy. D u r i n g a g i n g a t 3 0 0 C,
a t h e r m a l -phase precipitation w a s supp o s e d t o t a k e place. T h e e x i s t e n c e of
p h a s e a f t e r 5 1 min/300 C w a s r e s p o n s i ble for t h e double s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g t r a n s i tion b a r e l y detectable i n p a r t (b) of t h e figu r e . B u t double t r a n s i t i o n s a r e m o r e
e a s i l y d e t e c t e d a n d r e s o l v e d i n t h e first
d e r i v a t i v e s of t h e i m p e d a n c e - t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e s . Some r e s u l t s for a Ti-Cr(10.3
at.%) alloy i n t h e a s - q u e n c h e d a n d

3.5 AC Impedance
LUHMAN a n d c o l l e a g u e s , u s i n g a n AC
inductive t e c h n i q u e , h a v e m e a s u r e d t h e
position, w i d t h , a n d fine s t r u c t u r e associated with t h e superconducting/normal
t r a n s i t i o n i n Ti-Cr alloys a s p a r t of a n
extensive s t u d y of p r e c i p i t a t i o n a l effects

wo

\
c

!
j

fa)

50

25

0
4.2

4.4

4.3

4.5

100
T

(b)

4.6

4.7

- "

c ^

1J
Temperature,

q u e n c h e d - p l u s - a g e d ( 2 8 m i n / 1 9 6 C) conditions a r e g i v e n i n F i g s . 3 . 2 2 ( a ) a n d (b),
respectively. P e a k A w a s i n t e r p r e t e d a s
being d u e t o p h a s e . T h e double p e a k B,C
w a s i d e n t i f i a b l e w i t h t h e p h a s e , since i t
g e n e r a l l y o c c u r r e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y of t h e
p r e s e n c e of p h a s e . T h e doublet n a t u r e of
t h e p e a k w a s t a k e n a s a n indication of t h e
p r e s e n c e of s o l u t e g r a d i e n t s .
A particularly interesting phenomen o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of + -phase Ti-TM
alloys i s - p h a s e reversion. T h e i m p e dance-measurement technique has been
u s e d t o s t u d y t h i s effect i n T i - C r ( 9 . 5 a t . % ) ,
Ti-Cr(15
at.%), a n d Ti-V(24.4
at.%)
[LUH70, L U H 7 1 ] . Following a n aging h e a t

t r e a t m e n t a t 3 0 0 C t o produce isotherm a l p h a s e , b o t h alloys were " u p quenched" to 4 5 0 C, where they were

held for 3 m i n p r i o r t o w a t e r q u e n c h i n g .
T h e u p - q u e n c h i n g of a g e d T i - C r ( 1 5 at.%)
raised i t s T from 3 . 0 5 t o 4 . 2 9 2 K, t h e latt e r b e i n g l e s s t h a n t h e 4 . 4 5 6 of t h e a s q u e n c h e d alloy. T h e u p - q u e n c h i n g of Tic

V(24.4

at.%) yielded a T

of 5 . 0 8 9

K,

h i g h e r t h a n t h e 4 . 3 8 2 of t h e a s q u e n c h e d s a m p l e . T h e observed differences i n T b e t w e e n t h e as-quenched, +

-aged, a n d ' + - r e v e r t e d s a m p l e s w e r e
i n t e r p r e t e d i n t e r m s of composition fluct u a t i o n s , s c r e e n i n g of precipitation zones
c

Fig. 3.21 Variation of impedance with temperature of

a sample of Ti-Cr(15 at.%) in two metallurgical conditions: (a) solution treated 1 h/850 C/WQ; (b) solution
treated plus aged 51 min/300 C [LUH70, p. 104;
LUH70 ].

-4O0T-

-200\

I
i

\a

\
c

30

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

40

4 1

4.

+400^-

-400 r-

200}-

>)
BC

ii

30

40
H , kOe
a

+200

ft
+400
2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.2

Temperature,
Fig. 3.22 First derivative of impedance with respect to temperature versus temperature for a sample of Ti-Cr(10.3
at.%) in two metallurgical conditions: (a) solution treated 1.5 h/980 C/WQ; (b) solution treated plus aged 28
min/196C [LUH69].

Fig. 3.23 Magnetization versus applied field curves

(see Fig. 3.1) for a sample of Ti-V(28 at.%) in three
metallurgical conditions: (a) solution treated 1
h/1000 C/WQ plus aged 10 h/350 C; (b) (i) solution
treated plus aged 24 h/350 C, (ii) same treatment followed by 3 min/550 C [LUH70, Sect. V(K); LUH72].

22 / Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys

by t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m a t r i x , t h e effects of
coherency s t r a i n fields, a n d t h e _T -composition d e p e n d e n c e s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l components.
c

3.6 Magnetization
Magnetization measurements, which
yield v a l u e s of t h e u p p e r critical field, H 2,
a n d g e n e r a l l y exhibit irreversibility, proc

vide a d d i t i o n a l i n d i r e c t i n f o r m a t i o n on
p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d solute r e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
L U H M A N a n d colleagues [ L U H 7 0 , L U H 7 2 ]

h a v e also employed t h i s t e c h n i q u e i n
s t u d i e s of -phase p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d aging, - p h a s e reversion, a n d - p h a s e prec i p i t a t i o n i n some r e p r e s e n t a t i v e T i - V
a n d Ti-Nb alloys. S o m e typical r e s u l t s a r e
d e p i c t e d i n Fig. 3 . 2 3 . I n Fig. 3 . 2 3 ( a ) , r e p r e s e n t i n g T i - V ( 2 8 at.%) a g e d 1 0 h / 3 5 0 C,

E.W. Collings

t h e m a g n e t i c irreversibility i s d u e to cop h a s e precipitation. T h i s is e n h a n c e d by

e x t e n d i n g t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t t o 24 h a t
t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e (Fig. 3.23b, curve i)
a n d is chminished following a h e a t t r e a t m e n t of 3 n u n / 5 5 0 C (followed of course
b y quenching) w h i c h r e v e r t s t h e p h a s e
t o (curve ii). T h e hysteresis t h a t remains
is a consequence of flux pinning (field trapping) by t h e m o d u l a t e d ' + s t r u c t u r e .

4. Equilibrium Phases
T h e e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m s of
n u m e r o u s t i t a n i u m - b a s e b i n a r y alloys
h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d a n d discussed by
MCQUILLAN

MCQUILLAN

and

[MCQ56],

IMGRAM et al. [IMG61], a n d ZwiCKER

[Zwi74], a n d t h e p r o p e r t i e s of several imp o r t a n t s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n r e v i e w e d by
J A F F E E [JAF58] a n d MARGOLIN a n d

NIEL-

SON [ M A R 6 0 ] . T h e m o s t c o m p r e h e n s i v e
c o m p e n d i u m of b i n a r y p h a s e d i a g r a m s
h a s of course b e e n provided b y M O L CHANOVA [ M O L 6 5 ] .

I n w h a t follows, t w o i m p o r t a n t alloy
s y s t e m s will be briefly reviewed: Ti-AI,
t h e b a s i s of technical oc-Ti alloys; a n d TiMo, a -isomorphous alloy a n d t h e b a s i s of
several t e c h n i c a l -Ti alloys.

4.1 The Typical Alpha Alloy,

Ti-AI
E q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m s for Ti-AI,
a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e -stabilized t i t a n i u m base b i n a r y alloy, a r e t o be found i n
MCQUILLAN a n d

MCQUILLAN [MCQ56, p.

174], MOLCHANOVA [ M O L 6 5 , p . 137],

(see

Fig. 4.1), andZwiCKER[Zwi74, p . 147]. Research articles i n w h i c h descriptions of

portions of t h e e q u i l i b r i u m d i a g r a m h a v e
been discussed a r e listed i n Table 4 . 1 . Two
of t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g a n d i m p o r t a n t regions of t h e d i a g r a m s u r r o u n d t h e o r d e r e d
intermetaUic c o m p o u n d s TisAl a n d TiAl.
S h o r t - r a n g e a n d l o n g - r a n g e o r d e r i n Ti-AI
alloys a n d t h e o c c u r r e n c e of t h e longr a n g e o r d e r e d 0:2 p h a s e i n t h e vicinity of
t h e c o m p o u n d T i A l w e r e discussed by
BLACKBURN [ B i A 6 7 ] , w h o offered a n
equilibrium p a r t i a l p h a s e d i a g r a m for t h e
composition r a n g e 0 t o 30 at.% (Fig. 4.2).
Confirmatory evidence for t h e existences
a n d r a n g e s of t h e d i s o r d e r e d a n d o r d e r e d
p h a s e s i n Ti-Al(20 ~ 3 0 at.%) is to be found
in t h e r e s u l t s of t h e m a g n e t i c - s u s c e p t i b i l 3

ity

measurements

of

COLLINGS et

al.

[C0L75 ]. G E H L E N [GEH70] h a s i n v e s t i gated t h e c r y s t a l l o g r a p h y of TisAl, w h i c h

was found to p o s s e s s t h e DO 19 s t r u c t u r e a u n i t cell c o m p o s e d of four r e g u l a r
hep cells a p p a r e n t l y s u p p o r t e d by covalent-like directional b o n d s connecting t h e
a l u m i n u m a n d t i t a n i u m a t o m s . Solution
s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n Ti-AI alloys i n t e r m s of
localized Ti-AI b o n d s , l e a d i n g a t suffia

ciently h i g h s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t o
t h e above-mentioned long-range-ordered
s t r u c t u r e a n d electronic effects r e l a t e d t o
it, h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d by COLLINGS a n d
coworkers

[COL70 ,
a

COL75 ,
a

COL82 ].

1300

1
0

aphast
+ U2
oc2 Phz se

5^

S o m e physical p r o p e r t i e s of Ti-AI alloys

a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e o c c u r r e n c e of b r i t t l e int e r m e t a l l i c c o m p o u n d s a t compositions
n e a r 2 5 at.% (Ti Al), 5 0 a t . % (TiAl), a n d
- 7 0 a t . % ( - ) h a v e b e e n discussed,
w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o electronic
b o n d i n g a n d i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p to i n t e r m e t aUic c o m p o u n d formation, b y COLLINGS
3

1100

0
0000

I
+ .2

4m

T h e wide d i s c r e p a n c i e s t h a t e x i s t
a m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s Ti-AI p h a s e diag r a m s presently i n existence are evident
i n ZwiCKER's collection of six e q u i l i b r i u m
d i a g r a m s [ZWI74, p . 1 4 7 ] . To s h e d f u r t h e r
l i g h t on t h e position of a p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e , t h e (0:2 + )/ p h a s e
m a g n e t i c susceptibility t e c h n i q u e s (augm e n t e d b y optical m e t a l l o g r a p h y ) i n o r d e r
t o develop a n e q u i l i b r i u m p a r t i a l d i a g r a m
for Ti-Al(30-57 at.%) w i t h i n t h e t e m p e r a -

7**

<-> 900

[COL82 ].

b o u n d a r y , COLLINGS [ C O L 7 9 ] e m p l o y e d

r * eeee

SRO
300.
Ti

1
1
1

10
15
20
Atomic Percent Al

25

30

Fig. 4.2 Partial Ti-AI equilibrium phase diagram for

the range 0 to 25 at.% Al [BLA67 ].
3

24 / Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys

Table 4.1

E.W. C o l i i n g s

List of Investigations Directed Toward a Determination of the Ti-Al Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Aluminum
concentration
range, at.%

Temperature r a n g e for
equilibrated solid alloys
F
C

0-64

750-1100

1382-2012

0-75

700-1400

1292-2552

0-75

700-1200

1292-2192

5-49

550-1050

1022-1922

0-63

450-1350

842-2462

0-48
5-38
0-38

800-1450
400-1100
550-1200

1472-2642
752-2012
1022-2192

5-43

550-1200

1022-2192

7-35

550-1100

1022-2012

5-25
27-45
7-19
0-33

500-1100
1025-1225
200-900
500-1100

932-2012
1877-2237
392-1652
932-2012

30-57

900-1365

1652-2489

0-30
7-44

625-1100
450-1150

1157-2012
842-2102

Principal a n d auxiliary
t e c h n i q u e s described
Optical metallography; with x-ray diffraction
and thermal analysis
Optical metallography; with x-ray diffraction
and Vickers hardness
Optical metallography; with x-ray diffraction,
Vickers hardness, thermal analysis, and
centrifugal bend tests
Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility;
with optical metallography and x-ray
diffraction
Electrical resistivity; with optical
metallography and x-ray diffraction
Optical metallography and x-ray diffraction
Magnetic susceptibility
Optical metallography, electrical resistivity, and
x-ray diffraction
Electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness; with
thermal analysis, dilatometry, and x-ray
diffraction
Optical metallography; with electron
microscopy, x-ray diifraction,differential
thermal analysis, electrical resistivity, and
dilatometry
Electron microscopy
Electron microscopy
Electrical resistivity; with electron microscopy
Differential thermal analysis, x-ray
diffractometry, electrical resistivity, and
hardness; with optical metallography
Magnetic susceptibility; with optical
metallography
Magnetic susceptibility; with electron microscopy
Differential thermal analysis; with electron microscopy

t u r e r a n g e 9 0 0 ~ 1 3 0 0 C (Fig. 4 . 3 ) . e i g h t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 855 a n d 6 0 0
SWARTZENDRUBER et al. [ S W A 8 1 ] a l s o u s e d
C for t i m e s r a n g i n g from 9 0 to 650 h. Diam a g n e t i c susceptibility a s a t e c h n i q u e for g r a m s s u c h a s Fig. 4.5 a r e not u s u a l l y cons t u d y i n g a p o r t i o n of t h e Ti-Al p h a s e dia- t i n u e d below 600 C o w i n g t o t h e difficulg r a m . T h e m o s t r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t i e s t h a t a r e a l w a y s e n c o u n t e r e d i n
t h e Ti-Al s y s t e m w a s b y S H U L L et al.
a t t e m p t s t o a t t a i n t h e r m o d y n a m i c equi[ S H U 8 5 ] , w h o e m p l o y e d differential t h e r l i b r i u m i n r e a c t i v e alloys w h e n t h e diffum a l analys is , a s s i s t e d b y t r a n s m i s s i o n
sion r a t e s a r e low. According t o MOL
electron microscopy (TEM), t o develop a
CHANOVA [MOL65, p p . 27-32], t h e p h a s e
p h a s e d i a g r a m for t h e composition r a n g e
i s s t a b l e a t all t e m p e r a t u r e s i n alloys con7 t o 4 4 at.% Al (Fig. 4 . 4 ) .
t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n 16 a t . % M o (28 wt%).
T h e /( + ) p h a s e b o u n d a r y i s a l m o s t line a r a n d i n t e r s e c t s t h e 6 5 0 C line a t 14
4.2 The Typical Betaa t . % Mo (24 w t % ) . T h e m a x i m u m solubilIsomorphous Alloy, Ti-Mo
i t y of m o l y b d e n u m a t 6 0 0 C i n a-Ti-Mo
alloys w a s s t a t e d to b e only a b o u t 0.4 at.%
E q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m s for Ti(0.8 wt%), w i t h t h e c a u t i o n a r y n o t e t h a t
Mo h a v e b e e n developed b y CRAIGHEAD
t h e r e w a s some uncertainty associated
a n d c o w o r k e r s ( 1 9 5 0 ) , * H A N S E N a n d cowith that number.
workers ( 1 9 5 1 ) , * DUWEZ ( 1 9 5 1 ) , * MOLC H A N O V A [ M O L 6 5 , p p . 2 7 - 3 2 ] , TERAUCHI et
al. [ T E R 8 2 ] , a n d , m o s t recently,
[HAY85]. The d i a g r a m according to HANS E N et al. [ H A N 5 8 , p . 9 7 7 ] i s r e p r o d u c e d i n

Fig. 4 . 5 . T h e alloys u s e d i n developing t h i s

d i a g r a m h a d b e e n h o m o g e n i z e d for 2 0 t o
4 0 h at 1 2 5 0 C prior t o being annealed a t
* See references in
32].

MOLCHANOVA

[MOL65, p.

Ref

I n n u m e r o u s s t u d i e s of q u e n c h e d none q u i l i b r i u m -phase t i t a n i u m alloys a n d

t h e effects of a g i n g o n t h e m a s t h e y proceed t o w a r d t h e r m o d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m ,
i t h a s b e e n n o t e d t h a t w i t h i n t h e equilibr i u m + field, a n d b o r d e r i n g t h e m e t a e q u i l i b r i u m + zone, t h e a g i n g of
q u e n c h e d -stabilized alloys c a n r e s u l t i n
a s e p a r a t i o n of t h e p h a s e i n t o a soluter i c h m a t r i x a n d a s o l u t e - l e a n '-

[OGD51]
TBUM521

fKoR561

[SAG561

[SAT591

TENC611
[611
[CLA631
[KOR651

[CRO661

[BLA67 l
a

[BLA70]
[NAM73]
[KOR76]

[COL791

rSwA811

t a t e . T h e '/ i n t e r f a c e s [LUH70], or t h e
i n t e r i o r s of t h e ' p r e c i p i t a t e s t h e m s e l v e s

30

40

50

60

Atomic Percent AI

Fig. 4 . 3 Partial Ti-Al phase diagram for the range 2 5

to 5 7 at.% Al. The data points ( O ) were determined
magnetically [COL79]; the boundaries of the + and
Oj + fields were earlier established by BLACKBURN
[BLA70].

4. E q u i l i b r i u m P h a s e s / 2 5

[WIL73], a r e t h e sites of a - p h a s e precipitat i o n d u r i n g f u r t h e r aging. C l e a r l y t h e

p h a s e - s e p a r a t e d ' + i s a nonequilib r i u r n condition, a n d a s such is d i s c u s s e d
in C h a p t e r 5. A double-bcc p h a s e c a n ,
however, exist a s a n equilibrium
twop h a s e s t a t e i n s o m e alloy s y s t e m s . R e ferred to a s "-phase immiscibility," it
occurs, for e x a m p l e , i n Zr-Nb [Lov66]
a n d r e l a t e d s y s t e m s s u c h a s Ti-Zr-Nb
[70 ]. T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s digression
into t h e e x i s t e n c e s of p h a s e - s e p a r a t e d
a n d p h a s e - i m m i s c i b l e double-bcc p h a s e s
is t o provide a suitable context for i n t r o d u c i n g t h e r e s u l t s of some s t u d i e s of t h e
Ti-Mo s y s t e m b y TERAUCHI a n d colleagues
[TER82]. F r o m optical o b s e r v a t i o n s , electrical-resistivity m e a s u r e m e n t s , x-ray
diffractometry, l a t t i c e - p a r a m e t e r m e a s urements, a n d TEM, those authors have
d e d u c e d t h e existence of a p a i r of bec
p h a s e s r e f e r r e d t o a s $i + faoccupying
a n a r e a of t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m
lying outside t h e + field (Fig. 4.6).
S t r o n g confirmation of t h e validity of
TERAUCHTs d i a g r a m h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n
p r e s e n t e d by H A Y M A N [HAY85].
3

isomorphous s y s t e m , is reproduced i n Fig.

4.7 based o n t h e work of HANSEN et al.
[HAN51] and IMGRAM et al. [IMG61] (see
also RONAMlei al. [RON70] a n d JEPSON et
al. [JEP70]). Since thermodynamic +
phase equilibrium is difficult to achieve at
temperatures below about 6 0 0 C, t h e experimentally deduced line diagram i s not
continued below about t h a t temperature.
At temperatures below t h e /( + ) transus, or its projection, the approach to equilibrium is m a d e v i a t h e decomposition of
t h e metastable + or p h a s e s , t h e rate
of which is accelerated i n t h e presence of
oxygen or t h e products of h e a v y deformation. The recent renewal of interest i n t h e
occurrence of -Ti-Nb precipitation in
rather concentrated Ti-Nb alloys of up to
about 53.5 wt% (37 at.%) N b , and i t s role
i n technical superconductivity, h a s not
only rekindled a corresponding level of interest in t h e equilibrium p h a s e diagram
for temperatures i n t h e vicinity o f 4 0 0 C,
but h a s also led to the ready availability of
heavily cold-worked a n d heat-treated
samples upon which t h e necessary electron microscopy can be carried out. In this

Since Ti-50Nb ( - 3 4 at.% N b ) , a s well

a s t e r n a r y a n d q u a t e r n a r y alloys b a s e d o n
it, h a v e found u s e i n t h e form of copperm a t r i x m u l t i f i l a m e n t a r y composites i n
t h e w i n d i n g s of large s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
m a g n e t s , a n a c c u r a t e k n o w l e d g e of t h e
equilibrium a n d mete-equilibrium p h a s e
d i a g r a m s of t h e Ti-Nb s y s t e m is p a r t i c u larly i m p o r t a n t . A composite e q u i l i b r i u m
p h a s e d i a g r a m for Ti-Nb, clearly also a -

Atomic Percent Mo
11.08 17.64 24.97

400*III
Ti
10 ^20
30

I il
I
40
50
60

Weight Percent Mo
Fig. 4.6 Suggested partial Ti-Mo equilibrium phase
diagram [TER82].

WrLLBRAND and SCHLUMP [Wn,75] have

examined the occurrence a n d morphology
of -phase precipitation i n alloys of 50
wt% N b after moderate-time aging at
temperatures near 380 C, a n d more re-

t r e a t e d Ti-Nb alloy s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s , det e c t i n g - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n in alloys

again w i t h niobium concentrations as
h i g h a s 5 3 . 5 w t % [WES83]. S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
L E E et al. n o t e d t h a t Ti-52Nb yielded some
15 t o 2 0 % of - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n r e sponse to repeated heat t r e a t m e n t s at
a b o u t 4 0 0 C i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h cold w o r k
[LEE87]. A s t h e n i o b i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n increased, precipitation became more a n d
m o r e s l u g g i s h , a n d less a n d less - p h a s e
p r e c i p i t a t e d outfor e x a m p l e , Ti-56Nb
w a s found t o yield a b o u t 1 0 % - p h a s e ,
w h i l e n o n e a t all could b e d e t e c t e d i n Ti-

cently W E S T a n d LARBALESTIER [ W E S 8 0 ,

63Nb [LEE90].

context, HlLLMANN et al.

4.3 The Beta-lsomorphous

Alloy, Ti-Nb

5.25

[ P F E 6 8 ] and

W E S 8 2 ] have observed t h e presence of ocTi-Nb precipitates i n Ti-53.5Nb after two

stages of heat treatment (separated by
cold drawing) of 8 0 h/375 C and 4 0 h/375
C. The latter authors conducted a series
of high-resolution TEM studies of a n u m ber of heavily cold-worked and heat-

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n a well-known
s t u d y of Ti-58Nb ( a n a l y z e d composition),
h e a v i l y d e f o r m e d b u t a g e d u s u a l l y for
r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t periods of t i m e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s of 350 to 5 0 0 C, NEAL et al.
[NEA71] w e r e able t o detect only traces of
- p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n . T h e failure t o ob-

E.W. Collings

26 / Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys

Atomic Percent Nb

400\
T l

I
20

I
40

,
60

1
80

1
Nb

Weight Percent Nb

Fig. 4.7Ti-Nb equilibrium phase diagram due to HANSEN era/. [HAN51] and IMGRAM et al. [IMG61], modified
by the observation that no appreciable -phase precipitation takes place during aging near 40X3 C of TiNb alloys with more than about 6 3 wt% Nb [LEE90].

serve a p p r e c i a b l e p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t h i s
case m a y h a v e b e e n d u e p a r t l y t o deficiencies i n t h e detection t e c h n i q u e s u s e d a n d
partly to t h e short aging times. With reg a r d t o t h e l a t t e r , t h e l o n g - t i m e a g i n g of tit a n i u m - b a s e alloys i s f r a u g h t w i t h t h e
d a n g e r of oxygen c o n t a m i n a t i o n e v e n u n d e r t h e m o s t carefully r e g u l a t e d condit i o n s . Since oxygen i s a n stabilizer, i t s
presence can always be i n t e r p r e t e d a s bei n g p a r t l y r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e a p p e a r a n c e s
of p r e c i p i t a t e s i n r e g i o n s w h e r e t h e y
m i g h t o t h e r w i s e n o t b e expected. A l t h o u g h t h e h e a v y cold w o r k e x p e r i e n c e d
by w i r e s t h a t h a v e b e e n d r a w n d o w n t o
s m a l l d i a m e t e r s facilitates t h e a t t a i n m e n t of t h e r m o d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m i n alloys a g e d a t only m o d e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
i t also m a k e s t h e d e t e c t i o n a n d identificat i o n of a n y r e s u l t i n g p r e c i p i t a t e s all t h e
m o r e difficult.
P r e c i p i t a t i o n i n cold-worked s u p e r conductive Ti-Nb(36 at.%) alloys h a s b e e n
carefully s t u d i e d b y OSAMURA et al.
[OSA80]. S p e c i m e n s w e r e i n t h e form of:
(1) foilssolution
t r e a t e d 1 h / 8 0 0 C/slow
cooled, cold rolled t o t h i c k n e s s r e d u c t i o n s
of u p t o 9 0 % a n d a g e d a t 3 8 0 C; a n d (2)
fine wiresobtained
from copper-clad
composites t h a t h a d e x p e r i e n c e d r e d u c t i o n s of 9 0 t o 99.994%, a g e d a t 3 8 0 C.
S m a l l - a n g l e x-ray s c a t t e r i n g (SAXS) exp e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n t h e foil
samples to determine the average diamet e r of t h e p r e c i p i t a t e d p a r t i c l e s (twice Rq
the Guinier radius) a n d their interparticle s p a c i n g (derived from Rq a s s u m i n g a
close-packed a r r a n g e m e n t of p a r t i c l e s ) .
TEM observations were t h e n performed
to o b t a i n v i s u a l i m a g e s a n d f u r t h e r inform a t i o n a b o u t t h e p a r t i c l e s a n d t h e i r dis-

Fig. 4.8 Left side: STEM micrograph of a Ti-53.5 Nb alloy cold worked to a diameter of 3 . 6 6 mm and aged 8 0 h/375
then cold worked to a diameter of 1.5 mm and aged 4 0 h / 3 7 5 C [ W E S 8 2 ] . Right side: EDAX pictures of the "dark"
(Nb-rich, matrix) and "light" (Nb-lean, -phase precipitate) regions. Photographs courtesy of A.W. W E S T (University
of Wisconsin).
C,

tributions. With regard to t h e wire samples, a l t h o u g h S A X S m e a s u r e m e n t s could

be p e r f o r m e d u s i n g b u n d l e s of t h e m , dir e c t o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e p r e c i p i t a t e s b y
T E M w a s v e r y difficult. I n s t e a d , w i d e - a n gle x-ray diffraction s e r v e d t o confirm t h a t
t h e d o m i n a n t p r e c i p i t a t e formed d u r i n g
a g i n g w a s i n fact p h a s e .

Weight Percent Cr
2000

20

40

60

80

1600

In discussing precipitate detection

t e c h n i q u e s for u s e i n h e a v i l y cold-worked
s a m p l e s , WEST [WES82] h a s p o i n t e d o u t
800
t h a t since - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e s a r e n o t
e a s y t o identify i n s u c h s t r u c t u r e s , p a r 400
ticularly since dark-field i m a g i n g i s com700
20
40
60
80
plicated b y t h e close p o s i t i o n i n g of m a t r i x
Atomic
Percent
Cr
a n d p r e c i p i t a t e reflections i n selecteda r e a diffraction (SAD) p a t t e r n s , t h e b e s t
Fig. 4.9 Ti-Cr equilibrium phase diagram. The points
analytical results a r e obtained t h r o u g h
indicated by A, S, and C are at concentrations of 0.5,
t h e u s e of s c a n n i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n
1 4 , and - 4 5 at.% Cr, respectively [ H A N 5 8 , p. 5 6 6 ] .
microscopy ( S T E M ) a n d a s s o c i a t e d e n e r g y - d i s p e r s i v e x-ray a n a l y s i s (EDAX).
T h e r e s u l t s of s u c h o b s e r v a t i o n a l m e t h o d s
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e above
a p p l i e d t o a s a m p l e of Ti-53.5Nb a r e g i v e n
limit m a y be thermodynamically permisi n Fig. 4 . 8 .
sible a t temperatures below a b o u t 400 C,
With r e g a r d t o t h e compositional
i t m a y n o t b e practically r e a l i z a b l e .
r a n g e of - p h a s e precipitation, b a s e d o n
t h e c o m b i n e d r e s u l t s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s
p u b l i s h e d t o d a t e , i t is concluded t h a t 6 3
4.4 A Representative Beta1 wt% N b c a n be reasonably t a k e n a s a
practical b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e + a n d Eutectoid Alloy System,
p h a s e s a t a b o u t 4 0 0 C [LEE90]. T h i s r e - Ti-Cr
s u l t h a s b e e n i n s e r t e d i n Fig. 4.7. I n so doing i t w a s recognized t h a t although aSince c h r o m i u m i s a n i n g r e d i e n t of
p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n from
alloys of
technical alloys s u c h a s Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

Next Page
4. E q u i l i b r i u m P h a s e s / 2 7

a n d Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, b o t h m e t a stable -alloys, a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of its binary phase diagram with t i t a n i u m is

particularly i m p o r t a n t . T h e c o m p l e t e
equilibrium p h a s e d i a g r a m for Ti-Cr, a eutectoid s y s t e m , i s r e p r o d u c e d i n F i g .
4 . 9 . T h e source of t h a t figure is H A N S E N
[ H A N 5 8 , p. 5 6 6 ] ; o t h e r s t a n d a r d reference sources s u c h a s MCQUILLAN a n d
MCQUILLAN

[ M C Q 5 6 , p. 1 9 3 ] a n d M O L -

CHANOVA [ M O L 6 5 ,

p. 33] h a v e

offered

qualitatively s i m i l a r d i a g r a m s , differing
from Fig. 4 . 9 only i n m i n o r details. Of p a r ticular i n t e r e s t i n s y s t e m s of t h i s t y p e i s
t h e t e n d e n c y for t h e t i t a n i u m - r i c h bec
p h a s e to decompose eutectoidally i n t o a
weak - p h a s e solid solution p l u s a compound. I n t h e Ti-Cr s y s t e m depicted h e r e ,
T i - C r ( 1 4 at.%) decomposes very sluggishly a t t e m p e r a t u r e s below 5 5 0 t o 6 8 5
C ( 6 7 5 C is t h e v a l u e p r e f e r r e d b y H A N SEN [ H A N 5 8 , p . 5 6 6 ] a n d S H U N K [ S H U 6 9 , p .

282]). T h e p r e s e n c e of t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l elem e n t s , N , a n d i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e of
eutectoid decomposition [ M O L 6 5 , p . 3 4 ] .
At h i g h e r a n d lower c h r o m i u m levels, h y per- or hypoeutectoidal decomposition, r e spectively, c a n also t a k e place. O n c e
formed, t h e p r o d u c t s of s u c h decomposition a r e readily redissolved d u r i n g h e a t ing in t h e field. T h e i n t e r m e t a l l i c compound c o m p o n e n t of t h e e u t e c t o i d a l
decompositionrepresented b y t h e symbol in t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d i a g r a m of F i g .
2.4is of n o m i n a l composition T i C r w i t h
a "homogeneity r a n g e " of s o m e 2 p e r c e n t age points. I t s composition, a s a function
of t e m p e r a t u r e , i s r e v i e w e d i n [ S H U 6 9 , p .
283]. Ti-Cr2 is polymorphic, existing a s
t h e hep ( M g Z n - s t r u c t u r e )
"-> "
phase (labelled i n Fig. 4 . 9 ) a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d t h e fee ( M g C u s t r u c t u r e )
"a-TiCr " p h a s e ( ) a t lower t e m p e r a tures. T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of
TiCr s e e m s t o b e u n c e r t a i n [ S H U 6 9 , p .
283]: according to MOLCHANOVA [MOL65,
p. 3 6 ] , t h e h e x a g o n a l modification e x i s t s
above 1300 C a n d t h e cubic below 1000
C, both p h a s e s coexisting i n t h e i n t e r v e n ing t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . A s r e g a r d s t h e
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e bec solid solutions, a t i tanium-rich p h a s e , ', a n d a c h r o m i u m rich p h a s e , ", coexist i n a t e m p e r a t u r e composition zone b o u n d e d b y 1 3 5 0 t o
1400 C a n d 5 0 t o 7 0 % (wt% or at.%) C r
[MOL65, 34]. T h e coexistence in t h e r m o dynamic e q u i l i b r i u m of ' a n d " is comparable to t h e ' + " immiscibility exhibited by t h e Zr-Nb s y s t e m , b u t s h o u l d n o t
be confused w i t h ' + p h a s e s e p a r a tion, a n o n e q u i H b r i u m s t a t e of previously
quenched alloys d u r i n g m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e aging.
2

4.5 Multicomponent
Titanium-Base Alloys
Once a b i n a r y alloy w i t h p r o p e r t i e s
m o r e or less s u i t a b l e for t h e a p p l i c a t i o n in
m i n d h a s b e e n identified, w h e t h e r i t be
s t r u c t u r a l or s u p e r c o n d u c t i v e , i t c a n generally b e i m p r o v e d by t h e carefully engin e e r e d a d d i t i o n of f u r t h e r alloying compon e n t s . T h u s , for e x a m p l e , c o m m e n c i n g
w i t h Ti-AI, t h e a d d i t i o n of t i n h a s led to
t h e t e c h n i c a l alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn a n d t h e
a d d i t i o n of v a n a d i u m t o t h e p o p u l a r +
alloy Ti-6A1-4V. S u b s t i t u t i o n s of t a n t a l u m
for n i o b i u m a n d / o r z i r c o n i u m for t i t a n i u m
h a v e i m p r o v e d t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i v e prope r t i e s of T i - 5 0 N b a n d r e s u l t e d i n technically i m p o r t a n t t e r n a r y a n d q u a t e r n a r y
s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g alloys. S u b s t i t u t i o n s of
z i r c o n i u m a n d t i n i n t o t h e basic - s t a b i lized Ti-12Mo h a v e yielded t h e wellk n o w n t e c h n i c a l alloy, III. I n s t r u c t u r a l
alloys, t h e a d d i t i o n s a r e chosen t o achieve
improvements i n mechanical properties
such a s s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s , struct u r a l p h a s e stability, a n d chemical stability.

T h e b i n a r y stoichiometric a - T i A l
p h a s e i s e x t r e m e l y b r i t t l e i n t e n s i o n (less
so i n c o m p r e s s i o n , of course). Accordingly,
i t h a s b e e n found to severely e m b r i t t l e t h e
t w o - p h a s e Ti-Al(>12 at.%) alloys i n w h i c h
it o c c u r s . S o m e d e g r e e of ductility c a n b e
a c q u i r e d if t h e a p a r t i c l e s c a n b e coarse n e d sufficiently t o e n a b l e a dislocation
b y p a s s (looping) m e c h a n i s m t o o p e r a t e ,
b u t t h e d e s i r e d c o a r s e n i n g i s difficult t o
a c h i e v e i n practice. T h e goals of high-conc e n t r a t i o n - p h a s e alloy d e v e l o p m e n t
h a v e b e e n t o t a k e t h e g r e a t e s t possible a d v a n t a g e of solution- a n d p r e c i p i t a t e s t r e n g t h e n i n g b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e to
avoid t h e previously i n e v i t a b l e a - T i A l
p a r t i c l e e m b r i t t l e m e n t . W i t h t h e s e goals
i n m i n d , considerable effort h a s b e e n dir e c t e d t o w a r d exploring t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l , p h y s i c a l , a n d m e c h a n i c a l propert i e s of Ti-Al-Ga alloys. T h e s i t u a t i o n h a s
b e e n d i s c u s s e d b y G O D D E N et al. [GOD73]
a n d H O C H et al. [HOC73] w i t h reference t o
s o m e e a r l i e r r e l e v a n t s t u d i e s b y BLACK2

BURN a n d WILLIAMS [ B L A 6 9 ] [WIL69] a n d

LUTJERING a n d WEISSMANN [LUT70,

LUT70 ]. A n e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m
d e p i c t i n g a c o r n e r of t h e Ti-Al-Ga s y s t e m
is g i v e n i n Fig. 4.10.
a

4.5.1 A l p h a A l l o y s

T h e T e c h n i c a l A l p h a A l l o y Ti-5A12 S n . T h e t o t a l -stabilizing c o n t e n t , o n a n
at.% b a s i s , i n Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is 9.7 at.%.
Reference t o t h e b i n a r y Ti-AI e q u i l i b r i u m
p h a s e d i a g r a m (Fig. 4.2) s u g g e s t s t h a t
t h i s t e r n a r y alloy p o s s e s s e s t h e h i g h e s t
level of s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g possible
w h i l e a v o i d i n g p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t h e emb r i t t l i n g a p h a s e . T h e c o m m e r c i a l alloy
may, however, c o n t a i n t r a c e s of p h a s e res u l t i n g from c o n t a m i n a t i o n by i r o n originating in t h e sponge-titanium used in its
p r e p a r a t i o n [ W o o 7 2 ] . T h e following m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s m a y b e developed i n Ti-5A12.5Sn b y a p p r o p r i a t e t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l
processing: (1) e q u i a x e d a , o b t a i n e d by
a n n e a l i n g a m e c h a n i c a l l y w o r k e d alloy in
t h e field (below - 1 0 2 5 C); (2) s h a r p
acicular a , o b t a i n e d b y w a t e r q u e n c h i n g
from t h e bee field (above - 1 0 5 0 C); a n d
(3) s t r u c t u r e s i m m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e s e
e x t r e m e s , o b t a i n e d b y f u r n a c e cooling
from t h e bee field a n d b y a d j u s t i n g t h e
prior g r a i n size t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e
control of t h e a n n e a l i n g t i m e i n t h a t field.
2

A d v a n c e d A l p h a - S t a b i l i z e d All o y s . HOCH et al. [HOC73], d r a w i n g a n

a n a l o g y w i t h t h e n i c k e l - b a s e superalloys
a n d t h e i r ' (Ni Al) p r e c i p i t a t e s , recomm e n d e d t h e u s e of highly alloyed - p h a s e
alloys c o n t a i n i n g a - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e s
for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e
creep r e s i s t a n c e i s i m p o r t a n t . T h e a
phase referred to w a s understood to be an
o r d e r e d c o m p o u n d of v a r i a b l e stoichiometry, b a s e d o n t h e DO19 c o m p o u n d
T i S M , w h e r e S M m a y b e Al, G a , I n , or Sn.

With regard to t h e solution-strengthening

aspects,

COLLINGS

and

GEGEL

[COL75 ] h a v e s h o w n t h a t , a s functions of
total -stabilizer content, t h e tensile
s t r e n g t h s of Ti-Alj.-Gaj. alloys w e r e alw a y s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e of e i t h e r T i - A l ^
or Ti-Ga2x. T h e e x t r a s t r e n g t h e n i n g w a s
a t t r i b u t e d t o s e c o n d a r y solid-solution
s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r i s i n g from Al-Ga i n t e r a c tion. T w o a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e
solving of t h e a - p h a s e e m b r i t t l e m e n t
p r o b l e m h a v e b e e n discussed: (1) o n e i n volved t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e m a t r i x a n d i t s
ability t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e p r e s e n c e of
t h e p r e c i p i t a t e particle; (2) t h e o t h e r ina

10
15
20
Atomic Percent Al

25

Fig. 4.10 Titanium-rich comer of a Ti-Al-Ga equilibrium phase diagram according to SAKAJ [SAK69]. The
dashed lines and phases in parentheses indicate the
range of
proposed by WILLIAMS and BLACKBURN
[ W I L 6 9 ] but not observed by SAKAI, see also [Hoc73,
Hoc73 ].
a

5. Nonequilibrium Phases
5.1 General Description
5.1.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n : F o r m a t i o n of
Nonequilibrium Phases

E q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m s of t h e
t y p e discussed i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r a r e
u s u a l l y developed b y d e d u c i n g t h e initof alloys t h a t h a v e b e e n
ial states
quenched to room t e m p e r a t u r e . The
n o n e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e s to b e c o n s i d e r e d
h e r e i n r e p r e s e n t t h e final s t a t e s of such
q u e n c h i n g processes. T h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r could scarcely h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n i n i t s
p r e s e n t form w i t h o u t a n t i c i p a t i n g s o m e of
t h e r e s u l t s to b e d i s c u s s e d below. I n cons i d e r i n g t h e near-oc + alloys (Section
4.5.2), for e x a m p l e , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to
point o u t t h a t q u e n c h i n g from t h e field
rapidly through t h e equihbrium + region r e s u l t e d i n a m a r t e n s i t i c s t r u c t u r e ,
while less r a p i d cooling from t h e s a m e initial t e m p e r a t u r e provided a n o p p o r t u n i t y for - p h a s e n u c l e a t i o n a n d g r o w t h to
t a k e place, giving r i s e to t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
W i d m a n s t a t t e n s t r u c t u r e (Fig. 4.16a).
T h e occurrence of t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s h a s
b e e n described i n d e t a i l b y WILLIAMS
[WIL73, p p . 1435 et seq. a n d p p . 1460 et
seq.].
T h e s t r u c t u r e of -stabilized alloys
q u e n c h e d from t h e field is m a r t e n s i t i c .
W h e n q u e n c h e d from below t h e ( a + )/
t r a n s u s , t h e s t r u c t u r e s found a r e of
course simply t h e frozen-in u n t r a n s formed r e s u l t s of e q u i U b r i u m a t t h e prequenched temperature.
T h e s t r u c t u r e s a s s u m e d by r a p i d l y
-quenched b i n a r y Ti-TM alloys a r e
m a p p e d i n Fig. 5.1. Below a s t a r t t e m p e r a t u r e , M t h e bec s t r u c t u r e b e g i n s a
s p o n t a n e o u s allotropic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n by
m e a n s of a c o m p l i c a t e d s h e a r i n g process
to a structure k n o w n a s m a r t e n s i t e a n d
designated a' or a" depending upon
w h e t h e r t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p r o d u c t is
hep or o r t h o r h o m b i c . W h e n t h e distinct i o n b e t w e e n a ' a n d a " is u n i m p o r t a n t , t h e
martensites a r e to be herein represented
collectively b y t h e n o t a t i o n a - B e i n g of
second order, t h e m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a tion i s a n t i c i p a t e d b y a r e g i m e of s t r u c t u r a l fluctuations called diffuse p h a s e .
A s r e p r e s e n t e d i n Fig. 5.1, t h e p h a s e , a s
s

a r e s u l t of v e r y r a p i d q u e n c h i n g , exists a s
a crystalline p r e c i p i t a t e p l u s a f l u c t u a t i n g
c o m p o n e n t w i t h i n a n a r r o w composition
r a n g e o v e r l a p p i n g t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e
m a r t e n s i t e p h a s e . In p r a c t i c e , however,
t h e r a n g e over w h i c h it occurs d u r i n g t h e
b r i n e q u e n c h i n g of macroscopic s a m p l e s
is q u i t e b r o a d a n d is d e p i c t e d i n Fig. 5.1 a s
a r e g i o n of g r a d u a l l y d i n u n i s h i n g precipit a t e a b u n d a n c e . T h e free e n e r g y of a is
l o w e r t h a n t h a t of ; consequently, d u r i n g
t h e p a r t i a l m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of
a n alloy i n w h i c h p h a s e is also able t o
form, t h e m a r t e n s i t e n e e d l e s g e n e r a l l y
c o n s u m e a n y - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e s t h a t lie
in their paths.
m

5.1.2 Q u e n c h i n g P r o c e s s

I n s t u d i e s of q u e n c h e d m i c r o s t r u c tures, a n important but not always attaina b l e goal is t h e control a n d q u a n t i f i c a t i o n

of t h e q u e n c h r a t e . If t h e q u e n c h i s too
slow, diffusional p r o c e s s e s i n t e r v e n e t o
obscure t h e result. When t h e primary a i m
is t o s t u d y m i c r o s t r u c t u r e ( r a t h e r t h a n
t h e p r o d u c t i o n of m a t e r i a l for physical- o r
mechanical-property testing) a n d t h e
h i g h e s t possible q u e n c h r a t e s a r e m a n d a tory, t h i n foils a r e g e n e r a l l y h e a t e d i n a
controlled e n v i r o n m e n t a n d subjected t o
in situ* g a s or liquid q u e n c h i n g . I n HlCKMAN's m e t h o d , for e x a m p l e , rolled s t r i p s
self-heated u n d e r h i g h v a c u u m t o 1250 C
b y t h e p a s s a g e of direct c u r r e n t w e r e
quenched by adrnitting H e gas to a press u r e of 0.1 a t m , r e s t o r i n g s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d t h e n s w i t c h i n g off t h e curr e n t [HIC68, H i c 6 9 ] . S u c h t e c h n i q u e s a r e
g e n e r a l l y c a p a b l e of q u e n c h r a t e s of 5 0 t o
2 1 0 C/s, a n d i n HICKMAN'S c a s e a b o u t
1 0 C/s w a s claimed. H e l i u m is a b o u t
t h r e e t i m e s a s effective a q u e n c h m e d i u m
a s a r g o n u n d e r t h e s a m e conditions.

ZAK a n d S A S S [ B A L 7 2 ] , w h o s e r e s u l t s a r e

discussed below, a t t a c h e d rolled specim e n s (0.05 to 0.076 m m thick) to a n Inconel s p e c i m e n h o l d e r b y m e a n s of w h i c h

t h e y could b e t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e h o t
zone of a v a c u u m r e s i s t a n c e furnace t o a
w a i t i n g pool of water-cooled silicone oil.
A l t h o u g h q u e n c h i n g w a s k n o w n to be
r a p i d , t h e q u e n c h r a t e s achieved by t h i s
m e t h o d w e r e n o t specified. T h e q u e n c h
r a t e s a c h i e v a b l e by all of t h e s e m e t h o d s
a r e of c o u r s e m u c h h i g h e r t h a n those obt a i n e d d u r i n g t h e ice-brine q u e n c h i n g of
t h e m a s s i v e s a m p l e s ( u p t o 4 0 g) n e e d e d
for s t u d y of m e c h a n i c a l a n d physical p r o p e r t i e s (especially l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific h e a t ) . Accordingly, s o m e discrepancies m u s t be e x p e c t e d b e t w e e n t h e
micro s t r u c t u r a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from
t h i n foils a n d t h o s e d e r i v e d from quenchi n g of b u l k s p e c i m e n s .
T h e m e a s u r e d M t e m p e r a t u r e for a
given alloy composition i s itself a function
of q u e n c h r a t e . I n Ti-Nb (5 at.%), for exs

* In which the quenching medium is introduced into the furnace space containing a
fixed sample.

BROWN et al. [BR065] a p p l i e d i n d i r e c t

heating under vacuum to specimens varyi n g i n t h i c k n e s s from 0.05 t o 5 m m (0.002
t o 0.20 in.); t h e y t h e n a p p l i e d a 150- t o
7 0 0 - t o r r h e a d p r e s s u r e of a r g o n to s u p p r e s s t h e boiling of t h e iced w a t e r o r r e f r i g e r a t e d c a l c i u m chloride solution s u b s e q u e n t l y a d m i t t e d to q u e n c h t h e s a m p l e .
I n t h i s way, q u e n c h r a t e s of 2.5 1 0 to 2
1 0 C/s w e r e a c h i e v e d [JEP70]. BALCER4

Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation of the occurrences of the martensitic phases a' and a" (i.e., a
collectively) and the phase in Ti-TM alloys. Both
"quenched data" and "aged data" are included, see
also Table 5.1 (a phases) and Table 5.5(a) (
phase).

Next Page
5. N o n e q u i l i b r i u m

ample, JEPSON et al. [JEP70] n o t e d t h a t

t h e M t e m p e r a t u r e decreased from 760 to
710 C a s t h e cooling r a t e i n c r e a s e d from
10~ to 10 C/s, b u t t h a t once a critical
cooling r a t e of 32 C/s w a s exceeded, M
was i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e cooling r a t e . T h e
critical t h r e s h o l d itself w a s a function of
alloy composition a n d d e c r e a s e d from 200
to - 0 . 4 C/s a s t h e n i o b i u m content increased from 0 t o 15 at.%.
In Ti-TM alloys, as w i t h o t h e r syst e m s , t h e q u e n c h r a t e s n e c e s s a r y to
achieve s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n while
preserving compositional homogeneity
are
s trongly
c o n s t i t u t i o n - d e p e n d e n t.
Thus, w h e r e a s b u l k dilute alloys of t i t a nium with early transition elements can
be w a t e r q u e n c h e d w i t h o u t evidencing serious decomposition, t h e s a m e is not t r u e
of alloys s u c h a s Ti-Fe, Ti-Ni, a n d Ti-Co,
whose a n o m a l o u s s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g properties could b e p a r t i a l l y i n t e r p r e t e d i n
t e r m s of compositional, h e n c e s t r u c t u r a l ,
segregation. T h e pronounced differences
between t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e q u e n c h e d
dilute Ti-V, T i - N b , etc. alloys a n d those of
Ti-Fe, Ti-Co, a n d Ti-Ni c a n be simply explained i n t e r m s of differences a m o n g t h e
solute t r a c e r diffusion coefficients i n -
at 1000 C. A s s h o w n i n Fig. 3.20, t h e diffusion coefficients of v a n a d i u m , niobium,
and m o l y b d e n u m are less t h a n 1.3 1 0 "
cm /s, w h i l e t h o s e of t h e Fe-group elem e n t s a r e 6 0 10~ c m / s . T h e e x t r e m e
examples a r e cobalt on one h a n d a n d molybdenum o n t h e other; t h e i r diffusion coefficients (-Ti, 1000 C) a r e i n t h e ratio
200:1. T h i s m u s t b e t a k e n into consideration w h e n c o m p a r i n g t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
two classes of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys, a n d in
selecting a q u e n c h i n g t e c h n i q u e .

Phases/35

Fig. 5.2 Optical micrographs from massive tokens of Ti-TM alloys, quenched from the phase into iced brine, showing the transitions from the cc to the + regimes with increase in solute concentration (or e/a ratio). Compositions
of -V and Ti-Fe are nominal, those of Ti-Nb and -Mo are analyzed. Magnifications of the original 9 x 9 cm micrographs were 50x; a 300x micrograph of Ti-Fe(20 at.%) is also shown [COL84].
m

5.1.3 S t a b i l i t y L i m i t of t h e

Phase

in T i - T M A l l o y s

The optical m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s a n d composition r a n g e s of t h e m a r t e n s i t e s characteristic of ice-brine-quenched m a s s i v e

samples of Ti-V, Ti-Nb, Ti-Mo, a n d Ti-Fe
are exemplified by Fig. 5.2. Compositionally, Ti-Fe a n d Ti-Nb a r e e x t r e m e examples, t h e i r M c u r v e s b o u n d i n g t h o s e for
all o t h e r m e a s u r e d Ti-TM alloys a n d intersecting a 2 0 0 C i s o t h e r m a l , for e x a m ple, a t 3.3 a n d 20.5 at.%, respectively
[ZWI74, p. 174].
s

Table 5.1 l i s t s t h e M 2oo C compositions of e i g h t Ti-TM alloys b o u n d e d constitutionally b y Ti-Fe a n d Ti-Nb, t o g e t h e r

with t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g conventional electron/atom r a t i o s . Q u i t e r e m a r k a b l e is t h e
fact t h a t all t h e ela ratios, except for t h o s e
of Ti-Co a n d Ti-Ni (which m a y b e exceptional cases), He w i t h i n 0.06 of a common
value, 4.15, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e m a r t e n s i tic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n in Ti-TM alloys is of
common o r i g i n a n d r e l a t e d to electronic
factors. E l e c t r o n i c a n d lattice properties
s>

Table 5.1 Compositions of the M ,2oo c Intercepts Expressed in Terms of Conventional

Electron/Atom Ratio
s

Solute
g r o u p number,

Solute
element

Concentration
corresponding to
M at 200 C, at.%, c(a)

Conventional
e/a b a s e d o n
group number(b)

V
Nb
Ta

13.3
20.5
19.1

4.13
4.21
4.19

VI

Cr
Mo
W

6.0
6.7
8.2

4.12
4.13
4.16

Mn
Fe

5.0
3.3

4.15
4.13

Co
Ni

6.0
7.6

GN

4.24-4.30(c)
4.30-4.46(c)
Mean(d) 4.15 0.03

(a)AfterZwiCKER[ZWI74, p. 174]. (b) Calculated according to: e/a = 4 + AGN(cflOO),

where AGN=
= GNsoiutc-4.
(c) Based on number of valence (s + d) electrons, (d) Excluding cobalt and nickel

is.d.)

GNsoiutc-GN-n

P r o b a b l y t h e m o s t c o m m o n laboratoryscale d e f o r m a t i o n process is t h a t experienced b y s a m p l e s i n t h e final s t a g e s of

u n i a x i a l c o m p r e s s i v e or t e n s i l e t e s t i n g .
T h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g p r o p e r t i e s t o b e enc o u n t e r e d u n d e r s u c h conditions a r e t h e
so-called " a n o m a l o u s t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s "
(e.g., s e r r a t e d yielding, pseudoelasticity,
etc.), w h i c h a r e t h e subjects of t h e l a t t e r
p a r t of C h a p t e r 12.
T h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h a m e t a l deforms
after i t s yield s t r e n g t h h a s b e e n exceeded
by t h e a p p l i e d s t r e s s d e p e n d s o n m a n y
factors. P a r a m e t e r s controlling t h e deform a t i o n p r o c e s s i n c l u d e t h e alloy's composition, i t s class (i.e., w h e t h e r , a + , or ),
its condition
(i.e., w h e t h e r q u e n c h e d
e.g., , a + -annealed, l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
aged, etc.), a n d t h e rate a n d
temperature
at w h i c h t h e d e f o r m a t i o n is c a r r i e d out.
Some observables or r e s u l t s of t h e deform a t i o n process i n c l u d e t h e
anomalous
s t r e s s - s t r a i n b e h a v i o r a l l u d e d t o above
a n d d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 12,phase transformation u n d e r s t r e s s (i.e., t r a n s f o r m a tion-assisted
d e f o r m a t i o n ) , a n d texturization (i.e., t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p r e f e r e n t i a l
crystal o r i e n t a t i o n or t h e f o r m a t i o n of deformation cells or s u b b a n d s i n r e s p o n s e t o
heavy cold work).

S o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e s e p r o c e s s e s a n d
effects a r e offered below u n d e r sections
t h a t d e a l w i t h (1) ductility a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , (2) d e f o r m a t i o n a t e l e v a t e d
t e m p e r a t u r e s (forming), (3) t r a n s f o r m a tion-assisted
plasticity, (4) d e f o r m a t i o n
t e x t u r e s , a n d (5) d e f o r m a t i o n m i c r o s t r u c tures.

6.1 Low-Temperature
Ductilities of Some
Representative Technical
Titanium-Base Alloys
Unalloyed t i t a n i u m , t h e alloy
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, a n d t h e n e a r - a n d + alloys T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V a n d Ti-6A1-4V, respectively, h a v e p r o p e r t i e s t h a t a r e s u i t a b l e
for a w i d e r a n g e of cryogenic a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
while alloys s u c h a s Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
have a s t r o n g t e n d e n c y t o e m b r i t t l e on
cooling t o cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e
low-temperature
m e c h a n i c a l a n d physical

p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e alloys h a v e b e e n specified i n SALMON'S LOW Temperature

Data
Handbook [SAL79].
6.1.1 U n a l l o y e d T i t a n i u m

All c o m m e r c i a l g r a d e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m e x h i b i t m o d e r a t e l y good ductility

a t t e m p e r a t u r e s down to - 2 0 Their
e l o n g a t i o n s to f r a c t u r e (# %) a c t u a l l y increase as t h e t e m p e r a t u r e is decreased
from 300 K, a n d p a s s t h r o u g h b r o a d m a x i m a ( = 4 0 ~ 50%) a t a b o u t 77 before
descending rapidly as the temperature
a p p r o a c h e s 4.2 K. I n s o m e s a m p l e s , # b e c o m e s negligibly s m a l l a t l i q u i d - H e t e m p e r a t u r e s . Cold r o l l i n g i n c r e a s e s t h e yield
a n d u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h s , b u t a t t h e exp e n s e of ductility, a s u s u a l . T h e effects of
i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s o n t h e s t r e n g t h of tit a n i u m h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n g r e a t det a i l b y CONRAD a n d c o w o r k e r s [CON67,
;

a s g r e a t a s t h a t of t h e s o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d a n d - a g e d (STA) m a t e r i a l ; e.g., ,77 11.4% a s c o m p a r e d w i t h 4 . 9 % a t n o r m a l i n t e r s t i t i a l levels. R e d u c i n g t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t influences t h e t e n s i l e propert i e s only m a r g i n a l l y , b u t i m p r o v e s t h e

fracture t o u g h n e s s by 130% a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 4 0 % a t 20 F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t h e E L I g r a d e of t h i s alloy i s recomm e n d e d for cryogenic service.

C O N 7 0 , C O N 7 5 , C O N 8 1 ] [SAR72][OKA73]

[TYS75]. I n a l o n g series of p a p e r s i t h a s
been pointed out t h a t t h e solutes carbon,
n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen, w h i c h b o n d i n a covalent-like m a n n e r to the surrounding tit a n i u m a t o m s , h a v e p r o n o u n c e d influe n c e s on t h e s t r e n g t h of o t h e r w i s e
unalloyed t i t a n i u m at t e m p e r a t u r e s below a b o u t 0.5 T .

6.1.4 Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V

T h e n e a r - , + alloy Ti-8Al-lMo-lV,
a l t h o u g h originally developed for h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e applications, can be used reliably d o w n t o m o d e r a t e s u b a m b i e n t t e m peratures in either t h e single-annealed
(SA) or d u p l e x - a n n e a l e d (DA) condition.*
T h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e ductilities of SA
a n d DA alloys a r e s i m i l a r ( = 15%), b u t
u p o n cooling, t h a t of t h e S A alloy dec r e a s e s , w h i l e t h a t of t h e D A i n c r e a s e s b e fore p a s s i n g t h r o u g h a m a x i m u m ( =
22%) a t a b o u t 77 a n d d r o p p i n g to low
v a l u e s a t 20 ( = 1%).

6.1.2 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn

*Single-annealed: "mill annealed" (8 h/790 C)

and furnace cooled. Duplex-annealed: mill annealed plus 15 miri/790 C plus air cooled.

T h e ductility of e x t r a - l o w - i n t e r s t i t i a l
(ELI) g r a d e Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ( w i t h 0 , 1 2 0 0 ; C,
800; N , 500 m a x p p m b y w t ) i s fairly i n d e p e n d e n t of t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 2 0 , # r e m a i n i n g a t
a b o u t 16 + 1 % t h r o u g h o u t t h a t r a n g e . T h e
d u c t i l i t y of t h e n o r m a l - i n t e r s t i t i a l g r a d e
( O , 2 0 0 0 ; C, 1 5 0 0 ; N , 700 m a x p p m b y
w t ) i s c o n s i d e r a b l y lower; i n fact, # d e creases monotonically between room temp e r a t u r e , d r o p p i n g t o 1 2 % a t 77 a n d t o
only 5 % a t 2 0

TI-6AI-4V

(ELI)

Annealed

iji Aged

6.1.3 Ti-6AI-4V

T h e d u c t i l i t y of a n n e a l e d Ti-6A1-4V is
fairly t e m p e r a t u r e - i n d e p e n d e n t b e t w e e n
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 77 K. Below t h a t ,
it decreases rapidly as the t e m p e r a t u r e
c o n t i n u e s t o lower t o w a r d 2 0 (Fig. 6.1).
T h e ductility of t h e a n n e a l e d alloy i s twice

11

r
1

100
200
Temperature,

300

Fig. 6.1 Ductility of the ELI grade of Ti-6AI-4V as a

function of temperature in the cryogenic to room temperature range [SAL79].

E.W. C o l l i n g s

50 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m Alloys

6.1.5 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

A s a -Ti alloy, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al w o u l d

b e expected to p o s s e s s poor l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e ductility. I n d e e d i t does, t h e elongation-at-fracture of t h e STA m a t e r i a l b e c o m i n g msignificantly s m a l l below a b o u t
100 K. A t 77 , = 0.2%. S o m e i m p r o v e m e n t r e s u l t s if t h e a g i n g s t a g e of t h e STA
h e a t t r e a t m e n t (20 ~ 100 h / 4 3 0 ~ 5 0 0 C)
i s o m i t t e d , i n w h i c h c a s e 7 7 K b e c o m e s
a b o u t 2%.

t h e -phase field [Woo72, p . 1-9:72-3]. A s

for s e c o n d a r y fabrication, b e c a u s e of t h e
alloy's excellent b e n d ductility, a n y s h e e t f o r m i n g o p e r a t i o n t h a t is applicable t o u n alloyed t i t a n i u m is s u i t a b l e for a n n e a l e d
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al.

s u p p o s e d t o combine w i t h t h e a n o m a l ously h i g h diffusion r a t e s i n h e r e n t i n -

a l l o y s t o p e r m i t t h e e x t e n s i v e lows t r a i n - r a t e m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e deformation t h a t characterizes superplasticity
[GRI73][HAM78].

6.2.1 B e t a F o r g i n g of T i t a n i u m - B a s e
Alloys

6.2.2 A l p h a + B e t a F o r g i n g of
Titanium-Base Alloys

6.2 Deformation at Elevated

Temperatures
A s a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e topic of
elevated-temperature deformation, t h e
f o r m i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e technical alloys of t h e p r e v i o u s sect i o n will b e briefly r e v i e w e d .
U n a l l o y e d T i t a n i u m (/ Transit i o n T e m p e r a t u r e , 8 8 3 C). C o m m e r cial g r a d e s of t i t a n i u m a r e u s u a l l y h o t
f o r m e d a t 870 C, j u s t below t h e allotropic
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e . If cold d e formed, t h e m a t e r i a l will exhibit "springback" a n d will also r e q u i r e s o m e a n n e a l ing.
T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n ( T r a n s u s T e m p e r a t u r e , ~ 1 0 2 5 C). T h e formability of Ti5Al-2.5Sn is inferior t o t h a t of c o m m e r c i a l
unalloyed titanium. Forming operations
a r e u s u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t a t 2 0 0 ~ 6 5 0 C,
c a r e b e i n g t a k e n t o m i n i m i z e t h e t i m e of
e x p o s u r e to t e m p e r a t u r e s above 5 4 0 C.
Ti-6A1-4V ( T r a n s u s T e m p e r a t u r e , ~ 9 9 5 C). Ti-6A1-4V is difficult t o
form even after a n n e a l i n g u s u a l l y for
V t o 4 h a t 700 t o 820 C. P r i m a r y fabricat i o n o p e r a t i o n s , (ingot b r e a k d o w n ) , a r e
often i n i t i a t e d above t h e t r a n s u s a n d
finished below i t , i n s e v e r a l s t e p s . T h e s e
s t e p s could involve a n d ot/ forging, a n d
will include s o m e r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n
s t e p s . Mill p r o d u c t s a r e u s u a l l y f i n i s h e d
in t h e temperature r a n g e 870 ~ 980 C
i.e., h i g h i n t h e + field. O t h e r forging
practices, a n d t h e p r o p e r t i e s t h a t r e s u l t
from t h e m , a r e d i s c u s s e d b y WOOD
[W0072].
T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V ( T r a n s u s T e m p e r a t u r e , 1 0 4 0 C). I n t h e d e f o r m a t i o n
m e t a l w o r k i n g of Ti-8A1- IMo- IV, t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e field a r e g e n e r a l l y avoided.
I t h a s b e e n found p r e f e r a b l e t o p e r f o r m
metalworking operations high in t h e +
field. S h e e t m e t a l w o r k i n g ( s e c o n d a r y fabrication) is g e n e r a l l y c o n d u c t e d w i t h i n
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 6 5 0 ~ 8 0 0 C, alt h o u g h sheet f o n n i n g i s n o t i m p o s s i b l e a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s a s low a s r o o m t e m p e r a ture.
T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l ( M e t a s t a b l e , T r a n s u s T e m p e r a t u r e , 6 5 0 - 7 0 0 C).
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al i s n o r m a l l y f a b r i c a t e d t o
flat-rolled p r o d u c t s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n
2

-Forging
Processes
[HAM78].
B e t a forging m a y be c a r r i e d o u t isotherm a l l y w i t h t h e billet a n d d i e s initially a t
t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e above t h e transus. O t h e r w i s e , if only t h e billet h a s b e e n
h e a t e d , d i e chilling a s t h e forging t a k e s
place m a y cool t h e workpiece to t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h i n t h e + field. P r o v i d e d t h e
first 2 5 % of t h e r e d u c t i o n t a k e s place
w i t h i n t h e field, i t is still p e r m i s s i b l e t o
refer t o t h e o p e r a t i o n a s " forging." If t h e
i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e is sufficiently h i g h i n
t h e field, t h e forging c a n b e accomp l i s h e d a s a single step. A second a d v a n t a g e of forging i s t h a t a t t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a t which i t t a k e s place, t h e
silicon [in snicon-bearin g alloys s u c h a s
Ti-6242(Si)] c a n b e r e t a i n e d i n solid solut i o n d u r i n g t h e operation, t h e r e b y l e a d i n g
to a product with improved creep
strength. On the other hand, the high
t e m p e r a t u r e s associated w i t h t h e forgi n g of a n d m a n y + alloys m a y r e s u l t
i n : (1) a l a r g e g r a i n size, p a r t i c u l a r l y if
t h e alloy is allowed to a n n e a l i n t h e r e g i m e before cooling below t h e t r a n s u s ,
a n d (2) a coarse W i d m a n s t a t t e n s t r u c t u r e
on cooling t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . S u c h a n
"aligned-cc," or locally t e x t u r e d , s t r u c t u r e
h a s poor low-cycle fatigue p r o p e r t i e s . T h i s
d i s a d v a n t a g e c a n b e r e d u c e d if t h e
a l i g n e d i s r e p l a c e d b y t h e "basketw e a v e " s t r u c t u r e b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e cooli n g r a t e from t h e field, or b y r e f i n i n g t h e
prior- g r a i n size t h r o u g h final forging
h i g h i n t h e + field.
S u p e r p l a s t i c i t y i n F o r g i n g . Isot h e r m a l forging of alloys c a n t a k e adv a n t a g e of t h e s u p e r p l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s
t h a t h a v e b e e n e x h i b i t e d b y s o m e of t h e m .
GRIFFITHS a n d HAMMOND [GRI73] s h o w e d

t h a t t h e alloys Ti-8Mn, Ti-15Mo, a n d Ti1 3 C r - l l V - 3 A l exhibited s u p e r p l a s t i c i t y

w h e n deformed a t low s t r a i n r a t e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s of a b o u t 0.6 T . E l o n g a t i o n s of
from 150 t o 4 5 0 % w e r e o b s e r v e d , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e n u m b e r s of g r a i n s i n t h e specim e n cross sections. W i t h g r a i n sizes of
s e v e r a l h u n d r e d s of , t h e s a m p l e could
n o t h a v e b e e n exMbiting t h e n o r m a l k i n d
of fine-grain (<10 u m ) superplasticity. T h e
subgrains
(or d e f o r m a t i o n cells) w e r e ,
however, fine, a n d of t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
size. T h e flow w a s i n t e r p r e t e d a s t a k i n g
place b y w a y of a "cbffusion-creep" m e c h a n i s m . I n t h i s , t h e v a c a n c y source/sink
p r o p e r t y of t h e s u b g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s w a s
m

+ F o r g i n g P r o c e s s [ H A M 7 8 ] . Alt h o u g h d u r i n g n o n i s o t h e r m a l forging, a s
defined above, t h e billet m a y s p e n d a significant fraction of i t s deformation t i m e i n
t h e + field, i n o r d e r t o achieve a uniform a + s t r u c t u r e , t h e final w o r k i n g ope r a t i o n s m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h a t field.
T h e p r o c e s s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e is t h e n , of
course, u p p e r l i m i t e d by t h e t r a n s u s a n d
lower b o u n d e d b y p r e s s a n d m a t e r i a l s
constraints. Such a tight restriction on
processing t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e m a y r e q u i r e p r e h e a t i n g t h e tooling to t h e i n i t i a l
billet t e m p e r a t u r e (i.e., t h e u s e of isotherm a l forging).
Superplasticity in + Forging.
A s i n d i c a t e d above, i s o t h e r m a l forging a t
low s t r a i n r a t e s is conducive to s u p e r p l a s tic deformation. I n + alloys, s u p e r p l a s ticity g e n e r a l l y t a k e s place v i a t h e finegrain-size m e c h a n i s m s . T h i s is achieved
i n + alloys t h r o u g h h e a v y h o t w o r k i n g
i n t h e + p h a s e field. C o n t i n u o u s worki n g a n d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n produces a fine
g r a i n size, w h i c h i s stabilized b y t h e p r e s e n c e of a coarse d i s p e r s e d p h a s e , p r i m a r ily a. Obviously, a n d a s HAMMOND a n d

NUTTING h a v e p o i n t e d o u t [HAM78], t h e r e
m a y n o t b e a v e r y s h a r p distinction b e t w e e n t h i s k i n d of s u p e r p l a s t i c i t y a n d isot h e r m a l forging. T h e i s o t h e r m a l closeddie a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n successfully
a p p l i e d to t h e s u p e r p l a s t i c forging of Ti6Al-6V-2Sn a n d Ti-6Al-4Vin t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 9 0 0 to 9 5 0 C [Frc73].
6.2.3 T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g

T h e p r o p e r t i e s of + t i t a n i u m - b a s e
alloys a r e strongly d e p e n d e n t on micros t r u c t u r e . CHEN a n d colleagues, for e x a m ple, h a v e d e v o t e d considerable a t t e n t i o n
t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e microstructures a n d t h e mechanical properties
of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo~0.lSi
forgings
[CHE80]. Sections 6.2.1 a n d 6.2.2 h a v e
briefly i n d i c a t e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
a n d + forging, b o t h i s o t h e r m a l a n d
non-isothermal. Factors that m u s t be
t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n of
forging o p e r a t i o n s i n g e n e r a l a r e : (1) t h e
s t a r t i n g m i c r o s t r u c t u r e , (2) t h e s t a r t a n d
finish t e m p e r a t u r e s , (3) t h e e x t e n t of t h e
d e f o r m a t i o n , a n d (4) t h e r a t e a t w h i c h t h e
d e f o r m a t i o n t a k e s place [GEG80]. I n
a c M e v i n g t h e d e s i r e d final m i c r o s t r u c ture, hence mechanical properties, two
m o r e t h e r m a l v a r i a b l e s a r e available for

6. D e f o r m a t i o n / 5 1

control a n d a d j u s t m e n t : (1) t h e cooling

r a t e from t h e final w o r k i n g o p e r a t i o n a n d
(2) t h e final h e a t t r e a t m e n t . T h e e n t i r e sequence of o p e r a t i o n s is k n o w n a s "therm o m e c h a n i c a l processing" [WlL82 ].
b

6.3 TransformationAssisted Plasticity

6.3.2 A l p h a - a n d A l p h a + Beta Alloys

at Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e s

T h e d e f o r m a t i o n of alloys c a n be facilit a t e d if t h e r m a l l y i n d u c e d or stress-induced t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s of o n e k i n d or another t a k e place d u r i n g t h e t i m e t h a t

stress is b e i n g a p p l i e d to t h e s a m p l e .
E i t h e r h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e or l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a r e eligible for consideration i n t h i s section, w h i c h d r a w s
implicitly on t h e c o n t e n t s of Sections 5.2
a n d 5.3.4 ( s t r e s s - i n d u c e d m a r t e n s i t i c
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a n d t w i n n i n g ) a n d Sections 8.3 a n d 12.14 ( l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e a n d
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s e r r a t e d yielding) a s
well a s o t h e r sources.
6.3.1 B e t a A l l o y s

S t r e s s - a s s i s t e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n perm i t s some alloys to achieve a d e g r e e of

l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e ductility o t h e r w i s e u n expected i n a bec s t r u c t u r e . F o r e x a m p l e ,
Ti ~ 50Nb, w h o s e deformation a t low t e m p e r a t u r e is d i s c u s s e d i n Sections 8.1.2 a n d
12.14.1, w h e n t e s t e d to failure a t 4.2 K, r e veals t h e finely d i m p l e d f r a c t u r e surfaces
characteristic of microscopic ductile fract u r e (Fig. 6.2).
N u m e r o u s b i n a r y -Ti alloys h a v e
been s h o w n to deform v i a m a r t e n s i t i c
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n [Zwi74, p . 175] or t w i n ning, d e p e n d i n g on t h e solute c o n c e n t r a tion. I n a typical basic study, t h a t by O K A
et al. [OKA80] of Ti-Mo (see Section 5.2.5),
it w a s s h o w n t h a t a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e
t h e s t r e s s - i n d u c e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n product w a s m a r t e n s i t i c provided t h e molybdenum concentration was between about
9 a n d 11 wt%, b u t took t h e form of {332}
twins w h e n i t w a s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e 11
~15.5 wt%. I n a r e l a t e d study, HlDA et al.
[HID80] i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e t h e r m a l i n s t a b i l i t y of m e t a stable q u e n c h e d -Ti-Mo a n d i t s plastic
properties, observing a g a i n t h a t t h e r e m a r k a b l e ductility e x h i b i t e d b y Ti-14Mo
correlated w i t h t h e f o r m a t i o n of {332}
twins. Secondly, t h e y n o t e d t h a t t h e m e a s ured l i n e a r w o r k - h a r d e n i n g r a t e could b e
correlated w i t h a c o n t i n u o u s f o r m a t i o n of
new t w i n s , t h e s e b e i n g t h e source of a n increasing d e n s i t y of p h a s e , a k n o w n
hardener. A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d i n Section 5.3.5, t h e alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al will
undergo s t r e s s - a s s i s t e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
at room temperature, w h i c h lies p a r t - w a y
between M a n d M [DUE80 ]. T h e -solution-treated
alloy c o n t a i n s a fine dispersion of a t h e r m a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n after
p

quenching. Upon stressing a t room temperature, the matrix distorts to a "

m a r t e n s i t e , l e a v i n g t h e p r e c i p i t a t e s intacta phenomenon which imparts some
ductility to a n alloy t h a t m i g h t o t h e r w i s e
b e e m b r i t t l e d by p h a s e .

Since, a s h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y n o t e d , a
m e t a l ' s r e s i s t a n c e t o plastic d e f o r m a t i o n
decreases during a phase change, phase
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c a n b e b r o u g h t i n to a s s i s t
in elevated-temperature
deformation.
G E G E L et al., i n a s t u d y of t h e d y n a m i c s of
flow a n d fracture d u r i n g t h e i s o t h e r m a l
forging of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si h a v e
noted t h a t high-strain-rate deformation
a t t e m p e r a t u r e s s o m e 5 0 to 150 C below
t h e t r a n s u s would induce t h e formation
of m i c r o c r a c k s [GEG80]. T h i s c r a c k format i o n could, however, b e s u p p r e s s e d b y r e d u c i n g t h e s t r a i n r a t e below s o m e critical
v a l u e i n order, i t w a s t h o u g h t , t o p e r m i t
t h e o p e r a t i o n of a p h a s e - t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
t y p e of s t r e s s - r e l a x a t i o n m e c h a n i s m . A n o t h e r e x a m p l e is to b e found i n t h e w o r k of
et al. w i t h u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a n d Ti6A1-4V [KOT70]. I n a typical e x p e r i m e n t ,
t h e s a m p l e w a s subjected to fixed l o a d i n g
w h i l e i t s t e m p e r a t u r e w a s cycled from a
lower t e m p e r a t u r e t h r o u g h t h e t r a n s u s
(650 to 9 2 5 C for t i t a n i u m , a n d 760 t o 980
C for Ti-6A1-4V). E a c h t i m e t h e alloy u n d e r w e n t a n > t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , q u a s iviscous flow took place, a c c o m p a n i e d b y a
l a r g e i n c r e m e n t of plastic d e f o r m a t i o n .
U p o n r e p e a t i n g s u c h cycling, s t e p w i s e
e l o n g a t i o n s of t i t a n i u m a n d Ti-6A1-4V i n
excess o f 3 0 0 % a r e possible a n d h a v e b e e n
observed. I n a n i n t e r e s t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n of
t h e principle, et al. [KOT70] e m p l o y e d
a t r a v e l i n g i n d u c t i o n coil a s a k i n d of
" t h e r m a l die." Looped a r o u n d a r o d of
t i t a n i u m o r Ti-6A1-4V m a i n t a i n e d u n d e r
t e n s i o n i t w a s c a p a b l e of a d m i n i s t e r i n g
a r e a r e d u c t i o n s i n excess of 5 0 % d u r i n g
e a c h of i t s p a s s e s a l o n g t h e rod.

6.4 Deformation Textures

and Microstructures in
Alpha- and Beta-Titanium
Alloys
T h e t w o m e t a l w o r k i n g processes t h a t
a d m i n i s t e r t h e g r e a t e s t a m o u n t s of deform a t i o n from ingot t o finished p r o d u c t a r e
sheet rolling a n d wire drawing. A s a r e s u l t
of t h e h e a v y u n i d i r e c t i o n a l d e f o r m a t i o n
w h i c h t h e s e processes i m p a r t , t h e r e s u l t i n g s h e e t s or w i r e s a c q u i r e c e r t a i n direct i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s e i t h e r a t t h e a t o m i c level
( a s g a u g e d by t h e r e s u l t s of x-ray diffract o m e t r y ) or a t t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l level
(as v i s u a l i z e d by optical a n d e l e c t r o n m i croscopy).

Fig. 6.2 Honeycombed or dimpled shear-fracture surface in Ti-50Nb (90% cold deformed) [ALB76]. Copyright 1976, Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde, reprinted
with permission.

6.4.1 Texture

"Texture" refers t o t h e t e n d e n c y for t h e

p r i n c i p a l c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c directions i n
a d j a c e n t g r a i n s of a polycrystaUine m a t e r i a l to b e c o m e a l i g n e d , or to a s s u m e a
"preferred o r i e n t a t i o n " (Fig. 6.3). Texture
is r e p r e s e n t e d by a t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l m a p ,
or pole figure, w h i c h ( a s t h e projection of a
h e m i s p h e r i c a l surface onto a flat one)
q u a n t i f i e s t h e a n g u l a r c l u s t e r i n g of selected c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c directions or poles.
Since t h e existence of t e x t u r e is amplified
if t h e i n d i v i d u a l crystallites a r e t h e m selves h i g h l y anisotropic, t i t a n i u m - a l l o y
texture h a s usually been studied in unalloyed t i t a n i u m , d i l u t e - p h a s e alloys (part i c u l a r l y Ti-Al), or t h e + alloy Ti-6A14V. T h e alloys h a v e n o t , of course, b e e n
neglected; i n fact, b i n a r y alloys of t i t a n i u m w i t h v a n a d i u m , m a n g a n e s e , niob i u m , a n d m o l y b d e n u m [MAR60] a n d alloys s u c h a s Ti-16V-2.5Al [LAR74] h a v e
b e e n extensively s t u d i e d . T h e subject of
texture h a s been reviewed numerous
t i m e s t h e e a r l y w o r k by a u t h o r s such a s
J A F F E E [ J A F 5 8 , p. 100-101] a n d MARGOLIN

[MAR60, p . 269-271], a n d t h e m o r e r e c e n t
r e s u l t s b y LARSON a n d Z A R K A D E S [LAR74]
a n d ZwiCKER [Zwi74].
6.4.2 D e f o r m a t i o n

Microstructures

W h e t h e r or n o t a m a t e r i a l becomes
c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a l ly t e x t u r e d , h e a v y def o r m a t i o n will p r o d u c e aligned a r r a y s of
dislocation-cell w a l l s (Fig. 6.4). O u r p r e s e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e effects of h e a v y
d e f o r m a t i o n on t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s of
m e t a l s c a n b e t r a c e d b a c k to a n i m p o r t a n t
s e r i e s of p a p e r s by HlRSCH a n d coworkers

E.W. Collings

52 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m Alloys

(Refs. 53 t o 55) of [NAR66], t h e e s s e n t i a l

r e s u l t s of which, a s t h e y a p p l y to bec m e t als, h a v i n g b e e n e l e g a n t l y s u m m a r i z e d b y
NARLIKAR

and

DEW-HUGHES

[NAR66].

W i t h t h e aid of a " m i c r o b e a m " L a u e backreflection t e c h n i q u e , i n w h i c h t h e x-ray

b e a m could be c o l l i m a t ed t h r o u g h a capill a r y <20 i n d i a m e t e r , HlRSCH a n d cow o r k e r s w e r e able t o recognize t h e p r e s e n c e of crystallites w i t h d i a m e t e r s a s
s m a l l as 1 . T h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s
w o r k l a y i n i t s b e i n g a b l e t o show q u a n t i t a t i v e l y t h a t : (1) h e a v y d e f o r m a t i o n did
n o t l e a d t o a uniformly d i s o r d e r e d s t r u c t u r e as h a d e a r l i e r b e e n t h o u g h t b u t
r a t h e r , i n t h e i r w o r d s , t o a "foam"-like
s t r u c t u r e consisting of p a r t i c l e s of low dislocation d e n s i t y e m b e d d e d i n a c o n t i n u o u s t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l n e t of h i g h l y disloc a t e d m a t e r i a l ; a n d (2) t h e r e s u l t i n g
s t r u c t u r e , i n s t e a d of b e i n g t h e p r o d u c t of
grain disintegration (and consequently
t r u e g r a i n r e f i n e m e n t ) , w a s i n fact g e n e r a t e d by dislocation m o t i o n w i t h i n t h e
g r a i n s s u c h t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g dislocation
n e t w o r k formed low-angle
subgrain
b o u n d a r i e s . I n a r e l a t e d study, EMBURY et
al. [EMB66] i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d c o m p a r e d
t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s of s e v e r a l steels a n d a
s a m p l e of 99.99% C u i n r e s p o n s e t o wired r a w i n g at room t e m p e r a t u r e to a r e a red u c t i o n s of u p t o 99%. A g a i n , i t w a s n o t e d
t h a t all t h e s a m p l e s developed fibrous or
cellular s t r u c t u r e s , t h e cell walls a c t i n g a s
dislocation b a r r i e r s i n a m a n n e r a n a l o g o u s t o t h e function of g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s i n
t h i s r e g a r d . A m u c h g r e a t e r d e g r e e of cell
r e f i n e m e n t w a s n o t e d i n t h e i r o n alloys
t h a n i n t h e copper, d u e , i t w a s claimed, to
a difference b e t w e e n t h e r a t e s of d y n a m i c
recovery i n t h e t w o c a s e s . I t w a s t h o u g h t
t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e of i n t e r s t i t i a l i m p u r i t i e s
i n t h e former w a s r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e
g r e a t e r stability of t h e s u b s t r u c t u r a l
b o u n d a r i e s once t h e y w e r e p r o d u c e d b y
t h e w i r e - d r a w i n g process. A s a conseq u e n c e of t h e w i r e - d r a w i n g a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g fine e l o n g a t e d cellular s t r u c t u r e ,

Preferred
Orientation

t h e s t e e l s b e c a m e significantly s t r a i n
h a r d e n e d . F o r e a c h steel t h e flow s t r e s s ,
Of, i n c r e a s e d linearly w i t h
where d
is t h e cell d i a m e t e r . To a first a p p r o x i m a tion, Of (kg m m ) = 40/VrJ, if d is exp r e s s e d i n urn. I n t h e E n g l i s h scientific lite r a t u r e t h e s e s u b g r a i n s h a v e also b e e n
r e f e r r e d t o a s "cells" o r "subcells" a n d t h e
dislocation n e t w o r k defining t h e m a s
"cell/subcell w a l l s / b o u n d a r i e s "; t h e Germ a n * a n d more recent English literatures
s e e m t o p r e f e r t h e u s e of " s u b b a n d s " a n d
" s u b b a n d b o u n d a r i e s " or "walls" t o describe t h e s a m e f e a t u r e s . T h e p r e s e n c e of
i n d i v i d u a l dislocation-free cells w a s disclosed b y t h e a p p e a r a n c e of s p o t s o n t h e
L a u e microdiffraction r i n g s (Refs. 5 3 a n d
54) of [NAR66]). L a t e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,
s t u d y i n g h e a v i l y c o l d - d r a w n [ARN74] or
cold-swaged [LOH71] w i r e u s i n g b o t h mic r o b e a m a n d c o n v e n t i o n a l diffraction
m e t h o d s , h a v e i n t e r p r e t e d t h e spot p a t t e r n s a s b e i n g indicative of (110) t e x t u r e i n
t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e w i r e axis.
- 2

T e x t u r e i s d e t e r m i n e d b y x - r a y diffraction a n d u s u a l l y defined b y m e a n s of a
single-quadrant stereographic represent a t i o n of t h e c l u s t e r i n g of specified cryst a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n s ( t h e "pole figure"). T e x t u r e i n h e p polycrystals is often
described i n t e r m s of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of caxis or [0001] directions. T h e [0001] direction i n t h e h e p c r y s t a l is r e f e r r e d to a s t h e
" b a s a l pole"; i t is also r e f e r r e d to a s t h e
"(0002) pole," t h e i m p l i c a t i o n h e r e b e i n g
t h a t t h e b a s a l p l a n e s of a n h e p crystal a r e
r e s p o n s i b l e for (0002) B r a g g reflections.
I n s h o r t , t h e terminologies "[0001]" a n d
"(0002)" t h a t occasionally a p p e a r together, a n d e v e n interchangeably, i n t h e
l i t e r a t u r e of h e p t e x t u r e refer to crystalline direction a n d experimental
method,
respectively. A p a i r of s c h e m a t i c b a s a l pole q u a d r a n t - d i a g r a m s is p r e s e n t e d i n
Fig. 6.5.

6.5.1 U n a l l o y e d T i t a n i u m

6.5 Deformation-Induced
Textures in Titanium-Base
Alloys
D u r i n g d e f o r m a t i o n m e t a l w o r k i n g , or
a s a r e s u l t of r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n , g r a i n
growth, or phase transformation, t h e
g r a i n s (crystallites) of p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e
m e t a l s m a y develop p r e f e r r e d o r i e n t a t i o n s o r t e x t u r e . T h i s topic h a s b e e n subj e c t e d t o a c o m p r e h e n s i v e g e n e r a l review
b y DILLAMORE a n d R O B E R T S [ D I L 6 5 ]

loy p a r t s h a s b e e n considered by ROMERO

[ROM 71].

(407

references). W i t h r e g a r d t o t i t a n i u m a n d
i t s alloys, r e v i e w s h a v e b e e n offered b y
J A F F E E [ J A F 5 8 ] , MARGOLIN a n d

NIELSEN
[ M A R 6 0 ] , LARSON a n d ZARKADES [ L A R 7 4 ] ,

a n d ZwiCKER [Zwi74], a u t h o r s w h o h a v e
focused a t t e n t i o n p r i m a r i l y o n t h e r e s u l t s
of cold rolling, which, of c o u r s e , i s c a p a b l e
of d e v e l o p i n g strong, r e p r o d u c i b l e , pref e r r e d o r i e n t a t i o n s . * * T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of
t e x t u r e d u r i n g t h e forging of t i t a n i u m al-

Random
Texture

T h e cold-rolled t e x t u r e of u n a l l o y e d titanium has been determined many times

e i t h e r a s a s t u d y i n itself (e.g., [KEE56]) or
a s p a r t of a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e influe n c e of alloying on t e x t u r a l c h a n g e (e.g.,
[073]). A S w i t h m o s t low-c/ (<1.63)
m e t a l s , t h e (0002) or b a s a l poles a r e conc e n t r a t e d i n r e g i o n s 30 t o 40 i n t h e
t r a n s v e r s e direction a w a y from t h e s h e e t
n o r m a l (Fig. 6.6a). All a u t h o r s a g r e e t h a t
s u c h a t e x t u r e r e s u l t s from a competition
b e t w e e n {0001}<1120> slip, w h i c h r o t a t e s
t h e b a s a l poles t o w a r d t h e s h e e t n o r m a l ,
a n d (1122} t w i n n i n g , w h i c h t e n d s to rot a t e t h e m i n t o t h e t r a n s v e r s e direction.
T h e a n n e a l i n g of h i g h - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m
a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s below t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e (883 C) r e s u l t s i n
a s h a r p e n i n g a n d slight "rotation" of t h e
t e x t u r e ; i.e., i t l e a v e s t h e (0002) pole figu r e essentially unchanged, b u t rotates
t h e (1010) pole figure a b o u t t h e s h e e t norm a l . H e a t i n g t h r o u g h t h e / t r a n s i t i o n
a n d b a c k a g a i n does n o t e r a s e t h e t e x t u r e
in either phase, presumably because the
B u r g e r s r e l a t i o n s h i p , {110}p | | ( 0 0 0 1 ) ,
h o l d s d u r i n g b o t h t h e positive a n d n e g a t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e e x c u r s i o n s [JAF58, p .
101].
a

* According to HILLMANN [HIL73], "deformation bands" are 1 0 ^ and 10~ cm in width,

while "subbands" formed as a result of still
stronger deformation are 10 ^ to 2 1 0 cm
wide.
**Sheet textures can be defined by specifying
the Miller indices of a plane parallel to the
rolling plane (hkl) and a direction parallel to
the rolling direction [uvw] (see [LAR74]).
5

-6

hep Unit Cell

Fig. 6.3 Schematic representation of preferred and

random textures in a polycrystalline hep metal.

Fig. 6.4 Longitudinal section of a cold-swaged

(97.2%) Ti-50Nb wire [LOH71 ]. Micrograph courtesy of
U. Zwicker (Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg).

Next Page
6. D e f o r m a t i o n / 5 3

6.5.2 A l p h a - P h a s e B i n a r y A l l o y s

T e x t u r e s i n Ti-Zr ( 0 . 0 3 - 9 . 0 4 w t % ) ,
Ti-Sn(0.01-4.00 w t % ) , a n d TiAl(0.01-3.92
wt%) alloys h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d b y
LARSON et al. [LAR71]. Ti-Al h a s , of
course, b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d f i r s t by
McHARGUE et al. [MCH53][SPA57] a n d
s u b s e q u e n t l y by LARSON et al. (just m e n tioned) a n d by THORNBURG [THO73]. T h e
early w o r k s h o w e d t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n c e of
sufficient a l u m i n u m , c e r t a i n l y w i t h 3.8
wt% of i t [MCH53], cold rolling p r o d u c e d
a n a l m o s t "ideal" b a s a l t e x t u r e (i.e., o n e i n
which t h e b a s a l poles w e r e c l u s t e r e d
about t h e s h e e t n o r m a l ) , b u t left o p e n t h e
question as to w h e t h e r t h e transition to
this, from t h e split t e x t u r e of u n a l l o y e d tit a n i u m , took place s u d d e n l y a t s o m e critical a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r w a s a
smooth, c o n t i n u o u s function of it.* To a n swer t h i s q u e s t i o n , THORNBURG [THO73]
p r e p a r e d for m e a s u r e m e n t alloys of t i t a n i u m w i t h 0.25, 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 1 . 5 , 2.0, 3.0, a n d
4.0 w t % Al a n d m e a s u r e d t h e i r t e x t u r e s
after 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, a n d 9 5 % a r e a r e duction b y cold rolling. T h e y discovered
t h a t n o t only did t h e t e x t u r e m a i n t a i n a
fairly c o n s t a n t d e g r e e of s p h t t i n g u p t o a n
a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2 w t % , b u t
t h a t i t t r a n s f o r m e d s u d d e n l y to b a s a l a t
that concentration and remained t h a t
way a s t h e a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n cont i n u e d t o i n c r e a s e . T h e y also n o t e d t h a t ,

w i t h t h e exception of t h e t h r e s h o l d - c o n c e n t r a t i o n alloy (2 w t % Al), t h e t e x t u r e

h a d r e a c h e d a s t a b l e s a t u r a t e d condition
b y 6 0 % r e d u c t i o n i n a r e a . A s e r i e s of
(0002) pole figures t a k e n a t 95% r e d u c t i o n
b y cold rolling is given i n Fig. 6.6(b)
t h r o u g h (d).
6.5.3 A l p h a + B e t a - P h a s e Binary
Ti-TM Alloys

T h e t e x t u r e s of b i n a r y Ti-TM alloys,
h o t w o r k e d i n t h e + field a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y cold rolled 8 4 % w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l i n g , w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y LARSON et al. [LAR71]. T h e e n t i r e Ti-(3cDTM
s e r i e s ( T M = V t o Ni) w a s m e a s u r e d , a s
w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e t w o Ti(4cDTM s y s t e m s : Ti-Nb a n d Ti-Mo. Solute
c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e s w e r e c h o s e n so a s to
p r o v i d e m a x i m u m -phase fractions of
s o m e 15 ~ 4 0 % . A m o n g all of t h e s y s t e m s
some striking similarities were to be seen

i n t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e (0002) t e x t u r e
varied with solute concentration. Atypical
s e r i e s of r e s u l t s , t h a t for Ti-Mn (0.46,1.42,
5.89, a n d 7.09 w t % ) , is given i n Fig. 6.6(e)
t h r o u g h (h). A t low solute c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
t h e split b a s a l - p o l e t e x t u r e r e m a i n e d
practically u n c h a n g e d with increasing
c o n c e n t r a t i o n except t h a t , i n s o m e cases,
it w a s slightly p e r t u r b e d b y t h e a p p e a r a n c e of a s m a l l fraction of b a s a l poles i n
t h e t r a n s v e r s e direction.* T h e n , after
w h a t s e e m e d t o b e a critical s o l u t e concent r a t i o n ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p r e s e n c e of
16 ~ 2 0 % p h a s e i n t h e + alloys), t h e
split b a s a l t e x t u r e shifted to t h e rolling
direction. T h e t e x t u r e of cold-rolled Ti-Cu
w a s n o t a m e m b e r of t h e a b o v e c l a s s : ac*Fqr farther details regarding this peak, a
(1120)[1010] texture, and the (1010) pole figures, the original literature [LAR71] should be
consulted.

(a)

(e)

Unalloyed
Ti

0.46% Mn

(b)

(f)

1.5% Al

1.42% Mn

(c)

(g)

2.0% Al

5.89% Mn

(d)

(h)

3.0% Al

7.09%

* Between them, [MCH53] and [SPA57] treated

Ti-Al (0.07,0.47,1.05,1.43, and 3.8 wt%).

SN

(0002)

Fig. 6.5 Schematic representation of basal pole figures for textured hep metals. Upper diagram: crystallites aligned normal to the rolling direction; point A
would represent perfect alignment of all the crystallites. Lower diagram: crystallites aligned transverse to
the rolling direction; point represents perfect alignment in this case [LAR74].

Fig. 6.6 Textures of cold-rolled Ti-Al and Ti-Mn alloys. Sample conditions:T\-M series: hot rolled 50 C (90 F) above
/( + ), then hot rolled 50 C (90 F) below ct/(a + ) and annealed there for 1 h; cold rolled 95% [THO73]. Ti-Mn
series: forged at 840 C (1545 F), hot rolled at 815 C (1500 F), then cold rolled 84% with intermediate anneals at
730 C (1345 F) [LAR71].

7. Aging
Part

1:

Microstructural

Phenomenology
T h e t e r m s "aging" a n d " t e m p e r i n g " r e fer t o m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e h e a t t r e a t m e n t s d u r i n g w h i c h diffusion-controlled
m e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o c e s s e s t a k e place w i t h i n
macroscopic p e r i o d s of t i m e , m e a s u r e d i n
m i n u t e s a n d h o u r s . T h e a g i n g of m e t a stable alloys i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y precipitation a s i t proceeds, g e n e r a l l y b y m e a n s of
a nucleation-and-growth mechanism, tow a r d t h e r m o d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m . A n excellent t r e a t m e n t of t h e t h e r m o d y n a m i c s
of s u c h p r o c e s s e s h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d b y
H A R D Y a n d H E A L [ H a r 5 6 ] . A g i n g c a n also
a s s i s t i n t h e recovery of a deformed s t r u c t u r e , affain t o w a r d a lower-energy s t a t e
i n t h i s case r e g u l a r l y polycrystalline (e.g.,
equiaxed) a n d defect-free.
The equUibrium phases considered i n
C h a p t e r 4 a r e of course a c h i e v e d b y t h e
prolonged h e a t i n g of p r e v i o u s l y m e t a s t a ble s t r u c t u r e s of t h e t y p e c o n s i d e r e d i n
C h a p t e r 5. A l t h o u g h h e a t t r e a t m e n t o r
a n n e a l i n g a t a n y t e m p e r a t u r e will p e r m i t
a m e t a s t a b l e alloy t o a p p r o a c h m o r e
closely i t s s t a t e of t h e r m o d y n a m i c equilibrium, t h e t e r m "aging" i s g e n e r a l l y u n derstood t o i m p l y a h e a t t r e a t m e n t i n t h e
low- t o m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . Of
particular interest i n this context is t h e
a g i n g of t h e m a r t e n s i t i c a n d + p h a s e s ,
a n d of course t h e a g i n g of + a n d alloys. I t i s i n e v i t a b l e t h a t m a n y of t h e s e
topics h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n t o u c h e d o n i n t h e
previous c h a p t e r s . T h e p r e s e n t chapter,
therefore, r e s t r i c t s itself t o s u m m a r i z i n g
a n d unifying s o m e of t h e e a r l i e r discussions. Moreover, t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h r e e
i m p o r t a n t r e c e n t p a p e r s b y WILLIAMS o n
precipitation a n d p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s
i n t i t a n i u m alloys [ W i l 7 3 , WlL76,
WlL82 *] p r e e m p t s for a t i m e f u r t h e r detailed discussion of t h i s subject.
b

T h e a g i n g of - p h a s e alloys, a n d i n
p a r t i c u l a r t h e l o n g - r a n g e o r d e r i n g of t h e
/ J O is a 2 - p h a s e T i S M - b a s e s t r u c t u r e , * * i s
n o t t r e a t e d h e r e . W h a t will b e considered,
3

* This paper, although published in 1982, was

actually written in about 1975/76.
** SM implies a simple metal such as aluminum, tin, etc., or mixtures of them.

t h o u g h , w i t h reference t o b i n a r y Ti-TM alloys, a r e : (1) t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n u n d e r agi n g conditions of t h e a ' a n d a " m a r t e n s i t i c

p h a s e s ; (2) a g i n g i n t h e + -phase field
a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t h e i s o t h e r m a l
p h a s e ; (3) p r e c i p i t a t i o n o u t of t h e -phase
field adjacent t o t h e + region, of a solu t e - l e a n bec p h a s e d e s i g n a t e d 'the socalled " p h a s e - s e p a r a t i o n " r e a c t i o n ; (4) t h e
decomposition of i n t o + a n d p r a c t i c a l
m e t h o d s of m s t m g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n a n d
a g e d - p r e c i p i t a t e s ; (5) t h e effects of v a r i ous t e r n a r y additions on t h e kinetics a n d
p r o d u c t s of t h e a g i n g r e a c t i o n ; a n d finally,
(6) a different t y p e of decomposition, t h i s
t i m e i n t o a p a i r of equilibrium bee p h a s e s
d e s i g n a t e d ' (solute l e a n , a g a i n ) a n d "

(solute rkh), chs&ac&eristic of the phase

d i a g r a m of, for e x a m p l e , Z r - N b . T h e p u r pose of c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s r e a c t i o n i s primarily to d r a w attention to t h e distinction
b e t w e e n t h e > ' + n o n e q u i l i b r i u m r e action a n d t h e r e a c t i o n > ' + ", w h e r e
/(' + ") r e p r e s e n t s a n e q u i l i b r i u m solids t a t e miscibility g a p .

7.1 Tempering of the

Quenched Martensites
T h e t e r m " t e m p e r i n g " , often u s e d t o
describe a g i n g of q u e n c h e d m a r t e n s i t e s ,
draws by implication a n analogy with t h e
h e a t t r e a t m e n t of q u e n c h e d s t e e l s t o
whose microstructures t h e t e r m "martensite" w a s originally a p p l i e d . I n d i s c u s s i n g
t h e a g i n g of t i t a n i u m m a r t e n s i t e s , WILL I A M S [WIL76] h a s c a t a l o g u e d t h e s e v e r a l
processes t h a t h a v e b e e n identified a n d
has drawn attention to t h e disagreement
t h a t h a s a r i s e n over t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h
t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of a " d e c o m p o s i t i o n t a k e
place. I n a n i n t e r e s t i n g case s t u d y of t h e
decomposition of h e x a g o n a l m a r t e n s i t e ,
T r e n o g x n a and L e r t n m a n [Tre82] have
investigated t h e tempering, a t temperat u r e s o f 5 0 0 t o 6 0 0 C of t h e + alloy Ti6.5Al-3.5Mo-2Zr-0.2Si after q u e n c h i n g
from 1050 a n d 1100 C. A t t e m p t s t o provide a unified m e c h a n i s t i c m o d e l of t h e
decomposition p r o c e s s e s i n b o t h a ' a n d a "
Ti-TM alloys h a v e b e e n m a d e b y F L O W E R ,
D A V I S , a n d W E S T [ F l o 8 2 ] [DAV79 ]. Alt h o u g h y e t t o b e confirmed b y o t h e r s , a n d
a

t o b e a p p l i e d t o Ti-TM alloys i n g e n e r a l ,
t h e i r a p p r o a c h provides a very convincing
d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e m a n n e r i n which t h e '
a n d a " v a r i a n t s of Ti-V, Ti-Nb, a n d Ti-Mo
decompose, d e p e n d i n g o n t h e concentrat i o n r a n g e s concerned. A s p o i n t e d o u t i n
Section 5.2.5, i n w h i c h Ti-Mo a n d Ti-Nb
alloys a r e d e a l t w i t h , a n d i l l u s t r a t e d b y
Fig. 5.9, t h e a ' v a r i a n t of t h e -isomorp h o u s m a r t e n s i t e s t r a n s f o r m s directly t o
+ b y t h e n u c l e a t i o n a n d g r o w t h of p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e s . T h e r e a c t i o n is fast bec a u s e t h e a ' c o n t a i n s a h i g h d e n s i t y of h e t e r o g e n e o u s n u c l e a t i o n sites a n d since t h e
a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , > ~ M " , i s necessarily
high. Within t h e intermediate-concentrat i o n r a n g e for a " t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , a spino-

dal decomposition of the " to ^ +

tirich i s u p p o s e d t o t a k e place d u r i n g t h e
q u e n c h . T h i s process, w h i c h v i a t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g compositional m o d u l a t i o n
gives rise t o t h e r e a c t i o n ^ + ^ >
a + , forms t h e b a s i s for t h e + cellular
r e a c t i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n observed t o t a k e
place d u r i n g t h e a g i n g of, for e x a m p l e , TiM o alloys w i t h i n a specified c o n c e n t r a t i o n
r a n g e . A t h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , spinodal
decomposition of t h e a " does n o t t a k e
place, a n d i t goes directly t o d u r i n g t h e
i n i t i a l s t a g e of a g i n g . Since t h e a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , if n e a r " , i s n o t necessarily
low, t h e p r o d u c t of c o n t i n u e d a g i n g will
f r e q u e n t l y b e + .
s

7.2 The Isothermal Omega

Phase: Aging of Omega +
Beta-Phase Ti-TM Alloys
7.2.1 Kinetics a n d M o r p h o l o g y

Athermal phase h a s been shown to

occur a s a c r y s t a l l i n e p r e c i p i t a t e w i t h i n a
n a r r o w composition r a n g e i n q u e n c h e d TiT M alloys. T h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h i s process
t o composition a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l condit i o n s i s exemplified b y t h e n u m e r o u s
studies which have been carried out on
t h e Ti-Nb s y s t e m .
W h i l e BAGARlATSKn et al [BAG59], o n
t h e b a s i s of x - r a y a n d h a r d n e s s d a t a ,
c l a i m e d a composition of 18 at.% for a t h e r -

7. A g i n g / 5 7

mal , a v a l u e w h i c h a g r e e s w i t h t h e r e sults of a n electron diffraction s t u d y b y

BALCERZAK a n d S A S S [BAL71, BAL72],
HATT a n d RlVLIN [HAT68] found a " a s t h e
w a t e r - q u e n c h e d p r o d u c t i n Ti-Nb(20.7

Ti Nb
?

at.%), a s d i d HICKMAN [ H i c 6 9 ] i n g a s a

quenched r i b b o n s of Ti-Nb(22 a n d 25
at.%). O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n a p a i r of p a pers discussing t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d superconducting p r o p e r t i e s of Ti-Nb(22 at.%),

BRAMMER a n d R H O D E S [BRA67] a n d KRAMER a n d R H O D E S

respectively,

[KRA67],

showed t h a t t h e compositional l i m i t for

a t h e r m a l p h a s e w a s a l r e a d y exceeded,
a n d t h a t t h e diffractographically defined
"diffuse " w i t h i t s u n r e s o l v a b l e r e a l space c o u n t e r p a r t w a s t h e q u e n c h e d
product. D u r i n g t h e m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e a g i n g (<~450 C ) of a n alloy exhibiting t h e diffuse reflections, decomposition into t h e i s o t h e r m a l - (solute-lean)
and p h a s e s t a k e s place. N u m e r o u s d e scriptions of t h i s process a c c o m p a n i e d b y
photomicrographs of t h e i s o t h e r m a l -
precipitate c a n b e found i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e .
A n e a r l y model [ C o u 6 9 ] of t h e physics
and kinetics of i s o t h e r m a l - p h a s e development p i c t u r e d a n initial
structural
transformation of t h e lattice i n t o a n d
(as for a t h e r m a l p h a s e i n its composition regime), followed b y a n e x c h a n g e of
solute a n d solvent across t h e / i n t e r face. DEFONTATNE et al. [DEF71], o n t h e
other h a n d , s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e first s t e p
was a compositional fluctuation, followed
by a s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
within a solute-lean zone t r i g g e r e d b y
/ 3 ( l l l ) longitudinal lattice v i b r a t i o n s , already a n a t h e r m a l p r o p e r t y of t h e lowconcentration bec lattice (see Section 5.3).
If such lattice v i b r a t i o n s a r e i n d e e d r e sponsible for t h e i s o t h e r m a l process, i t i s
not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t d u r i n g t h e a g i n g of TiV [MCC71] a n d Ti-Nb [BAL71, BAL72] t h e
cubic or ellipsoidal, respectively, precipitates t h a t form a p p e a r t o r e s u l t from t h e
growth of clusters of (111) r o w s of p a r t i cles.
2

Provided t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e is b e low about 400 C , after prolonged a g i n g , a

metastable + s t a t e is a t t a i n e d , c h a r a c terized a t a given t e m p e r a t u r e by a fixed
volume fraction a n d composition of t h e
a
and e n d p o i n t s [Hic69 ]. A s u g g e s t e d
metastable e q u i l i b r i u m p h a s e d i a g r a m
for Ti-Mo from t h e w o r k of DEFONTATNE et
al. [DEF71] is p r e s e n t e d for f u r t h e r discussion in Fig. 7.1. U s i n g x - r a y t e c h n i q u e s of
the kind described by HlCKMAN [Hic69,
Hic69a], t h e v o l u m e fraction of t h e
phase m a y be o b t a i n e d from t h e corrected
relative i n t e n s i t i e s of t h e a n d reflections; if t h e r a t e of c h a n g e of lattice p a r a m e t e r w i t h composition i s n o t too s m a l l ,
compositions c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d t o 0.1
at.% from calibrated l a t t i c e - p a r a m e t e r
measurements.

10

20

30

\ \

or

5,
V-

- \

400

N>
\ \
x

j + (3

40

Atomic Percent Mo
Fig. 7.1 Meta-equilibrium phase diagram for Ti-Mo indicating the /( + ) and ( + )/ phase boundaries
(fine full lines) and an M transus (heavy full line). The
350 C (660 F) isotherm is shown intersecting the
transi at 4.3 and 2 1 at.% Mo. Also indicated (dashed
lines) is a standard equilibrium phase diagram

Atomic Percent Nb

[Def71].

Fig. 7.2 Locations of the a- and -equilibrium transi,

the M (a') and M (a") transi, and the regimes of occurrence of athermal and isothermal phases in TiNb. Data sources: and transi, [MOL65, p. 2 0 ] (see
also Fig. 4 . 1 0 ) ; M transi, [JEP70] and [FLO82]; +
phase data, [ ].
s

Table 7.1

Time Needed for the Appearance of -Phase Precipitation During Aging

of Quenched Ti-TM Alloys

Alloy

400 C (750 F)
20-30

A g i n g time (h) at temperature

450 C (840 F)
500 C (930 F)

Ref

Ti-V(15,19 at.%)
Ti-V(19 at.%)
Ti-V(25at.%)

20-30

Ti-Cr(9.3 at.%)

50

[HIC69 ]

Ti-Mn(6.7 at.%)

68

[HIC69 ]

Ti-Fe(6.0at.%)

150

Ti-Nb(22 at.%)
Ti-Mo(8at.%)
-(10 at.%)

72

<20
<4
(No )

[HIC68]
[VET68]
[HIC68]
a

I t h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e aged
p r o d u c t b e a r s t h e s a m e crystallographic
r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e p a r e n t lattice a s does
t h e athermal p h a s e [WIL76]. After sufficiently long a g i n g t i m e s a t 4 5 0 a n d 5 0 0 C ,
- p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n c a n b e expected, a s
i n d i c a t e d i n Table 7 . 1 . T h e r e l a t i v e slugg i s h n e s s of t h e decomposition process i n
Ti-Mo c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t i n Ti-Fe is a r e flection of t h e g r e a t difference i n t h e diffusion coefficients of t h e s e t w o solute a t o m s
(see Fig. 3.20).

T h e compositions of t h e m e t a - e q u i l i b rium isothermal phases have already

b e e n given i n Table 5.5 w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t
of a discussion of t h e l i m i t s of -phase s t a bility. W i t h t h e a i d of c o r r e s p o n d i n g d a t a
for t h e p h a s e [ H i c 6 8 , H i c 6 9 ] , s u c h a s
t h a t p r e s e n t e d i n Table 7.2, a s e m i q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t a s t a b l e e q u u i b r i u m p h a s e diaa

12

(No )

[HIC69 ]

320
150

50
(No )

[HAT68]
[HIC69 ]
[HIC69 ]

g r a m for + m a y b e a s s e m b l e d . F i g u r e
7.2 i s s u c h a d i a g r a m for Ti-Nb. I n i t w e
n o t e t h a t : (1) m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
supersedes athermal transformation in
q u e n c h e d alloys (cf., for e x a m p l e , t h e r e s u l t s of BAGARlATSKn et al. [BAG59] a n d
HATT a n d RlVLIN [HAT68] m e n t i o n e d earlier), a n d (2) a t 450 C t h e m a x i m a l niob i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n for i s o t h e r m a l cop h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n is 30 at.%. This i s
p r o b a b l y also t r u e for lower a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s , if t h e r e s u l t s of t h e i s o t h e r m a l
a g i n g s t u d i e s of Ti-V(15 at.%) [Hic68] a n d
a
Ti-Cr(9.3 at.%) [Hic69 ], a t t e m p e r a t u r e s
b e t w e e n 300 a n d 400 C [which yielded
practically vertical ( + )/ t r a n s i i ] , c a n
b e a c c e p t e d a s h a v i n g g e n e r a l significance. T h e i s o t h e r m a l precipitate p a r t i cles a s s u m e o n e of t w o t y p e s of morphologycubic or ellipsoidaldepending on

Next Page
E.W. C o d i n g s

58 / Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys

Table 7.2

Niobium Contents of the and Phases in Aged (at 450 C [840 F]) Metastable-

Equilibrium Ti-Nb Alloys [Hic69 ]

a

Average Nb
concentration,
at.%

A g i n g time,
h

22

25

Volume fraction N b concentration, at.%

of p h a s e
phase
phase

10
30
50

0.36
0.34
0.33

6-11
5-10
6-11

291
30+1
31 1

10
24

0.25
0.26

7.5-12
7.5-12

30 1
30 1

yield s t r e n g t h s i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e ductility (elongation a t fracture) decreased.

U p o n overaging, d u r i n g which t h e
p h a s e dissolves a n d i s replaced somehow
b y p h a s e , t h e ductility is restored. M o s t
of t h e c o m m o n t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s (niob i u m is a n exception) decrease t h e lattice
p a r a m e t e r of t h e bec p h a s e ; t h u s , d u r i n g
t h e i s o t h e r m a l a g i n g of + , t h e lattice
generally s h r i n k s a s t h e c o m p o n e n t becomes e n r i c h e d i n solute. If t h e a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e is i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e alloy overa g e d t o + , t h e lattice m a y e x p a n d t o
a c c o m p a n y a r e a d j u s t m e n t of t h e v o l u m e
fraction of p h a s e to i t s equilibrium v a l u e
[BRO55] [MAR60]. M o r e recently, u s i n g TiC r a s a c a n d i d a t e system, POLONIS a n d coworkers have conducted a n exhaustive
i n v e s t i g a t i o n of i s o t h e r m a l a g i n g a n d
i t s effects o n m i c r o s t r u c t u r e [ C H A 7 3 ,
A

C H A 7 8 ] , electrical c o n d u c t i v i t y [ C H A 7 4 ] ,

a n d superconducting properties [LUH69,

L U H 7 0 ] . D u r i n g t h e s a m e period of t i m e ,
COLLINGS a n d Ho applied physical-property m e a s u r e m e n t techniques to t h e
s t u d y of i s o t h e r m a l + a g i n g i n several
previously -quenched b i n a r y Ti-TM alloys. Techniques employed w e r e : m a g n e t i c susceptibility (Ti-Fe [Ho73], Ti-V
[COL75b]); electrical resistivity (Ti-Mo
[COL72], Ti-V [COL74]); a n d low-temp e r a t u r e specific h e a t (Ti-Fe [Ho73], Ti-V
[COL75 , C O L 8 2 ] ,
Ti-Mo
[COL72 ,
A

Fig. 7.3 Example of cubic phase. Specimen: Ti10Fe [WiL73(corrected)]. Micrograph courtesy of J.C.
Williams; copyright 1973, Plenum Publishing Corporation, reprinted with permission.

Fig. 7.4 Example of ellipsoidal phase. Specimen:

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn [WIL 73 (corrected), WIL76]. Micrograph courtesy of J.C. Williams; copyright 1973,
Plenum Publishing Corporation, reprinted with permission.

COL82 ][Ho73 ]).

b

ergy c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , l e a d i n g t o t h e ellips o i d a l p a r t i c l e s h a p e d e p i c t e d i n Fig. 7.4.

T h e influence of misfit o n co-particle morphology h a s b e e n graphically d e m o n s t r a t e d b y WILLIAMS et al. [WIL71] i n exp e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h t h e a d d i t i o n of 5.5
at.% Z r t o Ti-V(20 at.%) r e s u l t e d i n a dec r e a s e i n t h e misfit from 1.5-2.0% t o
- 0 . 2 5 % a n d c a u s e d t h e precipitate s h a p e
to c h a n g e from cubic to ellipsoidal.
7.2.2 I n f l u e n c e of A g i n g o n A l l o y
Properties

Fig. 7.5 Influence of aging time at 300 C (570 F) on

the resistivity-temperature dependence of initially
quenched Ti-Cr alloys [CHA74].

t h e l i n e a r lattice misfit ( - \ ^ ) / 3 V p ,
w h e r e V r e p r e s e n t s t h e unit-cell v o l u m e
divided b y t h e n u m b e r of a t o m s p e r u n i t
cell [ H i c 6 9 ] . If t h i s is l a r g e (1 to 3%), a s i n
Ti-V, Ti-Cr, Ti-Mn, a n d Ti-Fe [ H i c 6 9 ] ,
m i n i m i z a t i o n of elastic s t r a i n s i n t h e cubic m a t r i x dictates a cubic m o r p h o l o g y
(Fig. 7.3). If t h e misfit is s m a l l (<0.5%), a s
i n Ti-Mo a n d Ti-Nb [HIC69, H i c 6 9 ] , t h e
morphology i s d o m i n a t e d b y surface-en

P h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of t h e effects of a g i n g on t h e p r o p e r t i e s of + TiT M alloys w e r e c o n d u c t e d a l m o s t 4 0 y e a r s

ago b y F R O S T et al. [FRO54] a n d BROTZEN

et al. [BRO55]. T h e i r r e s u l t s , a l o n g w i t h
n u m e r o u s others, have already been thoro u g h l y r e v i e w e d b y MCQUILLAN [MCQ63,
p p . 5 1 - 5 7 ] a n d MARGOLIN a n d N I E L S E N

[MAR60, p p . 257-262].
It was t h e hardening and embrittling
p r o p e r t i e s of p h a s e t h a t originally led to
its discovery [PAR53]; s u b s e q u e n t l y i t w a s
found t h a t t h e h a r d n e s s , a l r e a d y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of q u e n c h e d + -phase s a m p l e s ,
i n c r e a s e d w i t h a g i n g t i m e [FRO54]
[BRO55]. D u r i n g a g i n g , t h e tensile- a n d

Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t a r e t h e r e s u l t s of
all t h e electrical resistivity investigations.
T h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c y of electrical
resistivity, dp/dT, of a s - q u e n c h e d a n d
q u e n c h e d - p l u s - a g e d b i n a r y Ti-TM alloys
h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d b y b o t h of t h e abovem e n t i o n e d r e s e a r c h groups, a n d by a
dozen or so previous w o r k e r s whose r e s u l t s w e r e briefly reviewed b y CHANDRASEKARAN et al. [CHA74]. F o r alloys
b o t h w i t h i n a n d outside t h e composition
r a n g e for t h e occurrence of a t h e r m a l
p h a s e , dp/dT i s n e g a t i v e . E l e c t r o n scatt e r i n g from t h e r m a l l y reversible a t h e r m a l p h a s e w o u l d obviously provide a
m e c h a n i s m for t h i s effect. However, t h e
observation of n e g a t i v e dp/dT
in
q u e n c h e d Ti-Cr(20 at.%), w h i c h on cooling
i n t h e electron microscope t o 180 C r e v e a l e d n o co-phase reflections, s u g g e s t e d
t h a t t h e a n o m a l o u s resistivity t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e w a s associated w i t h t h e
i n s t a b i l i t y of t h e lattice itself. As s h o w n
i n Fig. 7.5, for a series of q u e n c h e d - a n d a g e d Ti-Cr (10,13,15,20 at.%) alloys d u r i n g a g i n g a t 300 C for m o r e t h a n 16 h ,
dp/dT sigmoidally a p p r o a c h e d a c o m m o n
positive (normal) v a l u e a s t h e precipitation of i s o t h e r m a l p h a s e took place.

8. Titanium Alloys for

Low-Temperature Service
Cryogenic a p p l i c a t i o n s of t i t a n i u m alloys i n c l u d e r o t o r s for s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g
generators, a n d components with aerospace applications such as reusable upper-stage spacecraft a n d high-pressure
r o c k e t e n g i n e s (for craft s u c h as t h e S p a c e
Shuttle, t h e Aerospace Plane, and "space
tugs"). T h e r e u s a b l e rocket engine is a
p a r t i c u l a r l y c h a l l e n g i n g application. F u e l
p u m p s a n d engines operate at high press u r e s a n d m u s t b e s m a l l a n d lightweight;
h i g h t u r b i n e a n d fuel-pump-impeller t i p
s p e e d s p l a c e h i g h s t r e s s e s on t h e compon e n t s . T h e s e a r c h for suitable alloys for
cryogenic service i s , a s u s u a l , t h e s e a r c h
for m a t e r i a l s w h i c h u n d e r service condit i o n s (in t h i s c a s e , a t t e m p e r a t u r e s n e a r
4.2 K) h a v e a d e q u a t e s t r e n g t h , ductility,
a n d fracture toughness. The advantages
of t i t a n i u m alloys a r e h i g h s t r e n g t h , h i g h
specific s t r e n g t h (strength/weight), a n d
low t h e r m a l conductivity. T h e major disa d v a n t a g e i s l o w e r fracture t o u g h n e s s
t h a n t h a t of fee f e r r o u s m a t e r i a l s u n d e r
t h e s a m e conditions.

8.1 Alloy Phase Selection

for Low-Temperature
Service

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn(ELI). L i k e w i s e , a t r e n d h a s
b e e n to i n t r o d u c e a n d + alloys h a v i n g
even higher strengths, such as -81 - l V a n d Ti-6A1-4V, respectively,
[HUB73] [SAL79], a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e
l a t t e r alloy s u i t a b l y h e a t t r e a t e d for m a x i m u m cryogenic t o u g h n e s s [ N A G 8 4 , N A G
8 5 ] . W i t h t h i s i n m i n d , Ti-6A1-4V(ELI) h a s
b e e n t h e subject of r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
Recognizing t h a t Ti-6A1-4V i s a n + alloy, it is n a t u r a l to i n q u i r e i n t o t h e role
p l a y e d by t h e -phase c o m p o n e n t . T h i s
will be dealt w i t h s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t h i s
chapter.

t e x t of t h o s e of m o r e cryogenically useful
m a t e r i a l s (see Table 8 . 1 ) . T h e alloy Ti13V-llCr-3Al tends to embrittle below
170 T h e solution-treated (ST)-plus a n n e a l e d alloy h a s a n elongation of 5 % a t 2 0
K; t h e e l o n g a t i o n of t h e ST-and-aged m a t e r i a l (a t w o - p h a s e m i x t u r e of a n d
T i C r ) is 0.2% a t 77 K, a n d e v i d e n t l y i s
n o n e x i s t e n t a t liquid h e l i u m t e m p e r a t u r e s (Table 8 . 1 [SAL79]).

D u e to t h e i r poor l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
ductility, bec-phase alloys h a v e n e v e r
b e e n seriously c o n s i d e r e d a s s t r u c t u r a l
m a t e r i a l s for u s e a t cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s . However, one s u c h alloy, Ti-50Nb,
n e c e s s a r i l y finds w i d e s p r e a d u s e i n sup e r c o n d u c t i n g m a c h i n e r y . T h e low-temp e r a t u r e d e f o r m a t i o n of t h i s alloy is cons i d e r e d below.

A d d i t i o n of Transition-Metal Solu t e s . T h e t r a n s i t i o n metalsi.e., t h e

stabilizersare not rapid s t r e n g t h e n e r s
of titanium. Accordingly, t h e s t r e n g t h - v e r s u s - t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e s for v a r i o u s d i l u t e
- p h a s e Ti-TM alloys a r e n o t s t r o n g funct i o n s of s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n (Fig. 8 . 1 ) .

Seemingly to d e m o n s t r a t e a nonapplicability of a -Ti alloy t o cryogenic service,

SALMON [SAL79] h a s p r e s e n t e d t h e prope r t i e s of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al w i t h i n t h e con-

8.1.1 U n a l l o y e d T i t a n i u m a n d D i l u t e
A l l o y s of T i t a n i u m

S m a l l levels of some s t a b i l i z e r s a r e
k n o w n t o b e d e t r i m e n t a l to t h e e x t r e m e
low-temperature properties [ R Y D 8 5 ] . For
this reason, iron and manganese, common
c o n t a m i n a n t s of commercial t i t a n i u m ,
m u s t b e r e m o v e d from m a t e r i a l i n t e n d e d

A s u m m a r y of t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of s e v e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e - p h a s e , +
p h a s e , a n d - p h a s e t i t a n i u m alloys i s
g i v e n i n Table 8 . 1 .
T h e i m m e d i a t e choice for a n alloy i n t e n d e d for u s e a t cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s
w o u l d b e a n a l l - alloy, since t h e bec s t r u c t u r e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s generally u n d e r g o e s a ductile-to-brittle t r a n s i t i o n (bec
steel i s a classical example). To i m p r o v e
t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e ductility of a - p h a s e
alloys, t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l level is r e d u c e d ,
typically, to b e l o w a b o u t 0.1 wt% p e r elem e n t , g i v i n g r i s e t o t h e extra-low i n t e r s t i t i a l (ELI) g r a d e of alloy. B u t t h e r e d u c t i o n
i n i n t e r s t i t i a l level is accompanied b y a r e duction in strength.
W i t h t h e q u e s t for s t r e n g t h as t h e i r
d r i v i n g force, d e s i g n e r s w e n t from u n a l loyed t i t a n i u m (hep) t o -Ti alloys s u c h a s

Fig. 8.1 Yield strength (0.2%) and tensile strength, with associated elongations at fracture, of low-concentration TiZr, -V, and Ti-Nb alloys as functions of test temperature [Mos70, Mos80].

8. T i t a n i u m A l l o y s f o r L o w - T e m p e r a t u r e S e r v i c e / 6 9

for cryogenic service. T h e levels of t h e s e

e l e m e n t s a r e a d e q u a t e l y low i n t h e E L I
g r a d e s [ R Y D 8 5 ] e . g . , F e < 0.25 w t % i n Ti5Al-2.5Sn(ELI).
Addition of Yttrium. Yttrium in
small a m o u n t s h a s b e e n a d d e d t o t i t a n i u m alloys t o r e d u c e g r a i n size a n d i m prove forgeability. T h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p erties of
titanium
alloys m a y
be
deleteriously affected t h r o u g h s e g r e g a tion of y t t r i u m . T h e possibility of s e g r e g a tion a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n o r a g g l o m e r a t i o n of
yttria m u s t be considered a potential

Table 8.1

problem [RYD85]. A S a result, y t t r i u m additions a r e no longer permitted.

Addition of Interstitial-Element
S o l u t e s . T h e p r o p e r t i e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s h a v e b e e n considered by n u m e r o u s workers [ S A L 7 9 ]
[MOS80] [CON75, CON80, CON84] [NIS84]

[ Y I N 8 3 ] . T h e i r s t u d i e s h a d t o do w i t h t h e
influence of t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen o n t h e p l a s t i c
m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . I n t e r s t i t i a l elem e n t s a r e p o t e n t s t r e n g t h e n e r s of tit a n i u m (Table 8 . 2 ) . S o m e c o m m e r c i a l

g r a d e s , a l t h o u g h e x h i b i t i n g modest d u c tility d o w n to 2 0 K, lose most of it u p o n

cooling i n t o t h e Hquid-helium r a n g e
[SAL79]. A r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l
level i s n e e d e d to r e s t o r e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
ductility. A p e n a l t y one p a y s for this is a r e d u c t i o n i n s t r e n g t h [MOS80] [CON84] (Fig.
8.2). To c o m p e n s a t e for this, it t h e n b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y t o t u r n to solutions t r e n g t h e n e d alloys of t i t a n i u m , b e a r i n g
i n m i n d t h a t s t e p s m u s t always be t a k e n
t o p r e s e r v e a d e q u a t e fracture t o u g h n e s s
[NAG84,NAG85].

Tensile Strengths at Low Temperatures for Several Commercial Titanium-Base Alloys [SAL79]

Alloy

Condition

Yield
strength
10 N/m
8

Elongation,
%

295
200
77
20

11.0
14.0
16.9

8.6
10.6
13.7
16.8

16
14
12
5.1

Annealed,
extra-low
interstitial
(ELI)

295
200
77
20

7.6
9.2
12.6
15.4

7.1
8.6
11.9
14.4

17
16
17
15

Annealed(b)

295
200
77
20

10.3
11.9
15.6
17.5

9.7
11.3
14.4
16.2

16
14
13
2.4

Duplex
annealed(c)

295
200
77
20

10.2
11.2
14.9
16.9

9.5
10.3
13.4
16.1

15
15
22
1.2

Annealed(d),
normal
interstitial

295
200
77
20

9.9
11.6
15.3
17.9

8.9
10.7
14.3
17.3

12
11
11
2.4

Solution
treated(e)
and aged(f),
normal interstitial

295
200
77
20

12.2
13.2
17.6
20.4

11.3
12.8
17.0
19.9

6
5
0.7

Annealed,
ELI

295
200
77
20

9.9
11.5
15.1
18.2

9.3
10.9
14.6
17.9

12
12
10
2.9

Solution
treated
and aged,
ELI

295
200
77
20

11.2
13.2
17.2
19.6

10.6
13.2
16.7
19.6

9
7
5
1.0

Annealed or
solution
treated(g)

295
200
77
20

9.7
12.5
19.5
22.6

9.4
12.2
18.9

19
12
2.1
0.5

Solution
treated
and aged(h)

295
200
77
20

13.6
15.7
16.5

12.4
14.7

7
2.1
0.2

Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
(8-1-1)

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
(13-11-3)

Ultimate
strength
10 N/m

Annealed(a),
normal
interstitial
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(5-2.5)

Ti-6A1-4V
(6-4)

Test
temperature

(a) 15 min to 4 h at 707-867 C (1305-1593 F), air cool, (b) 8 h at 787 C (1449 F), furnace cool, (c) 8 h at 787 C (1449 F), furnace cool, plus 15 min at 787 C (1449 F), air
cool, (d) 30 min to 4 h at 707-817 C (1305-1503 F), air or furnace cool, (e) 847-957 C (1557-1755 F). (f) 1-10 h at 482-597 C (900-1107 F). (g)10-30 min at 757-787 C
(1395-1449 F). (h) 20-100 h at 427-507 C (801-945 F)

70 / Physical Properties of Titanium Alloys

Table 8.2

E.W. Collings

Solution Hardening of Titanium by Interstitial Elements and Stabilizers [COL84]

Slope, b,
kg m m at.%
or
kg m m
at.%"
- 2

Alloying
addition

Concentration
r a n g e , at.%

_1/2

Intercept, a,
kg/mm

Correlation
coefficient,
%

Hardening rate,
k g m m at.%"
At 0.1 at.% At 1.0 at.%

Condition

Law(a)

100 h/850 "C/IBQ

As-cast
As-cast

c
c
c

15
24
24

102
108
112

99.6
99
99

...
...
...

c
c
c
c

218
170
239
194

110
104
98
100

92
99.9
99.8
99.9

344
269
378
307

- 2

- 2

dHvldc,

Simple-metal a d d i t i o n s
Aluminum
Gallium
Tin

0-10
0-5
0-7

15
24
24

Interstitial-element a d d i t i o n s
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen

0-0.2
0-0.5
0-5
0-3

120 h/800 C/IBQ

120 h/800 C/IBQ
120 h/800 "C/IBQ
120 h/800 C/IBQ

U
U
U

(a) Data fitted to either Hv = a + be or Hv = a + bc .

140

Tensile properties of TiSONb.

(a) Recrystallized

1h/1100 & 1200C

(b) Cold worked 51%

(c) Cold worked
0
40

80

120 160 200 240 280 320

Temperature,

Fig. 8.2 Ultimate tensile strength and elongation as

functions of test temperature for unalloyed titanium
containing various levels of interstitial impurity expressed in terms of equivalent-oxygen content, O ^ .
In this case, O ^ , was given by: [] + [H] + 2/3[C] +
2[N], all in at.% [Mos80] [CON84].

8.1.2 B e t a - P h a s e T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

T h e bec s t r u c t u r e i s n o t g e n e r a l l y considered s u i t a b l e for u s e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s since t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d

s t r u c t u r a l alloys u n d e r g o ductile-to-britt l e t r a n s i t i o n s a t sufficiently low t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e effect i s p a r t i c u l a r l y pronounced i n alloys of i r o n a n d c h r o m i u m ,
b u t t h e fact t h a t a ductile-to-brittle t r a n s i tion i s n o t a p r o p e r t y of s o d i u m (a s i m p l e
metal) or n i o b i u m (a t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l )
d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e p h e n o m e n o n is not

50

100 150 200 250

Temperature,

89.6%.

300

Fig. 8.3 Tensile properties of Ti-50Nb in various starting conditions as functions of test temperature (room temperature, 7 7 K , 30 K, and 4.2 K ) [ALB76] [ H I L 7 6 ] .

necessarily c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e bec l a t tice. -Ti alloys a r e m e t a s t a b l e ( u n l e s s extraordinarily concentrated) a n d hence

would n o t b e e x p e c t e d t o fail b y conv e n t i o n a l b r i t t l e cleavage, a s i s t h e c a s e
w i t h bec f e r r o u s alloys. N e v e r t h e l e s s , a s
a c o m p a r i s o n of Fig. 8.1 a n d 8.3 i n d i c a t e s ,
Ti-50Nb, a n all- alloy, h a s a v e r y m u c h
lower d u c t i l i t y t h a n - p h a s e t i t a n i u m .
By w a y of f u r t h e r e x a m p l e , t h e e l o n g a t i o n
of T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l [-phase solutiont r e a t e d (10 t o 30 m i n a t 760 t o 7 9 0 C)] a t
20 is 0 . 5 % [SAL79], which m a y b e comp a r e d w i t h 14.7% for - p h a s e a n n e a l e d
(15 to 2 4 0 m i n a t 7 0 0 to 870 C) -512.5Sn(ELI).

8.1.3 Alpha + B e t a - P h a s e Titanium

Alloys

Available in t h e l i t e r a t u r e i s d e t a i l e d
information
on t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
p r o p e r t i e s of t h r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e +
alloys: t h e "near-" alloys T1-8AI-IM0-IV
[SAL79] a n d Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr [LAV82] a n d
t h e + alloy Ti-6A1-4V [SAL79][NAG84,
N A G 8 5 ] . The l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e ductilities
of t h e s e t h r e e m a t e r i a l s a r e l i s t e d in Table
8.3. Evidently i t i s possible t o e x e r t cons i d e r a b l e control o v e r t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e ductility t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e v a r i a t i o n (by h e a t t r e a t m e n t ) of t h e t w o - p h a s e
m i c r o s t r u c t u r e . D e t a i l e d electron-microscope studies of l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e disloca-

8. T i t a n i u m Alloys f o r L o w - T e m p e r a t u r e S e r v i c e / 7 1

Table 8 . 3

Low-Temperature Ductility of Some + Titanium Alloys

Condition(a)

Composition

Elongation(b)

Ref

Ti-8Al-lMo-lV

8 h at 790 C + FC + 15 min
at 790C+AC

1.2% at 20

[SAL79]

Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr

l h a t 800C+AC

4 to 5% at 4.2

[LAV82]

Ti-6A1-4V

l h a t 1050 C(c) + AC

4% at 4 (ELI)
1.5% at 4 (normal)

[NAG85]

Ti-6A1-4V

1/2 to 4 h a t 710 to 820 C

2.9% at 20 (ELI)
2.4% at 20 (normal)

[SAL79]

ductihty. I n d e e d i t does, t h e e l o n g a t i o n a t
fracture of t h e s o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d - a n d - a g e d
(STA) m a t e r i a l b e c o m i n g insignificantly
small b e l o w a b o u t 100 K; a t 77 , =
0.2%. S o m e i m p r o v e m e n t r e s u l t s if t h e agi n g s t a g e (i.e., 20-100 h/430-500 C ) of t h e
STA h e a t t r e a t m e n t i s o m i t t e d , i n w h i c h
case
b e c o m e s a b o u t 2%.

8.2 Physical Metallurgy and

Low-Temperature Strength

(a) FC = furnace cool; AC = air cool, (b) ELI = extra-low interstitial content, (c) anneal

8.2.1 I n f l u e n c e of Interstitial C o n t e n t

tion pile-ups a t a c i c u l a r - p h a s e precipit a t e s i n Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr w e r e u n d e r t a k e n

b y LAVRENTEV et al. [LAV82]. N A G A I et al.

[NAG84, NAG85] s t u d i e d t h e influence of

t h e optical r n i c r o s t r u c t u r e o n t h e plastic
tensile properties a n d fracture toughness
of v a r i o u s l y h e a t - t r e a t e d s a m p l e s of Ti6A1-4V.
8.1.4 A l p h a - P h a s e T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

T h e cc-Ti alloy g e n e r a l l y s e l e c t e d for

l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e service i s Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(ELI). I t possesses a c o n s i d e r a b l y lower
yield s t r e n g t h t h a n , say, Ti-6A1-4V (ELI)
(14.4 1 0 N / m k s i c o m p a r e d w i t h 17.9
1 0 N / m ksi for a n n e a l e d alloys; s e e Table
8.1), b u t t h e a b s e n c e of p h a s e r e n d e r s it
considerably m o r e ductile ( 1 5 % elongation a t 2 0 K c o m p a r e d w i t h 2.9%, a g a i n for
a n n e a l e d alloys; see Table 8.1). T h e fract u r e t o u g h n e s s of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn i s generally t h o u g h t of as b e i n g g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t
of Ti-6A1-4V [SAL79]. H o w e v e r , r e c e n t
s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e t o u g h n e s s of
Ti-6A1-4V c a n be d o u b l e d i n r e s p o n s e to
a n n e a l i n g followed b y s u i t a b l y slow cooli n g [NAG84, NAG85]; i n s u c h a m e t a l l u r g i cal condition, a n d for s o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s , it
would t h e n be p r e f e r a b l e t o a n a l l - alloy.
8

8.1.5 S u m m a r y

U n a l l o y e d T i t a n i u m . All commercial g r a d e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m exhibit

m o d e r a t e l y good d u c t i h t y a t t e m p e r a t u r e s d o w n t o a b o u t 2 0 T h e i r elongations a t fracture a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e a s t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e is d e c r e a s e d from 3 0 0 K, a n d
p a s s t h r o u g h b r o a d m a x i m a (of a b o u t 40
to 50%) a t about 77 before d e s c e n d i n g
rapidly a s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e approaches
4.2 K. I n some s a m p l e s , t h e e l o n g a t i o n ,
becomes negligibly s m a l l a t Uquid-heUum
t e m p e r a t u r e s . Cold r o l l i n g i n c r e a s e s t h e
yield- a n d u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h s b u t a t t h e
e x p e n s e of ductility. T h e effects of i n t e r s t i tial e l e m e n t s on p l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s h a v e
b e e n considered i n g r e a t d e t a i l b y CONRAD
a n d coworkers (e.g., [CON84]). I t h a s b e e n
pointed o u t t h a t t h e s o l u t e s c a r b o n , nitro-

gen, a n d oxygen, w h i c h b o n d i n a covalent-like m a n n e r t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t i t a n i u m a t o m s , h a v e p r o n o u n c e d influences

o n t h e s t r e n g t h of o t h e r w i s e u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w a b o u t oneh a l f of t h e m e l t i n g point.
T h e A l l o y T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n . T h e ductility of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ( E L I ) i s fairly i n d e p e n d e n t of t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 2 0 , r e m a i n i n g a t
a b o u t 16% t h r o u g h o u t t h a t r a n g e . T h e
ductility of t h e n o r m a l - i n t e r s t i t i a l g r a d e
i s considerably l o w e r ; i n fact, d e c r e a s e s
monotonically b e l o w r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e ,
d r o p p i n g t o 1 2 % a t 7 7 a n d t o only 5 % a t
20
T h e + A l l o y Ti-6A1-4V. T h e ductility of a n n e a l e d Ti-6A1-4V i s fairly i n d e p e n d e n t of t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 77 K. B e l o w 77 K, i t d e c r e a s e s r a p i d l y a s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e cont i n u e s t o fall t o w a r d 2 0 K. T h e d u c t i h t y of
t h e a n n e a l e d alloy i s t w i c e a s g r e a t a s t h a t
of t h e s o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d - a n d - a g e d m a t e riale.g., o # 7 7 K = 11.4% a s c o m p a r e d
w i t h 4.9% ( a t n o r m a l i n t e r s t i t i a l levels).
R e d u c i n g t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t influe n c e s t h e t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s only m a r g i n ally b u t i m p r o v e s t h e f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s
b y 130% a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d by 4 0 %
at20K.
T h e N e a r - Alloy a + Ti-8Al-lMoIV. T h e n e a r - a + a + alloy Ti-8Al-lMoIV, a l t h o u g h o r i g i n a l l y developed for
high-temperature applications, can be
u s e d reliably d o w n t o m o d e r a t e s u b a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n e i t h e r t h e single-ann e a l e d (SA, " m i U - a n n e a l e d , " 8 h/790
C/FC) or d u p l e x - a n n e a l e d (DA, mill a n n e a l e d + 15 m i n / 7 9 0 C/AC) condition.
T h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e d u c t i l i t i e s of SA
a n d DA alloys a r e s i m i l a r ( = 15%), b u t
u p o n cooling, t h a t of t h e S A alloy d e c r e a s e s , w h i l e t h a t of t h e D A alloy i n c r e a s e s before p a s s i n g t h r o u g h a m a x i m u m ( = 2 2 % ) a t a b o u t 77 a n d
d r o p p i n g t o low v a l u e s a t 2 0 ( = 1%).
T h e A l l o y T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l . As a Ti alloy, T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l w o u l d b e expected t o p o s s e s s poor l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e

S t r e n g t h e n i n g of t i t a n i u m alloys b y
interstitial e l e m e n t s h a s been referred to
above a n d a l s o i n Section 8.1.1. T h e i n t e r stitial s o l u t e s carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxy g e n a r e r e l a t i v e l y i m m o b i l e below a b o u t
300 C , a n d provide s t a b l e solution
strengthening below t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e .
T h e s o l u t i o n - s t r e n g t h e n i n g potencies of
boron, c a r b o n , n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen a r e
c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e of t h e s t a b i l i z e r s
a l u m i n u m , g a l l i u m , a n d t i n i n Table 8.2.
There it c a n b e seen t h a t t h e hardening
rates produced by t h e interstitials a r e
m o r e t h a n a n o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e g r e a t e r
t h a n those produced by t h e stabilizers,
which a r e t h e m s e l v e s p o t e n t s t r e n g t h e n e d . Table 8.2 also s h o w s t h a t t h e h a r d e n i n g potency of t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l s i n c r e a s e s
in the sequence C < < < . These res u l t s a g r e e q u a l i t a t i v e l y w i t h t h o s e of
CONRAD

et

al.

[CON75,

CON84],

who

showed t h a t t h e m e a s u r e d Gibbs free e n ergies of a c t i v a t i o n associated w i t h t h e r mally a c t i v a t e d plastic flow of d i l u t e Ti-int e r s t i t i a l a l l o y s h a d t h e v a l u e s 1.50,1.64,
a n d 1.73 eV, respectively, for T i - C , Ti-O,
a n d Ti-N alloys.

8.2.2 I n f l u e n c e of Interstitial C o n t e n t
and Grain S i z e

T h e i n f l u e n c e of i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t
a n d g r a i n size o n t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e
tensile p r o p e r t i e s of t i t a n i u m alloys h a s
b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b y CONRAD [ C O N 8 4 ] . A

set of t y p i c a l r e s u l t s i s given i n Fig. 8 . 4 .

T h e r e i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s (from 4 0 0 d o w n t o 77 K) t h e t r u e
fracture s t r e s s ,
i s g e n e r a l l y less d e p e n d e n t o n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d g r a i n size
than at higher temperatures. At temperat u r e s above 4 0 0 K, t h e effect of i n t e r s t i t i a l
content d e p e n d s o n g r a i n size. CONRAD
[ C O N 8 4 ] a l s o confirmed t h a t a n i n c r e a s e
in the interstitial content leads to a decrease i n ductility, w i t h t h e r a t e of d e crease i n e l o n g a t i o n w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n
increasing i n t h e sequence C < < N.

Next Page
72 / Physical P r o p e r t i e s of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

8.2.3 I n f l u e n c e of H e a t T r e a t m e n t
(Alloy Phase Morphology)

T h e s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s of a n +
t i t a n i u m alloy c a n b e a d j u s t e d b y controll i n g t h e v o l u m e fractions a n d m o r p h o l o gies of t h e a - a n d -phase c o m p o n e n t s
t h r o u g h s u i t a b l e h e a t t r e a t m e n t s . NAGAI
et al. [ N A G 8 4 , N A G 8 5 ] h a v e s h o w n h o w
t h e s t r u c t u r e of Ti-6A1-4V v a r i e s i n re-

E.W. C o l l i n g s

s p o n s e t o a n n e a l i n g (1 h/1050 C i n t h i s
case) followed by v a r i a b l e - t i m e cooling
from 1 0 5 0 t o 550 C (in 4 8 s t o 2.8 h) followed b y w a t e r q u e n c h i n g to room t e m p e r a t u r e (Fig. 8.5).
T h e r e s u l t s of m e c h a n i c a l - p r o p e r t y
t e s t i n g a r e given in Fig. 8.6, i n w h i c h i t
c a n be s e e n t h a t slow cooling (>162 s) following a n n e a l i n g b r i n g s a b o u t excellent
f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s a n d good f r a c t u r e

Oeq. = 0 2 at. %

Oeq. = 0 15 at. %
1-2 /

...

,.^^
y

1-2 .
5

20
^ 20

Oeq. = 0 Sat. %

Oeq. = 1 Oat. %

1.8

200

400

600

22

800 0

8.3 Low-Temperature
Deformation Modes (See
Also Chapter 12, Part 3)
A t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , t i t a n i u m alloys
g e n e r a l l y e x h i b i t s e r r a t e d yielding i n
t h e i r s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e s . T h i s is t r u e of
b o t h - p h a s e - a n d n e a r - a - p h a s e alloys
(see Fig. 8.7 for c o m m e r c i a l - p u r i t y tit a n i u m [CON84] a n d Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr
[LAV82]) a s well a s of m e t a s t a b l e -phase
alloys (see Fig. 8.8). T h e m e c h a n i s m s of
s e r r a t e d y i e l d i n g a r e different i n t h e t w o
c a s e s : t h e - p h a s e alloys s e e m t o u n d e r g o

. 1-2

y 4-6

s t r a i n , w i t h only a s l i g h t loss of s t r e n g t h
a t 4 T h e slow-cooled W i d m a n s t a t t e n or
colony s t r u c t u r e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a
" b a s k e t - w e a v e " a r r a n g e m e n t of " p a c k e t s "
of - p h a s e p l a t e s . I t t u r n s o u t t h a t a crack,
a l t h o u g h i t will p r o p a g a t e i n a s t r a i g h t
line w i t h i n a p a c k e t of similarly a l i g n e d
p l a t e s , b e c o m e s deflected or a r r e s t e d a t
t h e boundary between packets. The inhibition of crack p r o p a g a t i o n s e e m s to b e r e sponsible for t h e i n c r e a s e d fracture
t o u g h n e s s e x h i b i t e d b y t h e slow-cooled
material.

200

400

600

20

2000

800

Temperature,
<

Fig. 8.4 Effects of temperature, interstitial level (expressed in terms of an equivalent-oxygen concentration, Og^,
and grain size on the true fracture strain of unalloyed titanium wires [CON84].

-J

90
FC
AC

Cf

70
J

cf

=/

j
/
/
/
j

80

60

50
/

'V

40

30
As
Received
Fig. 8.5 Optical microstructure of normal-interstitial-level (as distinct from ELI-grade) Ti-6AI-4V as a function of heat
treatment.Conditions: (a) as-received (a mill-annealed fine lamellar + structure) (cf. Fig. 10.4); (b) -annealed
3.6 ks/1050 C plus cooled in 48 s to 550 C and water quenched; (c) cooled in 162 s; (d) cooled in 360 s; (e) cooled
in 3600 s; (f) furnace cooled in 10.2 ks [NAG84, NAG85]. Micrographs courtesy of K. Nagai, National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba.

io

102

103

104

Fig. 8.6 Mechanical properties of normal-interstitiallevel (as distinct from ELI-grade) Ti-6AI-4V in the asreceived (mill-annealed) condition [see Fig. 8.5(a)]
and as a function of cooling time from 1050 to 550 C
(1920 to 1020 F) following a anneal for 3.6 ks/1050
C [NAG84, NAG85].

9. Evolution of Conventional (Ingot

Metallurgy) High-Temperature
Titanium Alloys
W h e r e a s a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , elem e n t s i n s u b s t i t u t i o n a l solid solution a r e
supposed to contribute to t h e a t h e r m a l
c o m p o n e n t of flow s t r e s s , a n d i n t e r s t i t i a l
elements to the thermal barriers, as the
t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e s all alloying species become m o r e or less mobile a n d a s s o c i a t e
t h e m s e l v e s w i t h " a t m o s p h e r e effects" t o
e x t e n t s t h a t d e p e n d on s o l u t e - a t o m diffusivities [ROS73]. C h e m i c a l effects s u c h
a s oxidation a n d h o t - s a l t s t r e s s corrosion
m a y limit t h e service t e m p e r a t u r e of a
t i t a n i u m alloy in s o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s ; i n
others, mechanical degradation such as
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e creep will l i m i t t h e
service-temperature range.
As p o i n t e d o u t i n C h a p t e r 8, alloys
a r e u n s u i t e d for l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e applications. W h e r e a s alloys p e r f o r m satisfactorily a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , w h e r e solidsolution s t r e n g t h e n i n g is i m p o r t a n t , t h e i r
mechanical properties decrease rapidly
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . B u t alloys
m a y still b e s u i t a b l e for e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e service if t h e y combine (1) t h e r m a l stability i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of
i n t e r e s t w i t h (2) r e i n f o r c e m e n t by precipit a t e s , p a r t i c l e s , or second p h a s e s .
As t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s above
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , since t h e s t r e n g t h s of
all t h e a l p h a alloys s u c h a s Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
c o n t i n u e t o d e c r e a s e r a p i d l y (Fig. 9.1),
they must be abandoned in the intermedia t e - t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e i n favor of alloys
s u c h a s t h o s e depicted i n Fig. 9.2, i n w h i c h
t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g m e c h a n i s m s a r e "mic r o s t r u c t u r a l " i n n a t u r e . T h e chronological d e v e l o p m e n t of h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
( h e a t - r e s i s t a n t ) t i t a n i u m alloys p r i o r to
1973 h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d b y ROSENBERG
[ROS73]. According t o t h a t article, t h e design of + alloys for e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e service (less t h a n 550 C) is b a s e d on
t h e following g e n e r a l principles: a t h e r m a l
s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t h e p h a s e i s a c h i e v e d
by t h e a d d i t i o n of m o l y b d e n u m [ZEY71],
a n d t h a t of t h e p h a s e b y a l u m i n u m
[SAE70]. T h e effect of t i n ( a n d also gal-

l i u m ) is c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t of a l u m i n u m
[COL75]; t h e effect of z i r c o n i u m w a s also
a t t h e t i m e s u p p o s e d t o be c o m p a r a b l e t o
t h a t of a l u m i n u m ( a l t h o u g h t h e r e s u l t s of
more recent work might take issue with
t h a t s t a t e m e n t ) , w i t h w h i c h it w a s s u p p o s e d t o i n t e r a c t t o s o m e e x t e n t . By 1 9 7 3 ,
t h e alloys m o s t widely u s e d i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e above a b o u t 4 3 0 C
w e r e t h e so-called "super-" alloys: Ti8AI-IM0-IV a n d Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti6242). Of t h e s e , t h e l a t t e r w a s t h e m o r e
h e a t r e s i s t a n t , b e i n g c a p a b l e of service a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s 4 8 0 ~ 5 1 0 C. Alt h o u g h s e v e r a l o t h e r compositions h a d
b e e n developed since 1966, w h e n Ti-6242
w a s i n t r o d u c e d , t h e y failed t o a c h i e v e
c o m m e r c i a l a c c e p t a n c e e i t h e r b e c a u s e of
only m a r g i n a l a d v a n t a g e s over Ti-6242 or
because, although exhibiting improved
c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e , t h e i r stabilities w e r e u n satisfactory [PAR73]. B u t o n e alloy, i n t r o d u c e d c o m m e r c i a l l y i n 1973, d i d e x h i b i t
creep resistance markedly superior to
t h a t of i t s predecessor. F o r m e d from Ti6242 b y t h e a d d i t i o n of silicon t o i m p r o v e
"surface stability" a n d b i s m u t h t o imp r o v e c r e e p s t r e n g t h , t h i s alloy, r e f e r r e d
t o a s Ti-11, w a s i n t e n d e d for u s e i n aircraft
gas-turbine engines.

9.1 Analytical Design of

Conventional HighTemperature Titanium Alloys
T h e p r o p e r t i e s of t e c h n i c a l t i t a n i u m
alloys c a n b e g e n e r a l l y u n d e r s t o o d i n
t e r m s of t h e prototypical a- a n d -stabilized b i n a r y alloys, Ti-Al a n d Ti-Mo, r e spectively [COL84]. T h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t a b i l i t y of t i t a n i u m
alloys (ignoring e n v i r o n m e n t a l or c h e m i cal effects) i s l i m i t e d b y <-> + t r a n s formation, which in unalloyed t i t a n i u m
occurs a t 8 8 3 C. T h u s , a l t h o u g h t i t a n i u m
m e l t s a t 1670 C, i t s service t e m p e r a t u r e ,
b a s e d o n m e t a l l u r g i c a l stability, is gov-

e r n e d b y t h e so-called "homologous t e m p e r a t u r e " i . e . , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e adjusted

t o <-> + t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n
t o m e l t i n g . It w o u l d therefore s e e m t h a t
t h e a d d i t i o n of stabilizers, of w h i c h alu-

-5
tfc

20

0l

Temperature,

-300 -200 -100

'

100 200 300 400 500 600

Fig. 9.1 Temperature dependence of the relative ultimate tensile strength of annealed Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (in the
form of sheet) [Woo72, p. 5-2:72-4].
Temperature,
100

200

400

600

800

F
1000 1200 1400

III

Ti-5, -2 Sn

100 200

-6 4V

'i-62'

300 400 500

Temperature,

*o \

600 700 800

Fig. 9.2 Intercomparison of the temperature dependences of the relative ultimate tensile strengths of four
commercial titanium alloys [Woo72].

9. E v o l u t i o n o f C o n v e n t i o n a l H i g h - T e m p T i A l l o y s / 7 7

m i n u m is a n excellent e x a m p l e , w o u l d n o t
only provide p o t e n t solution s t r e n g t h e n ing, b u t w o u l d also i n c r e a s e t h e alloy's
" h e a t r e s i s t a n c e " by r a i s i n g i t s t r a n s f o r mation
temperature
(see
COLLINGS
[COL84, p . 56]). T h i s p r o s p e c t e n c o u r a g e d
t h e e a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t of t e c h n i c a l alloys. W o r k i n g on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t if a
m o d e s t a m o u n t of s t a b i l i z e r is good,
e v e n m o r e w o u l d b e b e t t e r , e a r l y developers p r o d u c e d alloys s u c h a s Ti-5Al-5Sn5Zr only to find t h a t t h e y b e c a m e e m b r i t tled b y 0C2-phase p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u r i n g
e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e service. After exploring t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e a solid solution, ROSENBERG [ROS70] recommended t h a t t h e total "equivalent-AT
content of a n alloy s h o u l d be k e p t below 9
wt%, s u c h t h a t for a n alloy c o n t a i n i n g alum i n u m , zirconium, t i n , a n d oxygen, for
example:
[Al]

e9

= [Al] +

10[O]<9
(Eq9.1)

w h e r e [x] is t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of e l e m e n t
in w e i g h t p e r c e n t . B a s e d o n m o r e r e c e n t
work w e m a y n o w i n c l u d e g a l l i u m i n
t e r m s of [Ga]/2. Alloys w i t h [Al] > 9 a r e
t h e now-obsolete " s u p e r - a l p h a " alloys.
e

A n a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o t h e develo p m e n t of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys for hight e m p e r a t u r e service i s to "skip over" t h e

t r a n s u s a n d to o p e r a t e i n t h e -phase
field. T h i s a p p r o a c h led to t h e developm e n t of t h e -Ti alloys typified b y t h e U. S.
alloy "-" of w h i c h t h e b i n a r y p r o t o t y p e
is Ti-Mo (see Section 4.2). T h e g u i d i n g philosophy b e h i n d t h i s a p p r o a c h c a n b e a p -

Fig. 9.3 Influence of silicon on the creep performance

of Ti-6242. After SEAGLE et al. (see BLENKINSOP
[BLE85]).

p r e c i a t e d b y v i s u a l i z i n g t h e t y p i c a l -isomorphous p h a s e diagram whose transformation temperatures drop rapidly with

s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n (see Sections 2.3 a n d
2.6). T h e alloys t e n d t o b e m e t a s t a b l e
(see Section 7.14.2), b u t if s u i t a b l y proce s s e d t h e y c a n b e o p e r a t e d successfully a t
moderately high temperatures.
A n i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e t h a t -Ti alloys, s u c h a s -, h a v e over t h e oc-Ti alloys i s t h a t t h e i r s t r e n g t h s t e n d to decrease m u c h less rapidly with increasing
t e m p e r a t u r e . I n a t t e m p t s to c o m b i n e t h e
better temperature-dependence charact e r i s t i c of t h e -Ti alloys w i t h t h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t a b i l i t y of t h e cc-Ti alloys, a n d for
other reasons associated with t h e details
of t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processing, t h e t w o p h a s e a + alloys w e r e developed. F i n e
a d j u s t m e n t s i n t h e compositions of t h e +
alloys over t h e y e a r s , i n b o t h t h e U . S .
a n d t h e U.K., h a v e r e s u l t e d i n alloys suita b l e for service a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to
a b o u t 590 C (IMI 834 a n d T I M E T A L 1100). A n i m p o r t a n t i n g r e d i e n t of b o t h alloys i s t h e 0.35 w t % Si. I n t h e U . S . , experim e n t s w i t h t h e alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
w i t h v a r y i n g silicon c o n t e n t s y i e l d e d a
m a x i m u m i n c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e a t 0.1 w t %
Si (Fig. 9.3), r e s u l t i n g i n a k m i t i n g siliconlevel specification i n t h e U . S . of 0.1 to 0.2
w t % . B u t c o m p a r a b l e e x p e r i m e n t s on
o t h e r alloys h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d a c o n t i n u o u s i n c r e a s e i n creep r e s i s t a n c e w i t h inc r e a s i n g silicon c o n t e n t u p t o t h e l i m i t of
solubility [SEA75]. Accordingly, alloys i n
t h e U.K. h a v e t e n d e d to c o n t a i n m o r e silicon t h a n t h e i r U . S . c o u n t e r p a r t s . R e cently, however, t w o n e w alloys ( B e t a 2 I S
a n d TIMETAL-1100) h a v e b e e n devel-

oped i n t h e U . S . w i t h silicon a t or above

0.2 w t % .
T h e d e v e l o p m e n t chronology of conv e n t i o n a l ingot m e t a l l u r g y (I/M) heat-res i s t a n t alloys i s d e p i c t e d i n Fig. 9.4, i n
w h i c h t h e service t e m p e r a t u r e is plotted
a s a function of y e a r of introduction. T h e i r
r e l a t i v e h e a t r e s i s t a n c e s , a s gauged by t h e
L a r s o n - M i l l e r p a r a m e t e r , a r e plotted i n
Fig. 9.5. T h e L a r s o n - M i l l e r p a r a m e t e r ( a
m e a s u r e of " t i m e a t t e m p e r a t u r e " for a
given s t r a i n ) is given by 1\C + log t), w h e r e
is t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e s Rankine (F +
460), t is time i n h o u r s , a n d C is a constant
( a b o u t 2 0 for a l a r g e n u m b e r of alloys).
T h e compositions of t h e m o s t heat r e s i s t a n t of t h e alloys d e p i c t e d i n t h e figures
a r e listed i n Table 9 . 1 . T h e philosophy
g u i d i n g t h e d e s i g n of t h e s e alloys can b e
a p p r e c i a t e d w i t h reference to t h a t t a b l e :
(1) F i r s t of all, w e notice t h a t the alloys
h a v e a l m o s t t h e s a m e [Al] (except I M I
550) which, moreover, h a s a m e a n value of
7.3, only 1.7 u n i t s less t h a n t h e limiting
v a l u e of 9 r e f e r r e d to i n E q . 9 . 1 . The inclusion of 1700 w t p p m of i n a n [Al] = 7 . 3
alloy w o u l d r a i s e i t to t h e limit, and t h u s
for all p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s t h e alloys could
b e s a i d t o be o p e r a t i n g a t t h e Hmit of s t a bility. (2) T h e level of stabilizer is v e r y
lowsufficient t o confer some micros t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g , b u t not enough
t o e n g e n d e r m e t a l l u r g i c a l instability. It i s
n o t a b l e t h a t t h e level of h e a t resistance
goes u p a s t h e -stabilizer content d e c r e a s e s ; i n p r o c e e d i n g from Ti-6242 to I M I
834 a n d TIMETAL-1100, t h e molybden u m c o n t e n t "steadily decreases. A s
p o i n t e d o u t b y HOCH et al. [HOC73], the s t a b i l i z i n g s t r e n g t h s of t h e alloying a d d i t i o n s n i o b i u m , v a n a d i u m , a n d molybdeeq

Fig. 9.4 High-temperature titanium-base alloys for aircraft-engine applications. Year of introduction and operatingtemperature capability under optimum stress conditions. The suffix "S" indicates that a small amount of silicon (usually 0.25 wt%) has been added to the basic formulation [BLE85].

E.W. C o l l i n g s

7 8 / P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Table 9.1

Evolutionary Design(a) of Multicomponent + Titanium Alloys(b)

AUoy

a
Sn

Al

IMI 834
Ti-1100
IMI 829
IMI 685
Ti-11
6242-Si
6242
IMI 679
811
IMI 550

4
2.75
3.5

5.5
6
5.5
6
6
6
6
2V

2
2
2
11

8
4

Zr

[A1U

Nb

4
4
3
5
1.5
4
4
5

7.5
8.2
7.2
6.8
7.2
7.4
7.4
6.8
8
4.7

Mo

Si

0.3
0.4
0.3
0.5
1
2
2
1
1
4

0.5
0.45
0.3
0.25
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5

(a) Analysis: (1) Maintain \M\, ; (2) reduce content; (3) increase silicon content, (b) See also Table 2.6.
q

Temperature (C) for Total Plastic Strain = 0.2 % in 100 h

400

450

500

550

600

i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g silicon content
u p to t h e s a t u r a t i o n limit of 0 . 5 wt%.
Table 2 . 6 p r e s e n t s a n a n a l y s i s of t h e ocstabilizer a n d -stabilizer c o n t e n t s of num e r o u s U . S . alloys.

9.2 Directions for

Advancement
9.2.1 Overall Picture

15

16

17

18

19

Larson Miller Parameter, T(20 + log ti 10-3

Fig. 9.5 Elevated-temperature creep performances of the alloys referred to in the previous figure (except Ti-17, vis.
Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr, which was developed for applications up to 350 C, or 660 F ) and some others [BLE85].

It s e e m s t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e
for conventional u n p r o t e c t e d (no surface
coatings) solid-solution t i t a n i u m alloys is
u p p e r l i m i t e d to a b o u t 6 0 0 C [ B L E 8 5 ] a n d
t h a t f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t should include
c o m b i n a t i o n s of: ( 1 ) i n h e r e n t l y oxidationr e s i s t a n t alloys, ( 2 ) coatings, (3) further
d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e oc -phase a n d -phase
a l u m i n i d e s a n d t h e i r v a r i a n t s , a n d (4) t h e
u s e of r a p i d l y solidified alloys. F i g u r e 9 . 6
o u t l i n e s t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h such develo p m e n t s proceed n a t u r a l l y out of t h e earlier work.
2

9 . 2 . 2 P r o g n o s i s for A l p h a + Beta
Alloys
Limits of Conventional Alloys About 600650C Due to
Stability Considerations. Further Progress Must Involve:

Metallurgical
Considerations

Surface
Considerations

Coatings

Inherently Oxidation
Resistant Alloys

Development of New Alloys/Materials

The Aluminides

RSP Alloys With

Extra Reinforcement

Fig. 9.6 Directions for further development of titanium-base alloys for very-high-temperature applications.

n u m d e c r e a s e i n t h e s e q u e n c e Mo > V >
N b ; t h u s , t o provide -phase m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g w i t h t h e l e a s t possible l o w e r i n g of t h e t r a n s u s , it is b e s t to
s u b s t i t u t e n i o b i u m for s o m e of t h e molybd e n u m . T h i s h a s b e e n done i n I M I 829 a n d
I M I 834. A s m a x i m a l l y -stabilized alloys
w i t h r m n i m a l -stabilizer c o n t e n t s , t h i s
family of + alloys is referred to a s
" n e a r - " + alloys. T h e p i c t u r e is comp l e t e d by n o t i n g t h a t t h e h e a t r e s i s t a n c e

T h e u p p e r t e m p e r a t u r e limit of t h e
+ alloys is controlled a s m u c h b y m e t a l lurgical stability a s by surface or environm e n t a l stability (e.g, oxidation). T h e service t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e d e s i g n a t e d for t h e
n e x t g e n e r a t i o n of t i t a n i u m alloys is actually t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e c u r r e n t l y bei n g u s e d to process t h e p r e s e n t + alloys. A t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 8 5 0 a n d
9 5 0 C ) , t h e alloy Ti-6242 (Table 9 . 1 ) u n dergoes v o l u m e t r i c h y s t e r e s i s d u r i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e cycling i n r e s p o n s e to t h e
h y s t e r e t i c m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l cycling of
a n d ( + )(where V i n d i c a t e s W i d m a n s t a t t e n p r e c i p i t a t i o n [ L A H 8 0 ] ) . T h e u s e of
s u c h a n + alloy i n t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e
r a n g e w o u l d be a c c o m p a n i e d by d i m e n sional i n s t a b i l i t y s t e m m i n g from t h e volum e t r i c differences b e t w e e n t h e a n d
p h a s e s . Accordingly, a t t e m p t s to develop

9. E v o l u t i o n of C o n v e n t i o n a l H i g h - T e m p Ti A l l o y s / 7 9

t h e + alloys for v e r y - h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
service is n o t r e c o m m e n d e d .
9.2.3 P r o g n o s i s f o r Beta A l l o y s

T h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e
alloys a s t h e y a p p r o a c h e q u i l i b r i u m h a v e

e r a t e c r e e p s t r e n g t h m a k e it a c a n d i d a t e
for M M C a p p l i c a t i o n s t o 8 1 5 C a n d low
s t r e s s , m o n o l i t h i c a p p l i c a t i o n s u p t o 700
C.
A g a i n , m e t a l l u r g i c a l i n s t a b i l i t y cons i d e r a t i o n s m i l i t a t e a g a i n s t t h e u s e of
alloys for v e r y - h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service.

b e e n d i s c u s s e d b y COLLLNGS [COL84, p p .

72-74, 206-210] (see also Section 7.14). I n

alloys s u c h a s B e t a - I l l , so-called solution
h e a t t r e a t m e n t a t t e m p e r a t u r e s of 7 2 0
a n d 790 C followed by a g i n g a t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e r a n g e 370 t o 5 9 0 C c a n b e
u s e d to control t h e m i c i O s t r u c t u r e a n d
m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . L i k e w i s e , t h e alloy B e t a - C * c a n b e m a d e t o u n d e r g o p h a s e
separation (at 350 C ) a n d -phase precipitation ( a t 5 0 0 C ) by a p p r o p r i a t e h e a t
treatment at temperatures
through
which n e w - g e n e r a t i o n h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
t i t a n i u m alloys w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d to cycle
d u r i n g service. I t follows t h a t conventional -Ti alloys would also b e m e t a l l u r gically u n s t a b l e i n u s e .
S u c h difficulties m a y possibly b e
a v e r t e d by choosing v e r y c o n c e n t r a t e d
alloys. B u t t h i s t e n d s to e r o d e t h e d e n s i t y
a d v a n t a g e s t h a t t i t a n i u m alloys h a v e
over t h e i r competitors. I t is t h e n n a t u r a l
to a s k w h e t h e r t h i s p r o b l e m c a n b e solved
by selecting v a n a d i u m (whose d e n s i t y is
only 3 5 % g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of t i t a n i u m ) a s
t h e stabilizer**; t h e a n s w e r s e e m s t o b e
no, t h e /( + ) t r a n s u s i n Ti-V t e n d i n g t o
become r a t h e r flat a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
g r e a t e r t h a n a b o u t 2 0 w t % V. F u r t h e r more, i n c r e a s i n g v a n a d i u m d e c r e a s e s oxidation r e s i s t a n c e . I n d e e d , b o t h Ti-34V
a n d Ti-39V b e g i n to p r e c i p i t a t e p h a s e
after a b o u t 6 h a t t e m p e r a t u r e s above 4 5 0
C . It h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e alloy Ti-35V-15Cr-0.lC h a s b o t h m e t a l l u r gical stability a n d v e r y good creep
s t r e n g t h u p t o 500 C , b u t t h e alloy h a s
t h e expected oxidation r e s i s t a n c e problems a t t h e h i g h e n d of i t s p o t e n t i a l u s e
range.
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t for a s t r i p rollable a l loy suitable for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e u s e i n
m e t a l m a t r i x composites (MMC's) led t o
t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of T I M E T A L - 2 1 S ( B e t a
2IS). T h e alloy h a s creep r e s i s t a n c e
equivalent to Ti-6A1-4V c o m b i n e d w i t h
t h e a d v a n t a g e s of a s t r i p rollable, cold
formable alloy. It is finding m a n y u s e s
where i t s corrosion a n d o x i d a t i o n resistance a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e a r e m o r e
i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e ability to w i t h s t a n d
high s t r e s s e s a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e .
Applications u p t o 600 C a r e a n t i c i p a t e d .
The alloy's oxidation r e s i s t a n c e a n d m o d *Beta-C is Ti-4Mo-8V-6Cr-4Zr-3Al.
** The alloy Ti-15V-6Al and its relatives have
been considered as -Ti candidate alloys and
warrant further study as potential RSP (rapid
solidification processed) alloys.

9.2.4 P r o g n o s i s for A l p h a Alloys

I t is well k n o w n t h a t t h e effect of astabilizing e l e m e n t s is t o p r e s e r v e (in t h e

c a s e of tin) or s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e (in
t h e cases of a l u m i n u m a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y
oxygen) t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e ( + )/
t r a n s u s . W i t h a l u m i n u m , a t t h e singlep h a s e solubility l i m i t ( a t a b o u t 8 0 0 C) of
9 w t % (i.e., 15 at.%), t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of
t h e ( a + )/ t r a n s u s h a s i n c r e a s e d from
8 8 3 C (/ for p u r e titanium) t o 1050 C.
T h e -stabilizing p o t e n c y of oxygen is
e v e n g r e a t e r ; however, h a r d n e s s conside r a t i o n s h a v e p r e v e n t e d full a d v a n t a g e
from b e i n g t a k e n of it, a t l e a s t for i n t e r m e diate-temperature operation.
T h e l a r g e n e g a t i v e yield s t r e n g t h t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e s of c o n v e n t i o n a l
alloys h a v e p r e v e n t e d t h e m from e n t e r i n g
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service. O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , t h e i r i n t r i n s i c m e t a l l u r g i c a l stabili t y a t all t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to t h e ( + )/
t r a n s u s m a k e s t h e m suitable a s bases
u p o n w h i c h t o b u i l d (with t h e a i d of disp e r s i o n or fiber s t r e n g t h e n i n g ) t h e n e x t
g e n e r a t i o n of h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e alloys.
A logical e x t e n s i o n of t h e process of
solid- solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t i t a n i u m
b y -stabilizing e l e m e n t s s u c h a s i n t e r s t i tial elements or simple m e t a l s (aluminum
i n p a r t i c u l a r ) l e a d s t o t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e
intermetallic compounds. The two most
w e l l - k n o w n c o m p o u n d s i n t h e Ti-AI syst e m a r e t h e so-called "aluminides'': a 2
(based on t h e c o m p o u n d Ti Al) a n d
(based o n t h e c o m p o u n d TiAl). T h e s e compounds a r e already showing g r e a t potent i a l for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service: T i A l
undergoes a n order-disorder reaction a t
1100 C a n d b e g i n s t o decompose to
p h a s e a t a b o u t 1150 C; TiAl m e l t s a t
a b o u t 1450 C.
Based on these considerations it w a s
concluded t h a t t h e b e s t b a s e s for t h e n e x t
3

Table 9.2
[KOR66]

g e n e r a t i o n of t i t a n i u m alloys for elevatedt e m p e r a t u r e service a r e -Ti solid solut i o n s a n d t h e a 2 - p h a s e a n d - p h a s e aluminides. But further developments are
underway.

9.3 Ingot Metallurgy of

Advanced Alpha-Phase
Solid-Solution Alloys
S o m e of t h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s of
-Ti alloys for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service
w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e 1950s a t t h e
B a i k o v I n s t i t u t e of M e t a l l u r g y i n Moscow
[KOR66]. Alloys s t u d i e d for s t r e n g t h a n d
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e creep r e s i s t a n c e inc l u d e d t h e s i x - c o m p o n e n t alloys AT-3,
-4, -6, a n d -8 (whose compositions a r e
listed i n Table 9.2); s o m e d e v e l o p m e n t s of
t h e m (so-called AT-10 a n d AT-12) containi n g s e v e n t o e i g h t alloying e l e m e n t s ; a n d ,
for reference p u r p o s e s , a n alloy b a s e d o n
3. A s a r e s u l t of b o t h t e n s i l e a n d centrifugal (bend-type) c r e e p t e s t s , i t w a s
concluded t h a t : (1) t h e AT-3 a n d AT-4 alloys w e r e useful u p t o 4 0 0 t o 5 0 0 C, t h e
AT-6 u p to 5 5 0 C, a n d t h e AT-8 u p t o 500
t o 6 0 0 C; a n d (2) t o s u s t a i n t e m p e r a t u r e s
i n t h e r a n g e 600 t o 700 C i t w a s n e c e s s a r y
to i n c r e a s e t h e n u m b e r of alloying elem e n t s t o s e v e n or e i g h t ( t h e r e b y forming
t h e AT-10 andAT-12 alloy t y p e s ) . A l t h o u g h
s h o w i n g a g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t over t h o s e
of t h e six-component alloys, t h e propert i e s of t h e seven- a n d e i g h t - c o m p o n e n t ap h a s e alloys w e r e still inferior to t h o s e of
a n alloy b a s e d o n T i A l .
3

T h e r e s u l t s of w o r k s u c h a s t h i s (1) a r e
i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e s u l t s of s t u d i e s
conducted in t h e U.S., which indicate t h a t
t h e aluminides hold great promise as
high-temperature structural materials,
a n d (2) i n d i c a t e t h a t , w i t h i n t h e r e a l m of
solid-solution alloying, R S P m u l t i c o m p o n e n t m a t e r i a l s b a s e d on - p h a s e alloys
also h a v e p o t e n t i a l for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
applications.
Unfortunately, recent studies show
t h a t exposure to anticipated operating
conditions b e t w e e n 600 a n d 700 C sev e r e l y r e d u c e t h e t e n s i l e a n d fatigue prope r t i e s of a2-alurninides. T h e r e d u c t i o n i n

Compositions of Some Experimental Soviet Heat-Resistant Titanium Alloys

Composition, wt%
Alloy code(a)
AT-3
AT-4
AT-6
AT-8

3.2
4.8
5.6
6.8

Cr

Fe

Si

0.84
0.86
0.52
0.98

0.34
0.36
0.30
0.40

0.40
0.29
0.33
0.59

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

(a) The six-component alloys specified had considerably lower rates of creep than other investigated industrial
alloys (the so-called VT-1, OT-4, VT-5-1, and VT-14) and the experimental alloy OT-4-2 (viz., Ti-4.95Al-l.54Mn).

8 0 / Physical Properties of T i t a n i u m Alloys

p r o p e r t i e s is a t t r i b u t e d to t h e e m b r i t t l i n g
effect of i n c r e a s e d oxygen i n t h e surface
l a y e r a n d , i n t h e case of s u p e r - a , b u l k in2

stability. To d a t e , n o solution to t h i s probl e m h a s b e e n identified w i t h i n t h e n o r m a l

a l u m i n i d e composition r a n g e , b u t t h e or-

E.W. C o l l i n g s

t h o r h o m b i c alloys (based on Ti AlNb) a p p e a r t o hold p r o m i s e .

2

10. Powder Metallurgy and

Rapid-Solidification Processing
T h e utility of p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y
stems from its ability to yield r e l a t i v e l y
low-cost s h a p e s conforming r a t h e r closely
to t h o s e d e s i r e d i n t h e finished p r o d u c t
(so-called " n e a r - n e t - s h a p e " processing).
With t h e a d v e n t of a d v a n c e d c o m p u t e r aided d e s i g n a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g (CADCAM) technology, n e a r - n e t s h a p e s c a n
also b e p r o d u c e d i n m o d e r n forging o p e r a tions; n e v e r t h e l e s s , p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y
still offers c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e s over ingot
m e t a l l u r g y (I/M). T h e s e a d v a n t a g e s h a v e
to do w i t h w h a t m i g h t b e t e r m e d e n hanced "microstructural a n d macrostruct u r a l design flexibility." T h a t is t o say: (1)
t h r o u g h t h e u s e of b l e n d e d p o w d e r s i t is
possible t o a d j u s t a n d o p t i m i z e t h e m e t a l lurgical p r o p e r t i e s of v a r i o u s r e g i o n s of
t h e p a r t i n o r d e r to satisfy local m e c h a n i cal-property r e q u i r e m e n t s ; a n d (2) mode r n m e t h o d s of p r o d u c i n g p o w d e r e n a b l e
h i t h e r t o u n o b t a i n a b l e alloy compositions
and microstructures to be engineered into
t h e finished product. T h u s t h e s t a r t i n g
stock for p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y m a y b e i n o n e
of two forms: (1) m i x e d p o w d e r of different
compositionsthe so-called "blended-elemental," or B E , a p p r o a c h ; or (2) p o w d e r of
uniform composition, i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t of
t h e i n t e n d e d p r o d u c t t h e "prealloyed
powder," or PA, a p p r o a c h .
T h e r e a r e n u m e r o u s m e t h o d s of producing metallic p o w d e r s , m a n y of w h i c h
are in n o w a y r e l a t e d t o r a p i d soh'dification. However, t h e g e n e r i c t e c h n i q u e s of
powder m e t a l l u r g y c a n b e a p p l i e d w i t h
advantage to powders produced by rapidsohdification processing (RSP). P o w d e r
metallurgy (P/M) a s i t applies t o t i t a n i u m
alloys h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d by FROES a n d
EYLON [ F R O 8 5 , p . 49]. Rapid-solidification

processing of m e t a l s a n d alloys i n g e n e r a l
h a s b e e n reviewed b y SAVAGE a n d FROES
[FRO85, p . 60], who h a v e p r e s e n t e d a comprehensive listing of R S P t e c h n i q u e s
along w i t h t h e i r e s t i m a t e d cooling r a t e s
(ECR), [FRO-85, p p . 6 8 , 69]. Typical e x a m ples of free-flight m e t h o d s are t h e centrifugal a t o m i z a t i o n t e c h n i q u e w i t h a n
E C R of 1 0 K/s, (Fig. 10.1a), free-flight
melt s p i n n i n g w i t h a n E C R of 1 0 t o 1 0
5

K/s, t h e r o t a t i n g - e l e c t r o d e m e t h o d w i t h
a n E C R of 1 0 K/s (Fig. 10.1b), a n d t h e
g a s a t o m i z a t i o n m e t h o d w i t h a n E C R of
1 0 t o 1 0 K/s. Typical e x a m p l e s of
chill-block p r o c e s s e s a r e chill-block m e l t
s p i n n i n g ( E C R , 1 0 t o 1 0 K/s) a n d t h e
crucible a n d p e n d a n t - d r o p m e l t - e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s ( E C R , 1 0 t o 1 0 K/s) (Fig.
10.2a a n d b ) .
2

of alloys i n t e n d e d for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
applications.

I n p r a c t i c e , cooling r a t e i s of c o u r s e a
function of, a m o n g s e v e r a l factors, t h e
size of t h e q u e n c h e d p r o d u c t d i a m e t e r
i n t h e c a s e of a gas-cooled p a r t i c l e , a n d
t h i c k n e s s i n t h e case of a chill-blockq u e n c h e d flake o r r i b b o n . BRODERICK et
al. [BRO85] h a v e m a d e a d e t a i l e d s t u d y of
t h e effect of q u e n c h r a t e o n t h e micros t r u c t u r e of Ti-6A1-4V after r a p i d solidification b y t h e t e c h n i q u e s of h a m m e r - a n d anvil splat quenching, electron-beam
s p l a t q u e n c h i n g , p e n d a n t - d r o p m e l t ext r a c t i o n , a n d r o t a t i n g - e l e c t r o d e processing. C o m i n g o u t of t h i s w o r k w a s a relat i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e size of t h e prior-
g r a i n s (L, ) a n d t h e c a l c u l a t e d cooling
r a t e (, K/s) of t h e form:
L = 3.1 x l 0 / T
6

0 9 3 1 0 1 2

()

(EqlO.l)

F o r e x a m p l e , m e a s u r e m e n t s of a
P D M E Ti-6A1-4V fiber (see below) yielded
a g r a i n size of 3 5 a n d h e n c e a cooling
r a t e of 2 1 0 K/s, i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e
g e n e r a l e s t i m a t e s cited above.

10.1 Blended-Elemental
Powder Metallurgy
I n t i t a n i u m - a l l o y p o w d e r metallurgy,
t h e blended-elemental approach implies
t h e m i x i n g of fine g r a n u l a r u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m w i t h a p o w d e r e d m a s t e r alloy. Acc o r d i n g to

F R O E S et al.

[FRO85],

the

m e t h o d h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o alloys Ti-6A14 V ( p r e d o m i n a n t l y ) , Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-

Cooling
Gas

Cooling
Gas

Fine
Particles

Rotary
Atomizer
Disk

(a) Centrifugal Atomization

Technique

After s o m e i n t r o d u c t o r y c o m m e n t s on
P / M a p p r o a c h e s , t h i s c h a p t e r goes o n t o
d e s c r i b e a case s t u d y of t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of p e n d a n t d r o p m e l t - e x t r a c t e d Ti-6A1-4V p o w d e r
a n d fiber. T h e p u r p o s e of t h a t r e s e a r c h
w a s two-fold: (1) to develop a n e w a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n of h i g h - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m - a l l o y p o w d e r for c o n v e n t i o n a l
P / M processing; a n d (2) t o e x p l o r e t h e pot e n t i a l of R S P for t h e p r o d u c t i o n of h i g h
strength/weight
titanium-alloy
fibers
t h r o u g h g r a i n r e f i n e m e n t a n d solution
a n d precipitation strengthening. This
chapter serves as a n introduction to
C h a p t e r 11, w h i c h goes o n t o d e a l w i t h t h e
rapid-soHdification p r o c e s s i n g a n d d e s i g n

Inert Gas

Vacuum

Rotating
Consumable
Electrode

Nonrotating
Tungsten
Electrode
Collection Port

Fig. 10.1 Schematic representations of two rapid-solidification techniques [SAV84].

Next Page
E.W. Collings

82 / Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys

Wiper
Rotating Extracting Disk
Melt
Surface

Filament

(a) Crucible Melt

Extraction

Melt Stock
Pendant
Drop

Rotating
Extracting
Disk

Heat Source

(bj Pendant Drop Melt

Filament

Extraction

Fig. 10.2 Schematic representation of two melt-extraction techniques [SAV84].

6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo,
a n d Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. T h e B E a p p r o a c h
could also i m p l y t h e u s e of m i x e d oxides or
salts a s prereduced starting materials
[ F R 0 8 5 , p . 52].
T h e g e n e r a l i z e d B E a p p r o a c h also
finds a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e P/M p r o c e s s i n g of
composite m a t e r i a l s for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e servicei.e., t h e t e r m could b e a p plied t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of oxide p a r t i c l e s
or " u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r e c i p i t a t e s " (e.g., r e fractory i n t e r m e t a U i c c o m p o u n d s ) a s disp e r s i o n s t r e n g t h e n e d , or of s u i t a b l y
coated SiC o r refractory m e t a l l i c w h i s k e r s
for fiber r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
The most common B E compaction
m e t h o d involves cold i s o s t a t i c p r e s s i n g
(CIP) followed b y s i n t e r i n g . T h e C I P process m o l d s a "green" s h a p e u s i n g a n e l a s tomeric mold a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e
sintering is accomplished at a high temperature to bond the powder particles a n d
h o m o g e n i z e t h e c h e m i s t r y of t h e b l e n d .
T h i s will provide a c o m p a c t w i t h a b o u t
9 5 % of t h e o r e t i c a l density. P A c o m p a c t s
a r e m o s t often a c c o m p l i s h e d b y h o t
isostatic p r e s s i n g ( H I P ) a n d v a c u u m h o t
p r e s s i n g (VHP). B E s h a p e s c a n b e f u r t h e r
densified b y H I P o r VHP. F u r t h e r densification m a y also b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y forging, i.e., u s i n g t h e p r e s s e d a n d s i n t e r e d
B E c o m p a c t a s a forging preform. T h e B E
a p p r o a c h also l e n d s itself t o direct p r o d u c t i o n of foil o r sheet, i n w h i c h c a s e t h e constituent powders a r e poured into t h e
"pinch" s p a c e b e t w e e n a p a i r of rolls.

Fig. 10.3 Pendant-drop melt-extracted Ti-6AI-4V fiber, (a) One of several coils (about 14 cm in diameter) produced
during the preliminary phase of a so-called "l_/D-powder" program, (b) Scanning electron micrograph of the same
fiber (width about 30 pm) showing the "wheel surface" and the "free surface" [^.

10.2 Prealloyed Powder

Metallurgy
T h e PA p r o c e s s b e g i n s w i t h t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of p o w d e r t h a t is u n i f o r m i n p a r t i cle size, s h a p e (preferably s p h e r i c a l ) , a n d
composition. V a r i o u s m e t h o d s a r e availa b l e for t h e p r o d u c t i o n of PA-process
starting material whether it be in the
form of s p h e r i c a l particles, flake, or g r a n u l e s . M a n y of t h e a v a i l a b l e m e t h o d s fall
w i t h i n t h e p u r v i e w of R S P s e e C h a p t e r
11, a n d also F R O E S et al. [ F R O 8 5 ] . Briefly,

PA p o w d e r - p r e p a r a t i o n m e t h o d s could b e
c a t e g o r i z e d u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g s : (1) H y d r i d e - d e h y d r i d e processing, a m e t h o d
w h i c h relies o n t h e severe e m b r i t t l i n g effect of dissolved h y d r o g e n t o produce
s m a l l g r a n u l e s of t h e alloy; (2) liquid-"ato m i z a t i o n " m e t h o d s of v a r i o u s k i n d s , s u c h
a s t h e c e n t r i f u g a l a t o m i z a t i o n process
(Fig. 10.1a) a n d t h e r o t a t i n g - e l e c t r o d e
p r o c e s s ( R E P ) (Fig. 10.1b); a n d (3) m e l t e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d s (Fig. 1 0 . 2 a a n d b),
w h i c h a r e c a p a b l e of yielding p r o d u c t s i n a
v a r i e t y of useful s h a p e s , s u c h a s flake,
e l o n g a t e d p a r t i c l e s (so called "L/D powder"), a n d c o n t i n u o u s fiber [ C O L 7 8 ] . Cont i n u o u s fiber i s s u i t a b l e for fiber reinforcem e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s b u t e v e n if n o t
p l a n n e d a s a final p r o d u c t , i t i s a conveni e n t form for m e a s u r e m e n t of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s . According t o
B

10.3 Pendant-Drop Melt

Extraction of Continuous
Ti-6AI-4V Fiber [Mar76] [CoL78 ]
b

10.3.1 Fiber Production and

Microstructures

Long, c o n t i n u o u s l e n g t h s of Ti-6A1-4V
fiber h a v e b e e n produced by pendant-drop
m e l t e x t r a c t i o n u s i n g a polished-chisele d g e d e x t r a c t i o n disk. Views of t h e fiber
a r e given i n Fig. 10.3. Optical mic r o g r a p h s of sections of t h e fiber, i n the ass p u n condition a n d after two h e a t treatm e n t s , a r e g i v e n i n Fig. 10.4(a). For heat
t r e a t m e n t t h e fibers h a d b e e n wrapped in
t a n t a l u m foil a n d enclosed i n quartz tubes
a l o n g w i t h g e t t e r - p a c k a g e s of titanium
chips; t h e t u b e s w e r e sealed off u n d e r argon a t a p r e s s u r e a d j u s t e d to be atmosp h e r i c a t t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t temperature.
T h e a s - s p u n (hence r a p i d l y quenched)
s t r u c t u r e i s m a r t e n s i t i c , w h e r e a s t h a t of
t h e m i l l - a n n e a l e d s a m p l e is, i n t h i s case,
W i d m a n s t a t t e n ( a + ) ^ . T h e recrystallized s t r u c t u r e i s e q u i H b r i u m + , with
h i g h l y e l o n g a t e d - p h a s e regions. The
t h r e e classes of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s can be
m o r e easily d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e replica
e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h s i n Fig. 10.4(b).

FROES [ F R 0 8 5 ] , PA powder processing h a s

b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys
Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, Ti-4.5A15Mo-1.5Cr ( " C O R O N A 5"), Ti-11.5Mo6Zr-4.5Sn ("-"), Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, a n d
t h e B r i t i s h alloys I M I 6 8 5 (Ti-6Al-5Zr0.5Mo-0.25Si) a n d I M I 8 2 9 (Ti-5.5A13.5Sn-3Zr-lNb-0.3Mo-0.3Si).

1 0 . 3 . 2 M e c h a n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of t h e
Ti-6AI-4V Fiber

E l a s t i c M o d u l u s . T h e elastic modul u s w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y c o m b i n i n g t h e res u l t s of acoustic-wave velocity a n d density ( a q u e o u s buoyancy) m e a s u r e m e n t s .

11. Rapid-Solidification Processing

of Precipitate- and DispersionStrengthened Titanium Alloys
T h e appKcability of c o n v e n t i o n a l tit a n i u m alloys i n a e r o s p a c e e n g i n e e r i n g
is limited b y t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y low o p e r a t i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , w h i c h t o d a t e is n o
h i g h e r t h a n s o m e 600 C [EYL84]. Solidsolution s t r e n g t h e n i n g , only p a r t i a l l y effective even i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , c a n n o t be looked to a s
a mechanism
for
high-temperature
strengthening. At moderate-to-high temp e r a t u r e s , dislocations a r e t h e r m a l l y activ a t e d a r o u n d p o i n t defects; also a s a consequence of t h e r m a l activation, t h e alloy's
m i c r o s t r u c t u r e or s u b s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h is
chiefly responsible for s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n
t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , is
u n s t a b l e a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s . Dispersion s t r e n g t h e n i n g offers a s u b s t i t u t e for
solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s , a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t e n d s to stabilize t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e . T h r o u g h t h e u s e of
dispersion s t r e n g t h e n i n g , t h e o p e r a t i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of t i t a n i u m alloys c a n
be s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d . Moreover, alt h o u g h i m p r o v e m e n t of h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e properties is u s u a l l y t h e p r i m a r y
goal of dispersion s t r e n g t h e n i n g , t h e p r e s ence of dispersoids also e n h a n c e s t h e flow
stress t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e t e m p e r a t u r e
r a n g e ; additional benefits c l a i m e d for dispersion s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r e i n c r e a s e s i n
creep r e s i s t a n c e a n d s t r e s s - r u p t u r e life
[SAS84, SAS84 ]. I n selecting a dispersoid
it should b e recognized t h a t a l t h o u g h i t s
composition, a s s u c h , is n o t i m p o r t a n t , i t
should be chemically a n d physically s t a ble in t h e m a t r i x a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a turesi.e, insoluble, n o n r e a c t i v e , a n d r e s i s t a n t to c o a r s e n i n g . Dispersoids s h o u l d
be incoherent w i t h t h e m a t r i x crystal a n d
r e s i s t a n t to deformation. Dispersoids
should be closely s p a c e d (e.g., n u m b e r
density on a p e r - u n i t - a r e a b a s i s , 2.6 1 0
mm
[Row85]) a n d s m a l l i n size (typical d i a m e t e r s , 0.05 t o 0.5 u m [SAS84]
[Cffl85]); a s s u c h t h e y a r e effective b a r r i ers to dislocation m o t i o n a t b o t h a m b i e n t a n d high t e m p e r a t u r e s . Dispersoids also

t e n d t o "pin" g r a i n - a n d s u b g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , t h e r e b y stabilizing t h e alloy's s u b structure against change and inhibiting

recrystallization during high-temperat u r e e x p o s u r e [SAS85]. T h e d i s p e r s i o n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g d i s c u s s e d i n all except t h e
l a s t s u b s e c t i o n of t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n is
w h a t m i g h t b e r e f e r r e d t o a s "in situ," i n
t h a t the strengthening ingredients are
placed in t h e starting m a t e r i a l prior to its
first m e l t i n g .

11.1 Dispersion
Strengthening of Titanium
Alloys

t a n i u m alloys s e g r e g a t e s t o t h e i n t e r d e n dritic r e g i o n s d u r i n g i n g o t solidification

a n d c o n t r i b u t e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o g r a i n refinement
a n d s t a b i l i z a t i o n [ROW85].
S m a l l a m o u n t s of y t t r i u m a n d e r b i u m
a d d e d t o I/M t i t a n i u m alloys h a v e b e e n
s h o w n t o yield a u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n of
fine i n c o h e r e n t p r e c i p i t a t e s of t h e corres p o n d i n g sesquioxides, Y2O3 a n d E ^ C ^ .
B u t a t t e m p t s to obtain a suitably high
d e n s i t y of fine d i s p e r s o i d s by i n c r e a s i n g
t h e levels of y t t r i u m a n d e r b i u m i n t h e
starting ingot have always been unsuccessful. T h e i n v a r i a b l e r e s u l t is a s m a l l
n u m b e r d e n s i t y of l a r g e - d i a m e t e r (> 1 Ltrn)
p a r t i c l e s [SAS84, SAS85 ] [Cffl85]. T h e
c o a r s e n i n g t h a t t a k e s place d u r i n g t h e
r e l a t i v e l y slow cooling of t h e a r c - m e l t e d
i n g o t s r e n d e r s t h e p r e c i p i t a t e p a r t i c l e s ineffective for d i s p e r s i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g .
T h e y a r e i n fact d e t r i m e n t a l , d e g r a d i n g
b o t h t h e f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s a n d t h e fat i g u e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e alloy. Eutectoidf o r m i n g e l e m e n t s s u c h a s silicon a n d t h e
t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s iron, nickel, a n d copa

11.1.1 D i s p e r s i o n S t r e n g t h e n i n g in
Ingot Metallurgy

T h e application of dispersion strengthe n i n g to c o n v e n t i o n a l l y p r o c e s s e d (ingot

m e t a l l u r g y , I/M) t i t a n i u m alloys h a s b e e n
successful u p t o a point. B o r o n a d d e d t o ti-

8001

600

- 2

3
CO

400

-Si
200

0
700

a-Ti

800
Temperature,

900

WOO

Fig. 11.1 Transmission electron micrograph of a sample of Ti-Fe (5 at.%) in the as-quenched condition after quenching from the melt by the hammer-and-anvil technique [WHA87].

8 8 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Table 11.1

E.W. C o l l i n g s

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of R S P and l/M Ti-AI-Er Alloys [SAS85]

Yield stress
MPa
I/M
RSP

Ultimate tensile
stress, MPa
I/M
RSP

Total
elongation, %
RSP
I/M

Alloy

Heat
treatment(a)

Ti-5Al-2Er
Ti-7.5Al-2Er
Ti-9Al-2Er

ST
ST
ST

670
850
880

469
680
750

735
920
928

536
756
790

27.0
11.0

7.0
0.1

T-5Al-2Er
Ti-7.5Al-2Er
Ti-9Al-2Er

STA(625 C)
STA(625 C)
STA(625 C)

700
952
931

510
815
802

763
973
952

564
843
824

13.8
7.7
1.6

10.0
6.0
0.2

Ti-5Al-2Er
Ti-7.5Al-2Er
Ti-9Al-2Er

STA(550 C)
STA(550C)
STA(550 C)

714
973

515
830
810

780
990

590
865
835

54.0
12.0

18.0
9.0
0.3

(a) ST = solution treating: 3 h/860 C/WQ. STA = ST plus aging: 25 h/625 C or 500 h/550 C

Table 11.2

u n t i l t h e a d v e n t of r a p i d solidification
processing (RSP). I t h a s b e e n discovered
t h a t t h e c o a r s e n e d p r e c i p i t a t e s (in t h e
case of t h e r a r e - e a r t h oxides, see later)
a n d g r a i n - b o u n d a r y p r e c i p i t a t e s (in t h e
case of eutectoid formers) of I/M products
a r e completely a b s e n t from t h e products
ofRSP.
B u t if t h e c o a r s e n i n g a n d grainb o u n d a r y s e g r e g a t i o n of I/M a r e a r e s u l t
of t h e slow cooling of t h e ingot ("aging duri n g processing"), h o w c a n t h e p r o d u c t s of
R S P r e m a i n usefully stable a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s , e v e n if p r o d u c e d as fine dispersions i n t h e first place? T h e a n s w e r h a s to
do w i t h t h e h i g h diffusivities of m a n y elem e n t s i n -Ti a n d t h e n e e d for r a p i d l y solidifying t h e alloy into t h e p h a s e a n d
m a k i n g s u r e t h a t i t s s u b s e q u e n t processi n g a n d service conditions n e v e r t a k e it
above i t s t r a n s u s .

Microstructural and Property Improvements of RSP Titanium Alloys [SAS83]

Alloy type

Alloy s y s t e m

Dispersionstrengthened
alloys

Ti-RE(a)

Problems w i t h
ingot metallurgy
Coarse particles

Rapid-solidification
microstructural
modifications
Extended solid solutions;
fine incoherent
dispersoids

Compound formers

Ti-B
Ti-C

Limited solid
solubility, coarse
dispersoids

Grain refinement;
titanium boride and
carbide dispersoids

Eutectoid formers

Ti-Ni
Ti-Si
Ti-Fe

Segregation,
coarse grains,
and precipitates

Controlled eutectoiddecomposition
products

Combined
precipitates
and dispersoids

Ti-Al-RE
Ti-Al-Ni
Ti-Al-B, C

Coarse dispersoids

Coherent, ordered
precipitates and
incoherent dispersoids

Conventional
titanium
alloys

Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo

Coarse, elongated
grains

Fine martensite structure

in as-rapidly-solidified
alloys; fine equiaxed
+ grains upon
annealing in a +
field

Amorphous alloys

Ti-M-B(b)
or
Ti-M-Si

Cannot be made

Amorphous and microcrystalline structures

IntermetaUic
compounds

3
TiAl

Coarse grains

Grain refinement, incoherent fine dispersions,

possible decrease in
long-range order

1 1 . 1 . 2 D i s p e r s i o n S t r e n g t h e n i n g in
Rapid-Solidification Processing

T h e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d in att e m p t s t o provide in situ dispersion

s t r e n g t h e n i n g or p r e c i p i t a t i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n conventional I/M t i t a n i u m alloys
c a n b e avoided b y R S P [SAS85 ]. T h e addition of dispersoid-forming e l e m e n t s to t h e
s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l p r i o r t o R S P c a n lead to
microstructural refinement a n d large
n u m b e r d e n s i t i e s of fine dispersoids (e.g.,
r a r e e a r t h oxides) or p r e c i p i t a t e s . As a result, significant i m p r o v e m e n t s i n both
r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e - a n d elevated-temp e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h s , a n d i n creep prop e r t i e s a n d s t r e s s - r u p t u r e lifetimes, h a v e
b e e n n o t e d . Table 11.1 is a c o m p a r i s o n of
some
room-temperature
mechanical
p r o p e r t i e s of R S P a n d I/M-processed alloys. E l e m e n t s t h a t h a v e b e e n a d d e d to tit a n i u m alloys p r i o r t o R S P include: t h e int e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s boron a n d carbon
(which u n d e r R S P conditions h a v e cont r i b u t e d significant i n c r e a s e s in m o d u l u s
a n d yield s t r e n g t h [SAS85 ]); t h e eutectoid f o r m e r s silicon, c h r o m i u m , m a n g a n e s e , i r o n , cobalt, nickel, a n d t u n g s t e n ;
a n d t h e r a r e e a r t h e l e m e n t s (including ytt r i u m ) selected from t h e "La g r o u p " of t h e
periodic t a b l e . W i t h r e g a r d to t h e latter,
a l t h o u g h m a n y r a r e e a r t h s (RE) h a v e low
r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e solubilities i n t i t a n i u m [SAS84] [BOM86], a n d h a v e t h e pot e n t i a l for p r e c i p i t a t i n g in m e t a l l i c form
d u r i n g solidification, i n practice t h e y
s c a v e n g e dissolved oxygen from t h e alloy
a n d oxidize t o R E 0 . T h e r a r e e a r t h s
t h u s p l a y a useful s e c o n d a r y role in R S P
t i t a n i u m p o w d e r metallurgy. A l t h o u g h
s o m e dissolved oxygen i s d e s i r a b l e for solution strengthening at ordinary temp e r a t u r e s , too m u c h oxygen (easily acq u i r e d d u r i n g P/M processing) c a u s e s
excessive h a r d e n i n g . T h e inclusion of R E
e l e m e n t s i n t h e alloy f o r m u l a t i o n c a n cona

(a) RE = Er, Y Gd, Nd, Sc, La, Dy. (b) = Mn, Nb, V, Cr

p e r m i g h t be expected to b e c a n d i d a t e s
for dispersion s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h r o u g h fine
i n t e r m e t a l l i c - c o m p o u n d formation. B u t
t h e s e e l e m e n t s t e n d to s e g r e g a t e t o g r a i n
b o u n d a r i e s d u r i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l I/M proce s s i n g [SAS83, SAS85 ]. T h e p r o d u c t i o n of
dispersoids b y solid-state p r e c i p i t a t i o n
(precipitation h a r d e n i n g ) h a s r e s u l t e d i n
a

coarse, t h e r m a l l y u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e s s u b j e c t to o v e r a g i n g d u r i n g processing. T h u s ,
b e c a u s e of t h e difficulties t h a t h a v e b e e n
e n c o u n t e r e d i n p r o d u c i n g a s u i t a b l e dist r i b u t i o n of sufficiently s m a l l s t a b l e p r e c i p i t a t e s , in situ d i s p e r s i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g
did n o t p l a y a significant role i n t i t a n i u m
alloy m e t a l l u r g y , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e U . S . ,

11. Rapid-Solidification Processing / 89

trol t o s o m e e x t e n t , t h e final level of oxyg e n i n solid solution. Rapid-soh'dification

processing of Ti-RE alloys h a s r e s u l t e d i n
precipitation of fine oxide p a r t i c l e s (< 0.05
i n d i a m e t e r [ S A S 8 4 ] ) , w h i c h a r e v e r y
suitable for d i s p e r s i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g . I n
R S P alloys c o n t a i n i n g boron, TiB is t h e
dispersoid species; t h e TiB c o a r s e n s r a p idly a t t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , d e p l e t i n g adj a c e n t r e g i o n s of b o r o n a n d a v e r t i n g
grain-boundary embrittlement.
Other
types of p r e c i p i t a t e s t h a t h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d a s p o t e n t i a l s t r e n g t h e n e r s include, for e x a m p l e , TisSis, TiC, AL^La,
A l L a , T i N i , C e S , a n d C e ( S 0 ) [SAS83]
3

[WHA84] [ROW85].

A l t h o u g h c o n v e n t i o n a l -Ti alloys
such a s Ti-5Al-2.5Sn c a n b e i m p r o v e d b y
RSP-induced dispersion strengthening, it
has been claimed t h a t t h e greatest advantage c a n b e t a k e n by R S P w h e n i t is a p plied t o specially f o r m u l a t e d
alloys
[SAS85 ]. T h i s a p p r o a c h h a s g i v e n r i s e t o
t h e m a n y n e w alloy compositions discussed i n t h e following sections. Rapid-solidification p r o c e s s i n g is also a c c o m p a nied by a s e c o n d a r y benefit: W h e n t h e
product is i n t h e form of p o w d e r o r p a r t i cles of v a r i o u s k i n d s , t h e s u b s e q u e n t consolidation a n d fabrication s t e p s a r e accompanied by all of t h e a d v a n t a g e s
generally a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o w d e r m e t a l lurgy, w i t h t h e proviso t h a t a n y h o t consolidation o p e r a t i o n s s h o u l d t a k e place a t
low t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d h i g h p r e s s u r e s ,
r a t h e r t h a n conversely, a s i n c o n v e n t i o n a l
P/M.
a

11.2 Systems for Dispersion

Strengthening by RapidSolidification Processing
11.2.1 R e v i e w o f R e c e n t A d v a n c e s

Conventional alloys s u c h a s Ti-8A1-lV, Ti-6A1-4V, a n d Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo, after r o t a t i n g - e l e c t r o d e p r o c e s s i n g

(REP) a n d p l a s m a r o t a t i n g - e l e c t r o d e
processing ( P R E P ) (both s o m e t i m e s r e ferred to a s "conventional" p o w d e r - p r o duction m e t h o d s , b u t see C h a p t e r 10),
h a v e yielded e l o n g a t e d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s
after consolidation by h o t isostatic p r e s s ing (HIP) a n d v a c u u m h o t p r e s s i n g
(VHP). O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , R S P of t h e
same alloys (into p a r t i c u l a t e form) h a s
yielded particles of h i g h dislocation d e n sity which recrystallize r e a d i l y i n t o m a t e rial with a fine e q u i a x e d g r a i n s t r u c t u r e , a
property conducive t o i m p r o v e d roomtemperature mechanical properties and
to
high-temperature
superplasticity
[ S A S 8 3 ] . B u t a s SASTRY h a s p o i n t e d

out,

a d v a n t a g e s h o u l d b e t a k e n of R S P t o produce completely n e w m a t e r i a l s especially

designed for in situ d i s p e r s i o n or precipi-

Table 1 1 . 3 RSP Dispersion- and Precipitation-Strengthened Previously Unalloyed

Titanium(a)

System

Ref

System

Ref

Interstitial-element a d d i t i o n s

"Eutectoid-forming" a d d i t i o n s

Ti-B
-0.5
Ti-l.OB

[WHA84,WHA86,CHI86]
rSAs83,SAs85 ,PEN85]
[SAS85]

Ti-0.6Si
Ti-0.9Si
Ti-2Si
Ti-Si

[KRI841
[Km84]
[KRI84]
rWHA851

Ti-1.0C
(Ti-2Zr)-lC

[SAS85 ]
[SAs85 ]

(Ti-17.9Zr)-3.3Si
(Ti-18Zr)-4.4Si
Cn-Zr Sio

fCHi84l
rWHA841
[WHA851

Ti-3Cr
-150
Ti-30Cr

[KRI84]
[KRI84]
[KRI84]

Ti-Mn
Ti-Mn
Ti-Mn

[WHA87]
[WHA87]
[WHA87]

Rare-earth a n d r e l a t e d - e l e m e n t
additions

lor

Ti-Y
-1.0
-1.5

[SAs85 ][Cffl86][WHA86]
[SAS84]
[SAS84]

Ti-La
Ti-2.0La
Ti-3La

[WHA86]
[SAS841
[CHI86]

Ti-Ce
Ti-1.0Ce

[Cm861
[SAS84]

-1.5
Ti-2.0Nd
Ti-3.0Nd

25

10

[SAs84,SAs84 ,PEN85]
[SAS85"J
[SAs83,SAs84,SAs84 ]

Ti-Fe
Ti-Fe
TiFe
Ti-Fe
Ti-3Fe
Ti-16Fe
Ti-22Fe

rWHA87]
[WHA87]
[WHA87!
[WHA87]
rWHA87l
rWHA87]
rWHA87]

Ti-1.5Gd

[SAS84]

Ti-9Co

[KRI85]

Ti-2.0Dy

[SAS84]

Ti-Er

[SAS85 ]
[KON85]
[SAS84] [KON85]
[KON83]
[SAS84]
[SAs83,SAs84,SAs84 ]
[PEN85]

Ti-3Ni
Ti-5.5Ni
Ti-7Ni

[SAS83IONE83]
[KRI85]
[SAS83] [ONE831

Ti-3W
Ti-28W
Ti-36W
Ti-40W

[KRI84]
[KRI84]
[Kw85 ]
[84]86]

Ti-7Cu

[KRI86]

25

28

30
5

0 4

Ti-0.5Er
Ti-Er
Ti-l.OEr
Ti-2.0Er
07

(a) In this and subsequent tables, numerical prefixes indicate composition in weight percent; numerical subscripts indicate atomic percent.

tation strengthening. With this in mind,

alloy s y s t e m s y i e l d i n g oxide-particle dispersions a n d
intermetaUic-compound
p r e c i p i t a t e s , a n d s y s t e m s b a s e d o n t h e titanium aluminides, have been prepared
by RSP a n d metallurgically examined
[SAS83, SAS85 ].
A

T h e classes of s y s t e m s w h i c h h a v e
b e e n e x a m i n e d a r e l i s t e d i n Table 11.2. Alloying e l e m e n t s selected i n c l u d e : (1) t h e
interstitial elements boron a n d carbon
(which yield i n t e r m e t a U i c - c o m p o u n d p r e cipitates); (2) t h e g r o u p I I I B e l e m e n t s
scandium and yttrium, and the lanthanides l a n t h a n u m , cerium, neodymium,
gadohnium, dysprosium, and erbium
(which s c a v e n g e o x y g e n from t h e m a t r i x
t o form sesquioxide dispersoids); a n d ( 3 )
-eutectoid-forming e l e m e n t s s u c h a s silicon, iron, nickel, a n d copper (which yield
i n t e r m e t a U i c - c o m p o u n d p r e c i p i t a t e s or
fine l a m e l l a r m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s [ F R O 8 6 ] ) .
B a s e s for d i s p e r s i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g
w i t h i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s a n d R E oxides

h a v e b e e n : previously unaUoyed t i t a n i u m
[SAS84 , SAS85 ], Ti-AI aUoys [Cffl85]
[SAS85], a n d c o m m e r c i a l t i t a n i u m alloys
s u c h a s Ti-624 [ROW85, R o w 8 5 ] a n d Ti6242 a n d Ti-633 [ R o w 8 5 ] . * I n t e r s t i t i a l element strengthening, particularly with
boron, h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o unaUoyed t i t a n i u m [SAS85 ] [Cffl86] a s weU a s t o m o r e
complex s y s t e m s s u c h a s Ti-8Al-1.5Er
[SAS83] a n d Ti-6Zr-6Al-lEr [ R o w 8 5 ] .
Eutectoid-element strengthening studies
h a v e so far b e e n confined principally ( b u t
n o t exclusively) t o b i n a r y s y s t e m s s u c h a s
Ti-Fe [ K M 8 4 ] , Ti-Co [Km85], Ti-Ni
[SAS83] [BAE85], a n d Ti-Cu [KRI86].
a

In situ dispersion- a n d precipitations t r e n g t h e n i n g of t i t a n i u m alloys s h o w s

g r e a t p r o m i s e for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e a p plications. R e c e n t w o r k h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d
* The compositions of these alloys are: Ti-624,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr; Ti-6242, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo;
and Ti-633, Ti-6Al-3Sn-3Zr.

E.W. C o l l i n g s

9 0 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

t h a t R S P of R E - c o n t a i n i n g alloys i s c a p a b l e of yielding u l t r a f m e - g r a i n m a t e r i a l s
c o n t a i n i n g d i s p e r s o i d s a s fine a s 0.02 t o
0.05 i n d i a m e t e r a t n u m b e r d e n s i t i e s
(on a p e r - u n i t - a r e a b a s i s ) a s h i g h a s 2.6 x
1 0 m m . S o m e d i s p e r s o i d species h a v e
b e e n found t o b e s t a b l e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a s
h i g h a s 1000 C [Row85].
6

11.2.2 Rapid-Solidification
P r o c e s s i n g of T i t a n i u m - B a s e A l l o y s

As i n d i c a t e d i n Table 11.3, u n a l l o y e d
t i t a n i u m w i t h a d d i t i o n s of: (1) i n t e r s t i t i a l
e l e m e n t s , (2) R E e l e m e n t s , a n d (3) e u t e c t o i d formers h a v e b e e n u s e d a s b a s e s for
rapid-solidification processing.
Although conventional
processing
yields coarse b o r i d e or c a r b i d e precipit a t e s , R S P of T i - l . l B a n d Ti-l.OC y i e l d e d
a l a r g e n u m b e r d e n s i t y of fine d i s p e r s o i d s
[SAS83]. Of all t h e Ti-RE s y s t e m s i n v e s t i g a t e d [SAS84], T i - E r a n d Ti-Nd s h o w e d
p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s [SAS84 ]:
Ti-Er yielded closely s p a c e d , t h e r m a l l y
stable, incoherent dispersoids less t h a n
0.01 [im i n d i a m e t e r ; a n d Ti-Nd y i e l d e d
t w o classes of d i s p e r s o i d (a "bimodal distribution")very fine p a r t i c l e s l e s s t h a n
0.01 urn i n d i a m e t e r , a n d c o a r s e p a r t i c l e s
a

w i t h i n t h e size r a n g e 0.1 t o 1.0 L t m t o g e t h e r w i t h n e o d y m i u m i n solid solution.

SASTRY r e g a r d e d Ti-Nd a s b e i n g s t r e n g t h e n e d b y a c o m b i n a t i o n of dispersion- a n d
solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g , a n d Ti-Er a s a
purely dispersion-strengthened system.
Alloys of t i t a n i u m w i t h t h e e u t e c t o i d
f o r m e r s a r e n o t a b l e for t h e v a r i e t y of t h e i r
microstructures. Depending on solute
concentrationi.e, w h e t h e r hypoeutectoid (solute lean) or eutectoidit i s possible t o o b t a i n e i t h e r a fine-grain m a t e r i a l
w i t h u n i f o r m p r e c i p i t a t e s (Fig. 11.1) or a
lamellar microstructure.

System

Binary Ti-Al Alloy Bases. Table 11.4

lists m a n y of t h e b i n a r y Ti-Al-base alloys
t h a t h a v e b e e n subjected to dispersion- o r
p r e c i p i t a t i o n - s t r e n g t h e n i n g by rapid-soHdification processing. W i t h Ti-Al-B alloys, R S P yielded h i g h - a s p e c t - r a t i o filam e n t a r y dispersions t h a t
coarsened
d u r i n g a n n e a l i n g t o n e e d l e - s h a p e precipit a t e s [SAS85]. T h i s h i g h - a s p e c t - r a t i o seco n d - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e , i n association w i t h
t h e fine g r a i n size, r e s u l t e d i n significant
improvements in modulus and strength
[SAS85 ]. TiB n e e d l e f o r m a t i o n h a s also
b e e n n o t e d i n t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t of Ti6Zr-6Al-lEr-0.08B [Row85 ]. As w a s t h e
case w i t h t h e b i n a r y alloys, fine incohere n t d i s p e r s o i d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h fine g r a i n
sizes (1 to 5 ) h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d i n
a

Multicomponent and Commerc i a l A l l o y B a s e s . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e selection of t h e n u m e r o u s m u l t i c o m p o n e n t a n d

c o m m e r c i a l alloys t h a t , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n
of s t r e n g t h e n i n g e l e m e n t s , h a v e u n d e r gone R S P is p r e s e n t e d i n Table 11.5.
Strengthening elements represented in
t h e list a r e : i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s (boron),
eutectoid f o r m e r s (silicon), R E e l e m e n t s
(lanthanum, cerium, a n d erbium), the
m e t a l l o i d g e r m a n i u m , a n d sulfur. T h e

Ref

-81-2
-81-4
1-8.51-0.5
Ti-5Al-3La
Ti-5Al-4.5La
Ti-5Sn-3La
Ti-9.5Sn-3La
Ti-9.5Sn-5.3La

[SAS851
[KON83 ]
8

[SAs84 ]
a

System

861

Ti-5Al-2Er
Ti-5Al-5.4Er
Ti-7.5Al-2Er
Ti-8Al-2Er
Ti-9Al-2Er
Ti-Al -Er
Ti-Al -Er
Ti-Al -Er

[SAS85]
[CHI85]
[SAS85]
[SAS85]

-81-1
Ti-8Al-l.5Er-0.25B
Ti-6Zr-6Al-lEr-0.08B
Ti-7.9Zr-3.5Al-1.4B

[SAS85]
[SAS831

Ti-5Al-2Si
Ti-8Al-2.0Si
Ti-8.5Al-0.2Si
Ti-8.5Al-0.5Si
Ti-8.5Al-l.0Si

[WHA861
[SAS851
[SAS85]
[SAS85]

Ti-7.7Zr-3.4Al-3.6Si

[WHA84]

04

15

04

.4

(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-0.2B
(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-lB
(Ti-6A1-4V)-1B
Ti-7.5Zr-4Mo-1.3B
Ti-8.2Mo-2.3Al-1.4B

[Cm84]
rCm84]
[Cm84]
[Cm84]

(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-lC

[Cm84]

Rare e a r t h a n d interstitial-element
a d d i t i o n s (cont.)

[WHA84]

rSAs85]
[KON85]
[KON85]
[KON85]

[Row85 ]

Rare e a r t h a n d interstitial-element
additions
(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-2Y

[Cm84]

(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-3La

tCm84l

(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-3Ce

[WHA84]

(Ti-6Al-4V>lEr
Ti-6Al-15V-2Er

[Row85 ]

Ti-25V-4Ce-0.6S

[FRO861

(Ti-4Zr-5Al-2.5Sn)-3La
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn)-lEr
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn)-lCe-0.15S

[CHI84]

[SAS851

Ref

System

Ref

Interstitial-element a d d i t i o n s

[CHI86]
[CHI86]
[SAS85]

10

Table 11.5 RSP Dispersion- and Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys Based on Multicomponent and Commercial Titanium Alloys

[Lu85]
[Cffl86]

Ti-8Al-2Nd

24

11.2.3 Rapid-Solidification
P r o c e s s i n g of Ti-AI-Base Alloys

Table 11.4 RSP Dispersion- and

Precipitation-Strengthened Alloys Based
on Ti-Al

R S P of R E - c o n t a i n i n g t e r n a r i e s [SAS85].
I n Ti-Al alloys w i t h eutectoid-forming additions s u c h a s silicon a n d nickel, r a p i d
solidification followed by carefully controlled h e a t t r e a t m e n t c a n l e a d t o finescale
homogeneous
microstructures
[SAS85 ]; consolidation
temperatures
m u s t b e k e p t a s low a s possible t o p r e v e n t
c o a r s e n i n g . T h e r a n g e of t e r n a r y m a t e r i als i n t h i s c a t e g o r y w h i c h h a v e b e e n studied also i n c l u d e s t h e so-called "super-"
alloysones i n w h i c h t h e a l u m i n u m cont e n t is sufficiently h i g h for s o m e o^-phase
p r e c i p i t a t i o n t o t a k e place [SAS85]. Alt h o u g h t h e p r e s e n c e of a p r e c i p i t a t i o n severely e m b r i t t l e s t h e I/M b i n a r y alloy
w h e n e v e r i t occurs, t h e a d d i t i o n of R E solu t e s i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h R S P is responsible for r e f i n i n g t h e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e a n d enh a n c i n g t h e post-creep ductility [BOM86]
[FRO86]. T h e p r e s e n c e of a finely dispersed c^-phase precipitate in the R S P
m a t e r i a l w a s c l a i m e d t o i m p r o v e t h e hightemperature strengths.

(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo>-0.08Si
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo>-lEr
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo)-0.08Si-2Er
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo)-0.08Si-3W
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo>0.4Si
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-2Mo)-0.4Si-2Er

[VOG86]
[Row85]
rVoc86l
[VOG86]
[VOG86]
[VOG86]

(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-6Mo>-lEr
(Ti-4Zr-6Al-2Sn-6Mo)-2Er

[SNO841
[VOG86]

(Ti-6Zr-6Al)-0.08B-lEr

[Row85]

"Eutectoid-forming" a d d i t i o n s
(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-0.5Ge
(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-7.5Ge

[JAC851

(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-0.5Si
(Ti-5Al-2.5Sn)-5Si

TJAC85]
TJAC85]

[WHA841

(Ti-6Al-4V)-2.2Si

[WHA84]

[Row85 l
[Row851

(Ti-7.4Zr)-3.9Mo-3.4Si

[CHI841

[FRO86]

[JAC85]

11. Rapid-Solidification Processing / 91

Table 11.6

RSP Titanium Aluminides

Ref

System
TigAl+ E r
TigAl+ E r

[KoN85 ]
[Row86,Row86 l
[Sui861
a

0 4

0 6

TigAl + Nb

[EYL861

TigAl+ Nb + C e + S
Ti Al + Nb + Ce + S
5

0 6

75

07

TigAl + Nb + Er
Ti3Al + N b + E r
TigAl+ N b + E r
5

0 6

7 5

10

0 6

0 5

TiAl
TiAl + W

0 2

0 2

[Row86,Row86 ]
[Row86,Row86 iSui86i
a

[^^^
[Row86,Rcw86 l[Sui86l
[Sui86l
a

[MAR83]
[MAE83]
Fig. 11.2 Simulation of the change in radius of E r 0 particles annealed for 1 0 h within the temperature range shown.
Below about 8 8 0 C (the transus for titanium), the curves for - and Ti AI are continuous (since the oxygen diffusivity is assumed to be the same in each phase). Above 8 8 0 C, the particles show marked coarsening in the
phase, whereas only a modest change of size in 3 [ K O N 8 5 ] .
2

presence of oxygen is a s s u m e d . I n a n i m p o r t a n t r e c e n t study, c e r i u m a n d sulfur

were a d d e d t o Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr u n d e r R S P
conditions. Sulfur is often r e g a r d e d a s a n
u n d e s i r a b l e " t r a m p i m p u r i t y " t h a t b y segregation to g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s , t e n d s t o e m brittle s o m e conventional I/M-processed
alloys. T h e r a t i o n a l e u n d e r l y i n g i t s i n t r o duction, t o g e t h e r w i t h c e r i u m , into R S P
Ti-624 is t h a t in a t i t a n i u m e n v i r o n m e n t
t h e h e a t s of formation of C e S a n d
C e ( S 0 ) a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of E r 0 , a
favored dispersion h a r d e n e r [ROW85].
2

11.2.4 R a p i d - S o l i d i f i c a t i o n
P r o c e s s i n g of T i t a n i u m A l u m i n i d e s

d i t i o n s , t h e a l u m i n i d e s a t l a s t s e e m to b e
on t h e t h r e s h o l d of p r a c t i c a l application.
Rapid-sohdification p r o c e s s e d T i A l +
N b h a s b e e n u s e d successfully i n experim e n t a l s t u d i e s of Borsic-reinforced m e t a l m a t r i x composites [EYL86]. T h e a d d i t i o n
of 0.4 a t . % E r t o T i A l led to a fine E r 0
d i s p e r s i o n t h a t s e e m e d t o be q u i t e s t a b l e
a t 9 0 0 C [KON85 ]. E r b i u m a d d e d to
T i A l + N b r e s u l t e d i n a r e f i n e m e n t of t h e
g r a i n size, a n d h e n c e t o a n i m p r o v e m e n t
i n ductility. U n d e r e x t r u s i o n , however, a
r a p i d c o a r s e n i n g of t h e E r 0 d i s p e r s o i d s
w a s n o t e d [Row86]. I n c o m p o u n d s cont a i n i n g C e S or C e ( S 0 ) , i t s e e m s t h a t t h e
c o a r s e n i n g is less p r o n o u n c e d a reflect i o n of t h e h i g h s t a b i l i t y of t h e s e comp o u n d s , a l r e a d y c o n s i d e r e d above i n connection with the dispersion strengthening
of T i - 6 2 4 a n d h e n c e t h a t T i A l w i t h add i t i o n s of c e r i u m a n d sulfur s h o u l d b e cons i d e r e d for inclusion i n a n y list of prospective alloys for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e
application.
3

A t t r a c t i v e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e oc -phase
(based on Ti Al) a n d - p h a s e (based on
TiAl) a l u m i n i d e s a r e t h e i r h i g h t r a n s u s
t e m p e r a t u r e s : 1 1 0 0 C for t h e a a + a 2
t r a n s u s of T i A l , a n d 1 4 0 0 6 0 C for t h e
melting p o i n t of t h e p h a s e ( a l t h o u g h t h e
useful t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of t h e l a t t e r
t e n d s t o b e l i m i t e d b y a brittle-to-ductile
t r a n s i t i o n a t 7 0 0 C [Ln>75]). T h u s , a t
least from a p h a s e - s t a b i l i t y s t a n d p o i n t ,
t h e a l u m i n i d e s m a k e s u i t a b l e b a s e s on
which t o d e s i g n p o t e n t i a l l y useful hight e m p e r a t u r e alloys. Table 1 1 . 7 refers t o
some r e c e n t s t u d i e s of R S P - a n d - s t r e n g t h ened t i t a n i u m a l u m i n i d e s . A second imp o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e of t h e a - a n d - p h a s e
a l u m i n i d e s is t h e i r b e t t e r oxidation resistance c o m p a r e d w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l t i t a n i u m alloys, a p r o p e r t y w h i c h i n t h e c a s e
of 31 h a s b e e n i m p r o v e d e v e n f u r t h e r
by t h e a d d i t i o n of 5 t o 1 0 w t % N b [ M E N 8 0 ] .
But, a s o r d e r e d i n t e r m e t a l l i c c o m p o u n d s ,
both T i A l a n d TiAl lack t e n s i l e ductility
at o r d i n a r y t e m p e r a t u r e s , a p r o p e r t y
which h a s severely l i m i t e d t h e i r applicability. P o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y of T i A l [ L I P 8 0 ]
a n d TiAl [ M A R 8 3 ] h a s yielded s o m e p r o m ising r e s u l t s , a n d w i t h t h e a d v e n t of R S P
m e t a l l u r g y i n association w i t h t h e i n t r o duction of R E a n d o t h e r t h i r d - e l e m e n t ad-

11.3 Microstructural
Stability of RSP Titanium
Alloys
11.3.1 Precipitate C o a r s e n i n g

H e a t t r e a t m e n t (carefully controlled
l i m i t e d aging) of R S P t i t a n i u m alloys w i t h
i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s (e.g., boron a n d carbon) g e n e r a l l y r e s u l t s i n i m p r o v e d p r o p e r t i e s . I n b o r o n - c o n t a i n i n g alloys, a g i n g
results in high-aspect-ratio needle-shape
p r e c i p i t a t e s of TiB. U n l e s s prolonged exp o s u r e t o e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e allows
t h e m t o c o a r s e n excessively, t h e s e precipit a t e s c o n t r i b u t e a l a r g e i n c r e m e n t of
s t r e n g t h [SAS85 ]. H e a t t r e a t m e n t of t i t a n i u m alloys c o n t a i n i n g c a r b o n r e s u l t s i n
a n i n c r e a s e in d u c t i h t y (as c a r b o n bea

c o m e s r e m o v e d from solid solution) a n d

a n i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h a s t h e accompanyi n g r e d u c t i o n i n solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g is
m o r e t h a n c o m p e n s a t e d for by a n i n c r e a s e
i n TiC p r e c i p i t a t i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g .
P r e c i p i t a t e s a r i s i n g from t h e i n t e r s t i tial elements boron and carbon a n d t h e
eutectoid-forming e l e m e n t s ( m c l u d i n g
silicon) a r e all p r o n e t o excessive coarseni n g d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d e x p o s u r e to h i g h
temperatures
[WHA84][Lu85][SAS85 ].
W H A N G h a s c o n t r a s t e d t h e b e h a v i o r of bor o n , carbon, a n d silicon w i t h t h a t of t h e
R E element l a n t h a n u m u n d e r high-temp e r a t u r e a g i n g ( a t 8 0 0 C). T h e r e l a t i v e
s t a b i l i t y of t h e "La Sn dispersoids i n Ti5 S n - 4 . 5 L a a s c o m p a r e d w i t h TiSi precipit a t e s i n Ti-5Al-2Si w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e
lower diffusivity of l a n t h a n u m a s comp a r e d w i t h silicon i n -Ti ( ~ 4 1 0
and
- 1 . 2 1 0 " c m / s , respectively [Lu85]).
C o m p a r i s o n s a m o n g t h e R E dispersoids
t h e m s e l v e s h a v e b e e n m a d e b y SASTRY
a n d colleagues [ S A S 8 4 ] . T h e s e a u t h o r s
n o t e d t h a t t h e r a r e e a r t h s could be subdiv i d e d i n t o c l a s s e s : (1) c e r i u m , neodymium, a n d gadolinium, which have appreciable solubilities i n t i t a n i u m a n d w h i c h
o n i s o t h e r m a l a g i n g yield p r e c i p i t a t e s
t h a t become r e l a t i v e l y coarse ( ~ 0 . 2 to 2
|im); a n d (2) y t t r i u m , l a n t h a n u m , dyspros i u m , a n d e r b i u m , which h a v e negligible
solubilities i n t i t a n i u m a n d which u n d e r
a g i n g yield r e l a t i v e l y fine ( 0 . 0 4 to 0 . 1 2
) dispersoids. T h e coarse dispersoids of
t h e first g r o u p w e r e R E sesquioxides, a n d
t h e fine d i s p e r s o i d s of t h e second g r o u p
w e r e c o m p o u n d s of t i t a n i u m , r a r e e a r t h s ,
oxygen, a n d c a r b o n . Of all t h e R E elem e n t s i n t i t a n i u m , c e r i u m yielded t h e
c o a r s e s t d i s p e r s o i d s a n d e r b i u m yielded
t h e finest.
a

- 1 4

1 1

SASTRY'S w o r k w a s followed (or accomp a n i e d ) by n u m e r o u s o t h e r s t u d i e s of erb i u m - c o n t a i n i n g R S P t i t a n i u m alloys.

E.W. C o l l i n g s

9 2 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

ROWE et al. [ R o w 8 5 ] selected t h e s y s t e m

Ti-6Al-6Zr-lEr-0.08B for study. After aging, t h e u s u a l TiB n e e d l e s w e r e n o t e d . B u t
of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t w a s t h e fact t h a t
only n e a r t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s d i d t h e
E r 0 particles undergo coarsening, pres u m a b l y a s a r e s u l t of g r a i n - b o u n d a r y difa

fusion. KONTTZER et al. [ K O N 8 5 ] u n d e r t o o k

a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y of E r 0 dispersoids i n Ti a n d Ti-Al(10, 15, 2 4 , a t . % ) alloys. D u r i n g t h e 10-h a g i n g a t 900 C of TiA l - E r p . (after 10 h / 7 0 0 C t o develop t h e

dispersion) i t w a s found t h a t t h e E r 0
p a r t i c l e s w e r e fairly r e s i s t a n t t o coarsening. T h i s t e n d e d t o b e t r u e for all t h e a-Ti
alloys below t h e oc-transus t e m p e r a t u r e .
B u t a s i n d i c a t e d i n Fig. 11.2, r a p i d coarse n i n g could be e x p e c t e d for all E r 0 p a r ticles lying w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n s of a twop h a s e alloy, d u e t o t h e m u c h h i g h e r
diffusivity of oxygen i n t h e p h a s e .
2

24

KONTTZER a n d FRASER [ K o N 8 5 ] s h o w e d
a

t h a t i n R S P T i A l + 0.4 a t . % E r a l a c k of
significant o x i d e - p r e c i p i t a t e o a r s e n i n g
w a s exhibited after a 10-h e x p o s u r e t o
t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s 8 0 0 t o 9 0 0 C.
This performance emphasized t h e import a n c e of a h i g h t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e i n
d i s p e r s i o n c o a r s e n i n g oxide p r e c i p i t a t e s
i n b i n a r y Ti-Er alloys e x h i b i t e d significant coarsening in response to heat treatm e n t for 10 h a t 9 0 0 C. T h e f i n e n e s s a n d
stability of E r 0 p r e c i p i t a t e s i n t h e hexa g o n a l p h a s e s of t i t a n i u m alloys i n d i c a t e
t h a t erbium should always be considered
a m o n g t h e possible d i s p e r s i o n - s t r e n g t h ening additives to -phase a n d a - p h a s e
t i t a n i u m alloys.
3

Recent

work

by

ROWE

and

KOCH

[Row85] h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t o t h e r addit i v e s b e s i d e s e r b i u m h a v e i m p o r t a n t roles

t o play w h e n , i n a d d i t i o n t o s t r e n g t h e n ing, g r a i n r e f i n e m e n t m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o
consideration. A s i n d i c a t e d i n Section
11.2.3, t h e s e a u t h o r s h a d e s t i m a t e d t h a t
sulfides a n d oxysulfides of c e r i u m w e r e
more stable in a t i t a n i u m environment
t h a t w a s E r 0 , t h e h i t h e r t o p r e m i e r dispersion s t r e n g t h e n e d Accordingly, t h e y
decided t o i n t r o d u c e b o t h c e r i u m a n d sulfur i n t o a t i t a n i u m - a l l o y b a s e ; Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr w a s chosen a s t h e t e s t alloy. SASTRYS
studies h a d indicated t h a t cerium in titan i u m yielded t h e c o a r s e s t p r e c i p i t a t e s of
all t h e R E e l e m e n t s [SAS84]. B u t C e S a n d
C e ( S 0 ) , according t o ROWE et al., r e sisted c o a r s e n i n g a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h
a s 1000 C except n e a r t h e g r a i n b o u n d a ries, w h e r e g r a i n - b o u n d a r y diffusion w a s
likely t o a s s i s t i n t h e process. P a r t i c l e s i n
t h e g r a i n i n t e r i o r s w e r e a b o u t 0.03 t o 0.04
Jim i n size, a n d t h o s e n e a r t h e g r a i n
b o u n d a r i e s , a b o u t 0.15 t o 0.20 urn.
2

a g i n g , a d i s a d v a n t a g e w h i c h m a y outw e i g h t h e i r a b i l i t y t o yield u l t r a f i n e disp e r s i o n s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , alloys cont a i n i n g b o r o n or silicon r e t a i n t h e i r fine

a s - R S P grain structures to high temperat u r e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , ROWE a n d KoCH
[ R O W 8 5 ] found t h a t t h e i r consolidated
s u l f u r - b e a r i n g alloy p o s s e s s e d a s u b m i cron grain structure which resisted
g r o w t h a t 1000 C.

11.4 Mechanical Properties

of RSP Titanium Alloys
11.4.1 H a r d n e s s a n d Tensile S t r e n g t h

Contributions to strengthening i n
R S P t i t a n i u m alloys a r e : (1) solid-solution
s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r i s i n g from t h e e x t e n d e d
solubilities t h a t a c c o m p a n y t h e process,
(2) fine-grain s t r e n g t h e n i n g , a n d (3)
O r o w a n s t r e n g t h e n i n g from h i g h - n u m b e r - d e n s i t y a r r a y s of fine i n c o h e r e n t p r e cipitates. Provided t h e dispersoids resist
coarsening, Orowan strengthening with
its w e a k t e m p e r a t u r e dependence is t h e
m e c h a n i s m t o b e r e l i e d o n i n alloys for
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service. Rapid-solidific a t i o n p r o c e s s e d alloys a r e g e n e r a l l y s u b j e c t t o a g e h a r d e n i n g [Cffl85, Cffl86] a s
p r e c i p i t a t e s form from s u p e r s a t u r a t e d
solid solutions. O v e r a g i n g refers t o t h e excessive c o a r s e n i n g of t h e d i s p e r s o i d s ,
w h i c h t a k e s p l a c e m u c h m o r e r e a d i l y i n p h a s e a n d ( + )-138 alloys t h a n i n
alloys d u e t o t h e h i g h e r diffusivities of
m a n y s o l u t e s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y oxygen i n t h i s
c o n t e n t ) i n -Ti. Obviously a n alloy's r e s i s t a n c e t o a g i n g i s closely r e l a t e d t o i t s h e a t
r e s i s t a n c e i . e . , i t s ability t o w i t h s t a n d
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service conditions.
M a n y t e n s i l e - p r o p e r t y s t u d i e s of R S P
alloys h a v e b e e n confined t o t h e roomt e m p e r a t u r e t e s t i n g of as-formed a n d /
or age-hardened (moderate-temperature
annealed) material. I n t h i s regard, SASTRY et al. [ S A S 8 5 ] h a v e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e
p r o p e r t i e s of Ti-C a n d Ti-B. I n t h e l a t t e r
study it w a s found t h a t t h e strengthening
effect of b o r o n also p e r s i s t e d t o h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s [ S A S 8 5 ] (in s p i t e of t h e e x t e n sive c o a r s e n i n g t h a t h a s b e e n n o t e d for
TiB precipitates during exposure to temp e r a t u r e s i n t h e r a n g e 8 0 0 t o 9 0 0 C
[ W H A 8 4 ] ) . B o r o n a d d e d t o Ti-8A1 r e s u l t e d
i n a n alloy w i t h a good c o m b i n a t i o n of low
density, h i g h m o d u l u s , h i g h r o o m - t e m perature a n d elevated-temperature tensile s t r e n g t h s , a n d a p o t e n t i a l for h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e applications.
A

T h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of t h e
t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s of Ti-Nd a n d Ti-Er h a v e
3

Alloys c o n t a i n i n g e r b i u m w e r e found
unable to resist some grain growth during

u r e d b y SASTRY et al. [ S A S 8 5 ] . It is i n t e r -

e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t after Ti Al precipitation w a s c a u s e d to form i n some of t h e s e

alloys, t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g d u e t o t h e incoh e r e n t d i s p e r s o i d s p l u s t h e Ti Al w a s less
t h a n t h a t d u e t o t h e i n c o h e r e n t dispersoids p l u s a l u m i n u m i n solid solution. T h e
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h s of Ti-Al-Er
alloys w e r e a n t i c i p a t e d t o b e g r e a t e r t h a n
t h o s e of all conventional t i t a n i u m alloys.
3

b e e n m e a s u r e d b y SASTRY et al. [ S A S 8 4 ] .
11.3.2 Grain G r o w t h

of Ti-1.5Nd a n d Ti-O.lEr (previously a g e d

2 h/700 C) w e r e t h e s a m e . Very m u c h
g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h s a r e e x h i b i t e d by t h e t e r n a r y alloys b a s e d o n Ti-Al. T h e room-temp e r a t u r e p r o p e r t i e s of v a r i o u s Ti-Al-Nd
a n d Ti-Al-Er alloys h a v e also b e e n m e a s -

A s p o i n t e d o u t above, n e o d y m i u m a n d e r b i u m belong t o t h e "coarse" a n d "fine," r e spectively, c l a s s e s of d i s p e r s o i d - f o i m i n g

e l e m e n t s , y e t a t 700 C t h e yield s t r e n g t h s

T h e r e l a t i v e q u a l i t i e s of e r b i u m a n d
l a n t h a n u m dispersoid-forrning a d d i t i o n s
t o R S P Ti-Al alloys w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d
by W H A N G [Cm85]. B o t h of t h e s e R E
e l e m e n t s a r e m e m b e r s of t h e "fine" class
of mspersoid-forrning additions. A distinction m u s t b e d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e
r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e a g e h a r d e n e d alloys a n d t h e i r relative performances a t elevated temperatures. In
t h e former category, Ti-5Al-4.5La is s u p e r i o r t o Ti-5Al-5.4Er after a g i n g for 2 h a t
all t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 9 0 0 C. However,
i n h o t h a r d n e s s t e s t s , d u e t o t h e r a p i d soft e n i n g of Ti-5Al-4.5La a t t e m p e r a t u r e s
above a b o u t 6 0 0 C, a t 9 0 0 C b o t h alloys
were equally hard.
F o r r e a s o n s o u t l i n e d i n t h e previous
section o n a g i n g , c e r i u m a n d sulfur i n a s sociation hold considerable promise a s
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h e n e d of t i t a n i u m alloys. A l t h o u g h t e n s i l e t e s t i n g h a s
n o t b e e n c a r r i e d o u t above 5 3 8 C, m e t a l lographic s t u d i e s of g r a i n - a n d dispersoid
g r o w t h h a v e b e e n c o n d u c t e d o n alloys exposed t o t e m p e r a t u r e s a s h i g h a s 1000 C,
d u r i n g w h i c h considerable m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y w a s noted. T h e t e n s i l e w o r k
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e sulfide a n d oxysulfide
p r e c i p i t a t e s provided s t r e n g t h e n i n g over
the entire temperature range, yet at t h e
s a m e t i m e permitted a d e q u a t e room-temp e r a t u r e ductility [ROW85].
11.4.2 C r e e p

R e l a t i v e l y little h a s b e e n w r i t t e n
a b o u t t h e creep p r o p e r t i e s of R S P t i t a n i u m alloys. T h e y can, however, b e qualit a t i v e l y p r e d i c t e d from t h o s e of dispers i o n - s t r e n g t h e n e d alloys i n general. T h e
u s u a l m e c h a n i s m s of c r e e p a r e associated
w i t h diffusion, g r a i n - b o u n d a r y s h d i n g ,
a n d dislocation m o v e m e n t . T h e initial
fine g r a i n s t r u c t u r e of R S P alloys t e n d s t o
e n h a n c e c r e e p ; t h u s from a creep s t a n d point a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of deliberately i n duced grain growth is advantageous.
C r e e p r e s i s t a n c e i n R S P alloys a t h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e s relies p r i m a r i l y on t h e ability of t h e d i s p e r s o i d s t o p i n dislocations.
B u t s e v e r e m a t r i x softening i s a l w a y s t o

11. Rapid-Solidification Processing / 93

be expected i n -Ti solid-solution alloys a t

t e m p e r a t u r e s above a b o u t 900 C [Cffl85].
l b c o m b a t t h i s , t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of s o m e
form of fibrous r e i n f o r c e m e n t is recommended.

11.5 Summary
T h e o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of
conventional I/M m u l t i c o m p o n e n t alloys
such a s Ti-6242 (Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo)
a n d I M I 834 (Ti-5.5Al-4Sn-4Zr-lNb0.3Mo-0.5Si) i s h m i t e d to 500 to 600 C,
above which m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l instability
becomes a p r o b l e m . F u r t h e r m o r e , I/M alloys a r e not a m e n a b l e t o in situ dispersion
or precipitation s t r e n g t h e n i n g a s a consequence of t h e c o a r s e n i n g w h i c h occurs
during t h e alloy's l o n g dwell t i m e i n t h e phase field d u r i n g cooldown. To find a w a y
out of t h e i n s t a b i h t y difficulty it is necessary to t u r n to m a t e r i a l s w h i c h do n o t u n dergo p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n t h e
s e r v i c e - t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e : stable phase alloys (not a p r a c t i c a l solution), all alloys (especially w i t h h i g h a - t r a n s u s
t e m p e r a t u r e s ) , a n d t h e a l u m i n i d e s of t i t a nium. T h e c o a r s e n m g - d u r i n g - p r o c e s s i n g
difficulty is e l i m i n a t e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of
rapid solidification t e c h n i q u e s ; coarsening in service is e h m i n a t e d by t u r n i n g ,
again, to t h e n o n t r a n s f o r m i n g class of alloys.
Within t h e r e a l m of all- alloys, t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g , low
density, a n d h i g h - t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e
are s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s e r v e d if a l u m i n u m i s
selected a s a solute. If t h e a l u m i n u m concentration exceeds a b o u t 9 wt%, a finely
dispersed a2-phase p r e c i p i t a t e will b e
present (Eq 9.1). A l t h o u g h t h i s severely
embrittles I/M alloys w h e n e v e r it occurs,
its presence u n d e r R S P conditions h a s
been claimed to i m p r o v e t h e high-temp e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , it
h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t h a t w h e n incoherent dispersoids a r e p r e s e n t i n it, t h e single-phase solid solutions a r e s t r o n g e r m a -

t e r i a l s t h a n t h o s e c o n t a i n i n g a2-phase
precipitates.
H i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e c r e e p s t r e n g t h is
e n h a n c e d t h r o u g h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a
submicroscopic d i s p e r s e d p h a s e . It h a s
b e e n n o t e d t h a t dispersoids s h o u l d b e insoluble i n t h e alloy m a t r i x , i n c o h e r e n t ,
n o n r e a c t i v e , fine a n d closely spaced, r e s i s t a n t to c o a r s e n i n g , a n d r e s i s t a n t to deformation. E l e m e n t s t h a t h a v e b e e n considered as ingredients in R S P t i t a n i u m
alloys for dispersion- or p r e c i p i t a t i o n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r e : (1) t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l elem e n t s b o r o n a n d c a r b o n (which yield int e r m e t a U i c - c o m p o u n d p r e c i p i t a t e s ) ; (2)
t h e g r o u p I I I B e l e m e n t s s c a n d i u m a n d yttrium, and the lanthanides lanthanum,
c e r i u m , n e o d y m i u m , g a d o l i n i u m , a n d erb i u m (which scavenge oxygen from t h e
h o s t alloy to form sesquioxide dispersoids); a n d (3) -eutectoid-forming elem e n t s s u c h a s silicon, iron, nickel, a n d
copper (which yield intermetaUic-comp o u n d p r e c i p i t a t e s or fine l a m e U a r micros t r u c t u r e s ) . Insufficient i n f o r m a t i o n is
known about the high-temperature mechanical p r o p e r t i e s of t h e aUoys w i t h eutectoid f o r m e r s . T h e chemical reactivi t y of t h e r a r e e a r t h s c a n b e t u r n e d t o
a d v a n t a g e t h e y scavenge excess oxygen
from t h e alloy (which is p a r t i c u l a r l y adv a n t a g e o u s i n P/M) a n d , i n a d d i t i o n , after
b e i n g c o n v e r t e d t o RE2O3, a c t a s dispersion s t r e n g t h e n e r s .
M a n y p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s h a v e focused
a t t e n t i o n on t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t bor o n , a n d s e v e r a l of t h e R E e l e m e n t s . (1)
Boron additions: It h a s b e e n n o t e d t h a t
R S P Ti-Al-B aUoys c o n t a i n high-aspectratio
filamentary
dispersoids
which
c o a r s e n d u r i n g a n n e a l i n g to n e e d l e - s h a p e
p r e c i p i t a t e s ideally s u i t e d t o m a t r i x r e i n forcement (see Fig. 10.8) u n l e s s prolonged
exposure to very high t e m p e r a t u r e s
c a u s e s t h e m t o c o a r s e n excessively. T h e
s t r e n g t h e n i n g effect of b o r o n a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s , i n s p i t e of c o a r s e n i n g , h a s b e e n
noted: boron-doped Ti-8A1 h a s b e e n i d e n -

tified a s a n aUoy w i t h p o t e n t i a l for h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s . (2) Rare earth

and
other additions:
Comprehensive
s t u d i e s of t h e st ab i l i t y a n d effect of R E additions to t i t a n i u m have indicated t h a t
the most promising ones are erbium a n d
n e o d y m i u m . B o t h yield v e r y fine dispersions of R E 0 w i t h p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r s of
less t h a n 0.01 u m ; b u t n e o d y m i u m also
yields a crop of l a r g e r dispersoids w i t h i n
t h e size r a n g e of 0.1 t o 1.0 Jim. C e r i u m , on
t h e o t h e r h a n d , yields t h e coarsest dispersoids of all t h e r a r e e a r t h s . As for stability,
s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w n t h a t E r 0 3 is fairly r e s i s t a n t to c o a r s e n i n g d u r i n g h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e e x p o s u r e (especiaUy i n t h e g r a i n
i n t e r i o r s , a s d i s t i n c t from t h e g r a i n
boundaries within which coarsening
s e e m s t o be p r o m o t e d by b o u n d a r y diffusion). B u t if E r 0 3 is fairly stable, t h e sulfide a n d oxysulfide of c e r i u m , C e S a n d
Ce2(S02), a r e e v e n m o r e so. T h u s , i n s p i t e
of t h e fact t h a t c e r i u m alone i n t i t a n i u m
yields t h e c o a r s e s t p r e c i p i t a t e s of aU t h e
R E e l e m e n t s , i t s inclusion a c c o m p a n i e d
b y sulfur yields a dispersoid s y s t e m w i t h
c o n s i d e r a b l e stability. R e c e n t t e n s i l e
work h a s indicated t h a t CeS and C e ( S 0 )
p r e c i p i t a t e s a r e c a p a b l e of provi di ng
strengthening at t e m p e r a t u r e s approachi n g 1000 C.
2

B o t h 3 a n d TiAl, t o w h i c h 5 t o 10
wt% N b has been added to improve ambie n t - t e m p e r a t u r e d u c t i h t y a n d oxide-scale
a d h e r e n c e a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s (in t h e
c a s e of Ti Al), h a v e a s s u m e d considerable
importance as potential high-temperat u r e alloys. To t h e s e , t h e addition of disp e r s o i d formers should also b e considered^in t h i s case n o t for d i s p e r s i o n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g ( t h e r e i s little n e e d for
this), b u t r a t h e r to inhibit grain growth
d u r i n g R S P a n d i n service; t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e of microcryst aU i n i t y in t h i s w a y t e n d s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o
a m b i e n t - t e m p e r a t u r e ductihty.
3

12. Mechanical Properties

12.1 Elastic and Plastic
Properties of Titanium
Alloys at Low and High
Temperatures
Technical t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys fall
i n t o t h r e e categories: a, a + , a n d . U n a l loyed t i t a n i u m , alloys s u c h a s Ti-5A12.5Sn, a n d near-oc + alloys s u c h a s Ti6A1-4V a n d T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V a r e p r e f e r r e d
for service a t low t e m p e r a t u r e w h e r e t h e
p h a s e could o t h e r w i s e c a u s e e m b r i t t l e m e n t . O t h e r + alloys find u s e i n t h e
medium-temperature
and
"high-temp e r a t u r e " (<500 C) r a n g e s . T h e p h a s e is
stabilized b y simple m e t a l s s u c h a s a l u m i n u m and tin and interstitial elements
s u c h a s carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygenin
o t h e r w o r d s , by n o n t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s .
T h e s t a b i l i z e r s a r e also r a p i d - s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h e n e d of t h e alloy i n w h i c h t h e y
a r e dissolved. T h e p h a s e i s stabilized b y
t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s , w h i c h also provide
w e a k solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g . A l t h o u g h
t h e t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s a r e m u c h l e s s pot e n t (rapid) s t r e n g t h e n e r s t h a n t h e s t a bilizers (on a p e r - a t o m b a s i s ) , t h i s deficiency is m o r e t h a n c o m p e n s a t e d for b y
t h e i r g r e a t e r sohd-solubility r a n g e . It
therefore t u r n s o u t t h a t , w h e r e a s t h e
s t r e n g t h of t h e p h a s e is h m i t e d t o 8 0 ~
100 k s i (550 ~ 690 MPa), t h a t of t h e
p h a s e m a y b e a s h i g h a s 100 ~ 120 k s i (690
~ 825 M P a ) [JAF73 ]. To a first a p p r o x i m a tion, t h e s t r e n g t h s of + alloys a r e a
m i x t u r e - r u l e a v e r a g e of t h o s e of t h e i r cons t i t u e n t s [MAR60, p. 291]. T h e influence of
m i c r o s t r u c t u r e on s t r e n g t h is a subject of
p e r e n n i a l i n t e r e s t [JAF58, p . 149 et seq.]
[MAR60, p . 2 9 1 et seg.][JAF73 ] [CHE80].
T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of + alloys, for
w h i c h t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l process v a r i a t i o n offers a wide r a n g e of m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l s t a t e s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p a r t from
t h e special p r o p e r t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e c i p i t a t e d c<2, t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of
t h e alloys a r e n o t so s e n s i t i v e to micros t r u c t u r e [JAF73 ].
a

A s p o i n t e d o u t above, t h e alloys a r e
u n s u i t e d for l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e applications; b u t w h e r e a s t h e alloys p e r f o r m
satisfactorily a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s t h e i r
mechanical properties decrease rapidly

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e (Fig. 9.1).
S o m e + alloys, s u c h a s Ti-6A1-4V a n d
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV, c a n also be r e g a r d e d a s
h a v i n g p r o p e r t i e s s u i t a b l e for a w i d e
r a n g e of cryogenic a p p l i c a t i o n s [SAL79].
A s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s above
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , since t h e s t r e n g t h s of
t h e all- alloys s u c h a s Ti-5Al-2.5Sn cont i n u e to d e c r e a s e rapidly, t h e s e alloys
m u s t be a b a n d o n e d i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e i n favor of t h e + or
alloys w h i c h a r e c a p a b l e of m a m t a i n i n g
t h e i r s (see Fig. 9.2).
With regard to high-temperature
service, a l t h o u g h all- t e c h n i c a l alloys
s u c h a s - a n d t h e m o r e complex -C
a r e available, g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s of h e a t r e s i s t a n t alloys (e.g., [POS81]) do n o t e m p h a s i z e t h e i r u s e . I n fact, t h e t e n d e n c y is
n o t only t o u s e a n + alloy a t e l e v a t e d
t e m p e r a t u r e s , b u t also t o select o n e w h o s e
low c o n t e n t places i t i n t h e n e a r - category. According t o POSTANS a n d JEAL
[POS81], for e x a m p l e , t h e alloys b e s t
s u i t e d to g a s - t u r b i n e e n g i n e u s e (comp r e s s o r d i s k s a n d b l a d e s ) a r e Ti-8Al-lVl M o (limit 4 0 0 C), Ti-4Al-2Sn-4Mo-0.5Si
(IMI 550, l i m i t 450 C), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo (limit 4 5 0 C), Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2MoO.lSi (limit 510 C), a n d Ti-6Al-5Zr0.5Mo-0.2Si (IMI 6 8 5 , l i m i t 520 C ) .
T h i s c h a p t e r d i s c u s s e s t h e elastic
p r o p e r t i e s ( t h e m o d u l i ) a n d t h e plastic
p r o p e r t i e s ( t h e s t r e n g t h s ) of t i t a n i u m b a s e alloys i n t h a t order. I n so doing, i t
deals with mechanical properties as
m e a s u r e d u s i n g : (1) t h e s t a t i c t e c h n i q u e s
of h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t a n d t e n s i l e
t e s t i n g , a n d (2) t h e v i b r a t i o n a l or acoustic
t e c h n i q u e s of d y n a m i c e l a s t i c m o d u l u s
m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e s t a t i c m o d u l u s is a n
e n g i n e e r i n g n u m b e r . I t is i n t r o d u c e d i n t o
t h i s c h a p t e r i n t a b u l a r form w i t h n o discussion. T h e r e s u l t s of d y n a m i c m o d u l u s
m e a s u r e m e n t l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o discussion in t e r m s of f u n d a m e n t a l alloy t h e o r y
a n d i n t h i s v e i n a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n detail i n
t h e t h i r d section of t h i s c h a p t e r . Two important strengthening mechanismssolution strengthening and precipitation
s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r e r e v i e w e d i n Section
12.8 (see also Section 8.1). H a r d n e s s is
c o n s i d e r e d i n Section 12.9; i t is a m e a s u r e m e n t , s i m p l e to perform, w h o s e r e s u l t s

a r e r e l a t e d t o b o t h elastic m o d u l u s a n d
yield s t r e n g t h . I n t h i s s e n s e it couples t h e
r e s u l t s of t h e p r e c e d i n g t w o sections. It is
logical to describe n e x t s o m e n o r m a l t e n sile p r o p e r t i e s of t i t a n i u m alloys. Accordingly, Section 12.13, u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g
"Tensile S t r e n g t h s of S o m e C o m m e r c i a l
T i t a n i u m Alloys," confines itself t o some
yield-strength temperature-dependence
d a t a for a few r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t e c h n i c a l alloys. T h e c h a p t e r concludes w i t h a brief
s u r v e y of " a n o m a l o u s " t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s ,
viz., t h o s e w h i c h exhibit p r o n o u n c e d dep a r t u r e s from s t r e s s - s t r a i n l i n e a r i t y
a n d / o r reversibility.

Part 1: Elastic Prope

12.2 Static Elastic Moduli
T h e Young's m o d u l u s , E, b e i n g t h e
slope of t h e l i n e a r p o r t i o n of t h e s t r e s s s t r a i n , (), c u r v e m a y b e o b t a i n e d from
t h e r e s u l t s of a s t a t i c or q u a s i s t a t i c (i.e.,
v e r y low frequency) t e n s i l e t e s t . A l t e r n a tively, t h e slope a b o u t t h e origin of ()
m a y b e o b t a i n e d from a m e a s u r e m e n t of
t h e velocity of s o u n d i n t h e s a m p l e v i a a n
a p p r o p r i a t e form of t h e g e n e r a l relationship:
.
.
/modulus
s o u n d velocity = >

density

(Eq 12.1)

"Dynamic moduli" obtained using

s u c h a p p r o a c h e s will b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e
following sections.
R e t u r n i n g to t h e static moduli, the
subject of t h i s section, Fig. 12.1 s e r v e s a s a
r e m i n d e r of t h e definitions of t h e engin e e r i n g q u a n t i t i e s : b u l k m o d u l u s (AO,
s h e a r m o d u l u s (G), Young's m o d u l u s (E),
a n d Poisson's r a t i o (v), w h i c h i n a n isotopically elastic solid (fine, r a n d o m l y t e x t u r e d
grains) are simply related to each other
a c c o r d i n g to:

3 ( 1 - 2 )

(Eq 12.2)

and
G =

2(1 + )

(Eq 12.3)

12. M e c h a n i c a l Properties / 9 5

Table 12.1

Elastic Moduli of Several Commercial Titanium-Base Alloys: Typical Room-Temperature Values [STR82]

Alloy
name

Condition

Nominal composition
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-3A1-2.5V
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-lMo
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-l.5Cr
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr
Ti-6A1-4V

5-2.5
3-2.5
6-2-1-1
8-1-1
Corona 5
Ti-17
6-4

Young's modulus,
Tensile
Compressive
10 psi
10 N/m
10 psi
10 N/m
6

6-2-4-2
6-2-4-6
6-22-22
10-2-3
15-3-3-3
13-11-3
38-6-44
-

20

TiAl

Bulk Modulus,

10.9
10.0
11.6
12.1
10.7-11.7
11.2
11.0
11.4
11.0
11.7
11.4
11.4
10.8
11.0
9.9
9.9
11.0
8.6
11.5
8.3
10.3

15.8
14.5
16.8
17.5
15.5-17.0
16.3
16.0
16.5
16.0
17.0
16.5
16.5
15.7
15.9
14.3
14.3
16.0
12.5
16.7
12.0
15.0

Annealed (0.25-4 h/1300-1600 F)

Annealed (1-3 h)/1200-1400 F)
Annealed (0.25-2 h/1300-1700 F)
Annealed (8 h/1450F)
- annealed after processing
- or processed plus aged
Annealed (2 h/1300-1600 F)

Aged
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Annealed (3 h/1300-1500 F)
Aged
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Annealed (4 h/1300-1550 F)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Annealed (2 h/1500-1600 F)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si - processed plus aged
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Aged
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al
Aged
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Annealed (0.5 h/1400-1500 F)
Aged
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Annealed (0.5 h/1500-1700 F)
Aged
Annealed (0.5 h/1300-1600 F)
Ti-45Sn-6Zr-11.5Mo
Aged

6-6-2

1 0

vol.
5

Shear Modulus, G

1
I

is

Young's Modulus,

E=

So

10
Poisson's Ratio, = - -

20

30

40

Weight Percent Al

Fig. 12.2 Young's modulus , of Ti-Al as a function of

aluminum concentration [FED66, p. 2 0 8 ] .

Fig. 12.1 Standard definitions of the elastic moduli of

polycrystalline solids (see, for example, HAYDEN era/.
[HAY65, p.

23]).

I n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , m e c h a n i c a l properties are e x p r e s s e d i n o n e or m o r e of t h e following u n i t s : k g / m m , N / m , d y n e / c m ,

Mbar, a n d G P a . T h e n u m e r i c a l relationships a m o n g t h e m a r e :
2

=
10 N / m =
10 N / m =
=
=
7

11

1.4504 1 0 ~ k s i
1.0197kg/mm
10 dyne/cm
lOOGPa
IMbar
7

1 2

Table 12.1 is a l i s t i n g of t h e Young's

m o d u l i of s e v e r a l t e c h n i c a l t i t a n i u m - b a s e
alloys.

1 = 1 0 dyne
lN/m = lPa

1 0

15.0
18.0
18.0

10.3
12.4
12.4

16.1
16.6

11.1
11.4

17.5
18.0
18.0
16.1
16.3
15.9
15.2
15.8

12.1
12.4
12.4
11.1
11.2
11.0
10.5
10.9

15.0
11.0
16.0

10.3
7.6
11.0

Shear modulus, G
10 psi
10 N/m
6

1 0

7.0

4.8

3.4
6.7

2.4
4.6

6.1
6.1
6.5
6.5

4.2
4.2
4.5
4.5

6.7

4.6

6.2

4.3

5.8
3.9
5.9

4.0
2.7
4.1

locity, v, a l o n g t h e s a m p l e is controlled
simply b y t h e "static" Young's m o d u l u s , E,
according to , (long w a v e l e n g t h ) =
'jEjpd , w h e r e p^ is t h e density. Torsional
v i b r a t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d for t h e d e t e r m i n a tion of t h e s h e a r m o d u l u s according to
^torsion = V G / p . A commercially available device often u s e d for t h i s t y p e of
m e a s u r e m e n t is t h e " E l a s t o m a t " designed b y F. F o r s t e r (see [ F E D 6 3 ] ) . Alternatively, t h e Marx-oscillator t e c h n i q u e
m a y b e employed. I n r e c e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s of Ti-Nb s a m p l e s u s i n g t h e l a t t e r
m e t h o d [ L E D 8 1 ] , cylindrical-rod specim e n s , a b o u t 5 m m i n d i a m e t e r , w e r e cem e n t e d to a m a t c h e d p a i r of Y-cut, Xplated, r e c t a n g u l a r - r o d 5 0 - k H z q u a r t z
crystals. U s i n g s u i t a b l e electronics, t h i s
t h r e e - c o m p o n e n t composite
oscillator
(the M a r x oscillator) w a s s w e p t in frequency u n t i l t h e half-wave r e s o n a n c e
took place. T h i s w a s d e t e c t e d by a n oscilloscope a n d m e a s u r e d by a frequency m e ter. T h e Young's m o d u l u s could t h e n be det e r m i n e d from t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p :
d

t
G=

12.3 Dynamic Elastic

Moduli: Long-Wavelength
Methods
T h e w a v e l e n g t h s of kHz-frequency vib r a t i o n s p r o p a g a t e d along a m e t a l l i c b a r
or w i r e a r e c o m m e n s u r a t e w i t h i t s l e n g t h .
I n e i t h e r i t s l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) or t r a n s v e r s e
(T) v i b r a t i o n a l m o d e s , since unconstrained stretching and relaxation are
t a k i n g place i n e i t h e r case, t h e w a v e ve-

E =

4p f l

2 2

(Eq 12.4)

w h e r e f is t h e r e s o n a n t frequency of t h e
rod of l e n g t h I.

12.4 Systematic Variation of

Elastic Moduli with
Composition and
Microstructure in TitaniumBase Alloys
U s i n g t h e E l a s t o m a t m e t h o d , FEDOTOV a n d colleagues h a v e m e a s u r e d t h e

E.W. C o l l i n g s

96 / Physical M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Young's a n d s h e a r m o d u l i of n u m e r o u s ser i e s of -stabilized Ti-SM a n d -stabilized

Ti-TM b i n a r y alloys a s functions of composition, h e n c e of c o m p o s i t i o n - r e l a t e d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g r o u p of res u l t s is p r e s e n t e d a n d briefly d i s c u s s e d i n
t h e following t w o sections.
12.4.1 Elastic Moduli of Ti-AI Alloys:
Long-Wavelength Results

T h e Young's m o d u l u s , E, a n d t h e s h e a r
m o d u l u s , G, h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d b y F E DOTOV [FED66] o n a s e r i e s of Ti-AI alloys
w h o s e composition r a n g e 0 t o 4 0 w t % Al
(i.e., 0 t o 5 4 at.%), i n c l u d e s b o t h t h e a p h a s e (T13AI) a n d - p h a s e (TiAl) i n t e r m e t allic c o m p o u n d s . Since 2.6 G (accordi n g t o E q 12., a s s u m i n g 0.3 = const.), i t
is t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e c u r v e s a n d G
versus some common p a r a m e t e r would be
"parallel." T h i s i n d e e d t u r n s o u t t o b e t h e
case, a n d s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s of it a r e p r e s e n t e d below. O n l y o n e of t h e m o d u l i i s
s h o w n i n Fig. 12.2, w h i c h e m p h a s i z e s t w o
i m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t i e s of t h e Ti-AI s y s t e m :
(1) t h e a d d i t i o n of a l u m i n u m i s r e s p o n s i b l e for a r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n m o d u l u s ; a n d (2)
a n o m a l i e s a p p e a r a t compositions corres p o n d i n g t o T i A l (a local m a x i m u m ) a n d
TiAl (a p o i n t of inflexion). S i m i l a r a n o m a lies h a v e also a p p e a r e d i n t h e plot of 0 #
v e r s u s a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n (Fig.
3.15). T h i s modulus-Orj p a r a l l e l i s m i s t o
b e e x p e c t e d i n v i e w of t h e fact t h a t v a l u e s
of Qj) c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e r e s u l t s of
sound-velocity m e a s u r e m e n t s i n t h e
m a n n e r t o b e d i s c u s s e d i n Section 12.6. A s
s u g g e s t e d i n S e c t i o n 3.4.1, t h e a c t u a l or
incipient m a x i m a in a n d are indicative
of t h e lattice stiffening t h a t occurs w h e n
t h e n a t u r a l t e n d e n c y for b o n d directionali t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of Ti-SM alloys " s h a r p e n s u p " i n t h e vicinity of t h e stoichiometric compositions [COL82 ].
2

12.4.2 Elastic Moduli of T i - T M

Alloys: Long-Wavelength Results

T h e - I s o m o r p h o u s Alloys: Ti-V,
T i - N b , a n d T i - M o . U s i n g t h e long-wavel e n g t h t r a n s v e r s e , l o n g i t u d i n a l , a n d torsional r e s o n a n c e s of alloy r o d s , FEDOTOV
a n d colleagues [FED63, F E D 6 4 ,

FED66,

F E D 7 3 ] h a v e m e a s u r e d a s functions of
composition t h e Young's m o d u l i , E, a n d
t h e s h e a r m o d u l i , G, of t h e -isomorphous
alloysTi-V, Ti-Nb, a n d Ti-in b o t h
t h e q u e n c h e d (from 2 4 h / 9 0 0 C) a n d
q u e n c h e d - p l u s - a n n e a l e d (200 h / 7 0 0 C
p l u s 500 h / 6 0 0 C) c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s
for t h e q u e n c h e d alloys a r e d e p i c t e d i n
Fig. 12.3, w h e r e t h e y c a n b e c o m p a r e d
with t h e accompanying equihbrium/nonequihbrium phase diagrams. Immedia t e l y obvious i s t h e e x p e c t e d p a r a l l e l i s m
of t h e composition d e p e n d e n c e s of a n d
G (see Section 12.6). F u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n s

77

10

20

30

40

SOTi

10

20

30

40

50

60 Ti

10

20

30

Weight Percent Solute

Fig. 12.3 Young's modulus, E, and shear modulus, G, as functions of composition-related microstructure in 71-V,
Ti-Nb, and -Mo alloys [FED73].

of t h e figures m u s t b e i n t e r m s of t h e n o n equilibrium phases a a n d a t h e r m a l

w h i c h form o n q u e n c h i n g .
m

Electron/Atom Ratio

A t t e n t i o n i s first of all d r a w n t o t h e t i t a n i u m - r i c h alloys w h o s e s t r u c t u r e s a r e

first a ' a n d t h e n " w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s o l u t e
concentration.* In t h e martensitic reg i m e , e a c h alloy e x h i b i t s r a p i d softening
a s t h e solute c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s . A s s u m i n g t h e c o r r e c t n e s s of t h e d a t a of Tab l e 5.2* (for t h e composition of t h e ' / "
phase boundary), it seems t h a t whereas
t h e c h a n g e from t h e ' t o t h e a " s t r u c t u r e
v e r s u s compodoes n o t i n t e r r u p t t h e E
sition curve for Ti-Mo a n d Ti-Nb, t h e s a m e
is n o t t r u e for t h e Ti-V s y s t e m . Of course,
it w o u l d b e useful t o k n o w t o w h a t e x t e n t
t h e possible e x i s t e n c e of m i x e d p h a s e s
a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e p r e s e n c e of
phaseinfluences t h e u p t u r n shown by
e a c h of t h e c u r v e s .

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40 4.50

400
300

T r a n s f e r r i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e -phase
alloyson t h e r i g h t - h a n d side of e a c h diag r a m a s s o l u t e c o n t e n t is decreased t h e
p h a s e b e c o m e s c o n t i n u o u s l y softer u n t i l
t h e p r o d u c t of t h a t instability, co-phase
precipitation, eventually m a k e s its presence felt b y stiffening t h e l a t t i c e . Accordi n g t o BAGARIATSKH et al.

[BAG59](Table

5.5a), t h e s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s corresponding to which (athermal) phase is

formed o n q u e n c h i n g a r e : Ti-V, 13 a t . % (14
wt%); Ti-Nb, 18 a t . % (30 wt%); Ti-Mo, 4.5
a t . % (8.6 w t % ) . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e i n excell e n t a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e positions of t h e
E- a n d G - m o d u l u s p e a k s .
N u m e r o u s other physical properties
r e s p o n d i n a like m a n n e r t o t h e composit i o n - r e l a t e d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s . Since t h e
Debye t e m p e r a t u r e c a n be synthesized
from t h e macroscopic elastic m o d u l i ( s e e
below), a p a r a l l e l i s m b e t w e e n Or; a n d o r
G i s e x p e c t e d a n d , according t o Fig. 12.4,
is i n d e e d o b s e r v e d . T h e b e h a v i o r of t h e
V i c k e r s - h a r d n e s s c u r v e also exemplifies
t h e connection (to b e c o n s i d e r e d below)

Atomic Percent V
Fig. 12.4 Young's modulus, E, shear modulus, G, Debye temperature, , and Vickers hardness,
as
functions of composition in quenched -V alloys. References: [FED73] (Eand G), [COL84, p. 119] (5-kg diamond-pyramid hardness, H ).
v

among hardness, strength, a n d modulus.

A s s o l u t e c o n t e n t d e c r e a s e s i n t h e bec
field, t h e composition d e p e n d e n c e s of t h e
four p a r a m e t e r s p l o t t e d i n F i g . 12.4 r e s p o n d t o t h e stiffening a n d h a r d e n i n g influences of - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n . O n t h e
a side, only t h e h a r d n e s s d a t a , p a r t i c u m

*The compositions of the 7" boundaries are

given in Table 5 . 2 . There is some disagreement about the existence of a quenched-a"
variant in Ti-V [ W i l 7 3 ] [ F l o 8 2 ] (see Section
5.2.3).

12. M e c h a n i c a l Properties / 9 7

Ti

10

20
30
40
Atomic Percent Nb

50

-vjgar. % Nbs~
34 at. % Nb

200

Heating Rate:

__\5C//77/V7

400

600

800

Temperature, C
Fig. 12.5 Young's moduli, E, of quenched-and-aged
Ti-Nb alloys as a function of metallurgical condition,
(a) Equilibrium transi from standard sources (see Fig.
4.7) and an M line from [JEP70]. (b) Young's moduli of
quenched (from 24 h/900 C and quenched-plusaged (100 h/800 C) + 200 h/700 C + 500 h/600 C)
Ti-Nb alloys [FED73] (see also [FED64]). (C) Change of
modulus in response to heating at the rate of about 6
C/min [FED64].
s

larly a t low s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , e x h i b i t
d e p a r t u r e s from p a r a l l e l i s m i n a m a n i f e s tation of some k i n d of c o m p e t i t i o n b e tween solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g a n d l a t t i c e
softening.
The influence of h e a t t r e a t m e n t o n
m o d u l u s i s c o n s i d e r e d i n F i g . 12.5 w i t h
reference t o t h e e q u i l i b r i u m a n d m e t a stable-equilibrium p h a s e d i a g r a m s of TiNb, c o n s t r u c t e d from d a t a s o u r c e s r e ferred to i n t h e caption. T h e form of t h e
versus composition curve for t h e 2 4 h / 9 0 0
C/WQ alloys h a s a l r e a d y b e e n discussed.
After t h e alloy s e r i e s h a s b e e n a n n e a l e d
according to t h e p r e s c r i p t i o n 2 0 0 h/700 C
+ 500 h/600 C, t h e m o d u l u s w h i c h r e p r e sents e q u i U b r i u m - a p h a s e , n a t u r a l l y follows t h e " a s - q u e n c h e d " d a t a ; t h e s e g m e n t
CD, which is i n t h e 6 0 0 C e q u i l i b r i u m -
field, also follows t h e old d a t a ; w h i l e B-C,
for t h e e q u i l i b r i u m - + field, i s s i m p l y a
"tie-line." T h e t e m p e r a t u r e - t i m e r e s u l t s
are also i n t e r e s t i n g : w i t h a m e t a s t a b l e a l loy, d e p e n d i n g o n t h e decomposition k i netics, a t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e experim e n t m a y also b e a s h o r t - t i m e a g i n g
experiment. F o r e x a m p l e , q u e n c h e d TiNb(18 at.%) possesses a h i g h v o l u m e fraction of p h a s e (Table 5.5); u p o n h e a t ing t h r o u g h 3 0 0 C, solute diffusion b e comes active a n d a d d i t i o n a l i s o t h e r m a l
precipitation t a k e s place, r e s u l t i n g i n a

m o d u l u s p e a k c e n t e r e d a b o u t 4 0 0 C, a n
o p t i m a l t e m p e r a t u r e for i s o t h e r m a l cop h a s e precipitation. A t higher t e m p e r a t u r e s some precipitation commences,
enriching t h e matrix with niobium a n d
l o w e r i n g E, a l t h o u g h w i t h i n t h e 1 h w h i c h
e l a p s e s a s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e is r a i s e d from
4 0 0 t o 8 0 0 C, t h e r m o d y n a m i c equilibrium i s n o t achieved. T h e e x p e r i m e n t ill u s t r a t e s t h e r e l a t i v e l y r a p i d k i n e t i c s of
t h e -phase reaction. T h e equilibrium
s t a t e of t h e o t h e r alloy r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
figure, Ti-Nb(34 at.%), i s + a t r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e . B u t since t h e r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s a r e so sluggish,* t h e p h a s e i s r e tained on quenching a n d t h e experim e n t o n initially q u e n c h e d Ti-Nb(34
at.%) m e a s u r e s t h e a c t u a l 2-modulus
t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e of t h e q u e n c h e d
phase. This t u r n s o u t to be relatively
small.
T h e r e s p o n s e s of t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e -isomorp h o u s Ti-TM alloys (viz., Ti-12V, Ti-17Nb,
a n d Ti-8Mo) t o q u e n c h i n g from v a r i o u s
t e m p e r a t u r e s within t h e interval 600 to
900 C h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d b y J A M E S
a n d M O O N [JAM70]. H a r d n e s s m e a s u r e -

m e n t s a n d t e n s i l e t e s t s w e r e conducted.
Young's m o d u l u s w a s d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g
a n E l a s t o m a t - t y p e of i n s t r u m e n t s i m i l a r
to t h a t e m p l o y e d b y FEDOTOV et al. (see
above), w h i l e t h e i n t e r n a l friction (i.e., t h e
i m a g i n a r y c o m p o n e n t of t h e c o m p l e x e l a s tic m o d u l u s ) w a s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e d e cay t i m e c o n s t a n t of t h e r e s o n a n t v i b r a t i o n s of r o d s . T h e q u a n t i t i e s l i s t e d
g e n e r a l l y t u r n e d o u t t o be s t r o n g l y d e pendent on t h e prequench temperature:
I n Ti-12V, for e x a m p l e , a s t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e w a s d r o p p e d from 8 9 5 t o 6 5 9 C, alt h o u g h t h e h a r d n e s s r e m a i n e d fairly cons t a n t a t a b o u t 200 k g / m m d o w n t o 709 C
( p r e q u e n c h ) , i t rose s t e e p l y t o 4 0 5 k g / m m
a t 700 C, t h e n w e n t o n t o d e c r e a s e m o n o tonically w i t h f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n i n t h e
prequench temperature. The results were
i n t e r p r e t e d i n t h e following w a y : (1) I n r e s p o n s e t o q u e n c h i n g from t e m p e r a t u r e s
above t h e ( a + )/ t r a n s u s , t h e q u e n c h e d
product is ' martensite plus retained int e r p l a t e l e t ; t h e r e s u l t i n g low s t r e n g t h
a n d modulus a r e attributable to stress-ind u c e d m a r t e n s i t i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e
m e t a s t a b l e - p h a s e . (2) W h e n t h e p r e q u e n c h t e m p e r a t u r e is d r o p p e d b e l o w ( a +
)/, - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t h e compon e n t i s r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e o b s e r v e d p r o n o u n c e d i n c r e a s e s i n h a r d n e s s , yield
s t r e n g t h , a n d m o d u l u s . (3) T h e d e c r e a s e
in these quantities with further drop in
prequench t e m p e r a t u r e corresponds to
t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a n e q u i l i b r i u m -
c o m p o n e n t t o o rich t o s u p p o r t a n y cop h a s e precipitation.
2

T h e - E u t e c t o i d A l l o y s : Ti-Cr, TiM n , T i - F e , T i - C o , a n d T i - N i . T h e elastic

p r o p e r t i e s of t h e -eutectoid alloys of t i t a n i u m w i t h first r o w t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s

h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d b y FEDOTOV a n d coll e a g u e s [FED73]. T h e modulus-composit i o n d e p e n d e n c e s of alloys q u e n c h e d from
1000 C a r e i n t e r c o m p a r e d i n Fig. 12.6. A s
before, w i t h d e c r e a s i n g solute c o n t e n t ,
t h e alloys all s h o w a n elastic softening.
T h i s i s followed b y a r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n
stiffness i n t h e composition r a n g e w h e r e
a t h e r m a l p h a s e i s expected. I n t h e
m a r t e n s i t i c r e g i m e , t h e Young's m o d u l u s
composition d e p e n d e n c e s of t h e -eutectoid alloys a r e g e n e r a l l y m u c h s m a l l e r
t h a n t h o s e e x h i b i t e d b y t h e -isomorp h o u s series. Secondly, a t r e n d m a n i f e s t s
itself w i t h i n t h e e u t e c t o i d series. P a r t i c u l a r l y for t h e Ti-Fe, Ti-Co, a n d Ti-Ni trio,
t h e r e l a t i v e l y flat composition d e p e n d e n c e s a r e believed t o b e d u e to d e p a r t u r e s
from t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e m a r t e n s i t i c s t r u c t u r e a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of p a r t i a l decomposition of e i t h e r (1) t h e p h a s e above M or
(2) t h e m a r t e n s i t i c p h a s e below i t d u r i n g
t h e q u e n c h i n g process, a s a r e s u l t of t h e
v e r y h i g h oUffusivities i n t i t a n i u m of iron,
cobalt a n d nickel. T h e special positions occupied by these t h r e e elements, with reg a r d t o diffusivity, h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n disc u s s e d i n Section 3.4.4 (see Fig. 3.20).
s

12.5 Dynamic Elastic

Modulus: Ultrasonic
Methods
12.5.1 Basic T h e o r y

Using ultrasonic techniques i n t h e 20

t o 100-MHz frequency r a n g e it i s possible
t o g e n e r a t e s o u n d w a v e s of w a v e l e n g t h
- 1 0 " m, very m u c h smaller t h a n t h e
p h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s of t h e u s u a l specim e n . B y a p p l y i n g E q 12.1 i n t h e form u - =
VCy/ p ^ t o a s e r i e s of a p p r o p r i a t e l y c u t
m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e s a m p l e s i t i s , i n principle, possible t o s e p a r a t e l y e v a l u a t e t h e ind i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s of t h e 6 x 6 stiffness
m a t r i x * * [Cy] defined by:
4

[a] = [C ][e]
y

(Eql2.5)

where a n d have their usual meanings

of s t r e s s a n d s t r a i n , respectively. Alt h o u g h t h e u l t r a s o n i c m e t h o d s m a y be rep l a c e d b y low-frequency t e c h n i q u e s i n t h e
m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e elastic m o d u l i of
polycrystalline m a t e r i a l s , t h e i r u s e i s alm o s t m a n d a t o r y if t h e elastic m o d u l i of
single c r y s t a l s a r e r e q u i r e d . I n g e n e r a l

*Hence the need for the 500-h equilibration

time at 600 C referred to above.
**Or a compliance matrix, [Sij], may be derived from Eq 12.5 by matrix inversion: [] =
[Sy-].

9 8 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m Alloys

E.W. C o l l i n g s

l i n e a r elastic theory, t h e [Cy] or [ S ] m a y

be r e p r e s e n t e d in Voigt's c o n t r a c t e d n o t a t i o n by t h e 6 6 m a t r i x (Eq 12.6):

Electron/Atom

11 12 13 i

1 4

4.09

4.19

4.28

4.13

4.26

Ratio

4.17

4.39

4.16

4.33

4.16 4.33

15 16

21 22 23 24 25 26
1

31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66
Weight Percent Solute

F o r a c r y s t a l of cubic s y m m e t r y , t h i s r e d u c e s to (Eq 12.7):

Fig. 12.6 Young's moduli, , and shear moduli, G, of -quenched alloys of titanium with the "-eutectoid-forming"
solutes chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel.

isotropic solid C44 = C' (see also [ F i s 7 5 , p .

202]). D e p a r t u r e from isotropy is g a u g e d
b y t h e v a l u e of t h e Z e n e r " a n i s o t r o p y r a tio," A = C44/C'. I n bec s i m p l e m e t a l s , A c a n
be q u i t e l a r g e (for e x a m p l e A ^ = 7.5),
w h e r e a s for t h e bec t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s of
the sixth groupchromium, molybden u m , and tungsten t h e anisotropy ratio
t a k e s o n t h e v a l u e s 0 . 7 1 , 0.72, a n d 1.01,
respectively, [FIS75], i n d i c a t i n g t h e influe n c e of t h e G?-band e l e c t r o n s i n s t a b i l i z i n g
t h e bec l a t t i c e . FlSHER h a s d i s c u s s e d i n det a i l t h e physical significances of A a n d C'
i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o electronic factors w h i c h
g o v e r n bec s t a b i l i t y [FIS70, FIS75]
[KAT79]. H e h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e C44
shears are resisted primarily by nearestn e i g h b o r forces. T h i s e x p l a i n s i t s low valu e s i n s i m p l e m e t a l s (e.g., 0.0065 1 0
N / m for s o d i u m ) [Fis75]. O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , a d d i t i o n a l cohesive c o n t r i b u t i o n s
from d - e l e c t r o n s a r e t h o u g h t t o b e r e s p o n sible i n t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s for t h e obs e r v e d l a r g e v a l u e s of C'. T h e C' m o d u l u s
a p p e a r s t o b e i n t e r p r e t a b l e a s a bee stabili t y p a r a m e t e r ; t h u s , for t h e h i g h l y s t a b l e
bec t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s c h r o m i u m , m o l y b d e n u m , a n d t u n g s t e n , C' 1.5 1 0
N / m , but with decreasing electron/atom
{ela) r a t i o C' d e c r e a s e s rapidly, t e n d i n g t o
zero a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e for alloys w h i c h
p o s s e s s - p h a s e i n s t a b i l i t i e s or t r a n s f o r m
martensitically to hep a t ordinary temp e r a t u r e s [COL73 ]. T h i s c o n t i n u o u s l y dec r e a s i n g bee l a t t i c e s t a b i l i t y w i t h d e c r e a s i n g ela is i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 2.1 w i t h d a t a
for t h e p u r e e l e m e n t s c h r o m i u m , molybd e n u m , a n d t u n g s t e n (group VI); v a n a d i u m , n i o b i u m , a n d t a n t a l u m (group V);
a n d m e m b e r s of t h e alloy s y s t e m s Zr-Nb,
Ti-Cr, a n d Mo-Re. I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e
t h a t C s e e m s to b e a u n i v e r s a l function of
ela [FIS70].

12.6 Ultrasonic
Measurements of the
Macroscopic Elastic Moduli

12.5.2 S t i f f n e s s M o d u l i of C u b i c
Monocrystals

As s h o w n i n m a t r i x 12.7, a cubic
m o n o c r y s t a l is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h r e e fund a m e n t a l stiffness m o d u l i : C
C44, a n d
Ci2- I n practice, t h e first t w o a r e m e a s u r e d directly, w h i l e C12 is o b t a i n e d i n a s sociation w i t h t h e o t h e r s . A n i m p o r t a n t
s h e a r stiffness m o d u l u s is C = {Cn~ Ci2)/2
which, a l t h o u g h it is m a d e u p of t w o of t h e
f u n d a m e n t a l m o d u l i , is a c t u a l l y o b t a i n able directly by e x p e r i m e n t . T h e p r o p a g a t i o n descriptions of t h e u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s
n e e d e d for m e a s u r e m e n t of Cn, C44, a n d
C are:
1 1 ?

C11: a l o n g i t u d i n a l w a v e i n a (100) direction

C44: a t r a n s v e r s e w a v e i n a (100) direction polarized a l o n g (010), or a

t r a n s v e r s e w a v e i n a (110) d i r e c t i o n
polarized a l o n g (001)
C: T h e o t h e r t r a n s v e r s e w a v e i n a
(110) direction, p o l a r i z e d a l o n g (110)

12.5.3 T h e S i g n i f i c a n c e of C for
Transition-Metal Alloys

Since C44 is g o v e r n e d b y t h e t r a n s v e r s e (110) w a v e , (OOl)-polarized, a n d C

b y t h e s a m e w a v e , (llO)-polarized, i n a n

1 1

12.6.1 Isotropic Solid

All p r o p a g a t i o n directions b e i n g
e q u i v a l e n t i n t h e isotropic solid, t h e only
v a r i a b l e s a r e t h o s e e m b o d i e d i n t h e vibrat i o n a l m o d e s t h e m s e l v e s . T h e s e , which
m a y b e e i t h e r t r a n s v e r s e or longitudinal,
call for only two elastic moduli, b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e L a m e p a r a m e t e r s a n d
[JAE62, p. 54]. T h e m o d u l u s for longitudin a l - w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n is + 2 a n d t h a t
for t r a n s v e r s e - w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n is . T h e
macroscopic m o d u l i a r e expressible i n
t e r m s of t h e L a m e p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e foll o w i n g way:

=+-

(Eq 12.9)
E =

9KG

(3 + 2)

3K+G

1 1

(Eq 12.8)

~ 2G

" 2( + )

(Eq 12.10)

(Eq 12.11)

1 2 . 6 . 2 A n A g g r e g a t i o n of C u b i c
Monocrystals: The VRH
Approximation

VoiGT h a s s h o w n how, s t a r t i n g w i t h
t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e elastic
stiffness
m o d u l i , Cy, it is possible t o derive e x p r e s s i o n s for t n e macroscopic s h e a r m o d u l u s ,
Gy, a n d t h e b u l k m o d u l u s , Ky. F o r a m a c roscopically isotropic a g g r e g a t e of cubic
m o n o c r y s t a l s , t h e VOIGT a p p r o a c h yields:
5 G y = C\i C\2 + 3C44

and

(Eq 12.12)

12. Mechanical Properties / 9 9

(Eq 12.13)

3 = C\\ + 2Ci2

I n a p a r a l l e l a n a l y s i s , R E U S S h a s exp r e s s e d t h e macroscopic m o d u l i , n o w GR
a n d K , respectively, in t e r m s of t h e
monocrystalline compliance m o d u l i , S .
T h u s , u n d e r conditions s i m i l a r t o t h e
above:
R

4S 11

GR

4S

1 2

(Eq 12.14)

+ 3S 44

and
1
3K

= S

(Eq 12.15)

+ 2S 12

Next, t h r o u g h t h e application of s o m e
identities c o n n e c t i n g S a n d C i n cubic
crystals, t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e d u c e still
further to:
y

(Eq 12.16)

5Gy = 2C" + 3C44

and
GR "

(Eq 12.17)

c,44

(K) = K

= (K

K )/2

(Eq 12.20)

i n w h i c h t h e HlLL a r i t h m e t i c - m e a n a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n a d o p t e d . After t h i s , w i t h
t h e a i d of E q 12.16 t o
12.18,E andv can
b e c a l c u l a t e d b y m e a n s of E q s . 12.10 a n d
12.11, a n d a D e b y e t e m p e r a t u r e c a n b e obt a i n e d i n t h e m a n n e r t o b e o u t l i n e d below.
H

12.6.3 A n A g g r e g a t i o n of C u b i c
Monocrystals: The V R H G
Approximation for

'-(C

+ 2C )
12

T h e Debye t e m p e r a t u r e , Qj), obtainable e x p e r i m e n t a l l y from t h e lattice cont r i b u t i o n t o t h e l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e specific

heat, m a y be regarded a s t h e u l t i m a t e emb o d i m e n t of all t h e elastic c o n s t a n t s . A N D E R S O N [ A N D 6 3 ] h a s d e s c r i b e d h o w a reliable v a l u e of On for a n elastically isotropic
solid c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e m o d u l i , u s i n g c o m p u t e d v a l u e s of
t h e macroscopic m o d u l i a s a n i n t e r m e d i ate step.

( E q 12.18)

approximations
were,
respectively,
g r e a t e r t h a n a n d less t h a n t r u e polycrystalline m o d u l i , w h i c h w e r e t h e n b e t t e r
represented, in w h a t later became known
as t h e V R H a p p r o x i m a t i o n , b y t h e a r i t h metic m e a n s of t h e s e e x t r e m e s . * T h u s , a s

(K)

( E q 12.21)

i n w h i c h t h e p r o d u c t of t h e first t w o fact o r s (2\is Avogadro's n u m b e r ) i s 2 . 5 1 4

10
cgs u n i t s , pj i s t h e d e n s i t y (g/cm ),
a n d is t h e m e a n a t o m i c w e i g h t of t h e alloy. v (cm/s) i s a n a v e r a g e s o u n d velocity;
i t m a y b e e v a l u a t e d using:**
- 3

summarized by ANDERSON [AND63]:

H

(Gv+G )/2
R

(Eq 12.19)

1(2.
,3
V

_1_
3
V

Table 1 2 . 2

v =
L

(Eq 12.23)

^K+(y )G\/p
3

and
v

= ^lG/p

(Eq 12.24)

w i t h a n d G h a v i n g b e e n c a l c u l a t e d from
t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e elastic m o d u l i u s i n g
t h e p r o c e d u r e s of t h e previous subsection.
[ A N D 6 3 ] t o t h i s V R H - b a s e d m e t h o d of calc u l a t i n g QD, i n recognition of t h e contribut i o n t h a t GlLVARRY h a d m a d e t o t h e s u b ject.

12.7 Monocrystalline Elastic

Moduli of -Ti-TM Alloys
Using techniques such as t h e pulses u p e r p o s i t i o n m e t h o d a n d t h e pulse-echoo v e r l a p m e t h o d [KAT79], FISHER a n d colleagues have measured t h e ultrasonic
e l a s t i c m o d u l i of T i - V [KAT79, KAT79 ], TiC r [Fis70, F i s 7 0 ] , a n d Ti-Nb [REI73J. T h e
r e s u l t s of t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s , t o g e t h e r
w i t h t h o s e of s u b s e q u e n t V R H calculat i o n s of E, a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table 12.2.
Finally, a s a t e s t of t h e applicability of
t h e V R H G m e t h o d , t h e Debye t e m p e r a a

HILL s h o w e d t h a t t h e VoiGT a n d R E U S S

(G) = G

after t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l " a n d "transverse"

velocities VT, a n d vr, respectively, h a v e
b
d e d u c e d from:

T h e title V R H G w a s applied by ANDERSON

T h e e x p r e s s i o n for Or; w h i c h h e recomm e n d e d is:

and
K\T = KR = K

and

(Eq 12.22)

*References to bounds more sophisticated

t h a n VRH are given by LEDBETTER [LED80].
**LEDBETTER [LED80] has recommended t h a t

attempts be made to replace Eq 12.22 with a

more elaborate formula in the interests of obtaining more accurate values of , especially
in cases of large elastic anisotropy.

Monocrystalline Elastic Stiffness Moduli (Elastic Constants) of Ti-V, Ti-Cr, and Ti-Nb

Crystal

Electron/
atom
ratio

Ti-V(29.4at.%)
Ti-V(38.5at.%)
Ti-V(53 at.%)
Ti-V(73 at.%)

4.29
4.39
4.53
4.73

Ti-Cr(6.98 at.%)

4.14

Ti-Cr(6.98 at.%)
Ti-CM9.36 at.%)
Ti-CM 13.81 at.%)
Ti-Cr(28.37 at.%)

4.14
4.19
4.28
4.57

Ti-Nb(40.4 at.%)

4.40

Nb

5.00

Elastic constants(a)
1 0 m~ ( 1 0 dyne/cm ")
Cn
c
C4
10

Condition

11

VRH-calculated
Young's
modulus(b),
,10 NnT
1 0

VRHG-calculated D e b y e
temperature(c)
Molar
Density
weight
g/cm*

QD,K

14.002
14.896
16.760
19.227

3.966
4.095
4.129
4.148

2.026
2.421
3.125
4.060

8.34
9.09
10.09
11.22

48.79
49.07
49.51
50.12

4.929
5.044
5.328
5.640

328
340
355
369

Extrapolated
from > 900 C
to 20 C
Brine quench
Brine quench
Brine quench
Brine quench

12.50

4.10

1.24

7.08

48.19

4.677

305

15.59
13.31
13.99
15.91

5.54
4.27
4.42
4.77

3.67
1.90
2.18
3.25

12.29
8.45
9.08
10.98

48.19
48.28
48.47
49.06

4.677
4.725
4.834
5.027

409
334
345
377

Annealed 65
h/1700 C

15.65

3.963

2.247

8.74

66.08

6.189

291

24.74

2.80

5.69

10.45

92.91

8.578

268

(a) Ti-V data, Katahara et al. [KAT791; Ti-Cr data, Fisher and Dever [Fis70, Fis70al; Ti-Nb data, Reed et al. iREi73]; Nb data, Fisher et aZ.[Fis75a]. (b) Calculated from Eq 12.10 with G and given by Eq 12.19 and 12.20. (c) Calculated from Eq 12.21 with the assistance in turn of Eq 12.22,12.23, 12.24,12.19, and
12.20. In this c.g.s. representation, the Cy-are in dyne/cm . Note: In both (b) and (C),KV = KR are given by Eq 12.18 and Gv and Gi? are given by Eq 12.16 and
12.17.
2

E.W. C o l l i n g s

1 0 0 / Physical Metallurgy of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

t u r e s of a s e r i e s of Ti-Cr alloys w e r e calcul a t e d from t h e m o n o c r y s t a l l i n e e l a s t i c

moduli. T h e experimentally obtained
m o d u l i t h e m s e l v e s a r e p l o t t e d a s funct i o n s of c h r o m i u m composition i n Fig.
12.7(a); t h e V R H G - c a l c u l a t e d Or/s a r e
l i s t e d i n Table 12.2 a n d p l o t t e d i n Fig.
12.7(b). F i g u r e 12.7(c) d i s p l a y s t h e calcul a t e d Or/s alongside t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y
o b t a i n e d a n d empirically e x t r a p o l a t e d
Or/s of a series of Ti-Mo alloys [COL72 ].
T a k e n together, t h e figures i n t e r c o m p a r e
for e a c h alloy s y s t e m t h e m e a s u r e d p r o p e r t i e s of t h e a c t u a l q u e n c h e d alloys w i t h
t h o s e predicted, u s i n g c e r t a i n e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , for w h a t h a s b e e n r e ferred t o a s "virtual-" alloys (i.e., bec alloys o u t s i d e t h e i r compositional r a n g e s of
stability). T h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s
h a v e b e e n described e l s e w h e r e : t h a t for
Ti-Cr i n [ F i s 7 0 ] a n d t h a t for Ti-Mo i n
[COL72 , COL73]. F i g u r e 12.7(c) d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t C v a n i s h e s a n d Or; d r o p s t o
a b o u t 200 (very low for a t r a n s i t i o n elem e n t ) a t a composition v e r y close t o t h a t
at which martensitic transformation
t a k e s place a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e s e
s y s t e m s . T h e - p h a s e p r e c i p i t a t e (a produ c t of t h e p r e c u r s o r i n s t a b i h t y ) , w h i c h
s e r v e s t o stabilize t h e lattice, i s r e s p o n s i ble for t h e stiffening n o t e d a t low v a l u e s of
ela i n C u , C44, a n d Or;.
a

Part

2: Normal

Plastic

Properties

12.8 Strengthening of
Titanium Alloys
A l t h o u g h t h e principles of s o l u t i o n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o full cons i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n of t i t a n i u m e s pecially alloysthe s t r e n g t h s of t h e
h e a t - t r e a t a b l e + a n d alloys t e n d t o b e
d o m i n a t e d b y " m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l effects."
T h e different classes of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e ,
a n d t h e associated m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
o b t a i n a b l e a s a r e s u l t of h e a t t r e a t i n g a
single + alloy, a r e so n u m e r o u s t h a t
s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n s u c h s y s t e m s , for t h i s
r e a s o n alone, e l u d e s f u n d a m e n t a l a n a l y sis. F u r t h e r m o r e , since little i n f o r m a t i o n
is a v a i l a b l e o n t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h alloying elements are distributed between t h e
t w o p h a s e s i n s u c h alloys, i t i s g e n e r a l l y
n o t possible t o apply s o l u t i o n - s t r e n g t h e n i n g principles t o t h e m [ J A F 7 3 , p . 1680].
As a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e s e t w o difficulties,
s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n h e a t - t r e a t a b l e alloys
c a n b e s y s t e m a t i z e d only from a p h e n o menological s t a n d p o i n t .
A

Electron/Atom

12.8.1 Solid-Solution S t r e n g t h e n i n g
4.0

4.2

4.4

Ratio

4.64.0

T h e t w o i m p o r t a n t c l a s s e s of solution
s t r e n g t h e n e r s a r e t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l elem e n t s boron, carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen, a n d s i m p l e m e t a l s s u c h a s a l u m i n u m , gallium, a n d tin. Interstitiale l e m e n t s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t i t a n i u m a n d
other metals h a s been considered exten-

4.2

(b)

c 600

- 500

- 400

sively b y C O N R A D a n d c o l l e a g u e s (see b e -

low). T h e s u b s t i t u t i o n a l
strengtheners, tin, gallium,
cially a l u m i n u m e i t h e r singly
bination, were t h e solutes

stabilizer/
a n d espeo r i n comconsidered

ing [GEG73 ] [COL73 , COL73 ,

B

1|
1

COL75 ,

Solution S t r e n g t h e n i n g b y Stab i l i z e r s . Solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g b y simple m e t a l s w h e n dissolved i n t i t a n i u m c a n

b e q u a l i t a t i v e l y u n d e r s t o o d i n t e r m s of
t h e f o r m a t i o n of s t r o n g , local, a n d direct i o n a l electronic b o n d s b e t w e e n t h e solute
and t h e surrounding titanium atoms. A
m o v i n g dislocation e x p e r i e n c e s a s t r o n g
p i n n i n g force w h e n a s e g m e n t of i t s core
b e c o m e s identified w i t h t h e local e n v i r o n m e n t of t h e S M solute a t o m . G u i d e d b y
t h e r e s p o n s e s t o alloying of physical (electronic) p r o p e r t i e s s u c h a s electrical r e s i s tivity, H a l l coefficient, a n d m a g n e t i c s u s ceptibility, C O L L I N G S a n d coworkers h a v e
a t t e m p t e d a q u a l i t a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n of
t h e n a t u r e of t h e local solute-solvent int e r a c t i o n . A s a r e s u l t , t h e following description h a s e m e r g e d : i n t h e vicinity of
i s o l a t e d T M a t o m s dissolved i n s i m p l e
m e t a l s , t h e a m p l i t u d e s of t h e ri-wavefunct i o n s a r e l a r g e ; t h e s e a r e r e f e r r e d to a s virtual bound states. This picture carries
over t o t h e converse s i t u a t i o n , viz., isol a t e d S M a t o m s dissolved i n t r a n s i t i o n
m e t a l s (in p a r t i c u l a r , t i t a n i u m ) w i t h t h e
r e s u l t t h a t w e a g a i n find m a x i m u m dwavefunction a m p l i t u d e s o n t h e t r a n s i t i o n - m e t a l sites a n d a t e n d e n c y for t h e delectrons t o b e excluded from t h e
S M - a t o m positions. T h i s a v o i d a n c e of t h e
S M a t o m s b y t h e <i-wavefunctions, a p h e nomenon which h a s been demonstrated
e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i n t h e case of V-Al b y V A N
O S T E N B U R G et al. [ V A N 6 4 ] , h a s s e v e r a l
c o n s e q u e n c e s : (1) I t l e a d s t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e alloy a s a "diluted" o r "exp a n d e d " t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l , i n t h i s case t i t a nium. This i n turn, it can be argued,
justifies t h e -stabilizing p r o p e r t y of s u c h
solute a t o m s . ( 2 ) I t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e solu t e a t o m s s h o u l d b e s t r o n g s c a t t e r s of cond u c t i o n electrons., i.e., s h o u l d b e associa t e d w i t h h i g h specific ( p e r a t o m ) solute
resistivities. T h i s h a s i n d e e d b e e n ob-

4.0
400

100

10
20
30 Ti
10
Atomic Percent Cr
Electron/Atom
Ratio
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

Ti

C O L 8 2 ] . Transition elements cannot be

r e g a r d e d a s t r u e solution s t r e n g t h e n e r s of
titanium; naturally they m u s t contribute
s o m e m e a s u r e of s t r e n g t h e n i n g , b u t t h a t
is n o t t h e i r p r i m a r y role.

- 200

- \

d e a l i n g w i t h t h e electronic a n d t h e r m o d y n a m i c a s p e c t s of solution s t r e n g t h e n A

300 &

b y COLLINGS a n d G E G E L i n t h e i r p a p e r s

j[

(0

^ 360

Jf

MS

5 320 :
280

'-

240
-

Directexpe iment
apo/atic in proct 'dures
"Extr
= C I'Ti-Cr) f.toint
.if
J1

Ti I 10
20
30
40
Atomic Percent Cr or Mo

200 -

\f

12

Fig. 12.7 (a) Elastic constants of Ti-Cr [Fis70] extrapolated smoothly to the 5 at.% Cr point (dashed
lines) and thereafter linearly (chain lines), (b) VRHGcalculated 9 's based on the actual and extrapolated
(dashed and chain lines) elastic constants, (c) VRHGcalculated 9 for Ti-Cr compared with the calorimetrically measured and extrapolated 6 's for Ti-Mo; s e e
[COL72] for details.
D

served. T h e r e s u l t s of STERN'S tight-bindi n g t h e o r y of d i s o r d e r e d alloys [STE68],

a u g m e n t e d b y V A N OSTENBURG's experim e n t a l r e s u l t s for a single m e m b e r of t h a t
class, s u g g e s t t h a t i n T i - S M alloys, t h e s,
v a l e n c e electrons of t h e S M a t o m s contribu t e t o a low-lying b a n d . T h e n{E) v e r s u s
picture which t h u s emerges is one in
w h i c h a conduction b a n d ( c e n t e r e d a b o u t
Ep) a n d a v a l e n c e b a n d a r e s e p a r a t e d by a
m i n i m u m i n n(E) (see Fig. 3.5b). T h e lowlying b a n d r e p r e s e n t s covalent b o n d i n g
w h i c h , b e i n g h i g h l y directional, is r e s p o n sible for local lattice stiffening i n t h e dil u t e alloy a n d b u l k stiffeningeven britt l e n e s s i n t h e i n t e r m e t a l l i c compound.
A l t h o u g h s o m e w h a t m o r e refined, t h e
conclusions a r r i v e d a t b y LYE r e g a r d i n g
t h e electronic s t r u c t u r e s of i n t e r m e t a l h c
c o m p o u n d s of t i t a n i u m w i t h t h e e l e m e n t s
carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen b a s e d on t h e
r e s u l t s of b a n d - s t r u c t u r e calculations for

12. Mechanical Properties / 1 0 1

Table 12.3

Solid-Solution Strengthening of Titanium by Transition Elements [HAM78]

1
Solid-solution
s t r e n g t h e n i n g rate,

Ti-Al-

10 N/m
6

Perwt%
Per at.%

l i

Solute element
V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Mo

19
20

21
23

34
39

46
54

48
59

35
43

14
18

27
54

^ Ti-Ga

Atomic Percent Solute

Fig. 12.8 Solid-solution strengthening of titanium with
binary and ternary additions of aluminum and gallium
[CoL75 ].
a

TiC, a r e also i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h
this picture [ L Y E 6 6 ] . Solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g in t e r n a r y solid s o l u t i o n s c a n b e
thought of a s t w o - s t a g e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s
model: s t r e n g t h e n i n g i s d u e n o t only t o
t h e Ti/SMx a n d T i / S M i n t e r a c t i o n s i n
which case a m i x t u r e r u l e ( w e i g h t e d average) would be o b e y e d b u t also t o
S M i / S M i n t e r a c t i o n s w h i c h (for a given
total solute c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) allow t h e
s t r e n g t h of a T i - S M - S M alloy t o b e
g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of t h e s t r o n g e r of TiSM a n d T i - S M . F i g u r e 1 2 . 8 i s a n e x a m ple of t h i s synergistic effect.
Interstitial-Atom Strengthening.
CONRAD a n d coworkers h a v e c o n d u c t e d
a n extensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e influences of t h e so-called " i n t e r s t i t i a l elements"carbon, n i t r o g e n , a n d oxygen
on t h e plastic p r o p e r t i e s of t i t a n i u m
2

[CON67, CON70, C O N 7 5 , C O N 8 1 ] [SAR72]

[ O K A 7 3 ] [TYS75]. A d e t a i l e d s t u d y of t h e
influence of n i t r o g e n , i n p a r t i c u l a r , w a s
u n d e r t a k e n b y O K A et al. [OKA73], w h o s e
r e s u l t s w e r e a n a l y z e d u s i n g t h e conventional activation-energy a p p r o a c h . A n i n t e r c o m p a r i s o n of t h e effects of carbon, n i trogen, a n d oxygen i s p r e s e n t e d i n
[ C O N 7 5 ] , while t h e e n t i r e subject h a s b e e n
reviewed i n [ C O N 8 1 ] . T h e influence of silicon h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d b y FLOWER et al.
[FL073], w h o also a d o p t e d a n activationenergy a p p r o a c h w h e n a n a l y z i n g t h e i r
temperature-dependent
strengthening
data.
A l t h o u g h CONRAD et al. h a v e frequently justified t h e i r r e s u l t s i n t e r m s of
conventional lattice-defect t h e o r y (includi n g t h e size-misfit a n d modulus-defect
formalisms), t h e y h a v e gone o n t o consider t h e effects of "chemical i n t e r a c t i o n "
b e t w e e n t h e solute a n d s o l v e n t a t o m s . I n
doing so, t h e i n t e r a c t i o n m e c h a n i s m w a s
deduced, w i t h t h e a i d of atomic-orbital
theory, t o t a k e t h e form of covalent bonding between t h e interstitial atom a n d t h e

m a t r i x . T h e a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d b y CONRAD
et al. [ S A R 7 2 ] [ C 0 N 7 5 ] r e p r e s e n t s a s a t i s factory unification of c o n v e n t i o n a l a n d
electronic t h e o r i e s , i n t h a t size-misfit a n d
modulus-defect were regarded by t h e m a s
m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of t h e u n d e r l y i n g elect r o n i c i n t e r a c t i o n . T h e w o r d "chemical"
i n v o k e s "alloy c h e m i s t r y " w i t h i t s t h e r m o d y n a m i c (e.g., h e a t s of f o r m a t i o n of t h e
appropriate intermetalhc compounds) as
well a s electronic i m p l i c a t i o n s (e.g., elect r o n e g a t i v i t y difference, covalent bonding, etc.). N o d o u b t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s b y LYE
referred to i n t h e previous subsection
could provide a useful t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s for
t h i s m o d e l of local-covalent-bond-solid solution strengthening.
T h e p i c t u r e of i n t e r s t i t i a l - a t o m h a r d e n i n g t h a t e m e r g e d , especially from t h e
p a p e r b y SARGENT a n d CONRAD [ S A R 7 2 ] ,

w a s formally i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h e
s u b s t i t u t i o n a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g m o d e l of
COLLINGS a n d G E G E L [ C O L 7 5 ] . If differS

e n c e s do exist b e t w e e n i n t e r s t i t i a l a n d
s u b s t i t u t i o n a l solid-solution s t r e n g t h e n ing, t h e y a r e q u a n t i t a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n
c o n c e p t u a l a n d a r e , t h e r e f o r e , t o b e found
i n : ( 1 ) t h e e n e r g i e s of t h e respective coval e n t b o n d s , a n d ( 2 ) t h e diffusivities of t h e
dissolved e l e m e n t s .
S o l u t i o n S t r e n g t h e n i n g b y Trans i t i o n M e t a l s . W h e n t r a n s i t i o n elem e n t s , especially " n e a r b y " o n e s (referring
t o t h e periodic t a b l e ) , a r e dissolved i n t i t a n i u m , t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n of electron s t a t e s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e p r e s e n c e of s i m p l e
m e t a l s a n d i n t e r s t i t i a l s (so-called s,p elem e n t s " ) does n o t t a k e place. To a first a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h e Ti-TM alloy m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a new transition
metal w i t h
p r o p e r t i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y l a t t i c e stabilityappropriate to t h e average group
n u m b e r or e l e c t r o n / a t o m r a t i o . A l t h o u g h
s o m e d e g r e e of solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g i s
i n e v i t a b l y c o n t r i b u t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e of
t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s i n -phase solid solution, t h e d o m i n a n t s t r e n g t h e n i n g m e c h a n i s m s i n s u c h alloys a r e p r e c i p i t a t i o n a l effects (to b e c o n s i d e r e d below). Of course,
i n s m a l l a m o u n t s T M solutes a c t u a l l y
lower t h e m o d u l u s of t i t a n i u m (see F i g .
1 2 . 3 ) . According t o Table 1 2 . 3 , t h e solidsolution s t r e n g t h e n i n g c a p a c i t y of t r a n s i tion m e t a l s is on t h e average about 3 0
M N / m p e r wt%. T h a t of t h e "-isomorphous" early transition elements is about
2 0 M N / m p e r at.%; t h i s is e q u i v a l e n t t o a
u

h a r d e n i n g r a t e of a b o u t 6 k g / m m p e r
a t . % * s o m e w h a t s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e of
t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n a l stabilizers a n d very
m u c h s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e of t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l e l e m e n t s (Table 8 . 2 ) . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,
t r a n s i t i o n e l e m e n t s a r e r e g a r d e d a s "
stabilizers" a n d as precipitation hard e n e r s r a t h e r t h a n a s solid-solution
strengthened.
2

C o n c l u s i o n . Transition elements are

s t a b i l i z e r s of t h e p h a s e i n t i t a n i u m
r a t h e r t h a n s t r e n g t h e n e r s of it. A s for t h e
s t a b i l i z e r s i t m a y b e concluded t h a t
t h e r e i s n o c o n c e p t u a l difference b e t w e e n
t h e w a y s i n w h i c h t h e " s u b s t i t u t i o n a l " elem e n t s a n d t h e " i n t e r s t i t i a l " e l e m e n t s sol u t i o n s t r e n g t h e n t i t a n i u m . I n b o t h cases
t h e m e c h a n i s m consists of t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of local covalent-like b o n d s
whose strengths m a y be gauged by any
o n e of s e v e r a l m e a s u r e s of atomic-interaction strength, such a s electronegativity
difference, h e a t s of solution, h e a t s of form a t i o n of i n t e r m e t a l H c c o m p o u n d s , a n d
so on. T h e difference b e t w e e n i n t e r s t i t i a l and substitutional element strengtheni n g i s principally one of degree. T a k i n g
oxygen a n d a l u m i n u m a s e x a m p l e s , t h e
r a t e s of h a r d e n i n g a t t h e 1 a t . % level a r e
i n t h e r a t i o of 6 . 5 : 1 . T h e h e a t s of f o r m a t i o n
of t h e e q u i a t o m i c c o m p o u n d s , T i O a n d
TiAl, a r e i n exactly t h e s a m e r a t i o [ K U B 5 6 ,
p p . 1 6 0 a n d 4 1 , respectively], while t h e r a tio of t h e GEGEL-calculated electronegativity differences b e t w e e n oxygen a n d titanium and aluminum and titanium,
respectively, is 6 . 6 : 1 [ C O L 7 5 ] . F u r t h e r
c o m p a r i s o n s of t h i s k i n d a r e listed i n Table 8 . 2 .
A

Solution strengthening by interstitial

a t o m s i s chiefly of i m p o r t a n c e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s w h e r e t h e i r diffusivities a r e
low. T h e s a m e i s e v i d e n t l y t r u e , b u t t o a
l e s s e r e x t e n t , for s u b s t i t u t i o n a l (SM) solut i o n s t r e n g t h e n e r s since, a s i s well k n o w n ,
t h e s t r e n g t h s of t h e -solid-solution alloys
decrease rapidly with increasing temp e r a t u r e (Fig. 9 . 1 ) . If s t r e n g t h m u s t b e
m a i n t a i n e d t o h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s , it i s
necessary to introduce
precipitation
s t r e n g t h e n i n g i n t h e form of a - p h a s e
p a r t i c l e s or t h e n u m e r o u s m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l effects available w i t h + alloying.
2

* Assuming that Hv= 3Y"(see Section 12.10).

Next Page
E.W. C o l l i n g s

1 0 2 / P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s

Microstructural
Strengthening
The t e m p e r a t u r e range within which
s o l i d - s o l u t i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g i s fully effect i v e d o e s n o t e x t e n d far above r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h u s , a s i n d i c a t e d i n Fig. 9 . 1 ,
t h e u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of -512 . 5 S n d r o p s 5 0 % upon w a r m i n g from 2 0
t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d t h e n to 6 0 % of
its room-temperature value upon further
h e a t i n g t o 3 7 0 C. As a consequence, alloy
designers h a v e turned to microstructural
effects, i n c l u d i n g precipitation, to e x t e n d
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of t i t a n i u m - b a s e
alloys. S i n c e v e r y h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s e r v ice i s e q u i v a l e n t to long-time aging, t h e
most stable precipitation-strengthened,
h e a t - r e s i s t a n t alloy is o n e t h a t is i n t h e r m o d y n a m i c equilibrium a t t h e service
t e m p e r a t u r e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , considera b l e h o p e w a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e possibility
t h a t t h e CC2 p r e c i p i t a t e i n Ti-AI would t u r n
o u t t o b e a successful dispersion h a r d e n e r ,
c o m p a r a b l e i n i t s properties to t h e '
p h a s e i n n i c k e l - b a s e superalloys. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s d i d n o t t u r n o u t to b e t h e
c a s e , a l t h o u g h t h e possibility of r e d u c i n g
t h e e m b r i t t l e m e n t problems a s s o c i a t e d
with
a2-Ti Al
h a s been
explored
[ H O C 7 3 ] [ H A M 7 8 ] . At t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e ,
h i g h l y a l l o y e d all- alloys a r e n o t only f a r
r e m o v e d f r o m t i t a n i u m - r i c h alloys i n
strength/weight ratio a n d other import a n t ' t i t a n i u m - a l l o y " characteristics, b u t
t h e y a r e a l s o single-phase (i.e., p r e c i p i tate-free) w h e n in thermodynamic equilibrium a t high temperatures. Consequently, t h e t e n d e n c y h a s b e e n t o t u r n t o
+ alloys, a n d n e a r - o n e s a t t h a t , for
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e service. A s i n d i c a t e d i n
t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to t h i s section, w h e n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g is d u e p r i m a r i l y t o t h e
p r e s e n c e of a complicated m i c r o s t r u c t u r e
i n v o l v i n g n e t w o r k s of interfaces b e t w e e n
finely d i v i d e d a n d p h a s e s , a n d p r e c i p i t a t e s w i t h i n t h e m , t h e c a t e g o r i z a t i o n of
strengthening
sources
is
generally
t r e a t e d p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l l y (i.e., i n t h e
form of a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e f e a t u r e s p r e s e n t ) r a t h e r t h a n mechanistically. I t i s o n l y
fair t o s t a t e , however, t h a t w h e n e v e r p o s sible s e r i o u s a t t e m p t s a r e m a d e t o a n a lyze t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g processes i n t e r m s
of w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d m e c h a n i s m s s u c h a s :
3

(1) d i r e c t dislocation-particle i n t e r a c t i o n ,
(2) c o h e r e n c y s t r a i n s b e t w e e n a n d
p h a s e s , a n d (3) coherency s t r a i n s b e t w e e n
t h e precipitate and the matrix. The work
of R H O D E S a n d PATON [ R H 0 7 7 ] is a n excel-

l e n t e x a m p l e of t h i s .
I t i s clear, i n light of t h e foregoing r e m a r k s , t h a t m a n y of t h e sections of C h a p t e r 7 ("Aging") could be r e c a s t i n t h e f o r m
of a d i s c u s s i o n of "Precipitate S t r e n g t h e n i n g . " T h e r e i s n o n e e d t o do t h i s h e r e ;
h o w e v e r , a s u m m a r y will b e p r e s e n t e d ,
b a s e d o n t h e c o n t e n t s of e a r l i e r c h a p t e r s ,

of t h e p r e c i p i t a t e s which h a v e b e e n i n d u c e d t o form i n + a n d alloys d u r i n g

a t t e m p t s to increase their strengths a n d
s e r v i c e - t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s while r e t a i n i n g t h e i r ductilities.
W h e n q u e n c h e d , solute-lean p h a s e s
yield a m a r t e n s i t i c s t r u c t u r e d e s i g n a t e d
"> d e p e n d i n g o n t h e
', o."iean + "rich,
s t a r t i n g composition (see, for e x a m p l e ,
Section 5.2.5). D u r i n g aging, all f o r m s r e s u l t i n -phase precipitation. I s o t h e r m a l
f o r m s d u r i n g t h e aging of q u e n c h e d
within a n appropriate time-temperature
f r a m e (Section 7.2). T h i s is r e s p o n s i b l e for
a n i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h a t t h e e x p e n s e of
ductihty. B y acbninistering a s h o r t h i g h e r temperature heat treatment, the phase
c a n b e i n d u c e d t o r e v e r t t o a l e a n - (')
p r e c i p i t a t e , stable u p o n recooling. T h i s
confers o n t h e alloy a s t r e n g t h g r e a t e r
t h a n t h a t of t h e original q u e n c h e d , b u t
w i t h o u t t h e b r i t t l e n e s s associated w i t h
t h e o r i g i n a l p h a s e (Section 7.5). T h e '
c a n also b e t h e source of a fine d i s p e r s i o n
of - p h a s e precipitation, w h i c h also
s t r e n g t h e n s t h e alloy w i t h o u t e m b r i t t l i n g i t (Section 7.5). I n some t e c h n i c a l a l loys, t h e + > ' + reaction m a y n o t
p r o c e e d t o completion w i t h i n a r e a s o n a b l e
time; t h e remaining phase then contribu t e d s t r e n g t h while t h e i n c r e a s e d v o l u m e
fraction of p h a s e e n s u r e s ductility (Sect i o n 7.14.1). Various h e a t t r e a t m e n t s , a d m i n i s t e r e d t o alloys w i t h a n d w i t h o u t
cold w o r k , a r e possible. Their r e s u l t s h a v e
also b e e n considered i n Section 7 . 1 4 . 1 .
T h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t of + alloys, a t t e m p e r a t u r e s above t h e co-reversion h m i t ,
will c a u s e - p h a s e precipitation t o t a k e
p l a c e i n t h e vicinity of t h e sites (Section
7.4.3). T h i s fine dispersion of p h a s e
w h i c h r e s u l t s is also a n effective
s t r e n g t h e n e r . H e a t t r e a t m e n t of m e t a s t a b l e j u s t o u t s i d e t h e + field will
stimulate t h e phase-separation reaction
a n d r e s u l t i n a m o d u l a t e d s t r u c t u r e , ' +
. U n d e r h e a t t r e a t m e n t , t h e ' c a n a l s o b e
t h e s i t e of fine - p h a s e precipitation, w i t h
beneficial r e s u l t s (Section 7.4.2). I n t e c h n i c a l alloys s u c h a s -C, t h e ' > r e a c t i o n i s c o m p l i c a t e d a n d in fact will yield
t w o t y p e s of p h a s e , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e
h e a t t r e a t m e n t t i m e / t e m p e r a t u r e condit i o n s . B y a d j u s t i n g t h e aging p r e s c r i p t i o n
i t i s possible t o "fine-tune" t h e - p h a s e
a

m o r p h o l o g y ; t h u s a s RHODES a n d P A T O N

[RHO] discovered, i n -C t h e b e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of s t r e n g t h a n d ductility r e s u l t e d

from t h e p r e s e n c e of large n o n c o h e r e n t
so-called "Type-2" - p h a s e p a r t i c l e s (Sect i o n 7.14.3).

12.9 Hardness
12.9.1 Vickers H a r d n e s s Test

T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of h a r d n e s s is a
s i m p l e b u t useful t e c h n i q u e for c h a r a c t e r i z i n g m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d invest i g a t i n g p h a s e s i n q u e n c h e d - a n d - a g e d alloys. Conventional t e c h n i q u e s c u r r e n t l y
i n u s e for m e a s u r i n g h a r d n e s s , a s well a s
t h e history of t h a t t e s t , a r e fully discussed
by

HANKE

[HAN54].

In

the

Vickers

method, a weighted square pyramid, usua l l y of d i a m o n d , i s allowed t o r e s t for a

specified l e n g t h of t i m e o n a polished surface of t h e specimen. Since t h e a r e a of t h e
i m p r e s s i o n ( m e a n d i a g o n a l , d, m m ) is prop o r t i o n a l to t h e l o a d (L, kg), a load-indep e n d e n t h a r d n e s s n u m b e r c a n b e formed
from t h e q u o t i e n t Lid . According t o t h e
Vickers prescription, Hy = 1.8544 Lid .
T h u s , for e x a m p l e , a 5-kg l o a d r e s t i n g on a
surface of Vickers h a r d n e s s Hy = 150
k g / m m will p r o d u c e a 0 . 2 5 - m m (diagon a l ) i m p r e s s i o n ( a s i n t h e s t u d i e s of Ti-V
a n d Ti-Nb referred t o i n F i g 12.9).
2

Of course if i t i s d e s i r e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e individual g r a i n s of a fine-grain polycrystalline s a m p l e , m i n i a t u r i z e d versions
of t h e t e s t s a r e n e e d e d . U s i n g for e x a m p l e
t h e Leitz Miniloader, l o a d s i n t h e r a n g e of
2 5 t o 100 g p r o d u c e m e a s u r a b l e i m p r e s s i o n s less t h a n 10 across. Since s a m p l e s m o u n t e d a n d polished for optical
m e t a l l o g r a p h y a r e ideally p r e p a r e d for
h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t , t h e t w o investigations are frequently associated with
e a c h other i n s t u d i e s of p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d
a g i n g . A l t h o u g h v e r y useful i n t r a c i n g t h e
c o u r s e of a n a g i n g r e a c t i o n , for e x a m p l e ,

\i
/
f"

77- \ I

Ti

Ti-Nl )
""o

20
30
40
Atomic Percent Solute

50

Fig. 12.9 Vickers hardness (5-kg load) of -quenched

Ti-V and Ti-Nb alloys as a function of solute concentration and (by implication) concentration-controlled
microstructure [COL84, p. 138].

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I Titanium Data Sheets

High-Purity T i / 1 2 5

| High-Purity Ti
Common Name: Iodide or electrolytic Ti
UNS Number: Unassigned

Density, p h a s e : 4 . 5 1 g / c m (0.163 l b / i n . ) a t 2 0
C. p h a s e : 4.35 g / c m a t 8 8 5 C (1625 F) from indirect m e a s u r e m e n t s (0.157 l b / i n . )

H i g h - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m h a s o n e - h a l f t h e oxygen
c o n t e n t a s c o m m e r c i a l l y p u r e ( A S T M g r a d e 1) t i t a n i u m . H i g h - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m i s p r o d u c e d from a special g r a d e of t i t a n i u m sponge (<0.1 w t % oxygen).
Chemistry. High-purity titanium generally
h a s o x y g e n c o n t e n t s of a b o u t 5 0 0 p p m or l e s s . Electrolytic m e t h o d s a r e being used to produce a very
h i g - p u r i t y t i t a n i u m s p o n g e o n a p i l o t - p l a n t scale.
P r o d u c t F o r m s . Pure titanium is supplied a s
single crystals, crystal b a r s , a n d polycrystalline
w r o u g h t forms.

P r o d u c t C o n d i t i o n s . Cold w o r k e d , s t r e s s r e lieved, a n n e a l e d
A p p l i c a t i o n s . Typical u s e s i n c l u d e experimentation and research, commercial applications
r e q u i r i n g m i n i m u m i n t e r s t i t i a l alloying e l e m e n t s
(oxygen, n i t r o g e n , c a r b o n , a n d h y d r o g e n ) .
Specifications a n d C o m p o s i t i o n s , (see t a b l e )

High-purity Ti compositions
Specification
designation

Form(s)

0.008
Typical %, electrolytic Ti
Crystal bar 0.001
Typical %, Iodide Ti
IMI 110,maxwt%
Sheet
0.02

Cu

Fe

0.004
0.037
0.007
0.002 0.03-0.06 < 0.001
0.005
0.05
0.02

0.004

Mn

Sn

0.009 <0.001 <0.020

0.002 0.003 0.001
0.025 0.05
0.02

Si

Zr

0.002
0.005
0.02

< .001
0.050

Mg

CI

0.073 <0.001
0.002 0.003

Tibal

99.837
99.87

Summary of Physical Properties

Ionization potentials

Atomic
Properties

Atomic Number: 22
A t o m i c W e i g h t : 4 7 . 8 8 o n c a r b o n scale (47.88
g/mole)
Electron Structure: I s , 2 s , 2 p , 3 s , 3 p ,
3d , 4 s
2

Ion

Ti
Ti++
+

T i

Electrical/
Magnetic
Properties

Electrical/ Electronic Properties

Electrical resistivity(a)
High purity
Commercial purity
Superconductivity, critical temperature
Hall coefficient

42
55 cm
0.37 to 0.56
+ 1.82 0.2x10"-13

Work function
Band width (from soft X-ray spectra)
Electronic specific heat

volt cm/amp/oersted
4.17 eV
6.0 + 0.5 eV
S.OOxlO-^carC-mole

+++

Outer

Ionization

electrons

potential,V

3d24s
3d
3d

6.83
13.63
28.14

Magnetic Properties

Magneto-resistance coefficient
Magnetic susceptibility
Relative magnetic permeability

6.6xl0" /oersted
3.17 x 10" (+ 0.03 X lO^empgram
1.00005
13

Source: Lepkowski and Holladay, TML Report No. 73, Battelle,

1957

(a) Room-temperature propertites iodide titanium or relatively

pure commerical titanium with a rninimum yield strength of275 to
380 mPa (40 to 55 ksi). Source: Lepkowski and Holladay, TML ReportNo. 73, Battelle, 1957. See subsequent sections of this
datasheet for additional data on electrical resistivity and other
physical properties.

Mass
Properties

C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y . 0.80 1 0 c m / k g f a t r o o m
temperature
Density, p h a s e , 4.507 g / c m a t 2 0 C
p h a s e , 4.35 g / c m a t 885 C
- 6

L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r s o f a : c = 0.468 n m ;
a = 0.295 n m
L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r s o f : =0.332 n m a t 9 0 0 C

126 / Titanium Data Sheets

Sonic velocities in pure titanium

Velocity of sound, km/s (ftVs), for;
Longitudinal Transverse
(Compressive)
(Shear)
Surface
waves
waves
waves

Sample
description
UnaUoyed Ti (density unspecified)
Iodide titanium (crystal bar, 4.5 g/cm )

~5(a)(16 390)
6.05(19 850)

Commercially pure titanium (4.5 g/cm )

3

6.10(20000)

...
3.1 (10 170)
3.12(10235)

...
...

Reference
Fusfeld and Gilbert, P/iy./tev., Series 2, Vol 77,1950, 302-303
Fisher and Manghnani, 7. Phys. Chem. Solids,Vo\ 32,
1971, 657-667

2.79(9150)

9 Metals Handbook, Vol 17,p235

(a) As reported by Lepkowski and Holladay (TML Report No. 73, Battelle, 1957) without specification of waveform type

Nuclear
Properties

T h e r m a l N e u t r o n Cross Section. The abs o r p t i o n c r o s s section for t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s i s

a b o u t 5.6 0.4 b a r n s (0.070 c m / g ) for t h e n o r m a l l y
o c c u r r i n g isotopic m i x t u r e of m e t a l l i c t i t a n i u m .
S c a t t e r i n g cross s e c t i o n s for n a t u r a l i s o t o p e s a r e :

Stable isotopes of titanium

Isotope

Natural
abundance, %

Cross section,
b(a)

7.95
7.75
73.43
5.51
5.34

0.6
1.6
8.0
1.8
0.2

46
47
48
4*n
50n
TI
TI
TI

(a) b, barns. Source: The Reactor Handbook,Vol I, Atomic Energy

Commission, AECD 3645,1955, 352

Surface
Properties

S u r f a c e T e n s i o n . 1.2 N / m ( 1 2 0 0 d y n e s / c m )
W o r k F u n c t i o n . T h e w o r k function is t h e e n e r g y n e c e s s a r y t o r e m o v e a n e l e c t r o n from t h e s u r face a n d i s h i g h if t h e cohesive e n e r g y is h i g h . T h e
w o r k function is also affected b y o x i d a t i o n or o t h e r

surface l a y e r s . R e p o r t e d v a l u e s r a n g e from 3.95

0.02 e V t o 4.45 0.05 e V (W. L e p k o w s k i a n d J . Holladay, T M L R e p o r t N o . 7 3 , B a t t e l l e , 1957).
T o t a l H e m i s p h e r i c a l E m i t t a n c e . 0.30 a t 710
C

Optical constants and reflectance of titanium

Wavelength,

Refractive index
()

Absorption coefficient
(k)

2.04
2.53
2.64
3.03

2.85
3.33
3.42
3.65

436
546
578
650

Reflectance (R)
c a l c u l a t e d / ^ (a)
53.0
57.0
57.0
59.0

Reflectance (R)
measured,% (a)
51.3
55.8
56.5
58.5

(a) R - reflectance for normal incidence. Source: W.J. Lepkowski and J. W. Holladay, TML Report No. 73, Battelle, 1957, 67

Thermal
Properties

M o r e d e t a i l e d a s s e s s m e n t s of t h e following
t h e r m a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e g i v e n i n s u b s e q u e n t sect i o n s of t h i s d a t a s h e e t .
M e l t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e . 1670 5 C
B o i l i n g P o i n t . 3 2 6 0 C ( e s t i m a t e d )
V a p o r P r e s s u r e . F r o m 1587 t o 1 6 9 8 K:
l o g P = 7.7960

24 644

-0.000227

w h e r e is i n P a a n d is i n
P h a s e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e , to
, 8 8 2 2 C ( 1 6 2 0 F)

C o e f f i c i e n t o f T h e r m a l E x p a n s i o n . At 20
C, 8.41 l O ^ C
S p e c i f i c H e a t . 523 J/kg C a t room temperature
Latent Heat of Fusion. -292 kJ/kg
L a t e n t H e a t o f T r a n s f o r m a t i o n . - 8 5 kJ/kg
(estimated)
L a t e n t H e a t o f V a p o r i z a t i o n . 9.83 J / k g
(estimated)
T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y . - 1 7 W / m C a t room
t e m p e r a t u r e (see t h e section " T r a n s p o r t P r o p e r t i e s " for a m o r e d e t a i l e d a s s e s s m e n t ) .

Phases and Structures

Transition
Temperatures

B e t a Transus. At atmospheric pressure, titan i u r n h a s t h e cc(cph) s t r u c t u r e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e

a n d t r a n s f o r m s a t 8 8 2 2 C ( 1 6 2 0 3.5 F) t o t h e
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e P(bcc) s t r u c t u r e . T h e a s s e s s e d

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of 8 8 2 2 C is b a s e d
o n p h a s e d i a g r a m d a t a for b i n a r y Ti s y s t e m s (see
figure for T i - 0 s y s t e m ) a s well a s on direct m e a s u r e m e n t s (see t a b l e ) . W h e n alloys of h i g h p u r i t y

High-Purity T i / 1 2 7

Pure titanium: Effect of oxygen on - phase boundaries

2000

5
1 " - r

Oxygen, wt%
6

1600r-

"*

"~~~^2TC

()

cn

r/o

12

--

3000

H2500

H2000

tr

800

y
If

1200r-

53Bum
55Sch
50Jaf
54Kub
78Tet
51 Jen
54Was

+
X

Jo
/ *

"

11

Sources:

1670C

10

( Ti)
a

882 C

10

15
Oxygen, at%

20

25

30

See reference for full citations of data sources.

Source: J. Murray, Ed., Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1987, 214

Effect of iron on M and reversion () temperatures

s

Iron, wt%
3

LIVE GRAPH

900

Click here to view

1600

()

1400
700
1200
Sources:
jo 500|

I-

H000 3

53Duw, M
60Gri, M
60Gri,
63Kan, M
80Yam, M
80Yam,
s

800

3001

(-

H600

H400

(aTi) + TiFe
100
Iron, at.%
Full citations of data sources are given in the figure reference.
Source: J. Murray, Ed., Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1987, 104

a r e u s e d , ()/($) p h a s e b o u n d a r y d a t a a r e cons i s t e n t l y found t o e x t r a p o l a t e t o 8 8 2 C a t p u r e Ti.

T h e effect of o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s t o r a i s e t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . V a l u e s a s h i g h
a s 9 0 0 C h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n s t u d i e s of b i n a r y
s y s t e m s , a n d t h e e x i s t e n c e of a n a p p r e c i a b l e t w o
p h a s e a T i + r e g i o n i n a p p a r e n t l y p u r e Ti w a s
due to contamination b y and/or N .
M a r t e n s i t e - S t a r t T e m p e r a t u r e . Above a
critical cooling r a t e of 3 0 0 0 C/s (5400 F/s), t h e
() <- (aTi) t r a n s i t i o n i s diffusionless (i.e., e i t h e r
martensitic or massive i n mechanism). F o r unalloyed t i t a n i u m , t h e m a r t e n s i t e - s t a r t ( M ) t e m p e r a t u r e i s i n f l u e n c e d b y oxygen a n d i r o n c o n t e n t s
(see t a b l e a n d figure).
s

Martensite-start temperatures of Ti-0 alloys

M
C o m p o s i t i o n , at.^

0
0.6
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.5

temperature

802 10
836
861
901(a)
849
832

1475+ 18

(a) The maximum in M at about 1 at.% was not explained.

Source: M. Cormier and F. Claisse,"Beta-Alpha Transformation in
Ti and Ti-O Alloys,"J. Less-Common Met.,Vol 34,1974, 181-189
s

128 / Titanium Data Sheets

Lattice
Parameters

Lattice Parameters of Pure Titanium.

P u r e t i t a n i u m h a s a c:a r a t i o of 1.587, w h i c h i s sign i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t for o t h e r h e x a g o n a l m e t als such a s m a g n e s i u m , zinc, a n d cadmium. Lattice p a r a m e t e r s a r e influenced by interstitial
i m p u r i t i e s (such a s oxygen, principally) a n d t e m p e r a t u r e ( s e e figures). R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e l a t t i c e
p a r a m e t e r s (see t a b l e ) i n c l u d e m e a s u r e m e n t s o n
e x c e p t i o n a l l y p u r e t i t a n i u m (90 t o 4 0 0 0 a t . p p m O)
b y M . D e c h a m p s et al., Scr. Metall., Vol 11, 1 9 7 7 ,
9 4 1 - 9 4 5 (77 Dec). R e s u l t s w e r e e x t r a p o l a t e d t o
zero content a n d a r e accepted.
L a t t i c e P a r a m e t e r o f Q u e n c h e d Titan i u m , a = 0 . 2 8 1 3 r u n a n d c = 0.4625 n m .

Experimental determinations of the <-> aTi Transformation Temperature

Transformation
temperature
(IPTS-68),C
883
882 + 4
881
883 2
882
-882
882 + 2
893 6
883 2
882 2

Reference(a)
|51Mcq]
[51Duw]
[52Kot]
[57Scol
[67Rud]
[74Cor]
[76Etc]
[78Ccz](b)
[84Mcal
Assessed

Experimental
technique
Hydrogen pressure
Cooling curve
Drop calorimetry
Adiabatic calorimetry
DTA
Electrical resistivity
DUatometry
Pulse heating and resistivity
DTA (cooling, heating)

(a) Full citations given in Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Al-

loys, ASM International, 1987, 1-4. (b) The transformation temperature value reported by [78Cezl is considered incorrect due to
the use of pulse heating (2500 to 2700 C/s).

Pure titanium: Effect of temperature on a

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
1800

Temperature, F
2000
2200
2400

2600

0.334
Room-Temperature Lattice Parameters of aTi

Reference(a)
[49Clal
[49Grc]
[50Fin]
[55Sza]
[59Spr]
[62Woo]
[68Paw]
[68Sch]
[77Dec]

Lattice parameters, nm
a

Temperature,
C

0.29504
0.29450
0.29504
0.29506
0.29506
0.29511
0.29508
0.29503
0.29512

0.46833
0.46845
0.46834
0.46788
0.46797
0.46843
0.46855
0.46810
0.46826

25 2
25
RT
25
22
252
28
20
21 1

0.332

0.331
900

(a) Citations listed in Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys,

J.L. Murray, Ed., ASM International, 1987, 1-5

Source: J.L Murray and H.A. Wriedt, Titanium, Phase Diagrams of

Binary Titanium Alloys, J.L. Murray, Ed., ASM International, 1-5

Pure titanium: Effect of oxygen on lattice parameters

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 0.298

0.495
^

E 0.297
co 0.485|

0.296h

to

.
5

0.295

+
x

Sources:
60Mak
59Gup
73Gar
70Yam
69Yam
70Jos
61 Was

CD
o 0.475

0.465

0.294

10

(a)

1500

1300
1100
Temperature, C

20
Oxygen, at.%

30

(b)

(a) Lattice parameter a. (b) Lattice parameter c

Source: Citations for the data sources are listed in Phase Diagrams of Binary nanium Alloys, ASM International, 1987, 211 -229

40

High-Purity T i / 1 2 9

Effect of temperature on lattice parameters

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Temperature, F
1000

Click here to view

Temperature, F
1000

2000

0.474

0.298

0.297

0.470h

0.296

AD

0.468r-

0.295

0.466|
-200

0.294
-200

200

600
1000
Temperature, C

1400

(a)

x
+

Q L J

0
D

200

Sources:
62Woo
77Dec
6

59Spr
68Sch

600
1000
Temperature, C

1400

(b)

Source: Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1987

Phase Diagrams
PressureTemperature
Phase
Diagram

LIVE GRAPH

Equilibrium crystal structure of pure titanium

40

Click here to view

Pressure, kbar
80

120

1000 882 C
]

160

"2032

800rH1532

600r1032
01

P. 400r75Zil
65Bun
63Jay

200r-

5 3 2

32
16
Pressure, GPa
Full citations of data sources are given in the figure reference.
Source: Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1987, 2

130 / Titanium Data Sheets

Phase

Selected
Binary
Diagrams

Low temperature solubility limit for hydrogen in high purity titanium

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

600

500L_

Single phase alpha

Alpha plus hydride
Alpha plus transformed beta

Alpha + beta

400p

5 300

200
Alpha + hydride
1OOkfc

4
5
6
Atomic Percent Hydrogen

10

High-purity iodide titanium. The solubility of hydrogen in titanium decreases from about 8 atomic pet at 300 C to about 0.1 atomic pet at room
temperature, the decrease in solubility being greatest down to 125 C.
Source: G.A. Lenning, CM. Craighead, and R.I. Jaffee, Constitution and Mechanical Properties of Titanium-Hydrogen Alloys, Hydrogen Damage,
CD. Beachem, Ed., American Society for Metals, 1977, 100

T i - 0 phase diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Source: J.L. Murray and H.A. Wriedt, 1987

High-Purity T i / 1 3 1

Damping Properties
Internal
Friction

A Q v a l u e of 1.5 1 0 for s t r a i n a m p l i t u d e s
of 1 0 t o 1 0 i s a r e p o r t e d e s t i m a t e of p u r e t i t a n i u m i n t e r n a l friction a t a n unspecified t e m p e r a t u r e . R e l a x a t i o n s p e c t r a of p u r e t i t a n i u m ( s e e figure) reveal a small p e a k in stress relaxation a t
a b o u t 6 0 0 C ( 1 1 0 0 F) for s m a l l - g r a i n e d specimens. This peak is found at higher t e m p e r a t u r e s
_ 1

- 6

- 4

- 3

a s o x y g e n levels i n c r e a s e . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of oxyg e n a l s o r e s u l t s i n t h e a p p e a r a n c e of a v e r y s m a l l
a d d i t i o n a l r e l a x a t i o n p e a k a t a b o u t 4 5 0 C (850
F). A t t e m p e r a t u r e s well a b o v e t h e 4 5 0 C p e a k ,
i n t e r n a l friction i n c r e a s e s a s o x y g e n l e v e l s increase.

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Click here to view

Pure titanium: Internal friction

Effect of oxygen on internal friction

Temperature, C
595
r

840
0.025

0.008

0.090I

350
0.3

0.020 h

o 0.006h
15 at.%
3.5at.%
4.5at.%

.9 0.004

0.5 Hz
0.002

0.060

0.010

0.030

0.005 =
0.000
1.3

1.4 1.5
1/7, 10~ K

$_
Mean grain
V* diameter = 0.019 mm
VV
/
\\{

0.5 Hz
\\

1 Hz

0.015

0.000

Very large
grains

H0.1

V
0

0.9

1.8

\
1.1

1.3
1.2
1/ 7, 10 K '

1.4

1.5

1.6

tan = logarithmic decrement/.

Small-grained specimens (0.019 mm mean diam) were tested at vibration frequencies of 0.5 Hz an 1 Hz, while the large-grained specimen was tested at 0.5 Hz.
Source: J.N. Pratt et al., Acta Metall., Vol 2,1954, 203-208

tan = logarithmic decrement/.

Source: J.N. Pratt era/., Acta Metall., Vol 2,1954,, 203-208

Elastic Properties
B e c a u s e of t h e a ( h c p ) s t r u c t u r e of t i t a n i u m ,
elastic p r o p e r t i e s d e p e n d on t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e
t i t a n i u m c r y s t a l s a n d t h e t e x t u r e of p o l y c r y s t a l line t i t a n i u m . I n t e r s t i t i a l i m p u r i t i e s (e.g. o x y g e n

a n d nitrogen) a n d residual stress c a n also h a v e a

s l i g h t influence o n elastic c o n s t a n t s .

Elastic constants of HCP titanium single crystals

E l a s t i c stiffness (C constants)
C-Constant

Elastic c o m p l i a n c e s (S constants)
10 psi
b

22.33
12.47
9.74
26.54
6.71

GPa
153.97
85.98
67.16
183.0
46.27

S-Constant

10" i n . / l b f
7

10

1 2

m /N

Si,

0.688

Sl2

-0.325

Sl3
S33
S44

^.71

-.133

-1.93

9.98

0.476

6.90

1.475

21.4

Source: J. W. Flowers, Jr.,K.C. O'Brien, and P.C. McEleney,"Elastic Constants of Alpha Titanium Single Crystals of 25 C," J. Less-Common
Metals, 1964,p 393-395,E.S. Fisher and D.J. Renken,"Single-Crystal Elastic Moduli and the HCP-BBC Transformations in Ti,Zr,and Hf,"
Physical Review, 135 (2A),1964, 482-494

132/Titanium Data Sheets

Single-crystal titanium: Effect of temperature on elastic stiffness moduli ( o c o n s t a n t s )

11
Temperature
C

4
23
73
123
173
223
273
298
323
373
423
473
523
573
623
673
723
773
823
873
923
973
1023
1073
1083
1123
1153
1156

-269
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
25
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
810
850
880
883

33

GPa

10
dyne/cm

176.1
175.9
174.9
172.6
169.9
166.8
163.9
162.4
160.9
157.9
155.1
152.2
149.5
146.8
144.2
141.6
139.2
136.8
134.5
132.2
129.9
127.6
125.3
123.1

1.761
1.759
1.749
1.726
1.699
1.668
1.639
1.624
1.609
1.579
1.551
1.522
1.495
1.468
1.442
1.416
1.392
1.368
1.345
1.322
1.299
1.276
1.253
1.231

121.0
119.7

1.210
1.197

1 2

44

GPa dyne/cm

GPa

1012
dyne/cm

50.8
50.8
50.5
49.9
49.0
48.1
47.2
46.7
46.2
45.3
44.4
43.4
42.2
41.4
40.3
39.2
38.1
37.0
35.9
34.8
33.7
32.6
31.6
30.7

0.508
0.508
0.505
0.499
0.490
0.481
0.472
0.467
0.462
0.453
0.444
0.434
0.424
0.414
0.403
0.392
0.381
0.370
0.359
0.348
0.337
0.326
0.316
0.307

29.7
29.1
29.1

0.297
0.291
0.291

190.5
190.5
189.4
187.6
185.7
183.7
181.6
180.7
179.5
177.4
175.3
173.4
171.5
169.6
167.8
166.1
164.4
162.7
161.0
159.3
157.6
156.0
154.5
152.9
152.6

1.905
1.905
1.894
1.876
1.857
1.837
1.816
1.807
1.795
1.774
1.753
1.734
1.715
1.696
1.678
1.661
1.644
1.627
1.610
1.593
1.576
1.560
1.545
1.529
1.526

150.4(a) 1.504(a)

C66 = l/2(cil-C12)
10
GPA dyne/cm

15$

44.6
44.6
43.9
42.5
40.5
38.4
36.3
35.2
34.2
32.3
30.4
28.5
26.7
25.0
23.4
21.9
20.5
19.1
17.8
16.6
15.4
14.2
13.0
11.8

0.446
0.446
0.439
0.425
0.405
0.384
0.363
0.352
0.342
0.323
0.304
0.285
0.267
0.250
0.234
0.219
0.205
0.191
0.178
0.166
0.154
0.142
0.130
0.118

10.7
0.107
10.2
0.102
10.0(a) 0.100(a)

12.

GPa

10
dyne/cm

68.3
68.2
68.0
68.1
68.4
68.7
68.9
69.0
69.1
69.4
69.5
69.5
69.2
69.2
69.1
69.0
69.2
68.8
68.8
68.8
68.8

0.683
0.682
0.680
0.681
0.684
0.687
0.689
0.690
0.691
0.694
0.695
0.695
0.692
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.692
0.688
0.688
0.688
0.688

1 2

1 2

68.8(a)

0.688(a)

10
GPa dyne/cn
1 2

86.9
86.7
87.1
87.7
88.9
90.1
91.3
92.0
92.5
93.4
94.3
95.2
96.1
96.7
97.3
97.8
98.3
98.5
98.8
99.1
99.2
99.3
99.4
99.6

0.869
0.867
0.871
0.877
0.889
0.901
0.913
0.920
0.925
0.934
0.943
0.952
0.961
0.967
0.973
0978
0.983
0.985
0.988
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.996

99.6
0.996
99.6
0.996
99.6(a) 0.996(a)

(a) From extrapolated curve. Source: E.S. Fisher and J. Renken, Physical Review, Vol 135 (No. 2A), 1964, A487

LIVE GRAPH

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Elastic stiffness moduli vs pressure of single crystal Ti

2
183.5

Pressure, kbar
3
4

Single crystal Ti

6
^26.6

Pressure, kbar
3
4

26.5

182.5h

H23.9 c
<u

3
H26.4

Q)
181.51-

-\23.Q

H23.7

H26.3

H23.6

H26.2 jfj

180.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
Pressure, GPa

0.6

23.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
Pressure, GPa

(a)
(b)
Numbers indicate values of pressure derivatives assuming a linear relation. Single crystals were obtained by zone melting of crystal bar iodide titanium.
Source: E.S. Fisher and M.H. Manghnani, Effects of Changes in Volume and c/a Ratio on the Pressure Derivatives of the
(continued)
Elastic Moduli of HCPTi andZr, J. Phys. Chem. Solids., Vol 32,1971, 657-667

High-Purity T i / 1 3 3

Elastic stiffness moduli vs pressure of single crystal Ti (continued)

Pressure, kbar
2

Pressure, kbar
4

13.7

94.5

71.5
H10.3

13.6
K 93.5h

70.5h

H10.2 a

H13.5 8

92.5

LIVE GRAPH

H13.4

H10.1

69.5h

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

H13.3

91.5

68.5

0.6

0.4
0.2
Pressure, GPa

0.2
0.4
Pressure, GPa
(d)

(c)

Pressure, kbar

Pressure, kbar
2
3
4

LIVE GRAPH
47.5r-

Click here to view

H6.9

H6.8

S 36.5r-

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

46.5h

"> 35.5
H6.7
0.3
0.4
0.2
Pressure, GPa

(e)

0.3
0.4
0.2
Pressure, GPa
(f)

Numbers indicate values of pressure derivatives assuming a linear relation. Single crystals were obtained by zone melting of crystal bar iodide titanium..
Source: E.S. Fisher and M.H. Manghnani, Effects of Changes in Volume and c/a Ratio on the Pressure Derivatives of the Elastic Moduli of
HCP Ti and Zr, J. Phys. Chem. Solids., Vol 32,1971, 657-667

Young's
Modulus

T y p i c a l v a l u e s of Young's m o d u l u s (E) for p u r e

t i t a n i u m a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i s i n t h e r a n g e of
100 t o 110 G P a (15 t o 16 1 0 p s i ) . T h i s r a n g e
a g r e e s w i t h t h e e v a l u a t e d e l a s t i c m o d u l u s of s i n g l e
t i t a n i u m crystals i n a direction p e r p e n d i c u l a r to
t h e c - a x i s (see figure). H o w e v e r , a l o w e l a s t i c
m o d u l u s of 85 G P a (12.3 1 0 psi) a t 2 5 C ( 2 9 8 K)
is p r e d i c t e d from t h e following e q u a t i o n :
6

(in G P a ) = 104.5 - 0 . 0 6 4 5

w h e r e is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n degrees kelvin (K).

T h i s e q u a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d valid for h i g h p u r i t y
(99.9%) t i t a n i u m b e l o w 5 0 0 (W.H. Hill et al., Proc.
ASTM, Vol 6 1 , 1 9 6 1 , 890). F o r t e m p e r a t u r e s above
500 (440 F), t h e following e q u a t i o n i s r e p o r t e d :
(in G P a ) = 9 7 - 0.0486
T h i s e q u a t i o n for h i g h p u r i t y t i t a n i u m (99.9%
Ti) p r e d i c t s elastic m o d u l i l o w e r t h a n t h a t of comm e r c i a l p u r i t y (<99.8%) t i t a n i u m (see figure).

134 / Titanium Data S h e e t s

Commercially pure (>99.8%) titanium: Effect of temperature on various elastic constants

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature (7), R
1000

500

2000

1500

20.3

160

Click here to view

7.4
(Polycrystals) Armstrong & Brown
= 129.3-0.0633 7(in K)

tu

14.5 "5
11.6

200

400

600
800
Temperature (7),

Elastic moduli for commercial purity titanium is higher than that of high-purity (99.9%) titanium, but interstitial impurities have less influence on temperature effects (H. Conrad etal., Titanium Science and Technology, Plenum Press, 1973,p970)
Source: Data from: P.E. Armstrong and H.L. Brown, Trans. AIME, Vol 230,1964, 962; and E.S. Fisher and C.J. Renken, Phys. Rev. ., Vol 135,
No.2A, 1964, 482
Variation of Young's modulus of single crystal titanium with orientation

Theoretical variations of Poisson's ratio with orientation

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

150

Click here to view

1/ = 0.688 - 0.167 cosy - 0.045 cos

21

140

05
Q.

20
~STl30h

19

GT
05
3

18 "5

120h

"D

05

16
>

>- 1 1 0 F

-115

100
30
60
Declination angle(y),
degrees

90

20, Battelle, 1974, 21

Source: Properties of Textured Titanium Alloys, MCIC Report 74-

P o i s s o n ' s R a t i o . L i k e Young's m o d u l u s , t h e
P o i s s o n r a t i o of t i t a n i u m d e p e n d s o n s p e c i m e n o r i e n t a t i o n ( s e e figure). T y p i c a l v a l u e s for p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e t i t a n i u m r a n g e f r o m 0.32 t o 0.36.
S h e a r m o d u l u s (or m o d u l u s of r i g i d i t y ) for p u r e
t i t a n i u m a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s from a b o u t
4 2 t o 4 5 G P a (6 to 6.5 x 1 0 psi) d e p e n d i n g o n t h e

w h e r e is t h e p o i s s o n r a t i o . I n t e x t u r e d m a t e r i a l ,
t h i s r e l a t i o n does n o t hold.

B u l k M o d u l u s . B u l k m o d u l u s (K) a t r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e i s a b o u t 106 t o 108 G P a (15.4 t o 1 5 . 7
1 0 psi) for p u r e t i t a n i u m . T h e b u l k m o d u l u s i s
r e l a t e d t o Young's m o d u l u s a s follows:

E =
3K(l-2v)
The bulk m o d u l u s also can be expressed as t h e
r e c i p r o c a l of c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y i n t h e e l a s t i c r a n g e .
T h e r e f o r e , a low b u l k m o d u l u s of 9 0 G P a (13 1 0

Modulus
and
Compressibility

100

Source: Reported in Properties of Textured Titanium Alloys, MCIC

Report 74-20, Battelle, 1974, 21

Bulk

80

Specimen orientation (a) is defined as the angle between the rolling

direction and the specimen axis. The value of represents the angle
between the basal pole and sheet normal.

Modulus

40
60
Specimen orientation(a),
degrees

Values were calculated from the compliance constants (S-constants). For example, when stress is applied parallel to the basal
plane, then E= 1/S = 100 GPa (14.5 10 psi). For stress perpendicular to the basal plane, then - V&& = 145 GPa (21 10 psi).
6

Shear

20

a m o u n t of i n t e r s t i t i a l i m p u r i t i e s . I n i s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l , t h e s h e a r m o d u l u s (G) i s r e l a t e d to Young's
m o d u l u s (E) a s follows:
E = 2G(l

+ v)

High-Purity T i / 1 3 5

LIVE GRAPH

Linear and volume compressibility of single crystal titanium vs pressure

Click here to view

Pressure, kbar

Pressure, kbar

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

9.45

2
6.54 _

Isothermal

2.2

jmpressibil

3.10P
5
CO

. 3 . 0 0 E

Volur

J6.24

Parallel to c axis

y'o 3 . 2 0 -

c
P

6.34

2.90-

o
>

2.80
0.2
0.4
Pressure, GPa

0.6

0.2
0.4
Pressure, GPa

3.30

(a) Volume compressibility, (b) Linear compressibility. Material was a single crystal (zone refined from crystal iodide bar) titanium having an adiabatic bulk modulus of 107.3 GPa (15.56 10 psi) and an isothermal bulk modulus of 106.3 GPa (15.42 10 psi) at 25 C (77 F) and 1 bar (-1
atmosphere)
Source: E.S. Fisher and M.H. Manghani, Effects of Changes in Volume and c/a Ratio on the Pressure Derivatives of the Elastic Moduli of HCP Ti
and Zr, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, Vol 32,1971, 657-667
6

Comparison of compression data for titanium

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

psi) for iodide t i t a n i u m a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d

a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e w o u l d correspond to a comm / N (7.7 10
p r e s s i b i l i t y of a b o u t 1 1 0
in. /lbf). A l o w c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y factor of 8.2 1 0 ~
m / N (0.8 1CT c m / k g f ) , h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d from
e a r l y w o r k of B r i d g m a n (Proc. Am. Acad. Sci., Vol
6 4 , 1 9 2 9 , 5 1 ) , w h i l e h i g h e r c o m p r e s s i b i l i t i e s are
r e p o r t e d for iodide t i t a n i u m ( s e e figures).

232

1600
0

1200

Shock wave data

(McQueen & Marsh)
Isothermal compressibility 174
"a>
(Bridgeman)

- 1 1

TO

116 "
u

Ultrasonic equation
of state derived
from dKldP

\^~~

400

1 2

Q.

800

3
CO
CO

8?

Q.

58

0
0.6

0.7
0.8
0.9
Fractional change in volume, VIV

There is a fairly good agreement between the isothermal compressibility data of Bridgman (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Vol 76,
1958, 55) and the ultrasonic equation. There is a poor agreement
between the latter and the Shockwave data (Phys. Rev., Vol 108,
1957, 196) probably because of the phase change near 9 GPa
(1.3 10 psi). dK/dP= pressure derivative of the bulkmodulus (K).
Source: E.S. Fisher and M.H. Manghani, Effects of Changes in Volume and c/a Ratio on the Pressure Derivatives of the Elastic Moduli
of HCP Ti and Zr, J. Phys., Chem. Solids, Vol 32,1971, 657-667
6

Compressibility () of single-crystal titanium

Temp.,

4
73
173
298
373
473
573
673
773
873
973
1073
1156

Perpendicular to c
10- / 10~ cm /dyne
12

0.300
0.300
0.303
0.306
0.309
0.313
0.316
0.321
0.326
0.331
0.336(a)
0.342(a)
0.347(a)

12

3.00
3.00
3.03
3.06
3.09
3.13
3.16
3.21
3.26
3.31
3.36(a)
3.42(a)
3.47(a)

Parallel
10" /
10" cm /dyne
12

0.309
0.310
0.314
0.318
0.322
0.326
0.330
0.334
0.337
0.340
0.343(a)
0.345(a)
0.346(a)

12

toe

10 cin /dyne

3.09
3.10
3.14
3.18
3.22
3.26
3.30
3.34
3.37
3.40
3.43(a)
3.45(a)
3.46(a)

_12

0.908
0.911
0.920
0.931
0.940
0.951
0.963
0.975
0.988
1.001
1.016(a)
1.029(a)
1.041(a)

(a) Extrapolated from curves. Source: E.S. Fischer and C.J. Renken, Physical Review ,Vol 135, No. 2A,1964,p A482-A494

9.08
9.11
9.21
9.31
9.40
9.51
9.63
9.75
9.88
10.01
10.16(a)
10.29(a)
10.41(a)

136/Titanium Data Sheets

Electrical Properties

Resistivity

R e s i s t i v i t y v a l u e s of 0 . 4 6 t o 0 . 4 8 m a r e
u s u a l l y o b t a i n e d for i o d i d e t i t a n i u m a t r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e , a l t h o u g h v a l u e s a s l o w a s 0 . 4 2
m h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d . T h e t r u e r e s i s t i v i t y of t i t a n i u m h a s b e e n a s s e s s e d a t 0 . 4 2 m b y W . J .

LepkowskiandJ.W.Holladay(TMLReportNo.73,
Battelle, 1957). I m p u r i t i e s increase resistivity
( s e e t h e s e c t i o n " P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y of T i t a n i u m
Alloys" in this volume).

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Effect of temperature o n the resistivity of copper,

silver, platinum and titanium

-200

Temperature, C
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

200
1

Change in resistivity with deformation

'

30

300

Titanium
/

20

Of

Platinum^

8 301-

.10

CO

/
/Copper

temperature
Silver
1

200

400

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Temperature,

Source: J.K. Stanley, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals,

American Society for Metals, 1963

Effect of temperature on resistivity on high-purity titanium

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
500
1000
1500

2000

Click here to view

200

400
600
800
Temperature, C

1200

Source: J.L. Wyati, Electrical Resistance of Titanium Metal, J. Met,

Vol 5,1953, 903-905; S.L. Ames and A.D. McQuillan, The Resistivity-Temperature Concentration Relationships in the System Niobium-Titanium, Acta Metall., Vol 2,1954, 831

0.01

0.02
0.03
Plastic strain

0.04

0.05

Source: F.F. Laurent 'Yev, and V.N. Nikiforenko, "Influence of Plastic

Deformation and Temperature on the Resistivity of Polycrystalline
Titanium," Fiz. Met Metalloved, 52 (No. 6), 1981, 1200-1204

High-Purity T i / 1 3 7

LIVE GRAPH

Pure titanium resistivity data

Click here to view

Temperature, R

1000

300

2000

3000

600

900
1200
1500
1800
Temperature,
Source: Thermophysical Properties of Solid Materials, Vol 1 -Elements, WADA Technical Report 58-746, Wright Air Development Division, 1960
Relative resistance of a single crystal and a polycrystalline titanium sample

LIVE GRAPH

Relative resistivity(a)
Single crystal
Parallel to Perpendicular
Polycry axis
to c-axis
stalline

Temperature,

4.2
19.6
77
1%
273
300
373
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1450

0.1786
0.6355
1.000
1.130
1.4997
1.64
2.13
2.60
2.99
3.25
3.46
3.59
3.67
3.43
3.47
3.525
3.555

0.0306
0.0309
0.15
0.67
1.000(b)
1.120
1.468
1.60
2.09
2.56
2.99
3.31
3.58
3.80
3.98
3.705
3.760
3.835
3.865

0.2086
0.6450
1.000
1.110
1.4550
1.58
2.10
2.60
2.94
3.17
3.38
3.58
3.76
3.61
3.675
3.75
3.78

(a) Relative resistivity = resistivity at indicated temperature/resistivity at 273 (b) Electrical resistivity at 273 (0 C) is 42.67 + 0.05 microhm-cm. Source: James K. Stanley, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals, American Society for Metals,1963, 51

Superconductivity

Pure titanium: Resistivity at cryogenic temperatures

A s t a t e of superconductivity is stable only if t e m p e r a t u r e , m a g n e t i c field strength, a n d c u r r e n t density a r e all below t h e critical levels, or t h r e s h o l d s . T h e
t h r e e critical p a r a m e t e r s of t e m p e r a t u r e (T ), m a g netic field ( H ) , a n d c u r r e n t density ( J ) , a r e closely int e r d e p e n d e n t . F o r example, t h e Hc decreases w i t h increasing t e m p e r a t u r e or current.
C r i t i c a l T e m p e r a t u r e of S u p e r c o n d u c t i v i t y .
Atypical v a l u e for p u r e t i t a n i u m is 0.40 0.04 (B.W.
Roberts, P r o p e r t i e s of Selected S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g M a terials, 1978 Supplement, N B S Technical N o t e 983).
Critical t e m p e r a t u r e s a s high as 0.56 h a v e b e e n r e c

Click here to view

0.08
10"

10
Temperature,

10

10

p = resistivity at 0 C (273 K).

Source: R.B. Stewart and V.J. Johnson, Ed., A. Compendium of the
2 7 3

Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures (Phase II), WADD

Technical Report 60-56 (Part IV), U.S. Air Force, 1961

p o r t e d (T.S. S m i t h a n d J.G. D a u n t , Phy. Rev., Series 2, Vol 88, 1952, 1172).

Critical Field S t r e n g t h of Superconductivity. P u r e m e t a l s a r e in t h e class oft y p e I superconduct o r s , w h i c h exhibit perfect d i a m a g n e t i s m u p to some
critical field (Hc) w h e n t e m p e r a t u r e is below Tc. Valu e s h a v e r a n g e d from 2 " (T.S. S m i t h et al.,
Phy. Rev. S e r i e s 2, Vol 8 9 , 1 9 5 3 , 654) to 8.6 1 0 "
for u n a n n e a l e d , cold-swaged wire (M.C. Steel a n d
R.A. H e i n , Phy. Rev., Series 2, Vol 9 2 , 1 9 5 3 , 243).
Critical current density of superconductivi t y d e p e n d s on t h e degree of deformation a n d cooling
r a t e s d u r i n g t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processing. References include E.W. Collings, Sourcebook of Titanium
Superconductivity,
and Applied
Superconductivity,
Metallurgy, and Physics of Titanium Alloys (Vol 1
a n d 2).
3

Next Page
138 / Titanium Data S h e e t s

Thermoelectric potentials of titanium-platinum cou-

Thermoelectric

P'e

Properties

LIVE GRAPH

500

Click here to view

200

Temperature, F
1000

400
600
Temperature, C

1500

800

1000

Source: H.W. Womer, Thermoelectric Properties of Titanium with

Special Reference to the Allotropic Transformation, Austral, J. Sci.
Res., Vol 4 (No. 62), 1951

Magnetic Characteristics
Magnetic
Properties

t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e factors affecting m a g netic susceptibility a r e discussed i n t h e chapter

" P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s " of S e c t i o n 1 i n t h i s Volume.
M a g n e t i c P e r m e a b i l i t y . 1.00005 a t 1600 A/m
(20 Oe)

M a g n e t i c S u s c e p t i b i l i t y . 3.17 ^ ( 0.03
1 0 ) c m / g i s t h e m a s s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y (% ) e s t a b lished by Lepkowski a n d Holladay (TML Report
N o . 7 3 , B a t t e l l e , 1957). T h i s i s i n good a g r e e m e n t
w i t h m o r e r e c e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s (see t a b l e s ) . A d d i 6

- 6

Magnetic susceptibility of polycrystalline titanium

ESTIMATED
MASS OF
SPECIMEN
TEMPERATURE, SPECIMEN,
PURITY ,WT% TI

MG
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.8
99.9
99.8
99.8

300
300
300
300
300
300
299
299
298

81
84
84
78
73
108
70
51
49

NUMBER OF
GRAINS PER
SPECIMEN
800
800
800
800
43,000
53,000
230,000

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, 10 ~^ CM /G
Xav(A)
Xl-12
X2
XI
3

CONDITION
As cast
As cast
A s received
As cast
As cast
Recrystallized
A s received
Recrystallized
Recrystallized

3.16S
3.16S
3.16o
3.15
3.19
3.19
3.20
3.25
3.35
9

3.15
3.12o
3.14c,
3.12!
3.13
3.08
6

3.15
3.12
3.13
3.11
3.10
3.07
3

3.15
3.15]
3T5
3.14
3.16
3JJ

7
3

(A) ACCURACY IS LIMITED TO ABOUT THREE SIGNIFICANT DIGITS (AS INDICATED BY UNDERLINING). SOURCE: E.W. COLLINGS,BATTELLE, COLUMBUS, OHIO

Magnetic susceptibility of single-crystal titanium

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, 10
-2
%2

3.50
3.47
3.49
3.52

5
3
9
7

3.023
3.02Q
2.98
3.006
8

0.48
0.45
0.51,
0.52j
2

CM 3/G
3.18
3.17!
3J5
3.18
1

(A) ACCURACY IS UMITED TO ABOUT THREE SIGNIFICANT DIGITS (AS INDICATED

BY UNDERLINING). SOURCE: E.W. COLLINGS,BATTELLE, COLUMBUS, OHIO

Commercially P u r e a n d Modified Ti / 1 6 5

| Commercially Pure and Modified Titanium

Commercially pure t i t a n i u m h a s been available a s
mill p r o d u c t s since 1950 a n d i s u s e d for a p p l i c a t i o n s
t h a t r e q u i r e m o d e r a t e s t r e n g t h c o m b i n e d w i t h good
formability a n d corrosion r e s i s t a n c e . P r o d u c t i o n
w a s developed largely b e c a u s e of a e r o s p a c e d e m a n d s for a m a t e r i a l l i g h t e r t h a n steel a n d m o r e
h e a t r e s i s t a n t t h a n a l u m i n u m alloys. However,
commercially p u r e t i t a n i u m i s v e r y useful w h e n
h i g h corrosion r e s i s t a n c e a n d good weldability a r e
desired.
Commercially pure t i t a n i u m is available i n
s e v e r a l g r a d e s , w h i c h h a v e v a r y i n g a m o u n t s of i m purities such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, nitrogen,
a n d oxygen. S o m e m o d i f i e d g r a d e s a l s o c o n t a i n
s m a l l p a l l a d i u m a d d i t i o n s (Ti-0.2 P d ) a n d n i c k e l m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n s (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni). T h e s e
alloy a d d i t i o n s a l l o w i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c o r r o s i o n
resistance and/or strength.
Commercial purity titanium generally h a s
m o r e t h a n 1000 p p m o x y g e n a n d i r o n , n i t r o g e n ,

c a r b o n , a n d silicon a s p r i n c i p a l i m p u r i t i e s . B e c a u s e s m a l l a m o u n t s of i n t e r s t i t i a l i m p u r i t i e s
g r e a t l y affect t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of p u r e t i t a n i u m , i t is n o t c o n v e n i e n t t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n
t h e v a r i o u s g r a d e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m o n t h e b a sis of c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s . T i t a n i u m mill p r o d u c t s
a r e more readily distinguished by mechanical
p r o p e r t i e s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e four A S T M g r a d e s of
u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a r e g r o u p e d a s follows:

ASTM grade

Minimum
tensile s t r e n g t h
MPa
ksi

Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4

240
345
440
550

35
50
64
80

0.2%
yield strength
ksi
MPa
25^15
40-65
55-80
70-95

170-310
275^150
380-550
480-655

D e n s i t y . 4 . 5 1 g / c m (0.16 3 l b / i n . )
3

Unalloyed Ti Grade I, R50250

Product Forms
and Condition

U n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m i s a v a i l a b l e a s four differe n t A S T M g r a d e s , w h i c h a r e classified b y t h e i r levels of i m p u r i t i e s ( p r i m a r i l y oxygen) a n d t h e r e s u l t a n t effect on s t r e n g t h a n d ductility. A S T M G r a d e

1 h a s t h e h i g h e s t purity, l o w e s t s t r e n g t h , a n d b e s t
r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e d u c t i l i t y a n d f o r m a b i l i t y of t h e
four A S T M u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m g r a d e s .
ASTM titanium Grade 1 should be used where
m a x i m u m f o r m a b i l i t y is r e q u i r e d a n d w h e r e l o w

i r o n a n d i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s m i g h t e n h a n c e corros i o n r e s i s t a n c e . I t e x h i b i t s e x c e l l e n t corrosion r e sistance in highly oxidizing t o mildly reducing environments, including chlorides. Grade 1 can be
u s e d i n c o n t i n u o u s s e r v i c e u p t o 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)
a n d i n i n t e r m i t t e n t s e r v i c e u p t o 5 4 0 C (1000 F).
I n a d d i t i o n , G r a d e 1 h a s good i m p a c t p r o p e r t i e s a t
low t e m p e r a t u r e s .

A S T M G r a d e 1 t i t a n i u m h a s i m p u r i t y H m i t s of
0.18 O, 0.20 F e , 0 . 0 3 N , a n d 0.10 C w t . % m a x .
E q u i v a l e n t c o m p o s i t i o n s from o t h e r specifications
are best determined by mechanical properties, because small variations in interstitial contents m a y
r a i s e yield s t r e n g t h s a b o v e m a x i m u m p e r m i t t e d

v a l u e s or l o w e r ductility b e l o w m i n i m u m specifications.
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t a s l o w a s 3 0 to 4 0 p p m c a n
i n d u c e severe h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t i n c o m m e r cially p u r e t i t a n i u m ( s e e t h e section " H y d r o g e n
Damage" in this datasheet).

U n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m G r a d e 1 is a v a i l a b l e i n a l l
w r o u g h t forms a n d h a s t h e b e s t f o r m a b i l i t y of t h e
four A S T M g r a d e s . L i k e t h e o t h e r u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m grades, G r a d e 1 c a n b e satisfactorily welded,
m a c h i n e d , cold w o r k e d , h o t w o r k e d , a n d c a s t .

Unalloyed titanium typically h a s a n annealed

a l p h a s t r u c t u r e i n w r o u g h t , c a s t , a n d P / M forms.
T h e yield s t r e n g t h of G r a d e 1 i s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t
of fully a n n e a l e d 3 0 4 s t a i n l e s s steel.

Typical u s e s for G r a d e 1 t i t a n i u m i n c l u d e
chemical, m a r i n e , a n d similar applications, h e a t
e x c h a n g e r s , c o m p o n e n t s for c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s i n g
and desalination equipment, condenser tubing,
p i c k l i n g b a s k e t s a n d a n o d e s of v a r i o u s t y p e s . I n
the chemical a n d engineering industries, Grade 1

i s a n i d e a l m a t e r i a l for a w i d e v a r i e t y of c h e m i c a l
r e a c t o r v e s s e l s b e c a u s e of i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o a t t a c k
b y s e a w a t e r , m o i s t c h l o r i n e , m o i s t m e t a l l i c chlor i d e s , chlorite a n d h y p o c h l o r i t e solutions, n i t r i c
a n d chromic acids. I t l a c k s r e s i s t a n c e to biofouling.

166 / Titanium Data S h e e t s

Unalloyed titanium grade 1 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS
UNS
UNS

Designation

Description

R50100
R50120
R50125
R50250

Fe

0.03 max 0.1 max

0.05
0.2
0.2
0.05
0.1
0.2

0.005 max
0.008
0.008
0.015

0.012 max 0.1 max

0.02
0.1
0.02
0.1-0.15
0.03
0.18

Si

OE

OT

Other
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

China

GB 3620

TA-1

0.05

0.15

0.015

0.03

0.15

0.2
0.2
0.2

balTi

0.1

Europe

AECMA prEN2525
AECMA prEN3441
AECMA prEN3487

P01
P01
P01

Sh Strp
Sh Strp Ann HR
Sh Strp Ann CR

0.08
0.08
0.08

0.2
0.2
0.2

0.0125
0.0125
0.0125

0.05
0.05
0.05

T-35

ShStrp

0.08

0.12

0.01

0.05

3.7025
Til
3.7025
3.7025
3.7025
3.7025

Pit Sh Strp Rod Wir Frg Ann

Sh Strp Pit Rod Wir Frg Ann
Sh Strp
Rod
Wire
Frg

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Ti Class 1
TP28H/C Class 1
TR28H/C Class 1
TTP28D/E Class 1
TTP28W/WD Class 1
TTH28D Class 1
TTH28W/WD Class 1
TB28C/H Class 1
TW28 Class 1

HRCRSh
HRCRStrp
Smls pipe
As-weld/weld & drawn pipe
Smls tube for heat exch
Weld tube for heat exch
HWCDBar
Wire

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.015
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.006
0.008
0.3
0.01
0.3
0.3
0.2

0.04
0.04
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.008

0.12
0.15
0.04
0.15
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.1

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.2
0.2

0.01
0.013

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.005
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.01-0.0125
0.015
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125-0.015
0.005
0.008
0.008
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.6
0.6
0.6

balTi
balTi
balTi

France

AIR9182

0.04

balTi

Germany

DIN 17850
DIN 17850
DIN 17860
DIN 17862
DIN 17863
DIN 17864
Japan

JIS Class 1
JISH4600
JISH4600
JISH4630
JISH4630
JISH4631
JISH4631
JISH4650
JISH4670
Russia

Weldcl
Wcldcl
All forms
OST 1.90013-71

VT1-00

Sh Pit Strp Foil Rod Frg Ann

2TA.1

Sh StrpHT
BarBil

AMS4951
Ti Grade 1
F-l
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
F-l
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
Ti Grade 1
ERTi-1
ERTi-2
ERTi-3
CP^l

Fill met gas-met W arc weld

ShStrp Pit Ann
Frg Ann
ShStrp Pit Ann
Weld smls pipe Ann
Smls weld tube Exch Conds Ann
BarBil Ann
Frg Ann
Nut
Metric Nut
Bolt Screw Stud
Metric Bolt Screw Stud
Surg imp HWCW Frg Ann
Weld fill met
Weld fill met
Weldfillmet
Ext Bar Shap Ann
Invest Cast
ShStrp Pit Ann

0.12
0.03
0.1
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.1

0.15
0.15
0.15
0.08

0.1

UK
BS2TA.1
DTD 5013

Ti 99.78 min;
balTi

USA
AMS4951E
ASMESB-265
ASMESB-381
ASTM B265-79
ASTM B337-87
ASTM B338-87
ASTM B348-87
ASTM B381-87
ASTM F467-84a
ASTM F467M-84b
ASTMF468-84a
ASTMF468M-84b
ASTMF67-88
AWSA5.16-70
AWSA5.16-70
AWSA5.16-70
MTLT-81556A
MILT-81915A
MTLT-9046J

CP-*

0.08
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.012
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.1
0.1
0.1-0.15
0.15
0.2
0.15

0.1
0.1

0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

0.3
0.6
0.3

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Commercially Pure a n d Modified Ti / 1 6 7

Unalloyed titanium grade 1 compositions: Producer specifications

Specification

Description

Designation

Fe

Si

OE OT Other

Germany
Deutsche
Fuchs

Contimet 30
T2

Sh Step Pit Bar Wir Frg Pip

Frg

0.06

0.15

0.13

0.05

0.12

balTi

DTI
KS40
KS40LF
KS40S
KS50
KS50LF
ST-40

Rod Bar Sh Step Frg Ann

Sh Step Tu Pit Wir Bar Pip Ann
Low Fe grade
Ann
Ann
Low Fe grade

0.1

0.2
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.05

0.0125
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

0.18
0.1
0.1
0.08
0.15
0.15

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

IMI 110
IMI 115

Rod
All forms

0.1

0.2

0.013

0.03

0.15

Ti99.8
balTi

ChemicaVmarine/airframe apps

0.08

0.2

0.015

0.03

0.18

balTi

0.1 max

0.02 max

0.15 max

0.03 max

0.18 max

balTi

Japan
Daido
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Sumitomo
UK
Imp. Metal
Imp. Metal
USA
Chase Ext.
OREMET
RMI
Tel.Rodney
TIMET
TMCA

CDXGR-1
Ti-1
RMI 25
A35
TIMETAL 35 A
Ti-1

Ann

Unalloyed Ti Grade 2, R50400

G r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m is t h e "workhorse" for i n d u s t r i a l
applications, h a v i n g a g u a r a n t e e d m i n i m u m yield
s t r e n g t h o f 2 7 5 M P a (40 ksi) a n d good ductility a n d
formability. T h e yield s t r e n g t h of G r a d e 2 i s c o m p a r a b l e to t h o s e of a n n e a l e d a u s t e n i t i c s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s ,
a n d i t is u s e d w h e r e excellent formability i s r e q u i r e d
a n d w h e r e low i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s m i g h t e n h a n c e

corrosion r e s i s t a n c e .
G r a d e 2 a l s o h a s good i m p a c t p r o p e r t i e s a t low
t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d excellent resistance to erosion
a n d to c o r r o s i o n b y s e a w a t e r a n d m a r i n e a t m o s p h e r e s . G r a d e 2 c a n b e u s e d i n c o n t i n u o u s service
u p to 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F) a n d i n i n t e r m i t t e n t service u p
to 540 C ( 1 0 0 0 F).

Chemistry

ASTM Grade 2 titanium has the same nitrogen

content limits as ASTM Grade 1 (0.03% max), t h e
same iron content limits a s ASTM G r a d e 3 (0.30%
m a x ) , a n d a m a x i m u m oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n of
0.25% t h a t is a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i d w a y b e t w e e n t h e
0.18 t o 0.40% r a n g e i n t h e o t h e r t h r e e A S T M u n a l loyed t i t a n i u m g r a d e s .
Effect of Impurities. The increased iron a n d
oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of A S T M G r a d e 2 c o m p a r e d
to A S T M G r a d e 1 i m p a r t a d d i t i o n a l t e n s i l e

s t r e n g t h (345 v s 2 4 0 M P a , or 50 v s 3 5 ksi) a n d y i e l d
s t r e n g t h ( 2 7 5 v s 1 7 0 M P a , or 4 0 v s 2 5 ksi) t o G r a d e
2 b u t a t t h e e x p e n s e of ductility ( 2 0 % e l o n g a t i o n
for G r a d e 2 v s 2 4 % e l o n g a t i o n for G r a d e 1). H i g h e r
i r o n a n d i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s also m a y d e g r a d e
corrosion r e s i s t a n c e r e l a t i v e to G r a d e 1.
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t a s low a s 3 0 t o 4 0 p p m c a n
induce hydrogen e m b r i t t l e m e n t i n C P t i t a n i u m
(see t h e s e c t i o n " H y d r o g e n D a m a g e " i n t h i s
datasheet).

Product Forms
and Condition

T i t a n i u m G r a d e 2 is a v a i l a b l e i n all w r o u g h t
p r o d u c t forms. I n c a s t form, A S T M G r a d e 2 c o n s t i t u t e s a b o u t 5 % of c a s t t i t a n i u m p r o d u c t s . L i k e
other unalloyed titanium grades, Grade 2 c a n b e

welded, m a c h i n e d , c a s t , a n d cold w o r k e d .
Titanium G r a d e 2 typically h a s a n a n n e a l e d alp h a s t r u c t u r e i n w r o u g h t , cast, a n d P / M forms. I t
is n o t h e a t t r e a t a b l e .

Applications

Typical u s e s for t i t a n i u m G r a d e 2 i n c l u d e
c h e m i c a l , m a r i n e , a n d s i m i l a r a p p l i c a t i o n s , airframe skin a n d nonstructural components, h e a t
e x c h a n g e r s , cryogenic v e s s e l s , c o m p o n e n t s for
chemical processing a n d desalination equipment,
c o n d e n s e r t u b i n g , p i c k l i n g b a s k e t s , a n o d e s , shafting, p u m p s , vessels, a n d piping systems. G r a d e 2

offers h i g h d u c t i l i t y for f a b r i c a t i o n a n d m o d e r a t e
strength in service.
Aircraft a p p l i c a t i o n s include exhaust-pipe
shrouds, fireproof b u l k h e a d s , g a s - t u r b i n e b y p a s s
ducts, hot-air d u c t s , e n g i n e cowlings, formed brackets a n d s k i n s for h o t a r e a s . O t h e r aircraft applications include galley e q u i p m e n t , chemical t o i l e t s a n d

168 / Titanium Data Sheets

n i u m m a k e s i t a n i d e a l a n d cost-efficient m a t e r i a l
for a n o d i z i n g j i g s a n d p l a t i n g b a s k e t s . O t h e r app l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e high-efficiency h e a t - e x c h a n g e r
s y s t e m s for electrolytes. A v e r y t h i n c o a t i n g of a
precious m e t a l such as platinum enables Grade 2
t i t a n i u m a n o d e to o p e r a t e a t h i g h c u r r e n t d e n s i t y
i n m a n y electrolytes. C o n s e q u e n t l y , n o n - c o n s u m a b l e n o b l e - m e t a l coated G r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m a n o d e s
a r e i n d e m a n d for c h l o r i n e - p r o d u c t i o n cells, electrodialysis plants, electroplating equipment, and
c a t h o d i c p r o t e c t i o n of c o n d e n s e r s , s e a g o i n g r i g s ,
and jetties.
M o s t e l e c t r o d e p o s i t s do n o t a d h e r e w e l l to commercial purity Grade 2 titanium. This charact e r i s t i c h a s l e d to t h e w i d e s p r e a d u s e of G r a d e 2 tit a n i u m for c a t h o d e s or s t a r t e r - s h e e t b l a n k s i n
m a n y electrochemical metal-refining operations.

floor s u p p o r t s u n d e r t h e s e a r e a s .
R e a c t i o n v e s s e l s a n d h e a t e x c h a n g e r s are
a m a j o r a p p l i c a t i o n of G r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m b e c a u s e of
i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o a t t a c k b y s e a w a t e r , m o i s t chlorine, moist metallic chlorides, chlorite a n d hypoc h l o r i t e s o l u t i o n s , n i t r i c a n d c h r o m i c a c i d s , org a n i c acid, sulfides, a n d m a n y i n d u s t r i a l g a s e o u s
e n v i r o n m e n t s . G r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m also h a s e x c e l l e n t
r e s i s t a n c e t o d e p o s i t , i m p i n g e m e n t , a n d crevice
attack even in highly polluted waters, a n d is therefore u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n t u b u l a r a n d p l a t e - t y p e
h e a t e x c h a n g e r s for c o n d e n s e r s , e v a p o r a t o r s , a n d
o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s of m a r i n e v e s s e l s , p o w e r s t a t i o n s , oil r e f i n e r i e s , offshore p l a t f o r m s , a n d w a t e r purification p l a n t s .
Electrochemical Processing Equipment.
T h e i n s u l a t i n g p r o p e r t y of t h e a n o d i c film o n t i t a -

Unalloyed titanium grade 2 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS

Designation

Description

R50130
R50400

Fe

0.05
0.1

0.3
0.3

0.008
0.015

0.02
0.03

0.15-0.25
0.25

0.1 max

0.3 max

0.015 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

0.08
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max

0.2
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max

0.01
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max

0.06
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max

0.25
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max

0.08
0.08

0.12
0.12

0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05

0.08
0.1
0.08
0.1
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08
0.08

0.25
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.2
0.25

0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
O.OBmax
O.OBmax
0.013 max
O.OBmax
0.0125
0.0125

0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06 max
0.06 max
0.06 max
0.06 max
0.05
0.06

0.2
0.25
0.2
0.25
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2
0.25

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

Si

OE

OT

Other
balTi
balTi

China
GB 3620

TA-2

balTi

0.15 max

Europe
AECMA prEN2518
AECMA prEN2526
AECMA prEN3378
AECMA prEN3442
AECMA prEN3451
AECMA prEN3452
AECMA prEN3460
AECMA prEN3498

Ti-P02
-02
TiP02
Ti-P02
-02
-02
-02
-02

ShStrp Bar
ShStrp
Wir
ShStrp Ann HR
ErgNHT
Frg Ann
Bar Ann
ShStrp Ann CR

T-35
T-40

ShCR
Sh

Sh Strp Pit Rod Wir Frg Ann

Sh Strp Pit Rod Wir Frg Ann
Pit Sh Strp Rod Wir Frg Ann
Sh Pit Strp Rod Wir Frg Ann
ShStrp
Rod
Wir
Frg
Sh Wir Ann
Sh Bar Frg Wir Ann

0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max

0.6
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

France
AIR9182
AIR9182

Ti 99.69 min
99.69 min

0.04
0.04

Germany
DIN 17850
DIN 17850
DIN 17850
DIN 17850
DIN 17860
DIN 17862
DIN 17863
DIN 17864
WL 3.7024
WL 3.7034

Tim

WL 3.7035
WL 3.7055
3.7035
3.7035
3.7035
3.7035

0.6
0.6

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Japan
JISH4361
JISH4600
JISH4600
JISH4630
JISH4630
JISH4631
JISH4650
JISH4670

Class 2
TTH35DClass2
TP 35 H/C Class 2
TR35H/CClass2
TTP35D/EClass2
TTP 35 W/WD Class 2
35 W/WD Class 2
TB 35 C/H Class 2
TW 35 Class 2

Smls Tub
ShHRCR
Strp HR CR
Smls Pip
Weld Pip
Weld Tub
Bar Rod HW CD
Wir

VT1-0
VT1L

Mult Forms Ann

Cast

0.07
0.15

0.3
0.3

0.01
0.015

0.04
0.05

0.2
0.2

L-7001
L-7002

Sh Pit Strp Bar Wir Ext Ann

Sh Pit Strp Bar Wir Ext Ann

0.08
0.08

0.2
0.25

0.0125
0.0125

0.05
0.05

0.2
0.25

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Russia
OST 1.90000-76
OST 1.90060-72

0.1
0.15

0.3
0.3

balTi
W0.2;balTi

Spain
UNE 38-711
UNE 38-712

balTi
balTi
(continued)

Commercially Pure and Modified Ti / 1 6 9

Unalloyed titanium grade 2 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions (continued)

Designation

Specification

Fe

0.01 max

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 max

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.015 max

0.08
0.1
0.1
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1
0.1

0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3
0.3

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03 max
0.03 max
0.03
0.03

0.2
0.25
0.25
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25
0.25

0.1
0.1 max
0.1
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1
0.05
0.08
0.08

0.3
0.2 max
0.3
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2

0.0125-0.01
0.015 max
0.015
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.015-0.0125
0.008
0.015
0.015

0.03
0.05 max
0.03
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.05

0.25
0.4 max
0.25
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25
0.15-0.25
0.2
0.2

0.08

0.3

0.05

0.2

Description

Si

OE

OT

Oti

UK
BS2TA.2
BS2TA.3
BS 2TA.4
BS2TA.5
DTD 5073

Sh StrpHT
BarHT
FrgHT
FrgHT
Tub

2TA.3
2TA.4
2TA.5

Ti99.'
Ti99.'
Ti99.'
Ti99.'
balTi

USA
AMS4902E
AMS4941C
ASM4942C
ASMESB-265
ASMESB-381
ASTM 265
ASTM 337
ASTM 338
ASTM 348
ASTM 367-87
ASTM 381
ASTMF467-84
ASTMF467M-84a
ASTMF468-84
ASTMF468M-84b
ASTMF67
AWSA5.16-70
MILT-81556A
MILT-81915

Ti Grade 2
F-2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade F-2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
Ti Grade 2
ERTi-4
CodeCP-3
Type I Comp A

MILT-9046J

CodeCP-3

ShStrpPltAnn
Weld Tub Ann
Smls Tube Ann
ShStrpPltAnn
Frg Ann
ShStrpPltAnn
Pip Ann
Tube for heat exch/cond
BarBil Ann
Cast
Frg Ann
Nut
Nut Met
BltScrStd
Bit Scr Std Met
Surg imp HW CW Frg Ann
Weld Fill Met
Ext Bar Shp Ann
Air/chem/marine apps Cast
Ann
ShStrpPltAnn

0.015

0.1 max
0.1 max

0.1 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
0.4
balTi
0.4 max balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
0.3
0.6
balTi

0.3
0.15
0.3
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4
0.4

0.3

balTi

Unalloyed titanium grade 2 compositions: Producer specifications

Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

Si

OE

OT

Other

France
Ugine
Ugine

UT35
UT40

Sh Pit Bar Frg Ann

Sh Pit Bar Frg Ann

0.08
0.08

0.25

0.0125
0.0125

0.05
0.06

0.2
0.25

balTi
balTi

T3
Contimet 35
Contimet 35 D

Frg
Sh Strp Pit Bar Wir Pip Ann
Mult forms Ann

0.06
0.06

0.2
0.25

0.013
0.013

0.05
0.05

0.18
0.25

99.5
balTi
balTi

DT2
KS60
KS60LF
T1X
ST-50
ST6
TIB
TTBLF
C

Rod Bar Sh Strp Frg Ann

Sh Strp Tub Pit Wir Bar Pi Ann
Low Fe Ann

0.1

0.3
0.3
0.05
0.5

0.0125
0.01
0.01

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.1

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

TICLF

Low Fe

0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02

0.1
0.05
0.15
0.05

0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005

0.015
0.01
0.02
0.01

0.15
0.15
0.25
0.25

Ti 99.7 min
99.7 min
Ti 99.6 min
Ti 99.6 min

IMI 125
IMI 130

Mult forms
Sh Bar

0.1
0.1

0.2
0.2

0.013
0.013

0.03
0.03

0.2
0.25

balTi
balTi

CDX GR-2
Ti-2
RMI 40
A40
TIMETAL 50A

Mult forms Ann

0.08

0.25

0.015

0.03

0.2

balTi

Ann

0.08 max

0.2 max 0.0125 max 0.05 max

Germany
Otto Fuchs
Thyssen
Thyssen
Japan
Daido
Kobe
Kobe
Nippon
Sumitomo
Sumitomo
Toho
Toho
Toho
Toho

Low Fc

UK
Imp. Metal
Imp. Metal
USA
Chase Ext.
OREMET
RMI
Tel.Rodney
TIMET

balTi

1 7 0 / T i t a n i u m Data Sheets

Unalloyed

Ti

Grade 3 ,

R50550

G r a d e 3 t i t a n i u m i s a g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e g r a d e of commercially p u r e t i t a n i u m t h a t h a s excellent corrosion

r e s i s t a n c e i n highly oxidizing to m i l d l y r e d u c i n g env i r o n m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g chlorides, a n d a n excellent
strength-to-weight r a t i o . T h u s , like o t h e r t i t a n i u m

m e t a l s a n d alloys, G r a d e 3 b r i d g e s t h e design g a p
b e t w e e n a l u m i n u m a n d steel a n d provides m a n y of
t h e d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s of e a c h . G r a d e 3 also h a s
good i m p a c t t o u g h n e s s a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s .

ASTM Grade 3 t i t a n i u m h a s lower iron limits

t h a n A S T M G r a d e 4 (0.3 w t % v s 0.5 w t % m a x ) a n d
t h e second h i g h e s t o x y g e n c o n t e n t s (0.35 w t % ) of
t h e four A S T M g r a d e s for u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m .
O n l y G r a d e 4 h a s h i g h e r s t r e n g t h levels t h a n
Grade 3.
E f f e c t o f I m p u r i t i e s . E x c e s s i v e i m p u r i t y levels m a y r a i s e yield s t r e n g t h above m a x i m u m per-

m i t t e d v a l u e s a n d d e c r e a s e e l o n g a t i o n or r e d u c t i o n i n a r e a below m i n i m u m v a l u e s . H i g h e r iron
a n d i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s m a y affect corrosion r e sistance.
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t a s low a s 3 0 t o 4 0 p p m c a n
i n d u c e h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t i n commercially
p u r e t i t a n i u m ( s e e t h e section " H y d r o g e n D a m age" i n this datasheet).

Product Forms
and Condition

Like other unalloyed t i t a n i u m grades, G r a d e 3

is a v a i l a b l e i n all w r o u g h t p r o d u c t f o r m s a n d c a n
b e satisfactorily w e l d e d , m a c h i n e d , a n d c a s t . M o s t
f o r m i n g o p e r a t i o n s c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t a t r o o m tern-

p e r a t u r e b u t w a r m f o r m i n g r e d u c e s springback
a n d power requirements.
T i t a n i u m G r a d e 3 t y p i c a l l y h a s a n a n n e a l e d alp h a s t r u c t u r e for w r o u g h t , c a s t , a n d P / M forms.

Applications

G r a d e 3 is u s e d for n o n s t r u c t u r a l a i r c r a f t p a r t s
a n d for all t y p e s of a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g corrosion r e s i s t a n c e . Typical u s e s for C P t i t a n i u m i n clude c h e m i c a l a n d m a r i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s , a i r f r a m e

s k i n a n d n o n s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s , h e a t exc h a n g e r s , cryogenic v e s s e l s , c o m p o n e n t s for

chemical processing a n d desalination equipment,
condenser tubing, a n d pickling b a s k e t s .

Unalloyed titanium grade 3 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS

Designation

Description

R50550

Si

OE

Other

Fe

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.35

0.08

0.25

0.015

0.07

0.1
0.1
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max

0.35
0.35
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max

0.013
0.013
0.013 max
0.013 max
0.013 max
0.013 max

0.07
0.07
0.06 max
0.06 max
0.06 max
0.06 max

0.3
0.3
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

0.015
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.015
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max

0.4

balTi

France
AIR9182

T-50

ShAnn

TilV
WL3.7065
3.7055
3.7055
3.7055
3.7055

Sh Strp Pit Rod Wir Frg Ann

Pit Sh Strp Rod Wir Frg Ann
ShStrp
Rod
Wir
Frg

Class 3
TP49H/CClass3
TR49H/CClass3
TTP49D/EClass3
TTP 49 W/WD Class 3
TTH 49 D Class 3
TTH 49 W/WD Class 3
TB49C/HClass3
TW 49 Class 3

Sh HR CR
Strp HR CR
Smls Pip Hot Ext CD
Weld Pip
Smls Tub CD
Weld Tub
BarHWCD
Wir

0.04

Ti 99.54 min

Germany
DIN 17850
DIN 17850
DIN 17860
DIN 17862
DIN 17863
DIN 17864
Japan
JIS
JISH4600
JISH4600
JISH4630
JIS H4630
JISH4631
JISH4631
JISH4650
J1SH4670
UK
BS 2TA.6
BS 2TA.7
BS 2TA.8
BS2TA.9
DTD 5023
DTD 5273
DTD 5283

ShStrpHT
BarHT
Frg
FrgHT
ShStrp
Bar
Frg

Ti 99.78 min
Ti 99.78 min
Ti 99.79 min
Ti 99.78 min
balTi
balTi
balTi

(continued)

Commercially Pure a n d Modified Ti / 1 7 1

Unalloyed titanium grade 3 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions (continued)

Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

0.08
0.08 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1 max
0.1
0.08
0.08

0.3
0.2 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.25 max
0.3
0.3
0.3

Si

OE

OT

Other

USA
AMS4900J
AMS4951E
ASMESB-265
ASMESB-381
ASTM 265
ASTM 337
ASTM 338
ASTM 348
ASTM 381
ASTM 367-87
ASTM F 67
MILT-81556A
MLT-9046J

ShStPltAnn
Weld Wir
ShStPltAnn
Frg An
ShStrpPltAnn
Weld Smls Pip Ann
Smls Weld Tub Ann
BarBil Ann
Frg Ann
Cast
Surg Imp
Ext Bar Shp Ann
ShStrpPltAnn

Grade 3
F-3
Grade 3
Grade 3
Grade 3
Grade 3
Grade F-3
C-3
Grade 3
CodeCP-2
CodeCP-2

0.015
0.05
0.005 max 0.05 max
0.015 max 0.05 max
0.015 max 0.05 max
0.05
0.015
0.015
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.0125
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.015 max 0.05 max
0.015-0.0125 0.05
0.05
0.015
0.015
0.05

0.3
0.18 max
0.35 max
0.35 max
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.4 max
0.35
0.3
0.3

0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max

0.1 max

0.3
0.6 max
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4 max
0.3
0.3

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Unalloyed titanium grade 3 compositions: Producer specifications

Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

Si

OE

OT

Other

France
Ugine

UT50

Sh Bar Frg Ann

0.08

0.25

0.0125

0.07

0.35

balTi

Contimet 55
RT20

Mult Forms Ann

0.06
0.1

0.3
0.35

0.013
0.013

0.05
0.07

0.35
0.3

balTi
balTi

DT3
KS70
KS70LF
ST-70
TID

Mult Forms Ann

Ann
Low Fe Mult Forms Ann

0.1

0.3
0.3
0.05

0.0125
0.01
0.01

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.35
0.3
0.3

balTi
balTi
balTi

0.05

0.2

0.01

0.04

0.3

Ti 99.4 min

0.08

0.25

0.015

0.05

0.3

balTi

0.1 max

0.2 max

0.015 max

0.05 max

Germany
Thyssen
Titan
Japan
Daido
Kobe
Kobe
Sumitomo
Toho
UK
Imp. Metal

IMI 130

USA
Chase Ext.
OREMET
RMI
Tel.Rodney
TIMET
TMCA

CDX GR-32
Ti-3
RMI 55
A55
TIMETAL 65 A
Ti3

Mult Forms Ann

Ann

0.35 max

balTi

Unalloyed Ti Grade 4, R50700

G r a d e 4 h a s t h e h i g h e s t s t r e n g t h of t h e four A S T M
u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m g r a d e s i n a d d i t i o n t o good ductility a n d m o d e r a t e formability. T h e b e n e f i t s of
s t r e n g t h a n d l i g h t n e s s of G r a d e 4 a r e r e t a i n e d a t
moderate temperatures. Its strength-to-weight ratio i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t of AISI t y p e 3 0 1 s t a i n l e s s

steel a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to 3 1 5 C (600 F). G r a d e 4

also h a s o u t s t a n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o corrosion fatigue
i n s a l t water. T h e s t r e s s r e q u i r e d t o c a u s e failure i n
s e v e r a l million cycles is 5 0 % h i g h e r for t h i s m a t e r i a l
t h a n for K-Monel o r A I S I t y p e 4 3 1 s t a i n l e s s steel.

Chemistry

A S T M G r a d e 4 h a s t h e highest oxygen (0.40 wt%)

a n d iron (0.50 wt%) content of t h e four u n a l l o y e d titan i u m A S T M g r a d e s . T h e higher content ofi r o n a n d int e r s t i t i a l s m a y reduce corrosion r e s i s t a n c e .

H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t a s low as 30 to 40 p p m can
induce hydrogen e m b r i t t l e m e n t in commercially
p u r e t i t a n i u m (see t h e section " H y d r o g e n D a m age" in this datasheet).

Product Forms
and Condition

C o m m e r c i a l l y p u r e G r a d e 4 is a v a i l a b l e i n all
w r o u g h t p r o d u c t forms a n d c a n b e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y

m a c h i n e d , c a s t , w e l d e d , a n d cold w o r k e d . M o s t
f o r m i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d a t r o o m tern-

172 / Titanium Data S h e e t s

Applications

p e r a t u r e b u t w a r m forming (150 t o 4 2 5 C, 3 0 0 to
8 0 0 F) i s often d o n e t o r e d u c e s p r i n g b a c k a n d
power r e q u i r e m e n t s . Complex forms m u s t b e pro-

duced by w a r m forming.
Grade 4 typically h a s a n a n n e a l e d a l p h a struct u r e i n w r o u g h t , cast, a n d P / M forms.

Because Grade 4 h a s excellent resistance to

corrosion a n d erosion applications, it is suitable
i o r a w i d e r a n g e of c h e m i c a l a n d m a r i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s , w h e r e i t often c a n b e u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y

w i t h G r a d e 3. It c a n be u s e d i n c o n t i n u o u s service
a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F), a n d i n t e r m i t t e n t s e r v i c e t o 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F ) .

Unalloyed titanium grade 4 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS

Description

0.1

0.5

0.015

0.05

0.4

0.1 max

0.4 max

0.015 max

0.05 max

0.3 max

0.08
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max

0.35
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max

0.01-0.0125
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max

0.07
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max

0.4
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4 max

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.08

0.08
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max

0.35
0.35 max
0.35 max
0.35 max
0.35 max

0.0125
O.OBmax
0.013 max
O.OBmax
O.OBmax

0.07
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max

0.4
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.1

0.4

0.0125

0.07

0.4

balTi

0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max

0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max

0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.01 max
0.015 max

ShStrp Pit Ann

0.08
Bar Wir Frg Bil Rng Ann
0.08
Sh Pit Strp Ann
0.1
Bar B0 Ann
0.1
Cast
0.1
0.1
Cast
Frg Ann
0.1
Nut
0.1 max
BltScrw Std
0.1 max
Sh Strp Bar HR CR Ann Frg
0.1
Frg Ann
0.08
Ext Bar Shp Ann
0.08
Sh Strp Pit Ann
0.08
Bar
0.08 max
0.08
BarBil Ann

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.25
0.5
0.5 max
0.5 max
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 max
0.5

0.015
0.05
0.0125
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.0125-0.01
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.0125 max 0.07 max
0.0125 max 0.07 max
0.015-0.0125 0.05
0.0125
0.05
0.015
0.05
0.015
0.05
O.OBmax 0.05 max
0.0125
0.05

R50700

Other

Si

OE

Fe

Designation

0.4

balTi

China
GB 3620

TA-3

balTi

0.15 max

Europe
AECMA prEN2519
AECMA prEN2520
AECMA prEN2527
AECMA prEN3443
AECMA prEN3453
AECMA prEN3461
AECMA prEN3496
AECMA prEN3499

Ti-PQ4
Ti-P04
Ti-P04
Ti-P04
Ti-P04
-04
Ti-P04
-04

Bar Frg ShStrp

Frg
ShStrp
Strp ShAnnCR
FrgNHT
Bar Ann
Frg Ann
ShStrp Ann CR

T-60

Sh Ann

3.7064
3.7065
3.7065
3.7065
3.7065

Sh Rod Bar Frg Ann

ShStrp
Rod
Wir
Frg

L-7004

Mult Forms Ann

0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max

0.6
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max
0.6 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

France
AIR9182

Ti 99.56 min

0.04

Germany
DIN
DIN 17860
DIN 17862
DIN 17863
DIN 17864
Spain
UNE 38-714
UK
BS2TA6
BS 2TA7
BS 2TA8
BS2TA9

ShStrp
Bar
Frg
Frg

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

USA
AMS4901L
AMS4921F
ASTM 265
ASTM 348
ASTM 367
ASTM 367
ASTM 381
ASTMF467-84
ASTMF468-84
ASTM F67
MELF-83142
MILT-81556A
MTLT-9046J
MILT-9047-G
MILT-9047G

Grade 4
Grade 4
Grade C-2
Grade C-3
Grade F-4
Grade 4
Grade 4
Grade 4
Comp 1
Code CP-1
Code CP-1
SP-70
Ti-CP-70

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4 max
0.4 max
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4 max
0.4 max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
0.3
balTi
0.3
balTi
0.3
balTi
0.3 max balTi
Y 0.005; balTi
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

Commercially Pure a n d Modified Ti / 1 7 3

Unalloyed titanium grade 4 commercial equivalents: Compositions

Specification

Description

Designation

Fe

0.0125

0.07

Si

OE

OT

Other

France
Ugine

0.35

0.4

UT60

Bar Frg Sh Pit Ann

T6

Frg

DT4
KS85
ST-80

Bar Rod Shp Frg Ann

Sh Strp Pit Wir Bar Ann

0.1

0.5
0.4

0.0125
0.01

0.05
0.05

0.5
0.4

balTi
balTi

IMI 155
IMI 160

Sh
Rod Bar Bil Wir

0.1
0.1

0.2
0.2

0.013
0.017

0.03
0.05

0.38
0.4

balTi
balTi

0.1

balTi

Germany
Otto Fuchs

Ti99

Japan
Daido
Kobe
Sumitomo
UK
Imp. Metal
Imp. Metal
USA
Chase Ext.
Crucible
OREMET
RMI
Tel.Rodney
TIMET
TIMET
TMCA

CDXGR-4
A-70
Ti-4
RMI 70
A40
Ti-75A
TIMETAL 100A
Ti4

0.07 max

0.05-0.15
Mult Forms Ann
Ann
Ann

balTi

0.08

0.5

0.015

0.05

0.4

balTi

0.1 max
0.01 max

0.3 max
0.3 max

0.015 max
0.01 max

0.05 max

0.4 max
0.4 max

balTi
balTi

Ti-0.2Pd, R52400 (Grade 7), R52250 (Grade 11)

T h e t w o Ti-0.2Pd A S T M g r a d e s (7 a n d 11) h a v e bett e r r e s i s t a n c e t o crevice corrosion a t low p H a n d elev a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a n t h a t of A S T M G r a d e s 1,2,
a n d 12, a n d t h e y a r e r e c o m m e n d e d for chemical-ind u s t r y a p p l i c a t i o n s involving e n v i r o n m e n t s t h a t
a r e m o d e r a t e l y r e d u c i n g or t h a t fluctuate b e t w e e n
oxidizing a n d r e d u c i n g . T h e p a l l a d i u m - c o n t a i n i n g

alloys e x t e n d t h e r a n g e of t i t a n i u m applications i n
hydrochloric, p h o s p h o r i c , a n d sulfuric acid solut i o n s . T h e i r good fabricability, weldability, a n d
s t r e n g t h a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of c o r r e s p o n d i n g
g r a d e s of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m . Ti-0.2 P d G r a d e 7 i s
c o m p a r a b l e t o G r a d e 2 i n s t r e n g t h , while G r a d e 11 i s
comparable to unalloyed Grade 1 in strength.

Chemistry

A r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a d d i t i o n of p a l l a d i u m ( 0 . 1 5
to 0.20 w t % ) t o u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m p e r m i t s i t s u s e
i n s t r o n g e r r e d u c i n g m e d i a s u c h a s m i l d sulfuric
a n d hydrochloric acids.
T h e h i g h e r o x y g e n c o n t e n t (0.25 w t % ) a n d
h i g h e r i r o n c o n t e n t (0.30 wt%) of t h e G r a d e 7 alloy
r e s u l t s i n l o w e r d u c t i l i t y a n d cold f o r m a b i l i t y b u t

h i g h e r s t r e n g t h t h a n G r a d e 11 w h i c h h a s a m a x i m u m o x y g e n c o n t e n t of 0.18 w t % a n d a m a x i m u m
i r o n c o n t e n t of 0.20 w t % .
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t as low as 30 to 4 0 p p m c a n
induce hydrogen e m b r i t t l e m e n t in commercially
p u r e t i t a n i u m (see t h e s e c t i o n " H y d r o g e n D a m age" in this datasheet).

Product Forms
and Condition

B o t h G r a d e 7 a n d G r a d e 11 alloys a r e flat r o l l e d
p r o d u c t s , e x t r u s i o n s , w i r e s , t u b i n g , a n d pipe. Ti0 . 2 P d g r a d e s c a n b e satisfactorily cast, w e l d e d ,
m a c h i n e d , a n d cold w o r k e d . M o s t f o r m i n g o p e r a tions a r e performed a t room temperature, b u t

w a r m f o r m i n g (150 t o 4 2 5 C, or 3 0 0 t o 8 0 0 F) is
sometimes employed.
Ti-0.2Pd p r o d u c t s t y p i c a l l y h a v e a n a n n e a l e d
alpha structure.

Applications

Ti-0.2Pd, G r a d e 7 a n d G r a d e 11 a r e u s e d for
c h e m i c a l - i n d u s t r y e q u i p m e n t a n d for special corr o s i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e s e alloys h a v e e x c e l l e n t
corrosion r e s i s t a n c e for c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e y a r e a l s o u s e d for s t o r a g e a p p l i c a t i o n s
i n v o l v i n g m e d i a t h a t a r e m i l d l y r e d u c i n g or t h a t
fluctuate between oxidizing a n d reducing. T h e pal-

l a d i u m - c o n t a i n i n g alloys a r e also u s e d w h e r e h i g h
cold f o r m a b i l i t y i n c o m p o n e n t f a b r i c a t i o n is r e q u i r e d , s u c h a s cold p r e s s e d p l a t e s for p l a t e / f r a m e
h e a t exchangers a n d chlor-alkali anodes. ASTM
G r a d e s 7 a n d 11 c a n b e u s e d i n c o n t i n u o u s service
u p t o 4 2 5 C (800 F) a n d i n i n t e r m i t t e n t service u p
t o 5 4 0 C (1000 F).

1 7 4 / T i t a n i u m Data Sheets

Ti-0.2Pd grades 7 and 11 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS
UNS

Designation
R52250
R52400
R52401

Pd

Si

OT

Other

Fe

0.1
0.1
0.05

0.2
0.3
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.008

0.03
0.03
0.02

0.18
0.25
0.15

0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.15-0.25

balTi
balTi
balTi

0.15 max
0.2 max
0.25 max

0.0013 max
0.0013 max
0.0013 max

0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max

0.12max
0.18max
0.25 max

0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25

0.4 max balTi

0.4 max balTi
0.4 max balTi

0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.2 max
0.25 max
0.3 max

0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max

0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.07 max
0.07 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.07 max

0.15 max
0.15 max
0.15 max
0.15 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.15 max
0.15 max
0.15 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.15 max
0.15 max
0.2 max
0.2 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.15 max
0.2 max
0.25 max

0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.07

0.18

0.01

0.04

0.12

0.15-0.3

Description
Grade 11
Grade7
Filler

Germany
DIN 17851
DIN 17851
DIN 17851

3.7225
3.7235
3.7255

0.06 max
0.06 max
0.06 max

Japan
JIS 4635 type 11
JIS 4635 type 11
JIS 4635 type 11
JIS 4635 type 11
JIS 4635 type 12
JIS 4635 type 12
JIS 4635 type 12
JISH4635typel2
JIS 4635 type 13
JISH4635typel3
JISH4635typel3
JISH4635typel3
JIS 4636 type 11
JIS 4636 type 11
JIS 4636 type 11
JIS 4636 type 12
JIS 4636 type 12
JIS 4636 type 12
JIS 4636 type 13
JIS 4636 type 13
JIS 4636 type 13
JIS 4655 type 11
JIS 4655 type 11
JIS 4655 type 12
JIS 4655 type 12
JISH4655typel3
JISH4655typel3
JIS 4675 type 11
JIS 4675 type 12
JIS 4675 type 13

TTP28PdD
TTP28PdE
TTP28PdW
TTP28PdVvT>
TTP35PdD
TTP35PdE
TTP35PdW
TTP35PdWD
TTP49PdD
TTP49PdE
TTP49PdW
TTP49PdWD
TTH28PdD
TTH28PdW
TTH28PdWD
TTH35PdD
TTH35PdW
TTH35PdWD
TTH49PdD
TTH49PdW
TTH49PdWD
TB28PdC
TB28PdH
TB35PdC
TB35PdH
TB49PdC
TB49PdH
TW28Pd
TW35Pd
TW49Pd

Smls Pip CD
Smls Pip HE
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Smls Pip CD
Smls Pip HE
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Smls Pip CD
Smls Pip HE
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Smls Pip CD
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Smls Pip CD
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Smls Pip CD
Weld Pip
Weld Pip CD
Rod Bar CD
Rod Bar HW
Bar Rod CD
Bar Rod HW
Bar Rod CD
Bar Rod HW
Wir
Wir
Wir

Russia
4200

0.1

0.3

balTi

Spain
UNE 38-715

L-7021

Sh Pit Strp Bar Wir Ext Ann

0.08

0.25

0.0125

0.05

0.25

0.12-0.25

Grade 11
Grade 7
Grade 11
Grade 7
Grade 11
Grade 7
Grade 11
Grade 7
Grade Ti-Pd7B
Grade F-11
Grade F-7
Grade 7
Grade 7
Grade 7
Grade 7
ERTi-0.2Pd

Sh Pit Strp Ann

ShStrp Pit Ann
Smls Weld Pip
Wld Smls Pip Ann
Smls Weld Tub Ann
Smls Weld Tub Ann
Bar Bil Ann
BarBil Ann
Cast
Frg Ann
Frg Ann
Nut
Met Nut
BltScrwStd
MetBltScrwStd
Weld Fill Met

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.1 max
0.05

0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.0125-0.01
0.0125
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.008

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max
0.02

0.18
0.25
0.18
0.25
0.18
0.25
0.18
0.25
0.4
0.18
0.25
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.25 max
0.15

0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.12-0.25
0.15-0.25

balTi

USA
ASTM 265
ASTM 265
ASTM 337
ASTM 337
ASTM 338
ASTM 338
ASTM 348
ASTM 348
ASTM 367
ASTM 381
ASTM 381
ASTMF467-84
ASTMF467M-84a
ASTMF468-84
ASTMF468M-84b
AWSA5.16-70

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Commercially Pure a n d Modified Ti / 1 7 5

Ti-0.2Pd grades 7 and 11 compositions: Producer specifications

Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

Pd

Si

OT

Other

France
Ugine

UT35-02

ShPltBarFrgAnn

0.08

0.2

0.015

0.05

0.2

0.2

balTi

Contimet Pd 02/30
Contimet Pd 02/35
Contimet Pd 02/35 D
RT12(Pd)
RT 15(Pd)
RT 18(Pd)

Mult Forms Ann

Mult Forms Ann
Mult Forms Ann
Sh Strp Bar Frg

0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.1

0.15
0.2
0.25
0.2
0.25
0.3

0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06

0.12
0.18
0.25
0.1
0.2
0.25

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05

0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.3
0.3

0.12-0.2
0.17-0.25
0.12-0.2
0.17-0.25
0.12-0.2
0.17-0.25

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.05
0.08
0.05
0.08

0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005

0.01
0.015
0.01
0.015

0.1
0.15
0.1
0.15

0.15 min
0.15 min
0.2 min
0.2 min

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.15
0.15

balTi
balTi

0.2

balTi

Germany
Deutsche
Deutsche
Deutsche
Deutsche
Deutsche
Deutsche

Frg

Japan
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Kobe
Sumitomo
Sumitomo
Sumitomo
Toho
Toho
Toho
Toho

KS40PdA
KS40PdB
KS50PdA
KS50PdB
KS70PdA
KS70PdB
ST40P
ST-50P
ST-60P
15PAT
15PBT
20PAT
20PBT

Mult Forms Ann

Mult Forms Ann
Mult Forms Ann
Mult Forms Ann
Mult Forms Ann
Mult Forms Ann

IMI 260
IMI 262

Sh
Mult Forms

0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03

UK
Imp. Metal
Imp. Metal
USA
Crucible
OREMET
OREMET
RMI
TIMET
TIMET
TIMET
TMCA
TMCA

A-40Pd
Ti-11
Ti-17
RMI0.2%Pd
Ti-0.2Pd
TIMETAL 35 A Pd
TIMETAL 50APd
Ti-7
Ti-11

Mult Forms Ann

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.03

0.2

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni, R53400

Chemistry

Product Forms
and Condition

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (ASTM g r a d e 12), introduced i n

1974 for c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t applications, is conside r a b l y s u p e r i o r t o u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m i n several r e spects. I t exhibits b e t t e r r e s i s t a n c e t o crevice corrosion i n h o t b r i n e s (similar t o t h a t of Ti-Pd b u t a t
m u c h lower cost) a n d i s m o r e r e s i s t a n t t h a n u n a l loyed ( b u t n o t Ti-0.2Pd) t o corrosion by acids. I t
also offers significantly g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h t h a n u n a l -

loyed g r a d e s for u s e i n h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e , h i g h p r e s s u r e applications. T h i s often p e r m i t s t h e u s e of t h i n n e r w a l l sections i n p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s a n d piping,

t h a t often t r a n s l a t e s i n t o cost a d v a n t a g e s . Ti0.3Mo-0.8Ni is less e x p e n s i v e t h a n Ti-0.2Pd g r a d e s
b u t does n o t offer t h e s a m e crevice corrosion resist a n c e a t low p H (<3 p H ) . I n n e a r - n e u t r a l b r i n e s ,
crevice corrosion is s i m i l a r to Ti-0.2Pd.

C P G r a d e 12 h a s a l l o w a b l e n i t r o g e n , c a r b o n ,
h y d r o g e n , i r o n , a n d o x y g e n levels c o m p a r a b l e t o
G r a d e 2 a n d G r a d e 7 e x c e p t for a lower c a r b o n cont e n t (0.08 w t % v s 0.10 w t % m a x ) . T h e t i t a n i u m
c o n t e n t i n G r a d e 12 i s l o w e r e d t h r o u g h t h e a d d i t i o n of t w o b e t a s t a b i l i z e r s , m o l y b d e n u m a n d

nickel.
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t a s low a s 30 t o 4 0 p p m c a n
i n d u c e hydrogen e m b r i t t l e m e n t in commercially
p u r e t i t a n i u m (see t h e s e c t i o n " H y d r o g e n D a m age" in this datasheet).

G r a d e 12 c a n b e r e a d i l y forged a n d c a n b e cold
w o r k e d o n e q u i p m e n t u s e d for s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s . I t i s
a v a i l a b l e i n a l l w r o u g h t f o r m s a n d c a n b e cast,
welded, a n d machined.

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni p r o d u c t s t y p i c a l l y h a v e a n a n n e a l e d a l p h a s t r u c t u r e . T h e t e n s i l e a n d yield
s t r e n g t h s of Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni exceed t h o s e of e i t h e r
t h e G r a d e 2 alloy o r t h e G r a d e 7 alloy. C o m p a r e d to

176 / Titanium Data Sheets

Applications

p a l l a c h u m - c o n t a i n i n g g r a d e s (ASTM G r a d e 11),
G r a d e 12 h a s d o u b l e t h e t e n s i l e a n d y i e l d

s t r e n g t h s of G r a d e 11.

G r a d e 12 i s u s e d i n a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g
m o d e r a t e s t r e n g t h a n d e n h a n c e d corrosion r e s i s t a n c e , s u c h a s e q u i p m e n t for chemical, m a r i n e ,
and other industries. Recommended environm e n t s for A S T M G r a d e 12 i n c l u d e s e a w a t e r ,
b r i n e s , m o i s t c h l o r i n e above 120 C (250 F ) , h o t
p r o c e s s s t r e a m s c o n t a i n i n g chlorides w h e r e c r e v -

ices m a y b e p r e s - e n t , oxidizing acids, dilute reduci n g acids, o r g a n i c acids, a n d c o m b i n a t i o n s of t h e s e

w i t h h o t , b r a c k i s h , or s a l i n e cooling w a t e r s . This
m a t e r i a l i s u s e d for e q u i p m e n t s u c h a s h e a t exc h a n g e r s , p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s , chlorine cells, salt
e v a p o r a t o r s , p i p i n g , pollution-control equipment,
a n d other fabrications.

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni grade 12 and equivalents: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS

Designation

Description

Fe

R53400

Mo

Ni

OT

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.2-0.4

0.03

0.6-0.9

0.25

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.0125
0.015

0.2-0.4
0.2
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

Ni

Other
balTi

USA
Grade 12
Grade 12
Grade 12
Grade 12
Grade F-12

ASTM 265
ASTM 337
ASTM 338
ASTM 348
ASTM 381

ShStrp Pit Ann

Smls Weld Pip Ann
Smls Weld Tub Ann
Bar Bill Ann
Frg Ann

0.4
0.3
0.3

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni Grade 12 commercial equivalents: Compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

Mo

OT

Other

Germany
Deutsche

ContimetTiNiMo83 Ann

0.06

0.25

0.013

0.2-0.4

0.03

0.6-0.9

0.25

balTi

0.3
0.3

0.01
0.01

0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4

0.03
0.03

0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9

0.25
0.2

balTi
balTi

0.2-0.4

0.03 max

0.6-0.9

0.25 max

balTi

Japan
Kobe
Kobe

KSG12
KSG12S

Mult Forms Ann

Soft Mult Forms Ann

Ti-12
TTMETAL Code 12
12

Heat Exch

USA
OREMET
TIMET
TMCA

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.015 max

Phases and Structures (CP and Modified Ti, all grades)

Crystal
Structure

T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s of commercially p u r e (CP) t i t a n i u m a n d A S T M g r a d e s 7 , 1 1 , a n d 12 a r e t y p i c a l l y
100% -crystal s t r u c t u r e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . A s
levels of i m p u r i t i e s (primarily iron) i n c r e a s e , s m a l l
b u t i n c r e a s i n g a m o u n t s of spheroidal a r e o b s e r v e d
metallographically, usually a t t h e grain boundaries.
L a r g e r a m o u n t s of spheroidal a r e m o r e likely i n
A S T M g r a d e 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) t h a n i n u n a l l o y e d
titanium.
B e t a t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e s are about 910
15 C ( 1 6 7 5 2 5 F ) for c o m m e r c i a l l y p u r e t i t a n i u m w i t h 0.25 w t % 0 m a x a n d 945 15 C ( 1 7 3 5
2 5 F) w i t h 0 . 4 0 w t % 0 m a x (see t a b l e n e x t
2

page).
L a t t i c e P a r a m e t e r s . Typical u n i t cell par a m e t e r s for a n - c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e a t 2 5 C (77
F) a r e :
= 0.2950 n m
c = 0.4683 n m
I m p u r i t y e l e m e n t s ( c o m m o n l y oxygen, nitrog e n , c a r b o n , a n d iron) i n f l u e n c e u n i t cell dimensions. T h e t y p i c a l u n i t cell p a r a m e t e r for t h e
s t r u c t u r e i s 0.329 n m a t 9 0 0 C (1650 F).

Commercially Pure and Modified Ti /177

ASTM grade 2 titanium: Lattice parameters versus temperature

Temperature,

Temperature, F
500

1000

1500

500

2000

2000

1500

0.481

10.3355

0.299

1000

0.477h
H0.3335

0.297

0.473r-

H0.3315

0.295h

200

600

0.3295

0.293
400

600

800

1000

800

1200

1000

1400

Temperature,

1200 1400

Temperature,
(a)

(b)

Unalloyed titanium with 0.25 Fe, 0.1 Si, 0.07 C, and 0.12 in wt%.
Source: W. SzWiniarz and F. Grosman, T h e Estimation of Refinement Possibility of Coarse-Grained Structures of Unalloyed Titanium by the Heat
Treatment," presented at 6th World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988

Alpha Morphology. Annealed titanium may

have an equiaxed or a platelike morphology.
Equiaxed can be produced by recrystallization
after extensive working in the phase field. Platelet occurs during cooling from the phase. When
the material is not fully recrystallized, the will be
elongated in the direction of working.
Grain
Size

Rapid grain growth occurs when titanium is

heated above the transus. Grain size of ASTM
grade 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) is more stable than unalloyed titanium, because precipitate particles of
the intermetallic compound Ti2(Ni,Mo,Fe) effectively retard grain growth.

ASTM grade 2 titanium: Grain size versus annealing temperature

30-min annealing temperature,
1000

1100
-i

0.15

1200

Typical
Designation
A S T M grade 1
A S T M grade 2
A S T M grade 3
A S T M grade 4
A S T M grade 7
A S T M grade 11
A S T M grade 12

C
888
913
920
950
913
888
890

transus
op

op

1630
1675
1685
1740
1675
1630
1635

880
890
900
905
890
880

1620
1635
1650
1660
1635
1620

ASTM grade 3 titanium: Grain size versus annealing temperature

Temperature,

F
1300

1200

1100

1400

Typical

transits

1300
'

CP and modified titanium grades: Typical transus temperature 15 C (25 F)

1. 1 0 % reduction
2. 5 0 % reduction
0.1

0.05

3. 8 8 % reduction

'
500

600

2/3

700

800

30-min annealing temperature, C

Source: Commercially Pure Titanium," IMI Titanium, Birmingham, UK, 11

550

575

600

625

650

675

700

725

750

Temperature, C
Annealing after isothermal working at less than 760 mm/min (30
in./min) with relatively low extrusion ratio. Extruded from billet preheated to an unspecified temperature in the range of 595 to 980 C
(1100 to 1800 F).
Source: P.T Finden, "Production of Seamless Titanium Tubing,"
presented at 6th World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988

178 / T i t a n i u m Data S h e e t s

Elastic Properties (all ASTM grades)

ASTM grade 4 titanium: Young's modulus vs test
direction

ASTM grade 4 titanium: Poisson's ratio versus test

direction
0.45

0.40

0.35

40 50 60
a, degrees

0.30
0

40 50
60
100
a, degrees
Source: F. Larson and A. Zarkades, Properties of Textured Wanium
Alloys, MCIC-74-20, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1974

70

80

90

100

a is the angle between the rolling direction and the specimen axis,
is the angle between the basal pole and the sheet normal.
Source: F. Larson and A. Zarkades, Properties of Textured Titanium
Alloys, MCIC-74-20, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1974

CP and modified titanium: Typical room-temperature elastic properties

Tensile m o d u l u s (a)
GPa
10 psi

Designation

ASTM grade 1
(0.180,0.2Fe, wt%max)
ASTM grade 2
(0.250,0.3Fe, wt% max)
ASTM grade 3
(0.350,0.3Fe, wt% max)
ASTM grade 4
(0.400,0.5Fe, wt% max)
ASTM grade 7
(grade2 + 0.2Pd)
ASTM grade 11
(grade 1 + 0.2Pd)
ASTM grade 12
(Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni)

S h e a r modulus
in torsion
GPa
10 psi

Compressive modulus
GPa
10 psi
6

Poisson's
ratio

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

110

16.0

45

6.5

0.34-0.40

103-107

15 15.5

43

6.2

0.34-0.40

(a) Typical range only; textured material has wider range of values, depending on the test direction.

Effect of
Temperature

A S T M grade 2 titanium: Tensile modulus at high temperature

Temperature
C
27
77
200
300

ASTM grade 4 titanium: Moduli vs temperature

200

Young's (tensile) m o d u l u s
GPa
10 psi

150

80
170
390
575

117
100
90
79

17
14.5
13
11.5

Source: Beaton and Hewitt, Physical Property Data for the Design
Engineer, Hemisphere Publishing, 1984

Temperature, F
400
600
800
r
1
1

co 100

1000

Tensile modulus

-H15"

O.

H10 =
-

Shear modulus

100

200
300
400
Temperature, C

Source: Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol 3

500

600

C o m m e r c i a l l y P u r e a n d Modified Ti / 1 7 9

CP titanium: Tensile modulus versus temperature

Temperature, F
200
400
600

-100

100

800

200
300 400
Temperature, C

1000

500

600

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Battelle Colum-

bus Laboratories, Vol 4,1963

CP titanium: Shear modulus versus temperature

200

400

100

200

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200 1400

300 400 500

Temperature, C

600

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook

700

800

180 / Titanium Data Sheets

Electrical Resistivity
E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y d e c r e a s e s a s t h e p u r i t y of
t i t a n i u m i n c r e a s e s . W i t h i m p u r i t y c o n t e n t s of l e s s
t h a n 0.18 w t % F e a n d l e s s t h a n 0.20 w t % O, r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e r e s i s t i v i t y (in m i c r o h m m e t e r s ) c a n
b e e s t i m a t e d from t h e r e l a t i o n = 0 . 4 2 3 1 + 0.3637
(Fe, w t % ) + 0.4540 (O, w t % ) . R e p o r t e d r o o m - t e m perature values are
.

CP titanium: Electrical resistivity

Temperature, F
400
600
800

200

1000

G r a d e 2 : 0 . 5 to 0.55 m
Grade 4:0.6 m

G r a d e s 7 a n d 11 (Ti-0.2 Pd): 0.55

G r a d e 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni): 0.52

m
m

A t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e r e s i s t i v i t y of t i t a n i u m is s o m e w h a t l o w e r t h a n t h a t of 1 8 C r - 8 N i
s t a i n l e s s steel, b u t t h e r e s i s t i v i t y of t i t a n i u m i n c r e a s e s m o r e r a p i d l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e . Above 2 0 0
C (400 F), i t h a s a h i g h e r r e s i s t i v i t y t h a n steel.

100

200

600

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

Source: IMI Titanium

CP titanium: Resistivity vs temperature

ASTM grade 2 titanium: Electrical resistivity

Temperature, F
300
400
500

100

1.0

700

100
j

Temperature, F
200
300
400

1
1
1

0.9

Grade 3 / /

'

500
1

. 0.8-

^ 0.7!
CD
DC

Grade 1

0.6
0.5
0.4

100

400

200
300
Temperature, C
Source: Thermo Physical Research Lab Report 578 for RMI Titanium Company

Grade 2 /

-50

1
50

100
150
200
Temperature, C

Source: Corrosion data, RMI Titanium Company

1
250

300

Commercially Pure and Modified Ti / 1 8 1

Chemical Reactivity

T h e n a t u r e of t h e oxide film o n t i t a n i u m a l l o y s
b a s i c a l l y r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e of m i nor alloying constituents; thus, small additions
(<2 t o 3%) of m o s t c o m m e r c i a l l y u s e d a l l o y i n g elem e n t s o r t r a c e alloy i m p u r i t i e s g e n e r a l l y h a v e little effect o n t h e b a s i c corrosion r e s i s t a n c e of t i t a n i u m in normally passive e n v i r o n m e n t s . F o r
e x a m p l e , d e s p i t e s m a l l differences i n i n t e r s t i t i a l
e l e m e n t (carbon, oxygen, a n d nitrogen) a n d i r o n
c o n t e n t , all u n a l l o y e d g r a d e s of t i t a n i u m p o s s e s s
t h e s a m e u s e f u l r a n g e of r e s i s t a n c e i n e n v i r o n m e n t s i n w h i c h corrosion r a t e s a r e n o r m a l l y v e r y
low. H o w e v e r , u n d e r a c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t i t a n i u m e x h i b i t s significant g e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n , certain alloying elements m a y accelerate corrosion.
I n c r e a s i n g t h e alloy i r o n a n d sulfur c o n t e n t , for exa m p l e , i n c r e a s e s corrosion r a t e s w h e n c o r r o s i o n
r a t e s e x c e e d 0.13 m m / y r (5 m i l s / y r ) (R.W. S c h u t z ,
J . S . G r a u m a n , a n d J . A . H a l l , Effect of S o l i d Solut i o n I r o n o n t h e C o r r o s i o n B e h a v i o r of T i t a n i u m , i n
Titanium, Science and Technology, P r o c e e d i n g s of
t h e F i f t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference o n T i t a n i u m ,
D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t fur M e t a l l k u n d e e.V., G e r many, 1985, 2617-2624; and L.C. Covington a n d
R.W. S c h u t z , Effects of I r o n on t h e C o r r o s i o n R e s i s t a n c e of T i t a n i u m , i n Industrial Applications
of Titanium and Zirconium,
STP 728, ASTM, 1981,
163-180).
T h u s , m i n o r v a r i a t i o n s i n alloy c h e m i s t r y m a y
b e of c o n c e r n only u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e
p a s s i v i t y of t i t a n i u m i s b o r d e r l i n e , o r w h e n t h e
m e t a l i s fully a c t i v e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , m i n o r
n i c k e l a n d p a l l a d i u m a d d i t i o n s a r e h i g h l y effective
in e n h a n c i n g t h e corrosion r e s i s t a n c e of t i t a n i u m
alloys u n d e r r e d u c i n g conditions. W e l d m e n t s a n d
castings generally exhibit corrosion r e s i s t a n c e
s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e i r u n w e l d e d , w r o u g h t c o u n t e r parts. However, u n d e r marginal or active condit i o n s (for c o r r o s i o n r a t e s >0.10 m m , o r 4 m i l s , p e r
y e a r ) , w e l d m e n t s m a y e x p e r i e n c e a c c e l e r a t e d corrosion a t t a c k r e l a t i v e t o t h e b a s e m e t a l , d e p e n d i n g
on t h e i n c r e a s i n g i m p u r i t y (iron, sulfur, o r o x y g e n )
content associated with a coarse, t r a n s f o r m e d
microstructure.

Combustion

A l t h o u g h t h e i g n i t i o n of t i t a n i u m a l l o y s i n n o r m a l a i r i s g e n e r a l l y n o t of c o n c e r n i n t y p i c a l m i l l
p r o d u c t f o r m s (except p o w d e r s ) , i g n i t i o n i s p o s s i ble i n e n r i c h e d oxygen a t m o s p h e r e s . I g n i t i o n i s n o t
e a s i l y a c h i e v e d u n l e s s t h e oxide film i s m e c h a n i cally d a m a g e d a n d f r e s h m e t a l s u r f a c e s a r e e x posed. T h e p r o b l e m i n c r e a s e s a s t h e m a t e r i a l g e t s
thinner.
Rapid, dangerous, exothermic halogenation rea c t i o n s m a y occur w i t h t i t a n i u m i n d r y c h l o r i n e
and bromine gas environments unless m i n i m u m

Titanium alloy combustion rates

Combustion rate, g / c m s
J2
Jl
2

Alloy
Ti (99.2%)
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

T1-8AI-IM0-IV

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Ti-4Al-12Sn
Ti-12Mo-4Sn
Ti-0.24Fe-3.3Al-2.6V
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Ti-5.9Cr-4.2Mo-3.3V-0.07Fe
(BetaHT)
Ti-5.8 AI-2.OM0-2.1 Sn-1.9Cr-l .8Zr
Ti-3.3Al-8.1V-5.9Cr-4.2Mo-3.9Zr
Ti4.9Al-5.0Sn-1.9Mo-1.9Zr-0.24Si
Ti-5Mo
Ti-11 Mo
Ti-20Mo
Ti-30Mo
Ti-40Mo
Ti-2Sn
Ti-6Sn
Ti-9Sn
Ti-12Sn

0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.10

0.03
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04

0.07
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.10

0.05
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.05

Note: One goal of the study was to measure the combustion rates
for a number of different alloys to see if the addition of certain alloying elements could reduce the rate of oxygen uptake. It is
known, for example, that the addition of small amounts of silicon to
iron or copper systems can markedly reduce their rates of oxygen
absorption during combustion by forming a thin slag layer on the
surface. The combustion rates for commercially pure titanium and
a series of 23 alloys were measured in a gentle flow of oxygen (~65
cm /s) at atmospheric pressure. The combustion rates for these alloys during the first (J ) and second (J ) parts of the combustion reaction are presented. These results are the average from several
specimens of each alloy. With only two exceptions, little variation in
combustion rate was observed among the alloys studied.
Source: T. Strobridge et al., "Titanium Combustion in Turbine Engines," FSS-RD-79-51, July 1979
3

w a t e r c o n t e n t (or o x y g e n c o n t e n t ) m a i n t a i n s t o t a l
alloy passivity. T h e c r i t i c a l w a t e r c o n t e n t d e p e n d s
on g a s t e m p e r a t u r e a n d flow r a t e . M e c h a n i c a l
d a m a g e t o m e t a l s u r f a c e s e x p o s i n g f r e s h m e t a l fac i l i t a t e s r e a c t i o n w i t h d r y c h l o r i n e , b u t t h i c k e r oxide films ( t h e r m a l o x i d e s ) t e n d t o r e t a r d i n i t i a t i o n
of t h e r e a c t i o n . R a p i d , p y r o p h o r i c r e a c t i o n s w i t h
t i t a n i u m alloys a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e i n a n h y d r o u s
N2O4 g a s a t m o s p h e r e s , w h e r e a s t h e p r e s e n c e of
0.6 t o 1.0 w t % n i t r i c a c i d effectively i n h i b i t s m e t a l
attack.

182 / Titanium Data Sheets

Unalloyed Ti: Ignition/crack propagation limits in

oxygen

Unalloyed Ti: Ignition limits in pure oxygen

Oxygen pressure, psi
100
200

300

0
0

10

20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Concentration of oxygen, vol%

Source: J.D. Jackson, W.K. Boyd, and P.D. Miller, "Reactivity of

Metals with Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen," DMIC Memorandum
163, Defense Materials Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, Jan 1963; and RE. Liftman and F.M. Church, "Reactions of
Metals with Oxygen and Steam," Final Report AECU-4092, Stanford Research Institute to Union Carbide Nuclear Company, Feb
1959

ASTM grade 4 Ti: Low-temperature ignition limits

in pure O2
-300

-200

Temperature, F
-100

-187 -162 -137 -112 -87 -62 -37 -12

Temperature, C

Passivation

0.0

90 100

100

13

38

0.4

0.8
1.2
1.6
Oxygen pressure, MPa

2.0

2.4

Source: RE. Liftman and F.M. Church, "Reactions of Metals with

Oxygen and Steam," Final Report AECU-4092, Stanford Research
Institute to Union Carbide Nuclear Company, Feb 1959

Ti reaction limits with red fuming HNO3

40

0.5

1
1.5
Water content, %

2.5

Source: R.L. Kane, The Corrosion of Titanium in The Corrosion of

Light Metals, The Corrosion Monograph Series, John Wiley & Sons,
1967; and J.D. Jackson, W.K. Boyd, and P.D. Miller, "Reactivity of
Metals with Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen," DMIC Memorandum
163, Defense Materials Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, Jan 1963

Fuming nitric acid containing less than 1.4 to 2.0% water or more
than 6% NO may cause a rapid impact-sensitive reaction to occur.
Both water and NO are effective inhibitors.
Source: L.L. Gilbert and C.W. Funk, Explosions of Titanium and
Fuming Nitric Acid Mixtures, Met. Prog., Nov 1956, 93-96

Although t i t a n i u m is t h e preferred metallic

m a t e r i a l for h a n d l i n g w e t c h l o r i n e a n d b r o m i n e
g a s e n v i r o n m e n t s , a m i n i m u m w a t e r c o n t e n t (or
o x y g e n c o n t e n t ) i n t h e s e c a s e s is n e c e s s a r y t o
m a i n t a i n t o t a l alloy passivity. T h e critical w a t e r
c o n t e n t d e p e n d s on g a s t e m p e r a t u r e a n d flow r a t e .
T i t a n i u m alloys c a n n o t b e fully p a s s i v a t e d i n liqu i d b r o m i n e , b e c a u s e of t h e e x t r e m e l y l o w solubili t y of w a t e r i n t h i s m e d i u m .
R e p a s s i v a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s (2? ) a r e c o n s e r v a t i v e m e a s u r e s of a n o d i c p i t t i n g t e n d e n c y b e c a u s e
they r e p r e s e n t m i n i m u m potentials below which
pitting cannot be sustained. Unalloyed titanium
exhibits t h e highest E value, which decreases as

alloy a l u m i n u m c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s . I n c r e a s i n g iron
c o n t e n t over t h e r a n g e of 0.02 t o 0.20% r e s u l t s i n a
m i n o r ( s e v e r a l t e n t h s of a volt) d e c r e a s e i n E valu e s i n u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m (R. W. S c h u t z et al., in Titanium, Science and Technology, 1 9 8 5 , 26172624).
Like anodic pitting potentials, repassivation
p o t e n t i a l s a r e significantly l o w e r i n b r o m i d e a n d
i o d i d e m e d i a . R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e E v a l u e s of+1.2
a n d +0.95 V a r e m e a s u r e d for g r a d e s 2 a n d 5 t i t a n i u m , respectively, w h e r e a s v a l u e s o f + 0 . 9 V in dilute K B r solutions have been reported. Repassivat i o n p o t e n t i a l s for g r a d e s 2 a n d 5 t i t a n i u m i n
dilute r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e iodide solutions have

Commercially P u r e a n d Modified Ti / 183

Repassivation potentials of as-annealed titanium alloys in boiling chloride media

Repassivation potentials, V(a)
Alloy

5 % NaCI
(pH 3 . 5 )

3%HC1

+6.7
+2.3
+2.8
+3.0
+3.2
+2.6
+6.3

+5.8
+ 1.7
+2.3
+2.4
+2.6
+2.4
+5.6

Grade 1
Grade 2
Ti-6-4
Ti-550
Ti-6-2-4-6
Ti-3-8-6-4-4
Ti-8-8-2-3
Ti-15-5
Grade 12
Grade 7

Saturated
NaCI
+7.0
+5.7

+5.9
+5.6

(a) Measured versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Source: R.W. Schutz and J.S. Grauman, "Compositional Effects on Titanium Alloy Repassivation Potential in Chloride Media," paper presented at the International Conference on Localized Corrosion, Orlando, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, June 1987

Passivation of unalloyed Ti in static chlorine gas

Conditions to passivate Ti in pure chlorine gas

Temperature, F
200

100

104

300

1.5

93
Static CI,

1.0

Area of uncertainty /

\.

82

. 71

No attack

180
160

CD

60

200

140

Positive reaction

Q.

Flowing Cl

0.5

49 -

Attack
100
Temperature, C

150

100

27

80
0.1

200

Source: H.B. Bomberger, in Industrial Applicators ofVtanium and

Zirconium: Third Conference, STP 830, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984, 143-158

b e e n m e a s u r e d t o b e +1.8 a n d +1.5 V, r e s p e c t i v e l y
( H . J . R a e t z e r - S c h e i v e , Corrosion, Vol 3 4 (No. 12),
Dec 1 9 7 8 , 4 3 7 - 4 4 2 ; a n d T.R. Beck, J. Electrochem. Soc, Vol 1 2 0 , 1 9 7 3 , 1310).
Pitting

38 -

16

0.0
50

120

No reaction

A n o d i c B r e a k d o w n P i t t i n g . T i t a n i u m exh i b i t s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h anodic b r e a k d o w n p o t e n t i a l s
(E^) i n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n c o m p a r e d t o m o s t e n g i n e e r i n g m e t a l s . T h i s i s t h e b a s i s for i t s u s e a s dim e n s i o n a l l y s t a b l e a n o d e s for chlor-alkali cells,
a n o d e s for r e c o v e r y of m e t a l s or m e t a l oxides from
s o l u t i o n s , zinc a n d n i c k e l p l a t i n g a n o d e b a s k e t s ,
a l u m i n u m anodizing racks, a n d platinum anode
s u b s t r a t e s for i m p r e s s e d c a t h o d i c p r o t e c t i o n s y s t e m s . I n s u l f a t e a n d p h o s p h a t e m e d i a , anodic pitt i n g p o t e n t i a l s of t i t a n i u m alloys a r e t y p i c a l l y i n
t h e r a n g e of + 8 0 t o +100 V ( v e r s u s Ag/AgCl reference e l e c t r o d e ) . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , d i l u t e sulfuric a n d
p h o s p h o r i c a c i d s o l u t i o n s ( a n d t h e i r salts) a r e t y p i cal e l e c t r o l y t e s for a n o d i z i n g t i t a n i u m t o g r o w p r o t e c t i v e s u r f a c e o x i d e s a n d / o r p r o d u c e colored s u r faces.
I n h a l i d e s a l t s o l u t i o n s , t i t a n i u m alloys e x h i b i t
somewhat lower b u t yet reasonably high pitting
p o t e n t i a l s . V a l u e s of +9 t o + 1 0 . 5 V ( v e r s u s
Ag/AgCl) c a n b e e x p e c t e d i n r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e

0.2
0.3
0.4
Water content, %

0.5

0.6

Source: E.E. Millaway and M.H. Klineman, Factors Affecting Water

Content Needed to Passivate Titanium in Chlorine, Corrosion, Vol
23 (No. 4), 1972, 88

Depassivation of Ti in various HCI concentrations

140

50

60

Temperature, F
160
180
200

70
80
90
Temperature, C

220

100

110

The effect of temperature on the critical hydrochloric acid concentration for the depassivation of four titanium materials in deaerated
1 sodium chloride solution is shown. For each material, the critical
concentration decreases with increasing temperature.
Source: B. Satoh etal., The Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Some
Titanium Materials, Plat. Met Rev, Vol 31,1987, 115-121

184 / Titanium Data Sheets

chloride solutions, decreasing to approximately

+1.2 V a t 175 t o 250 C (345 t o 4 8 0 F ) . T h e s e v a l u e s d e p e n d o n s a m p l e s u r f a c e condition. F o r exa m p l e , a b r a d e d or s a n d - b l a s t e d s u r f a c e s e x h i b i t
s o m e w h a t lower values t h a n as-pickled surfaces.
Anodic p i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l v a l u e s a r e significantly lower in bromide solutions, a n d they decrease w i t h increasing t e m p e r a t u r e . At room temp e r a t u r e , a n o d i c p i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l s o f + 0 . 9 0 t o +1.4
V h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d for t i t a n i u m g r a d e s 2 a n d 5
(Ref 1, 2). O n e s t u d y h a s r e p o r t e d v a l u e s for g r a d e
1, 2, a n d 3 t i t a n i u m r a n g i n g b e t w e e n +1.8 t o +2.2
V i n 1% N a B r (pH6) s o l u t i o n a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e ,
d e c r e a s i n g t o +1.0 t o +1.2 V a t 100 C (212 F) (Ref
3). T h u s , p i t t i n g of t i t a n i u m alloys m a y b e p o s s i b l e

in p u r e bromide solutions at higher t e m p e r a t u r e s

if h i g h l y oxidizing c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l .
H o w e v e r , a d d i t i o n s of v a r i o u s oxidizing a n i o n s
m a y i n h i b i t p i t t i n g i n N a B r s o l u t i o n s by signific a n t l y r a i s i n g a n o d i c p i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l s (Ref 2).
C r i t i cal c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e s e i n h i b i t i v e a n i o n s
h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d , a n d t h e r e l a t i v e efficiency
of
inhibition
decreases
in
the
order
SOI" > N O - > C r O | - > P O f > COl - .
S t u d i e s i n r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e iodide s olutions
h a v e r e v e a l e d a n o d i c p i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l s of +1.7 t o
+1.8 V, w i t h l i t t l e effect of acidification i n d i c a t e d
(Ref 1,4). Above 4 0 to 50 C (100 t o 120 F), v a l u e s
n e a r +0.5 V ( v e r s u s S C E ) a r e r e p o r t e d .
3

Anodic breakdown pitting potentials ( E ) for titanium alloys in chloride solutions

b

Temperature
AUoy

Solution

Grade 2
Grade 5
Grade 2
Grade 12
Grade 7
Grade 5
Grade2
Grade 12
Grade 7
Grade 5
Grade 2
Grade 2
Grade 2
Grade 2
Grade 12
Grade 12
Grade 2

pH

lWNaCl
1/VNaCl
Saturated NaCl(b)
Saturated NaCl(b)
Saturated NaCl(b)
Saturated NaCl(b)
Saturated NaCl
Saturated NaCl
Saturated NaCl
Saturated NaCl
lWNaCl
WNaCl
lWNaCl
1/VNaCl
Seawater
0 -saturated seawater
1WKC1 + 0.2MH S0

7
7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
7
7
7
7
8
8

op

b,V(a)

25
25
25
25
25
25
95
95
95
95
125
150
175
200
245
245
25

75
75
75
75
75
75
200
200
200
200
255
300
345
390
475
475
75

+11.0
5.2
9.6
9.6
9.6
8.9
5.0-6.5
5.0-5.7
5.2-7.0
2.5-3.4
-4.4
-2.2
-1.2
-1.2
2.3
3.3
80.0

(a) Measured versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode, (b) Similar values were obtained in synthetic seawater (pH 8). Source: Metals
Corrosion, Vol 13,9th ed., ASM International, 1987, 688

Grade 2 titanium: Temperature vs b in dilute NaCl

and NaBr
100

50

Temperature, F
200
300

100
150
Temperature, C

Handbook,

ASTM grade 2 Ti: Pitting potential in neutral chloride brine

400

200

Source: T. Koizumi and S. Furuya, in 77fan/umScience and Technology, Vol 4, Proceedings of the Second International Conference,
Plenum Press, 1973, 2383-2393

0.1

0.2
Iron, wt%

0.3

0.4

Source: L.C. Covington, Pitting Corrosion of Titanium Tubes in Hot

Concentrated Brine Solutions, Galvanic and Pitting Corrosion
Field and Laboratory Studies, ASTM STP 576, American Society for
Testing and Materials, 1976, 150

Commercially Pure and Modified Ti / 1 8 5

CP Ti: Anode pitting potential vs iron

0.1

0.2
Iron, wt%

0.3

0.4

Iron content below 0.05% substantially increases the pitting potential, which is often used as an indication of the stability of the titanium
oxide, with high voltage being desirable.

Electrochemical Potentials

CP and modified Ti: Polarization in NaCI solution

CP Ti: Effect of Co ions on polarization

0.4

SCE

0.2

>

tential,

>

0.4

CP Ti in solution
with C o
3.0 10 mol/L
without C o

0.2

2+

0.0

0.0

-0.2

CP
Ti-0.05Pd
Ti-0.05Pd-0.3Co
Ti-0.14Pd (Grade 7)

IL

-0.2

-0.4

_v

-0.4

-0.6

J)

-0.6

-0.8

-0.8

-1.0
0.001

ii I
Ii .
/' j
//

2+

-1.0
0.01

0.1
1
Current density, A/m

10

100

Polarization behavior of CP Ti in acidic NaCI solution (NaCI 4.27

mol/L, pH 0.5, boiling, sweep rate 0.02 V/min).
Source: ISIJ Int., Special Issue on Recent Advances on Titanium
Technology, Vol 31 (No. 8) 1991, 903

0.001

0.01

0.1
1
10
Current density, A/m

100

1000

Ti-Pd-(Co) alloys in acidic NaCI solution (NaCI 4.27 mol/L, pH 0.5,

boiling, sweep rate 0.92 V/min).
Source: ISIJ Int., Special Issue on Recent Advances on Titanium
Technology, Vol 31 (No. 8), 1991, 903

186 / Titanium Data S h e e t s

CP/modified T i : Corrosion potentials in acidic NaCl

solution

Ti-Pd alloys: Polarization in NaCl acidic solution

10
100
Current density, /cm

1000

10000

Acidic sodium chloride solution (NaCl, 250 g/L, pH 0.5, boiling).

Source: Y. Shida and S. Kitayama, Effect of Pd Additions on the
Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Titanium, Sixth World Conference
on Titanium, Les Editions de Physique, Paris, 1988, 1729-1732

CP/modified T i : Corrosion potential in boiling NaCl

solution

0.2
oh

PdO/TiOvTi

1
0.1
Hydrochloric acid solution,

Anodic behavior of Ti in boiling 1H2SO4

10000

1 NaCl solution

1000

Ti-0.15Pd

0.01

-0.4
0
Potential, V vs Ag/AgCI
Polarization curves are shown for four titanium materials in boiling
1 sodium chloride with 1 hydrochloric acid. The corrosion potentials of both Ti-0.15 Pd and PdO/Ti0 -Ti, where no anodic peaks occur, are more noble than those of CP titanium and Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni.
Source: B. Satoh era/., The Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Some
Titanium Materials, Plat. Met. Rev., Vol 31,1987, 115-121

100

10

Source: B. Satoh et al., The Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Some

Titanium Materials, Plat. Met. Rev., Vol 31,1987, 115-121

0.0

-0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Potential, V vs Hg/Hg S0
2

1.2 -1.4

Source: E. McCafferty era/., Effect of Laser Processing and Ion Implantation on Aqueous Corrosion, Corrosion of Metals Processed
by Directed Energy Beams, AIME, 1982, 6

Next Page
C o m m e r c i a l l y P u r e a n d Modified Ti / 1 8 7

ASTM grade 4 Ti: Polarization in C H 3 O H with additions

1MH S0
1 H P 0
/3
1/VHCI
1/VHCIO
2

3.20% H 0
2.60% H 0
3.55% H 0
6.30% H 0
6.80% H0
2

-0.4R

10"
Current,

10

10

10*

Source: F. Mansfield, Pitting Caused by Chlorides or Sulfates in Organic Media, Galvanic and Pitting CorrosionField and Laboratory Studies,
ASTM STP 576,1976, 180-203
ASTM grade 4 Ti: Polarization in sulfuric acid solutions

0.0

2.2
-75

1.81.41.0-

Potentials in boiling 1 Af H 2 S O 4

: >

0.1/VH SO in:
"Methanol
"Ethanol
Isopropanol
Ethylene glycol
2

< 1

^ Palladium

0.5
f

1.0

Pd-lmplanted titanium

A*

k .
Titanium

1.5
10'
10"
Current,
Source: F. Mansfield, Pitting Caused by Chlorides or Sulfates in Organic Media, Galvanic and Pitting CorrosionField and Laboratory

Studies, ASTM STP 576,1976, 180-203

10"

10
Time, min

10"

10

Source: E. McCafferty etal., Effect of Laser Processing and Ion Implantation on Aqueous Corrosion, Corrosion of Metals Processed
by Directed Energy Beams, , 1982

I Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-3AI-2.5V/263

j Ti-3AI-2.5V
Common Name: Tubing Alloy, ASTM Grade 9
UNS Number: R56320

Ti-3A1-2.5V, w h i c h is i n t e r m e d i a t e i n s t r e n g t h
b e t w e e n u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m a n d Ti-6A1-4V, h a s excellent cold f o r m a b i l i t y r e q u i r e d for p r o d u c t i o n of
s e a m l e s s t u b i n g , s t r i p a n d foil. L i k e Ti-6A1-4V,
Ti-3A1-2.5V h a s a h i g h s t r e n g t h - t o - w e i g h t r a t i o
a n d i s l i g h t e r t h a n s t a i n l e s s steel. Ti-3A1-2.5V h a s

20 t o 5 0 % h i g h e r s t r e n g t h t h a n unalloyed titan i u m a t both room a n d elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s . It

h a s c o m p a r a b l e weldability, a n d is m u c h m o r e
a m e n a b l e to cold w o r k i n g t h a n Ti-6A1-4V (which
d o e s n o t h a v e good cold f o r m i n g p r o p e r t i e s ) .

With 3 wt% a l u m i n u m a s a n a l p h a stabilizer

a n d 2.5 w t % v a n a d i u m a s a b e t a stabilizer, Ti-3A1-2.5V
is s o m e t i m e s r e f e r r e d t o a s "half 6-4." H i g h i m p u r i t y levels m a y r a i s e yield s t r e n g t h a b o v e m a x i -

m u m p e r m i t t e d v a l u e s or d e c r e a s e e l o n g a t i o n or
reduction in a r e a below m i n i m u m values.
D e n s i t y . 4.48 g / c m (0.162 l b / i n . )

Product
Forms

Ti-3A1-2.5V is available a s foil, s e a m l e s s t u b i n g ,

pipe, forgings, a n d rolled p r o d u c t s . Ti-3A1-2.5V w a s
d e v e l o p e d for t u b i n g a n d foil a p p l i c a t i o n s . S e a m less t u b i n g m a d e of Ti-3A1-2.5V i s r e a d i l y cold
f o r m e d o n t h e s a m e t y p e of c o n v e n t i o n a l t u b e b e n d i n g e q u i p m e n t u s e d for f o r m i n g s t a i n l e s s
steel. Cold w o r k e d a n d s t r e s s r e l i e v e d t u b i n g g e n erally is n o t bent to radii less t h a n 3 t i m e s t h e

outer diameter in production shops, although rad i a l l y t e x t u r e d t u b i n g c a n b e b e n t t o 1.5. R e l a tively thin-wall t u b i n g should be bent using tubing
fillers o r o t h e r i n s i d e - d i a m e t e r c o n s t r a i n t s . Ti3A1-2.5V t u b i n g i s r e a d i l y w e l d e d b y s t a n d a r d g a s
tungsten-arc welding with inert-gas shielding a n d
b y u s e of a u t o m a t i c w e l d i n g t o o l s w i t h b u i l t - i n inert-gas purge chambers.

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-3A1-2.5V is a n e a r - a l p h a a l p h a - b e t a alloy
t h a t is generally u s e d i n t h e cold-worked a n d
s t r e s s - r e l i e v e d c o n d i t i o n . Ti-3A1-2.5V c a n b e h e a t

t r e a t e d to high strength, b u t it h a s very limited

hardenability.

Applications

Ti-3A1-2.5V s e a m l e s s t u b i n g w a s o r i g i n a l l y dev e l o p e d for aircraft h y d r a u l i c a n d fuel s y s t e m s a n d

h a s a proven performance record in high-technology m i l i t a r y aircraft, spacecraft, a n d c o m m e r c i a l
aircraft. T h e L o c k h e e d C-5A w a s t h e first m i l i t a r y
p r o d u c t i o n p r o g r a m i n w h i c h Ti-3A1-2.5V t u b i n g
w a s e m p l o y e d . T h i s t u b i n g w a s also s e l e c t e d for
t h e h y d r a u l i c s y s t e m of t h e C o n c o r d e S u p e r s o n i c
T r a n s p o r t . I t s first a p p l i c a t i o n i n s u b s o n i c comm e r c i a l aircraft w a s t h e B o e i n g 7 6 7 . S i n c e t h e n ,
Ti-3A1-2.5V t u b i n g h a s b e e n c h o s e n for m o s t of t h e
other commercial t r a n s p o r t s , c o m m u t e r aircraft,
a n d spacecraft. T h i s alloy also c a n b e r e a d i l y r o l l e d
i n s t r i p a n d foil, t h e l a t t e r of w h i c h i s u s e d a s t h e
h o n e y c o m b l a y e r b e t w e e n face s h e e t s of Ti-6A1-4V
sheet in sandwich structures.
Ti-3A1-2.5V is also e m p l o y e d , m o s t l y i n t u b u l a r
form, i n v a r i o u s n o n a e r o s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s
s p o r t s e q u i p m e n t (golf-club s h a f t s , t e n n i s r a c q u e t s , a n d bicycle f r a m e s ) , m e d i c a l a n d d e n t a l i m plants, a n d expensive ballpoint-pen casings. I n addition t o its high strength-to-weight ratio,
Ti-3A1-2.5V i s b e i n g u s e d i n s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s b e c a u s e of i t s e x c e l l e n t t o r s i o n r e s i s t a n c e (golf-club
s h a f t s a n d t e n n i s r a c q u e t s ) a n d corrosion r e s i s t a n c e ( m e d i c a l a n d d e n t a l p r o d u c t s ) . Golf-club
s h a f t s of Ti-3A1-2.5V h a v e b e e n h e a t t r e a t e d t o t e n -

sile s t r e n g t h s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1140 M P a (165

ksi). O t h e r s p o r t s p r o d u c t s for w h i c h Ti-3A1-2.5V
t u b i n g i s b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d i n c l u d e s k i poles, fishing poles, a n d t e n t stakes.
U s e L i m i t a t i o n s . T h e r o t a r y flexure f a t i g u e
life of p r e s s u r i z e d Ti-3A1-2.5V t u b i n g is i n f l u e n c e d
by i t s c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c t e x t u r e b y r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s
p r o d u c e d i n s t r a i g h t e n i n g o p e r a t i o n s , surface
r o u g h n e s s , a n d ovality. F l a t t e n i n g d u r i n g b e n d i n g
o p e r a t i o n s r e d u c e s t h e i m p u l s e f a t i g u e life of t u b i n g a s a r e s u l t of t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n of t h r e e a d d i tive stresses: residual stresses due to flattening,
m e m b r a n e s t r e s s e s following p r e s s u r i z a t i o n , a n d
b e n d i n g s t r e s s e s i n t h e f l a t t e n e d t u b e w a l l . Overp r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t u b i n g ( a u t o - f r e t t a g e ) c a n d e c r e a s e f l a t t e n i n g , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e i m p u l s e fat i g u e life. U s e of i m p r o p e r s u p p o r t a s s e m b l i e s m a y
cause e n d fitting displacement with a t t e n d a n t ins t a l l a t i o n s t r e s s e s o n t h e final s y s t e m , o u t w e i g h i n g t h e beneficial effect of o v e r p r e s s u r i z a t i o n .
T h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t u b i n g is a d v e r s e l y affected
b y c r a c k i n g i n service r e s u l t i n g from i n t e r n a l a n d
s u r f a c e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s . P r o d u c t i o n defects m a y b e
i n c l u s i o n s , s e p a r a t i o n s i n t h e t u b i n g w a l l , o r fiss u r e s a t t h e i n n e r a n d o u t e r surfaces. Surface
d a m a g e u s u a l l y t a k e s t h e form of chafing or d e n t ing.

Chemistry
and Density

264 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

-3-2.5V: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS

Designation
R56320
R56321

Description
Weld Fill Wir

Al

Fe

Composition, wt%

Other

OT

0.12
0.1

2-3
2-3

balTi
balTi

0.05 max

0.12max

2-3

Si 0.15 max; balTi

0.015 max

0.02 max

0.12max

2.5-3.5

0.3

0.01

0.03

0.25-0.35
0.16

2.5
2

0.02
0.012

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.04

0.25
0.25

0.013
0.005

2.5-3.5

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.015 max

2.5-3.5

0.05 max

0.3 max

China
Ti-3A1-2.5V
Europe
AECMA Ti-P69

prEN3120

TubCWSR

AK2
1MP-7

Powd

0.4 max Y 0.005 max; OE 0.1 max;

balTi

Russia
GOST
GOST

3
3

balTi
Si0.6;balTi

USA
AMS4943D
AMS4944D

Tub Ann
Smls TubCWSR

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05 max

0.3
0.3 max

0.015
0.015 max

0.02
0.02 max

0.12
0.12max

2-3
2-3

AMS4944D
AMS4945

TubCWSR
Smls Tub

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05 max

0.3
0.3 max

0.015
0.015 max

0.02
0.02 max

0.12
0.12max

2-3
2-3

Smls Weld Pip Ann

Smls Weld TubCWSR
BarBil Ann
Frg Ann
ShStrp Pit
Weld Fill Met
Weld Fill Met
ShStrp Pit Ann
Bar BO Ann

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1 max
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.25
0.013
0.25
0.013
0.25
0.0125
0.25
0.015
0.25 max 0.015 max
0.25
0.005
0.25
0.008
0.3
0.015
0.3
0.015

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02 max
0.012
0.02
0.02
0.02

0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.15 max
0.1
0.12
0.12
0.12

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3

Al

Fe

2.5-3.5

0.05

0.3

ASTM 337
ASTM 338
ASTM 348
ASTM 381
ASTMB265-79
AWSA5.16-70
AWSA5.16-70
MELT-9046J
MILT-9047G

Grade 9
Grade 9
Grade 9
GradeF-9
ERTi-3Al-2.5V-l
ERTi-3Al-2.5V
CodeAB-5
Ti-3A1-2.5V

0.4
Y 0.005; balTi
0.4 max Y 0.005 max; OE 0.1 max;
balTi
Y 0.005; balTi
0.4
0.4 max Y 0.005 max; OE 0.1 max;
balTi
0.4
balTi
0.4
balTi
0.4
balTi
0.4
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
0.4
balTi
Y 0.005; balTi
0.4

T1-3AI-2.5V: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Composition, wt%

0.04

0.12

2-3

OT

Other

Germany
DeutscheT

Contimet Al V 32

Pit Bar Frg Pip Ann

Japan
Kobe
Sumitomo

KS3-2.5
SAT-325

PltSh WirBar Ann

Toho

325AT

USA
Cabot
Crucible
OREMET
RMI
RMI
TIMET
TMCA

Ti-3A1-2.5V
3A1-2.5V
Ti3-25
RMI3A1-2.5V
RMI3A1-2.5V
TTMETAL 3-2.5
325

BarTubStrp Ann
Bar Tub Strp CWSR

2.5-3.5

0.015

balTi

0.3

0.0125

0.02

0.12

2-3

balTi

0.12

0.12

2-3

balTi

0.02
0.02

0.12
0.12

2-3
2-3

balTi
balTi

2.5-3.5

0.1

0.25

0.013

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05

0.3
0.3

0.0125
0.0125

Ti-3AI-2.5V/265

Phases and Structures

W i t h a p h a s e s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t i n g m o s t l y of
g r a i n s , w i t h s m a l l a m o u n t s of t i t a n i u m i n t h e
m a t r i x a n d g r a i n boundaries, t h e major micros t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s of Ti-3A1-2.5V a r e t h e m o r p h o l ogy of t h e p h a s e a n d t h e a l i g n m e n t ( t e x t u r e ) of
t h e c r y s t a l s . T h e s t r u c t u r e i s t y p i c a l l y cold
worked a n d partially recrystallized. However,
transformation products can be achieved by h e a t
treatment.
B e t a T r a n s u s . 9 3 5 15 C ( 1 7 1 5 2 5 F)

A l p h a m o r p h o l o g y c a n v a r y from 5 t o 8 0 %
e q u i a x e d a l p h a , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e a m o u n t of worki n g a n d recrystallization. As a t u b i n g material,
l a r g e a m o u n t s of cold w o r k i n g p r o d u c e a n elong a t e d s t r u c t u r e of g r a i n s , w i t h t h e p h a s e
s t r u n g out at t h e grain boundaries. Annealing rec r y s t a l l i z e s t h e cold-worked s t r u c t u r e t o m o r e
r o u n d e d g r a i n s . G r a i n r e f i n e m e n t d u r i n g forging
d e v e l o p s m o r e slowly for Ti-3A1-2.5V t h a n for commercial-purity titanium.

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Isothermal transformation

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Composition: 3.1 wt% Al, 2.4 wt% V, 0.006 wt% C, 0.064 wt% Fe, 0.0035 wt% H, 0.0070 wt% N, 0.0795 wt% O, bal Ti.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965, 22
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Continuous cooling transformations

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

10

10
Time, s
2

10

10

Composition: 3.1 wt% Al, 2.4 wt% V, 0.006 wt% C, 0.064 wt% Fe, 0.0035 wt% H, 0.0070 wt% N, 0.0795 wt% O, bal Ti.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965, 22

10

266 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Transformation
Products

O n cooling t o a n i s o t h e r m a l t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w
t h e m a r t e n s i t e s t a r t ( M ) p o i n t of 7 9 0 5 C ( 1 4 5 4
9 F), first s o m e p h a s e is formed a b o v e M a n d
t h e n t h e r e m a i n i n g , p r e d o m i n a t e p o r t i o n of t h e
p h a s e is t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a s u p e r s a t u r a t e d h e x a g o n a l m a r t e n s i t e (a"). Below M a n d a b o v e t h e
m a r t e n s i t e finish (Mf) t e m p e r a t u r e of 7 4 0 5 C
(1364 9 F), t h e r e r e m a i n s a r e s i d u a l p h a s e ,
w h i c h is p r o b a b l y t r a n s f o r m e d i s o t h e r m a l l y t o
p h a s e . T h e r e s u l t i n g s t r u c t u r e for i s o t h e r m a l r e a c t i o n is + ", w h e r e t h e a " p h a s e b e l o w 750 C
(1380 F) d e c o m p o s e s discontinuously
into a twophase + structure and a metastable phase enriched with -stabilizing elements.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g c o n t i n u o u s cooling a t
r a t e s e x c e e d i n g 22 C/s (39.5 F/s) r e s u l t s i n a h e x s

a g o n a l m a r t e n s i t e s t r u c t u r e , w h i l e slower r a t e s
r e s u l t i n a s t r u c t u r e of t i t a n i u m a n d a m e t a s t a b l e . At cooling r a t e s s l o w e r t h a n 5 C/h (9.5
F/h), a n e e d l e l i k e p r e c i p i t a t e is f o r m e d in t h e m e t a s t a b l e p h a s e w h e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e drops below 500 C (930 F). F o r a cooling r a t e of 50 C/h (90
F/h), t h e first p h a s e i s n u c l e a t e d a t 935 C (715
F) in g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . T h e g r a i n - b o u n d a r y film
grows a t a r a t h e r m o d e r a t e r a t e . A t a b o u t 900 C
(1650 F), W i d m a n s t a t t e n p l a t e s g r o w from g r a i n
b o u n d a r i e s a n d from n u c l e i w i t h i n g r a i n s , a n d t h e
growth r a t e increases markedly. T h e major portion
of t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s t e r m i n a t e d a t a b o u t 750
C (1380 F), w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s w e l l w i t h t h e alt e r a t i o n from to m e t a s t a b l e a n d a p p e a r s i n d e p e n d e n t of cooling r a t e .

Physical Properties
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion (b)

935 15 C ( 1 7 1 5 2 5 F )
1700 C (3100 F)
4.48 g/cm (0.162 lb/in. )
3

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Resistivity vs temperature

Temperature, F
400
600

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1.27pQm
Nonmagnetic
8.3 W/m (4.8 Btu/ft h F)
9.61 (5.34 ^/)

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

78 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 9 5 C ( 2 0 0

F)

Properties

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Elastic properties

Young's modulus
AtRT
At 230 C(450 F)

95-105 GPa (14-15 X l O p s i )

75-85 GPa (11-12 x l 0 p s i )
6

Shear modulus
AtRT
Poisson's ratio

Electrical

Resistivity

43-45 GPa (6.2-6.5 x 1 0 p s i )

Typically 0.30
6

150
250
350
Temperature, C
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

Typical v a l u e a t 20 C (70 F) is 1.27 m (50

in.).

Chemical/Corrosion Properties
Like t i t a n i u m a n d i t s o t h e r alloys, successful u s e of
Ti-3A1-2.5V c a n b e expected i n m i l d l y r e d u c i n g t o
highly oxidizing e n v i r o n m e n t s i n w h i c h p r o t e c t i v e
oxide films s p o n t a n e o u s l y form a n d r e m a i n s t a b l e .
However, hot, c o n c e n t r a t e d , low-pH chloride s a l t s
corrode t i t a n i u m , a n d w a r m or c o n c e n t r a t e d solutions of hydrochloric, phosphoric, a n d oxalic a c i d s

also a r e d a m a g i n g . I n g e n e r a l , all acidic solutions

t h a t a r e r e d u c i n g i n n a t u r e corrode t i t a n i u m , u n l e s s
t h e y c o n t a i n i n h i b i t o r s . S t r o n g oxidizers, including
a n h y d r o u s r e d f u m i n g n i t r i c acid a n d 9 0 % h y d r o g e n
peroxide, also c a u s e a t t a c k . I o n i z a b l e fluoride comp o u n d s , s u c h a s s o d i u m fluoride a n d h y d r o g e n fluoride, activate t h e surface a n d c a n c a u s e r a p i d corro-

Ti-3AI-2.5V/267

Electrochemical
Potentials

sion. D r y chlorine gas i s especially h a r m f u l .

F o r c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s , Ti-3A12.5V u s u a l l y i s u s e d i n t h e a n n e a l e d c o n d i t i o n ( a s
o p p o s e d t o t h e cold-worked a n d s t r e s s - r e l i e v e d
condition typically used in aerospace applicat i o n s ) . W e l d m e n t s of Ti-3A1-2.5V a l s o e x h i b i t corr o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e s i m i l a r to t h e b a s e m e t a l . T h i s alloy c o n t a i n s so little alloy c o n t e n t a n d s e c o n d
p h a s e t h a t metallurgical instability a n d t h e r m a l
r e s p o n s e a r e n o t significant. T h e r e f o r e , w e l d m e n t s a n d a s s o c i a t e d heat-affected z o n e s (HAZ)
g e n e r a l l y d o n o t e x p e r i e n c e corrosion l i m i t a t i o n s
i n w e l d e d c o m p o n e n t s w h e n n o r m a l p a s s i v e condi-

t i o n s p r e v a i l for t h e b a s e m e t a l . H o w e v e r , u n d e r
m a r g i n a l o r a c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s (for corrosion r a t e s
>0.10 m m / y r , o r 4 m i l s / y e a r ) , w e l d m e n t s m a y experience accelerated corrosion attack relative to t h e
b a s e m e t a l , d e p e n d i n g on alloy c o m p o s i t i o n . T h e
i n c r e a s i n g i m p u r i t y (iron, sulfur, or oxygen) cont e n t associated with t h e coarse, transformed mic r o s t r u c t u r e of w e l d m e n t s a p p e a r s t o b e a factor
(L.C. C o v i n g t o n a n d R.W. S c h u t z , Effects of I r o n o n
t h e C o r r o s i o n R e s i s t a n c e of T i t a n i u m , i n Industrial Applications
of Titanium and Zirconium, S T P
728, A m e r i c a n Society for T e s t i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s ,
1 9 8 1 , 163-180).

P i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l s of Ti-3A1-2.5V a n d C P t i t a n i u m a r e e s t i m a t e d t o b e 9.2 a n d 9.6 V ( S C E ) , r e spectively, i n s e a w a t e r a t 50 C ( 1 2 0 F). C o m m e r cially

pure
titanium
exhibits
improved
p e r f o r m a n c e over Ti-3A1-2.5V u n d e r t h e s e condit i o n s , w h i c h could m a k e a difference i n a n a n o d e

a p p l i c a t i o n . H o w e v e r , p i t t i n g p o t e n t i a l is b e t t e r
a n d a t l e a s t 1 V ( S C E ) h i g h e r t h a n s t a i n l e s s steel.
E l e c t r o d e p o t e n t i a l s of Ti-3A1-2.5V a r e m o r e
e l e c t r o p o s i t i v e t h a n Ti-6A1-4V i n 3.5% N a C I solution. C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t s h o u l d b e m o r e corrosion r e s i s t a n t t h a n Ti-6A1-4V.

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Anodic polarization in seawater at 50 C

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Electrode potential in 3.5% NaCI

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH

50

100

150

200

Click here to view

-20

20
40
60
Temperature, C

80

100

Source: S.D. Elrod and Y. Moji, Boeing Report No. FAA-SS-72-14,

July 1972

0.1

10

100
/cm

1000

10000

Test conditions: Pickled sample; scan rate, 5 V/h

Source: Te-Lin Yau, Corrosion of Ti-3AI-2.5V in Seawater, in Corrosion 89, 1989

Crevice
Corrosion

A l t h o u g h C P t i t a n i u m h a s a h i g h e r p i t t i n g pot e n t i a l t h a n Ti-3A1-2.5V i n s e a w a t e r , C P t i t a n i u m
m a y b e s u s c e p t i b l e to crevice c o r r o s i o n i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t c o n t a i n s m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 0 p p m chlor i d e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s of a b o u t 75 C (168 F). T h e r e fore, t i t a n i u m alloys w i t h improved crevice corrosion
r e s i s t a n c e a r e desirable for m a r i n e applications.
I n s o m e c a s e s , Ti-3A1-2.5V h a s b e t t e r crevice
corrosion resistance t h a n C P titanium. F o r exam-

ple, w h e n a n o d i c p o l a r i z a t i o n t e s t s w e r e p e r formed i n s e a w a t e r a t 9 6 C (205 F), t h e p a s s i v e

r e g i o n of Ti-3A1-2.5V w a s m o r e s t a b l e t h a n t h a t a t
a C P T i / P T F E g a s k e t c o n t a c t (see figure before
" T h e r m a l P r o p e r t i e s " ) . C r e v i c e corrosion specim e n s of Ti-3A1-2.5V h a v e b e e n t e s t e d i n boiling
s e a w a t e r for 130 d a y s w i t h n o d e t e c t a b l e p i t t i n g or
crevice corrosion.

T h e g e n e r a l corrosion b e h a v i o r of Ti-3A1-2.5V
i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m . T h e n a t u r e of t h e oxide film o n t i t a n i u m a l l o y s b a s i c a l l y
r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e of m i n o r alloyi n g c o n s t i t u e n t s ; t h u s , s m a l l a d d i t i o n s (<2 t o 3%)
of m o s t c o m m e r c i a l l y u s e d alloying e l e m e n t s o r

t r a c e alloy i m p u r i t i e s g e n e r a l l y h a v e l i t t l e effect
on t h e b a s i c c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e of t i t a n i u m i n
n o r m a l l y p a s s i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s . However, u n d e r
active c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t i t a n i u m e x h i b i t s significant g e n e r a l corrosion, c e r t a i n alloying elem e n t s m a y a c c e l e r a t e corrosion.

268 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Comparative corrosion rate with unalloyed

Ti
Temperature
C (F)

Environment

Corrosion rate,
mm/yr
CPTi
325

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Comparative corrosion rates with grade 2

titanium
Tempera- Corrosion rate, mm/yr

Ti-3A1-2.5V
ture,
C
grade 2
grade 9

Corrosion
environment
Hydrochloric acid

Acids
HNO , 10%
HNO3,40%
HNC-3,70%
HN0 ,65%
Aquaregia
Aquaregia
Chromic, 30%
HCI, 1%
l%HClto0.2%FeCl
3% HCI (air agitated)
3% HCI (N agitated)
5% HCI
5%HCl + 0.2%FeCl
5% HCI (air agitated)
5% HCI (N agitated)
5% H S 0 (air agitated)
5% H S 0 (N agitated)
3

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
35(95)
35(95)
Boiling
Boiling
35(95)
35(95)
35 (95)
35 (95)

0.112
0.620
0.132
0.005
nil
1.12
0.010
2.16
<0.125
0.002
0.147
21.3
<0.125
0.025
0.298
0.515
0.539

0.084
0.709
0.137
0.008
0.015
1.30
0.053
2.79
0.005
0.004
0.126
26.8
0.033
0.001
0.185
0.025
0.405

150(300)
150(300)
150(300)

0.056
2.74
nil

0.493
9.22
nil

Boiling
Boiling
35(95)
35(95)
Boiling
Boiling
35 (95)
35 (95)
150(300)

nil
0.356
0.001
0.025
11.0
nil
0.690
1.04
nil

nil
0.381
<0.125
<0.125
5.08
nil
0.525
0.560
0.2

nil
nil

nil
nil

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
204(400)
RT

Alkalis

5 wt%, air agitation

5 wt%, nitrogen agitation
3 wt%, air agitation
3 wt%, nitrogen agitation
3 wt%, no agitation
1 wt%, no agitation

35
35
35
35
88
88

0.025
0.298
0.002
0.147
3.54
0.002

0.001
0.185
0.004
0.126
3.10
0.009

35
35
88

0.515
0.539
12.9

0.025
0.405
16.6

35
35
88

0.690
1.044
18.24

0.525
0.560
25.0

35
35
88

0.001
0.025
0.001

<0.125
<0.125
<0.125

50

nil

nil

70

0.010

<0.100

0.046

0.330

Sulfuric acid
5 wt%, air agitation
5 wt%, nitrogen agitation
5 wt%, no agitation
Oxalic acid
5 wt%, air agitation
5 wt%, nitrogen agitation
5 wt%, no agitation
Formic acid

50%NaOH
50%KOH
28% NH4OH
Organic compounds
100% acetic acid
50% citric acid
25% formic acid (air agitated)
25% formic acid (N agitated)
50% formic acid
100% methanol
5% oxalic acid (air agitated)
5% oxalic acid (N agitated)
50% urea
2

Mixed acids

Salts
Seawater
Simulated S 0 scrubber solutions
(upto32 0O0mg/LCr
+ 5 g/L fly ash
+ CaF (Cl/F = 21)atpHl)
2

25 wt%, air agitation

25 wt%, nitrogen agitation
25 wt%, no agitation

Boiling
Boiling

13 wt% H S0 ,3.5 wt% HQ

1 wt% CuCl ,1 wt% FeCl
13 wt% H S0 ,3.5 wt% HQ
1 wt% CuCl 1 wt% FeQ
13 wt% H S0 ,3.5 wt% HQ
1 wt% CuCl ,1 wt% FeQ
2

Boiling

Source: R.T. Webster and C S . Young, Ed., Industrial Applications

of Titanium and Zirconium: Third Conference, STP 830, ASTM,
1984

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Corrosion rate vs Ti alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Source: Te-Lin Yau,Corrosion of Ti-3Al-2.5Vin Seawater, in Corrosion 89,1989

StressCorrosion
Cracking

Ti-3A1-2.5V i s e s s e n t i a l l y i m m u n e to s t r e s s corrosion cracking i n boiling s e a w a t e r a n d simulated sour-gas well brines a t room t e m p e r a t u r e

(Te-Lin Yau, C o r r o s i o n of Ti-3A1-2.5V i n S e a w a t e r ,
i n Corrosion 89, 1989). L i k e C P t i t a n i u m , -312.5V i s a l s o i m m u n e t o h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g .

0.5

1
1.5
Concentration of HCI, %

2.5

General corrosion in naturally aerated HCI solutions.

Source: Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 13,9th ed., ASM International, 1987

Ti-3AI-2.5V/269

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Crevice
Corrosion

-3-2.5V: Anodic polarization in seawater at 96 C

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Crevice corrosion in saturated NaCI

140

120

Temperature, F
160
180
200

220

240

10
1.5
Ti-3AI-2.5V

BP

>
"
c

Approximate initiation for

grade 2

(-

0.5|

CD

\
Or

CPTi

6
No crevice corrosion
4P
Crevice corrosion

-0.5

0.01

'

0.1

100

10
A/cm

1000

80
Temperatue, C

40

Ti-3AI-2.5V had a more stable passive region than CP titanium, and

crevice corrosion occurred inconsistently at the CP Ti/PTFE-gasket
contact.
Test conditions: Pickled sample; scan rate, 6 VVh.
Source: Te-Lin Yau, Corrosion of Ti-3AI-2.5V in Seawater, in Corro-

100

120

Source: R.T. Webster and C.S. Young, Ed., Industrial Applications

of Titanium and Zirconium: Third Conference, STP 830, ASTM,

1984, 133-142

sion 89,1989

Thermal Properties

M e l t i n g P o i n t . 1 7 0 0 C (3100 F)
Thermal Ti-3AI-2.5V: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion for
annealed alloy

Expansion

Temperature r a n g e
F

20-95
20-205
20-315
20425
20-540

Coefficient
lO^/K
lO-fyT

70-200
70-400
70-600
70-800
70-1000

9.61
9.67
9.86
9.92
9.97

5.34
5.37
5.48
5.51
5.54

Source: C. Forney Jr. and J. Schemel, "Ti-3A1-2.5V Seamless Tubing Engineering Guide," 2nd ed., Sandvik Special Metals Corp.,
1987, 17

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Thermal conductivity

Temperature, F
400
600
800
1000

200

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Thermal conductivity at selected temperatures

1200

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

22
95
205
315

Temperature
F
72
200
400
600

Thermal conductivity (calculated)

Btu/ft h F
W/m
8.3
9.2
10.7
11.8

4.8
5.3
6.2
6.8

Source: C. Forney, Jr. and J. Schemel, "Ti-3A1-2.5V Seamless Tubing Engineering Guide," 2nd ed., Sandvik Special Metals Corp.,
1987, 15

150

450
300
Temperature, C

600

750

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Me-

chanical Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,

1980, 23

270 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Mechanical Properties
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Tensile properties for tubing and pipe

All values are minimums unless otherwise indicated.

Specification

Ultimate
t e n s i l e strength
MPa
ksi

Condition

Seamless and welded pipe or tube (all outer diameters)

ANSI/ASTMB337-78
Annealed pipe(a)
CWSR(b)pipe
ANSI/ASTM B337-78
CWSR(b)tube
Seamless hydraulic tubing (all outside diameters, except as noted)
Lockheed-Georgia
STM08-303C
CWSR(c) with OD >9.5 mm ( / in.)
CWSR(c) with OD of 6.35 and9.5 mm(!/
and /8 in.)
GE-B50TF35-S7
Cold drawn, annealed(a)
Pratt & Whitney
Cold drawn or cold reduced, annealed(d)
PWA1260H
McDonnell Aircraft
MM5-1205D
CWSR 70(e)
CWSR95
CWSR 105
Wolverine AFML-TR-76
CWSR(f)
AMS4943
Annealed

Tensile
yield strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
i n 50 m m
(2 in.), %

620
860
860

90
125
125

480
725
725

70
105
105

15
10
10

860
825

125
120

655
620

95
90

10
10

790 max

115 max

515-620

75-90

15

585-790

85-115

450

65

20

585-760
690-860
860-1035
860-1035
620

85-110
100-125
125-150
125-150
90(g)

480
655
725
725
515

70
95
105
105
75(g)

15
13
10
10
15(g)

(a) Anneal treatment unspecified, (b) Stress relief unspecified, (c) 315 C (600 F) minimum, 0.5 h minimum, (d) 705 15 C (1300 25 F)
and 1 h minimum, (e) Stress relieved to minimum specified yield strength: 315 C (600 F) minimum. 0.5 h minimum, except rotary-straightened tubing which is stress relieved 370 C (700 F) minimum, 2 h minimum, (f) Stress relief based on strength level of cold-worked tube,
with temperatures not less than 315 C (600 F). (g) S-basis. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1980, 13
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Minimum tensile properties of bar, sheet, strip, and foil

Specification

Ultimate
t e n s i l e strength
MPa
ksi

Condition

MIL-T-9047,rolledor forged bar and

Annealed at 705-760 C (1300-1400 F) for 1 to3h,
reforging stock(a)
AC or slower
GE-B50TF117-S3, sheet, strip, foil
Anneal treatment unspecified
ASTECH-TRE 231 ID, annealed(d) foil
<0.15 mm (0.006 in.) thick
Foil width <13 mm (0.5 in.)
Foil width > 13 mm (0.5 in.)

Tensile
yield strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

620
620

90(a)
90

515
515

75(a)
75

15(b)
20(c)

585
620

85
90

480
515

70
75

16(c)
20(c)

(a) Properties apply in any grain direction and for products with cross-sectional area of 103 cm (16 in. ) or less and a distance between flats
of 25 mm (1 in.) or less, (b) Elongation in 4D. (c) Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), (d) Anneal temperature less than 925 C (1700 F). Source:
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 13.
2

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Effect of annealing temperature on

hardness

Hardness

800

Typical h a r d n e s s of a b o u t 2 4 H R C h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d w i t h a r a n g e of 15 t o 27 H R C . H a r d n e s s is
highly dependent on annealing t e m p e r a t u r e .

900
|

Annealing temperature, F
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
r

' '

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

ioj
400

I
500

600
700
800
Annealing temperature, C

900

Alloy supplied as tubing 15.8 mm (0.625 in). OD by 0.9 mm (0.038

in.) wall, 50% cold worked (CW), annealed 2 h in vacuum, vacuum
cooled to 425 C (800 F), air cooled. Source: American Society for
Testing and Materials/American National Standards Institute Specification ANSI/ASTB 337-78; reported in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Mechanical Properties Data Center,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 21

Ti-3AI-2.5V / 271

Microindentation Hardness
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Knoop hardness vs annealing temperature

W h e n t e x t u r e i s developed i n h i g h l y w o r k e d Ti3A1-2.5V, t h e s h a p e of t h e Knoop i n d e n t e r r e s u l t s

in anisotropic hardness readings. Vickers hardn e s s t y p i c a l l y r a n g e s from 220 t o 3 0 0 HV, d e p e n d ing on heat treatment.

325

LIVE GRAPH

"55 300

Heat treatment condition

600

263
254
278
301
292

N o t e : C o m m e r c i a l l y produced, a n n e a l e d s h e e t 0.7 m m (0.03 in.)

thick. H e a t t r e a t m e n t s were carried o u t i n v a c u u m (10" to 10
torr). Source: J. K a n e k o a n d M. S u g a m a t a , " T h e Effect of H e a t
T r e a t m e n t o n t h e D a y s Drawability of Ti-3A1-2.5V S h e e t s , " i n 4

r- t
nt + fV- -f

1000
1200
800
Annealing temperature for 10 s, C

1974, 314s; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

Code 3725, Mechanical Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, 1980, 33

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Hardness vs homogenizing heat treatment/cooling

320

LIVE GRAPH

Homogenizing heat treat temperature, F

1400
1500
1600
1700

>

;'

Click here to view

Water quenched
Air cooled
Furnace cooled

280

240

"- s ^ l

200
700

840
910
770
Homogenizing heat treat temperature, C

980

Effect of homogenizing heat treat temperature and cooling rate from

that temperature on microhardness of small samples taken from
forged billet.
As-forged hardness was about 210 HV.
Source: E. Baroch, B. McClanahan, and R. Cirtis, "Production of Extruded Tube Hollows for Titanium 3AI-2.5V Hydraulic Tubing," reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Me-

chanical Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,

1980, 33

1400

Alloy supplied as tubing 13 mm (0.5 in.) OD by 0.8 mm (0.033 in.)

wall, 55% cold worked and partially recrystallized at 600 C(1110 F)
for 1 h, annealed for 1 h, and air cooled. The different data points indicate the results of using various indenter orientations.
Source: T. Andersson and B. Lundquist, "Properties and Structureof
Welded Joints in Ti-3AI-2.5V Hydraulic Tubing," Welding J., Vol 53,

nium, Science and Technology, Vol 1, G. Lutjering, U . Zwicker, and

W. B u n k , Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellshaft fur M e t a l l k u n d e , e . V , 1985,

563

225

Tempered

1300
360 I

c
I 250

261
258
257
299
304
500 C (930 F) 5 h, AC
500 C (930 F) 5 h, AC
500 C (930 F) 5 h, AC
500 C (930 F) 5 h, AC
500 C (930 F) 5 h, AC

Hardness, HV

750C(1380F)20min,WQ
800C(1470F)20min,WQ
850C(1560F)20min,WQ
900 C (1650 F) 20 min, WQ
950 C (1740 F) 20 mm, WQ
WQ,
WQ,
WQ,
WQ,
WQ,

--c

275

As-quenched

750 C (1380 F) 20 min,

800 C (1470 F) 20 min,
850 C (1560 F) 20 min,
900 C (1650 F) 20 min,
950 C (1740 F) 20 min,

>

Click here to view

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Effect of heat treatment on hardness

Annealing temperature for 10 s, F

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

1200

272 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Typical Room-Temperature Strength

TTypical u l t i m a t e s h e a r s t r e n g t h for Ti-3A12.5V rivet w i r e is a b o u t 4 7 5 M P a (69 ksi) y i e l d i n g a

t y p i c a l u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of 640 M P a (93
ksi).

Tj-3AI-2.5V: Typical room-temperature tensile properties for solution treated plus aged specimens

Solution
treatment

Mill form
15.8 mm (0.625 in.)
bar
1.7mm(0.070in.)
sheet
1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
sheet
0.73 mm (0.029 in.)
wall tubing
0.71 mm (0.028 in.)
wall tubing

Tensile ultimate
strength
MPa
ksi

Aging
treatment

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

1 h. 925 C( 1700 F).WQ

6 h . 480 C (900 F), AC

827

120

723

105

'/.h.910C( 1675F).WQ

8 h. 510 C(950F), AC

917

133

779

113

'/,, 900 C( 1650 F),WQ

2 h. 480 C (900 F), AC

792

115

675

98

'/ h, 870 C (1600F),WQ

2 h, 480 C (900 F). VC

889

129

765

111

910

132

827

120

W h. 925 C (1700 F). WQ

6 h. 480 C (900 F), AC

Elongation,
%,in:
25 m m (1 in.) 50 m m (2 in.)

Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1972

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Tensile properties of as-extruded and heat treated plate and weld metal
Condition
ASTMB337
Grade 9b

Ultimate
tensile strength
ksi
MPa

Orientation
unspecified

L
L

As extruded
annealed
+ annealed
(I)
+ annealed
(ID
annealed
Weld metal

737
675
593
648
723
655
730
661
723
648
744

Tensile
yield strength (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

107
98
86
94
105
95
106
96
105
94
108

Elongation,
%

104
82
74
82
100
79
104
81
103
80
98

717
565
510
565
689
544
717
558
710
551
575

19
20
14
21
20
21
20
20
20
20
16

60
47
24
35
57
47
60
41
58
41
40

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-3AI-2.5V: RT tensile properties of cold worked

130

900

120

Ti-3AI-2.5V: RT tensile properties vs cold work

150

1050

140

950
Ultimate
tensile
/
strengtty

800
850
110
Tensile yield strength

700

130
120

750

Tensile yield
strength

H100
650r

600

10

EL12-14
20

30
40
Cold work, %

-EL 9-10%
50

60

H90
70

Effect of cold work on the room-temperature tensile properties of Ti3AI-2.5V sheet.

Source: R. Favor and R. Wood, Ed., Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Reduction
of area, %

550

50% CW
at full hard

110
100
90

0.25
0.5
0.75
Condition, annealed to full hard(0 to 1)

80
1

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980

Ti-3AI-2.5V/273

TJ-3AI-2.5V: RT elongation vs cold work

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Strength vs Temperature

Cryogenic
Tensile
Properties

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Typical smooth and notch tensile properties of annealed sheet and tubing
Test
temperature
C
F

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%, i n
50 mm (2 in.) 25 m m (1 in.)

N o t c h e d ultimate
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Notched/unnotched
strength
ratio

Sheet annealed 172 h, 650 C (1200 F), AC

RT
-320
-423
-452

-195
-253
-268

675
1144
1220
1310

98
166
177
190

558
1048
1186
1310

81
152
172
190

18
20
2
3

758
1255
1441
1482

110
182
209
215

1.12
1.10
1.18
1.13

758(b)
1255(b)
1420(b)

110(b)
182(b)
206(b)

1.12(b)
1.09(b)
1.16(b)

Seamless tubing annealed 1 h, 650 C (1200 F), AC

RT
-320
-423
-452

-195
-253
-268

703
1179
1510
1392

102
171
219
202

551
986
1386
1365

80
143
201
198

19
20
2
4

(a) K = 6.3. (b) Data obtained on slit, flattened, and stress-relief annealed (Vfc h, 650 C, 1200 F, VC) tubing. Source: RMI Co., Zirconium
Technology Corp., Titanium Metals Corporation of America, Mallory Sharon Metals Corp., and Garrett Corp., reported in Titanium Alloys
Handbook, R. Wood and R. Favor, Ed., MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1972
t

274 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Smooth and notched tensile properties

1 7 5 0

-500
n

-400
1

-300
1

LIVE GRAPH

Test temperature, F
-200
-100
,
.
1

Click here to view

0
1

100
1

200
r-i

Test temperature, C
Indicated values of elongation are in 50 mm (2 in.). Material tested was seamless hydraulic tubing of 13 mm (0.5 in.) outside diameter and 1.3 mm
(0.050 in.) wall. It was cold worked and stress relieved at 650 C (1200 F) for 0.5 h. Tubing was flattened for testing as parent metal, specimen
welded with T1-3AI-2.5V filler metal, and specimen welded with Ti-5AI-2.5Sn filler metal, as indicated.
Source: E. Swarens, Garrett Corp.; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 27

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Cryogenic tensile properties of tubing

-500

Test temperature, F
-400 -300 -200 -100 0

1800fI ' "

- -

'

1
' '

LIVE GRAPH

100 200

Click here to view

' ' ' 260

1600
1400

1200
1000
800
600

Ultimate t snsile
stren gth

210

H160

oi

Tensile
yield stren J T I N ^
H110
RA <10%

400
-300

- RA~ 35%-

-200
-100
0
Test temperature, C

60
100

Test material was annealed tubing 13 mm (0.5 in.) OD by 1.3 mm

(0.050 in.) wall.
Source: AiResearch Document 67-2009, March 25,1969; reported
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Co-

lumbus Laboratories, 1980, 26

Ti-3AI-2.5V/275

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Smooth and notched tensile properties of sheet

Click here to view

Temperature, F
-200
-100
1800

H250

1600
1400

=00

5 1200
1150

1000
800

M00
600
400
-300

-100
Temperature, C

-200

100

Sheet was annealed at either 650 C (1200 F) or 705 C (1300 F) for 0.5 h, as indicated. Elongation was less than 5% below -240 C (-400 F)
and was about 20% above -184 C (-300 F).
Source: RMI Data Sheet, RMI Co., 1969; and H. Kessler, 1978; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, J. Shannon, Jr.,
Ed., Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 27
C

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Creep and creep rupture compared to CP titanium

High-Temperature Strength

S t r e s s to 1.0% c r e e p
i n 1000 h a t
250 C (480 F)
Alloy
CPgradel
CPgrade 2
CPgrade3
Ti-3A1-2.5V
(grade 9)
Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni
(grade 12)

Stress t o rupture
in 1000 h a t
250 C (480 F)

MPa
90
103
131

ksi
13
15
19

MPa
103
117
138

ksi
15
17
20

400

58

421

61

221

32

297

43

Source: "Ti-3A1-2.5V Seamless Tubing Engineering Guide," C. Forney, Jr. and J. Schemel, Sandvik Special Metals Corporation, Kennewick, WA, 1987, 21

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Comparative ASM design stresses

100
200

'

200
1

'

300

Temperature, F
400
500

'

Click here to view

600

700

'

800
1

'

900
I

Inconel 625
150

^- _

(0

Hastelloy C-276

Ti-3AI 2.5V(grade 9 ) ^

1 I iooi

Incoloj 825

Monel 400

'?

CP Ti grade 3

50

CP Ti grade 2

100

200

300
Temperature, C

For comparative purposes only.

Source: From presentation at ACHEMA'82, Frankfurt, Germany, 1982 by P. Russoand J.D. Schobel

400

500

276 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Ultimate tensile strength vs temperature of tubing

100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, F
300
400

200

500

600

1170

170
160
150

Full hard (50% CW)

1/2-hard
1/4-hard
Annealed

980

140
130
120

~L 790

110 5
W

100
90

600

-80
70
60

410
50

100

250

150
200
Temperature, C

350

300

Test material was tubing annealed to full hard, 15.8 mm (0.625 in.) OD by 0.88 mm (0.035 in.) wall.
Source: Reactive Metals Inc., Feb 13,1978; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1980, 26
Tensile yield strength vs temperature of tubing
100
900

Click here to view

Temperature, F
300
400

200

U|

LIVE GRAPH

500

600

130

800
110
700
600

"

90
A

500

400

70
0

300
200

Full hard (50% CW)

1/2-hard

A
___A

1 hirH

r/^-naro
Annealed

30

50

100

50

150
200
Temperature, C

250

300

350

Test material was tubing annealed to full hard, 15.8 mm (0.625 in.) OD by 0.88 mm (0.035 in.) wall.
Source: Reactive Metals Inc., Feb 13,1978; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle, Columbus Laboratories,
1980, 26

Ti-3AI-2.5V/277

LIVE GRAPH

-3-2.5 V: Elongation vs temperature of tubing

100

Temperature, F
300
400

200

50

100

150
200
Temperature, C

Click here to view

500

600

250

300

350

Test material was tubing annealed to full hard, 15.8 mm (0.625 in.) OD by 0.88 mm (0.035 in.) wall.
Source: Reactive Metals Inc., Feb 13,1978; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1980, 26
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Tensile properties

Test
temperature(a)
C

F
68
302
392
482
572

20
150
200
250
300

Ultimate
tensile
strength

Tensile y i e l d
strength 0.2%(b)
MPa
568.3
457.0
427.6
400.0
392.4

ksi
82.0
66.0
62.0
58.0
57.0

MPa
695.9
552.6
513.8
475.9
459.0

ksi
101
80
75
69
67

Elongation,

Reduction

%
20
18
23
24
25

of area, %
32
40
49
47
64

TYS/UTS
0.82
0.83
0.83
0.84
0.85

Note: Test Material from 75 mm OD by 50 mm (2 in.) ID pipe. Longitudinal direction, (a) Annealing cycle 730 C (1345 F), 1 h, air cool, (b)
Average of two tests. Source: R.T. Webster and C.S. Young, Ed., Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Third Conference, STP
830, ASTM, 1984

Fatigue Properties
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Smooth and notched bending fatigue

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

10

10
Cycles
6

10

Specimens were annealed 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) sheet.

Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Ed., Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

10

278 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

-3-2.5V: Fatigue of plate and GTA weld metal

LIVE GRAPH
1100

Click here to view

-140

900

-120

Sub- annealed plate

700

-100
GTA weld metal

500

-80
-60

300r-

annealed plate

-20

100
10

-40

10

10
10
10
Cycles to failure

10

10

Strain-controlled low-cycle and load-controlled high-cycle fatigue

tests were performed on annealed, sub- annealed and welded
Ti-3AI-2.5V extruded plate. The axial low-cycle fatigue hourglass
specimens had a minimum diameter of 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) and were
tested at 2 cycles/min according to procedures outlined in ASTM
E606. Rotating cantilever beam high-cycle fatigue specimens had
a minimum diameter of 4.75 mm (0.187 in.) and were tested at a frequency of 6000 cycles/min.
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Bending fatigue strength of annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

500
"L, Smooth
-L, Notched(K,= 1.8))
T, Smooth
T, Notched (K, = 1.8)

400r-

70

teo

H50
tS 300|

40
H30

200

100
10*

R=-1

H20

Frequency = 1800 cycles/ min

10

10

10'

10

Cycles to failure

Test material was 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, annealed at 785 C (1450 F), 2 h, vacuum cooled; ultimate tensile strength (Land T) 538 MPa (78
ksi).
Source: Bridgeport Brass Co. Report 1000R436, M.0.83025, Dec 21,1962; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 28

Ti-3AI-2.5V/279

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Fatigue strength of annealed tubing

10

10

Click here to view

10
Cycles to failure

10

10

Source: Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Group Internal Report; June 1973; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 28

Fracture Properties
Impact
Toughness

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Charpy V-notch impact strength of extruded plate and welds

As-extruded - and heat treated materials exhibit excellent impact toughness, about twice that of the annealed
plate.
As extruded
annealed
+ annealed
a^annealed(n)
annealed
Weld metal

101 J(74ftlbf)
44J(32ft-lbf)
82J(60ft-lbf)
87J(64ft-lbf)
86 J (63 ft-lbf)
82J(60ft-lbf)

Note: TL orientation; test temperature, 0 C (32 F). Source: I.

Caplan, "Ti-3Al-2.5Vfor Seawater Piping Applications," in Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume,
ASTM STP 917, C. Young and J. Durham, Ed., ASTM, Philadelphia, 1986, 43

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Charpy V-notch impact strength of 25 m m (1 in.) extruded plate

Test
temperature
"C
F
93

200
RT

0
-62

32
-80

anneal
955 C (1755 F),
30 min, AC
As extruded
ft lbf
J
ft lbf
J
107
100

79
74

48
46
43
38

36
34
32
28

High-temperature
ct + |J anneal
915 C (1680 F),
30 min, AC
J
ft lbf
118
86
81
69

87
64
60
51

High-temperature
a + 5 anneal
915 C (1680 F)
30min,WQ
J
ft lbf
123
92
81
61

91
68
60
45

Low-temperature
+ anneal
805 C (1475 F)
30 min, AC
J
ft lbf
116
101
86
69

86
75
64
51

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3725, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,1980, 20

Fracture Toughness

S e a w a t e r S t r e s s C o r r o s i o n . Notched, deadweight loaded, cantilever b e a m specimens m e a s u r i n g 2 5 m m (1 i n . ) b y 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) b y 3 3 0 m m ( 1 3

in.) w e r e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e s e a w a t e r stress-cor-

r o s i o n c r a c k i n g p e r f o r m a n c e of h e a t t r e a t e d a n d
welded plates. The specimens were step-loaded i n
s e a w a t e r to a given s t r e s s intensity a n d held until
f a i l u r e o c c u r r e d , or for a m a x i m u m of 1000 h . N o n e

280 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Sustained load cracking of heat treated

plate in seawater
Heat treatment/

Fracture
t o u g h n e s s (Jic)
in. lb/in.
kj/m

Threshold CKiSLC)

condition
annealed(a)
Sub- annealed

MPaVm
75
88

ksiVin.
68
80

in air = 81 MPaVm (74

Note: Test duration 1000 h. (a) K
ksiVin.). Source: I. Caplan, "Ti-3A1-2.5V for Seawater Piping Applications," in Industrial Applications ofTitanium and Zirconium:
Fourth Volume, C. Young and J. Durham, Ed., ASTM STP 917,
ASTM, Philadelphia, 1986, 43
mex

of t h e m a t e r i a l s d i s p l a y e d a n y s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n
c r a c k i n g susceptibility b a s e d o n f r a c t o g r a p h i c exa m i n a t i o n of failed s p e c i m e n s . H o w e v e r , t h e a n d
sub- annealed material did exhibit time-depende n t s u s t a i n e d load failures. T h e s u s t a i n e d l o a d
cracking threshold stress-intensity value in
s e a w a t e r CKISLC)

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Fracture toughness of extrusions in several heat treated conditions compared to weld metal

d e f i n e d a s t h e a v e r a g e of t h e

Condition

As-extruded
annealed
+ annealed
(near transus)
+ annealed
(near transus)
aannealed
Weld metal

40
70
9

123
100
151

Tear
modulus(a)

230
400
5

7
10

2 4

700
570
860

26
31
27

Note: Chemical composition of extrusions: 2.71% Al, 0.011% C,

0.005% Cu,0.191% Fe, 0.0014% H, 0.005% Mn, 0.013% N, 0.099%
O, 0.015% Si, and 2.56% V. Weld metal composition: 0.033% H,
0.009% N, and 0.096% O. Fracture toughness was determined according to ASTM E813 using computer-interactive unloading compliance procedures, (a) Nondimensional. Source: I. Caplan, "-312.5V for Seawater Piping Applications," in Industrial Applications
ofTitanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume, C. Young and J. Durham, Ed., ASTM STP917, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1986, 43

m i n i m u m time-dependent failure and the maxim u m r u n o u t for a given m a t e r i a l condition. T h e

w e l d m e t a l did n o t e x h i b i t a n y t i m e - d e p e n d e n t
f a i l u r e u p t o a m a x i m u m s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y of 123
M P a V m (112 ksiVmT).

Seamless Tubing
Ti-3A1-2.5V is u s e d p r i m a r i l y a s s e a m l e s s t u b i n g , w h i c h c a n exhibit v a r i a t i o n s i n c r y s t a l lographic orientation r a n g i n g from a radial text u r e t o a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l t e x t u r e (see figure).
T e x t u r e v a r i a t i o n s of Ti-3A1-2.5V t u b i n g p r o v i d e a
u s e f u l m e a n s of t a i l o r i n g p r o p e r t i e s , a n d a r a d i a l
t e x t u r e h a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of i n c r e a s i n g b o t h
t e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h a n d e l o n g a t i o n (see figures).

Typical
Properties

E x t r u d e d t u b e i n t e r m e d i a t e s c a n b e cold
w o r k e d to a moderately high-strength ductile
p r o d u c t (see t a b l e ) . F o r h i g h e r s t r e n g t h s a n d pot e n t i a l w e i g h t s a v i n g s on a i r c r a f t h y d r a u l i c t u b i n g , a s e a m l e s s Ti-6A1-4V t u b i n g p r o d u c t h a s b e e n
d e v e l o p e d . S t r e n g t h c o m p a r i s o n s of Ti-6A1-4V a n d
Ti-3A1-2.5V s e a m l e s s t u b i n g a r e p r o v i d e d below.

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Effect of tube reductions on texture

and properties

Basal pole
Hexagonal unit cell

Random texture

Large wall reduction

(high Q)

Random texture

Large diameter reduction

(low Q)

Circumferential texture
Radial texture
(low CSR)
(high CSR)
Low CSR increases:
High CSR increases:
* Wall thinning
* Tensile strength
* Flattening
* Tensile elongation
" Flaring
* Burst strength
* Swaging
The contractile strain ratio (CSR) is the ratio of diametral to radial
strain from a given stress. AMS 4945 specified a 1.3 minimum CSR
for most tube sizes.. Low and high CSR both reduce fatigue
strength, whereas a midrange CSR increases fatigue strength.

Ti-3AI-2.5V/281

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Tensile properties of tubing

Condition

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Basis

Coldworked

Cold worked plus stress relieved

Annealed

Typical
Fullhard(a)
Halfhard(a)
Typical(b)
Minimum
Typical(b)
Minimum

1034

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

150
137
126
132
125
94
90

909
861
648
620

896

130
118
98
115
105
84
75

792
723
579
517

Elongation
in 50 m m
(2 in.), %
7-11
9
12
19
16
29
15(c)

(&)VaiuesTepoTtedm^anium Alloys Handbook,MClC-HB-02,1972.

(b) Typical values are an average from C.E. Forney, Jr.,andJ.H. Schemel, Ti-3Al-2.5V Seamless Tubing Engineering Guide, 2nd ed., Sandvik Special Metals, 1987. (c) 14% minimum for 6.35 and 9.5 mm (0.25
and 0.375 in.) OD sizes

Seamless tubing comparison

System
pressure
Alloy

Wall

Theoretical
burst(a)
psi

ksi

mm

in.

34
34
34
20
20

5
5
5
3
3

0.55
0.38
0.40
0.40
0.40

0.022
0.015
0.016
0.016
0.016

23,900
19,071
20, 417
17,014
20, 417

34
34
34
20
20

5
5
5
3
3

1.09
0.66
0.84
0.66
0.55

0.043
0.026
0.033
0.026
0.022

23, 317
16,406
21,094
13,672
13, 778

34
34
20
20

5
5
3
3

1.65
0.99
0.99
0.84

0.065
0.039
0.039
0.033

23, 511
16, 406
13,672
13, 778

34
34
34
20
20

5
5
5
3
3

2.2
1.29
1.67
1.29
1.09

0.088
0.051
0.066
0.051
0.043

23, 900
16, 076
21, 094
13,397
13,452

MPa

Actual
burst

lb/ft

Weight
savings, %

6.35 mm (0.25 in.) OD

Ti-3-2.5
Ti-6-4
Ti-3-2.5(b)
Ti-6-4(b)

0.0306
0.0213
0.0226
0.0229
0.0226

30.04
26.14
1.31

13 mm (0.5 in.) OD
Ti-3-2.5
Ti-6-4
Ti-6-4
Ti-3-2.5(b)
Ti-6-4(c)

20,800(d)

0.1200
0.0743
0.0930
0.0753
0.0634

38.08
22.50
15.8

19 mm (0.75 in.) OD
Ti-3-2.5
Ti-6-4
Ti-3-2.5
Ti-6-4(c)

18,200(e)

0.2719
0.1673
0.1693
0.1427

25mm(lin.)OD
Ti-3-2.5
Ti-6-4
Ti-6-4
Ti-3-2.5 (b)
Ti-6-4(c)

0.4901
0.2919
0.3718
0.2956
0.2482

38.47
15.71

40.44
24.14
16.04

(a) Pressures calculated as: = UTS (OD - ID )/(OD + ID ), (b) Minimum UTS of860 MPa (125 ksi). (c) Minimum UTS of 1035 MPa (150
ksi). (d) Contractile strain ratio (CSR) 2.2. (e) Annealed to lower mechanical properties: 999 MPa (145 ksi) ultimate tensile strength, 862
MPa (125 ksi) yield strength CSR 1.08. Source: C. Forney, Sandvik Special Metals
2

282 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Fabrication

P r i m a r y W o r k i n g . E x t r u s i o n of billet t o
s h a p e s s u c h a s t u b e hollows m a y b e accomplished a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s of less t h a n 870 C (1650 F). E x t r u d e d
t u b e i n t e r m e d i a t e s m a y be cold w o r k e d t o final t u b e
sizes w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r m e d i a t e a n n e a l i n g t r e a t m e n t s a s r e q u i r e d . Cleaning a n d pickling o p e r a t i o n s
are included a t appropriate intervals.
M i l l p r o d u c t s o t h e r t h a n t u b i n g c a n b e prod u c e d following s i m i l a r s c h e d u l e s . Typically, i n g o t
b r e a k d o w n m a y occur a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e t h e
t r a n s u s , m a j o r w o r k i n g of bloom a n d b i l l e t t o i n t e r m e d i a t e s e c t i o n t h i c k n e s s a t - t e m p e r a t u r e s
(see t a b l e ) , a n d final p r i m a r y f a b r i c a t i o n s t e p s a t
ambient temperatures with appropriate intermediate annealing.
C o l d W o r k i n g . Ti-3A1-2.5V offers e x c e l l e n t
cold f o r m a b i l i t y i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h 3 0 t o 5 0 %
higher tensile strengths than unalloyed titanium.
Ti-3A1-2.5V c a n b e cold w o r k e d 7 5 t o 8 5 % t o r e s u l t
i n m o d e r a t e l y h i g h s t r e n g t h a n d g o o d ductility.
M a c h i n i n g is not a common practice on tita-

n i u m alloy t u b i n g , b u t h a c k s a w i n g , a b r a s i v e
w h e e l cut-off, a n d o r d i n a r y t u b e c u t t e r s a r e u s e d
i n t h e c u t t i n g of t i t a n i u m t u b i n g . W i t h t h e u s e of
c o n v e n t i o n a l m a c h i n i n g t e c h n i q u e s , t i t a n i u m alloys a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o m a c h i n i n g a good g r a d e of
s t a i n l e s s steel. I n g e n e r a l , v e r y s h a r p tools w i t h a
s l i g h t l y l a r g e r r a k e a n g l e a n d a v e r y k e e n edge a r e
s u i t a b l e . Slower s p e e d a n d h e a v i e r c u t s a r e p r e f e r r e d b e c a u s e t h e y m a i n t a i n l o w e r tool t e m p e r a t u r e s . D r i l l i n g of t h i n - w a l l e d t i t a n i u m i s n o t diffic u l t a s l o n g a s t h e drill is s h a r p . T h i c k e r w a l l e d
t u b e r e q u i r e s a h e a v y flood of coolant t o r e m o v e
h e a t a n d chips. G e n e r a l i n s t r u c t i o n s for m a c h i n i n g a r e g i v e n i n "Technical N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g . "
W e l d i n g . Ti-3A1-2.5V h a s good w e l d a b i l i t y
a n d , l i k e a l l t i t a n i u m alloys, i s w e l d a b l e b y all
m e t h o d s except s h i e l d e d a r c w e l d i n g a n d s u b m e r g e d a r c w e l d i n g ( b e c a u s e n o flux i s p e r m i t t e d ) .
F i l l e r M e t a l . R e c o m m e n d e d filler m e t a l s a r e
AWS Ti-9 a n d E R T i - 9 E L I .

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Examples of primary working temperatures

Working temperature

Product form/condition

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Seamless tubing production

660 mm (26 in.) diam ingot,

preheated to (2000 F), 5 to 7 h,
forged to 457 mm (18 in.) square
billet
457 mm (18 in.) square billet forged
to 355 mm (14 in.) square billet
355 mm (14 in.) square billet forged
to 250 mm (10 in.) square billet
250 mm (10 in.) square billet forged
to 203 mm (8 in.) square billet
203 mm (8 in.) square billet forged
to 150 mm (6 in.) diameter billet

900 to 1095 C (1650 to 2000 F)

900 to 1035 C (1650 to 1900 F) min

900to980 C (1650 to 1800 F) min
785 to 900 C( 1450 to 1650 F) min
900 C (1650 F)

Note: Intermediate conditioning operations as required. Source:

R.A. Wood and R. Favor, Titanium AUoys Handbook, MCIC-HB02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Hot ductility

800
100 I

80

Click here to view

Break temperature, F
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1

I *

2000
1

y
CP-50
Ti-3AI-2.5V/

60
Ti-6AI

40
20

400

Ti-6AI-4V

600

/*- Ti-6211

800
1000
Break temperature, C

1200

The on-cooling hot ductility behavior oftitaniumalloys with varying

aluminum content. TJ-3AI-2.5V and unalloyed titanium do not exhibit
a "hot ductility dip" as in other alloys containing more aluminum.
Source: Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U.

Source: Sandvik Special Metals

Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde,

Germany

TJ-3AI-2.5V/283

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Weldment property comparison

Base metal
Ti
grade

Alloy
CPTi
CPTi
Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni
Ti-3A1-2.5V
T1-6AMV

Tensile yield
strength (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
221
386
372
538
883

3
12
9

Weld(a)
Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

32
56

52
24
25
16
12

54
78
128

Elongation,
%

43

297
441
469
552
814

42
23
12
20
10

64
68
80
118

(a) All weld metal tensile from 13 mm (0.5 in.) thick plate. Filled wire produced from same heats. Source: Industrial Applications
and Zirconium: Third Conference, R.T. Webster and C.S. Young, Ed., STP 830, ASTM, 1984

ofTitanium

Forming
Bending

B o t h a n n e a l e d a n d cold w o r k e d p l u s s t r e s s r e lieved c o n d i t i o n e d t u b e c a n b e r e a d i l y f o r m e d a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e u s i n g t h e s a m e d i e s a n d p l u g
mandrels u s e d in forming stainless steel tubing.
B e n d r a d i i of 2.5 a n d 3.0 t i m e s t h e O D a r e t y p i c a l
for a n n e a l e d a n d cold w o r k e d p l u s s t r e s s r e l i e v e d
t u b i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y (see t a b l e ) . S p r i n g b a c k i s
a b o u t 15 t o 2 5 . T u b i n g s h o u l d b e left i n i t s protective sleeve or s e p a r a t o r t r a y a n d h a n d l e d carefully

i n b e n d i n g to p r e v e n t s u r f a c e d a m a g e t h a t will r e d u c e t h e f a t i g u e life of t h e t u b e assembly.

D r a w a b i l i t y of Ti-3A1-2.5V i n c r e a s e s a s t h e
fraction of p h a s e i n c r e a s e s , w h e r e a s low d r a w a b i l i t y occurs e v e n a f t e r t e m p e r i n g of q u e n c h e d
m a t e r i a l . T h e b e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of s t r e n g t h a n d
d r a w a b i l i t y i s o b t a i n e d b y q u e n c h i n g from j u s t below t h e t r a n s u s (see f i g u r e a n d t a b l e ) .

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Room-temperature formability

When smaller radii are required, Ti-3AI-2.5V can be heated to 200 to 300 C (400 to 600 F) in a proper atmosphere.
Product
Sheet
Seamless tube

Tensile yield strength

MPa
ksi

Condition
Annealed
50% cold worked
Annealed
Cold worked, stress relieved

558
758
558
758

81
110
81
110

Elongation,
%
18
10
20
14

Typical
b e n d radius(a)

Flarability over
74 angle, %

2.5 R/t
2.5 R/
3.0 R/

35-40(b)
20

(a) Higher or lower bend radii may be applicable depending on tube size and texture (see additional table and figure), (b) Tube 31.7 mm (1.25
in.) in diameter 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) wall had been bent over a 50 mm (2 in.) radius, and tube 38 mm (1.5 in.) in diameter 0.9 mm (0.035
in.) wall had been bent over a 57 mm (2.25 in.) radius, with wall thinning on the outside of the bend of less than 10%. Source: R.A. Wood and
R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Annealed -3-2.5V: Bending limits vs. tube size

TubeOD
10 times wall thickness
10 to 25 times wall thickness
25 to 50 times wall thickness
50 to 60 times wall thickness

Room-temperature
b e n d i n g radius, R/
1.2
2.0
2.75
3.2

Source: C.E. Forney, Jr. and J.H. Schemel, Ti-3Al-2.5V Seamless

Tubing Engineering Guide, 2nd ed., Sandvik Special Metals, 1987

284 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-3AI-2.5V: Effect of tube texture on bend radius

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Limiting drawing ratios for wall breakage

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1300
2.10

3.0
Minimum bend radius
without failure

Q
2

2.51

2.00

Quenching temperature, F
1500
1600
1700
1
r-
1 <
r

1400
1

1
1.90

2.0r-

Y10

1.80

1.5

As quenched
Tempered

1.70
Tangential

Texture

10
0.0

Radial

0.5

2.0
2.5
1.0
1.5
Contractile strain ratio
Cold worked and stress relieved tubing generally is not bent to radii
less than 3 times the OD in production shops, although radially textured tubing can be bent to 1.5. Radial textures resist wall thinning
and promote some shortening and wall thickening on the inside of
the bend. Care must be taken to keep sufficient tensile force on the
tube during bending to prevent buckling at the inside of the bend
where compressive forces are developed.
Source: OE. Forney, Jr. and J.H. Schemel, Ti-3A1-2.5V Seamless
Tubing Engineering Guide, 2nd ed., Sandvik Special Metals, 1987

1800

1.60
700

1000
800
850
900
950
Quenching temperature, C
Limiting drawing ratio (LDR) for wall breakage of both quenched
and tempered sheet (0.7 mm thick). Specimen numbers had the following average properties: (see table on next page).
Source: J. Kaneko and M. Sugameta, The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Deep Drawability of Ti-3AI-2.5V Sheets, Wanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk,
Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 563
-568
750

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Properties of wall-breakage test specimens (previous figure)

Specimen
No.
As-quenched
1
2
3
4
5
Tempered
6
7
8
9
10

UTS,
MPa

TYS,
MPa

575
587
600
771
827

508
490
470
578
590

593
605
611
753
820

528
506
537
621
627

Elongation
E %

E %
u

24.2
25.4
24.8
9.3
5.5

10.0
11.6
11.8
4.0
3.8

3.08
2.67
2.21
1.91
0.56

22.4
21.2
21.3
8.1
5.6

9.4
8.8
8.9
3.4
3.9

3.01
3.14
2.96
2.90
0.91

Note: E = uniform elongation; E = breaking elongation. Source: J. Kaneko and M. Sugamata, The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Deep
Drawability of Ti-3A1-2.5V Sheets, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, andW. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 563-568
u

Ti-3AI-2.5V / 2 8 5

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

-3-2.5V: Effect of heat treatment on strain ratio

Click here to view

Quenching temperature, F

Quenching temperature, F

Quenching temperature, C

Quenching temperature, C

Change in r-value with quenching temperature for both 0.7 mm (0.02 in.) sheet.
Source: J. Kaneko and M. Sugamata, The Effects of Heat Treatment on the Deep Drawability of Ti-3AI-2.5V Sheets, Titanium, Science and Technology,^ 2, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 563-568

Heat Treatment
Ti-3A1-2.5V i s u s u a l l y u s e d i n t h e a n n e a l e d o r
i n t h e cold w o r k e d p l u s s t r e s s r e l i e v e d c o n d i t i o n s .
H o w e v e r , d u e t o t h e s m a l l a m o u n t of s t a b i l i z e r
p r e s e n t , a small a g e h a r d e n i n g r e s p o n s e is possible from t h e solution h e a t t r e a t e d condition. Only
a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h i s p o s s i b l e i n t h i n sections by solution t r e a t i n g a n d aging. For example,

1.7 m m ( 0 . 0 7 0 i n . ) s h e e t s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d 15 m i n a t
9 1 0 C ( 1 6 7 5 F ) w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d 8 h a t
5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F ) p r o d u c e s s t r e n g t h s only 1 3 8 t o 1 7 2
M P a (20 t o 2 5 k s i ) g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a n n e a l e d v a l u e s a n d n o t m u c h d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e a c h i e v e d b y
cold w o r k i n g a n d s t r e s s r e l i e v i n g .

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Typical heat treatment conditions

Heat
treatment
Minimum stress relief
Typical stress relief(a)
Annealing(b)
Solution treating
Aging

Temperature
C
315
370-650
650-760
870-925
480-510

F
600
700-1200
1200-1400
1600-1700
900-950

Time,
h
0.5 min
0.5 to 2 or 3
0.5 to 2
0.25to0.33
2 to 8

Cooling
method
AC
AC
AC
WQ
AC

(a) Heating above 540 C (1000 F) substantially reduced strength and hardness, (b) Heating to 700 C (1300 F) for 2 h appears to develop
a fully annealed condition. There is no advantage in annealing above 800 C (1475 F), and annealing in the phase field reduces impact
strength.

286 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Ti-3AI-2.5V: Effect of aging on strength

-3-2.5V: Tensile strength vs anneal temperature

Anneal temperature, F

Q.

to
CL

>
C

55

co

4
Age time, h

Effect of 540 C (1000 F) age on room-temperature tensile properties of 3.5 mm (0.140 in.) strip after solution treatment at 910 C
(1675 F) for 15 min and water quench.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3725,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980

Anneal temperature, C

Effect of 2 h annealing (or stress relieving) temperature on roomtemperature tensile properties of full hard (50% cold worked) tubing.
With a room-temperature full hand strength of 999 MPa (145 ksi)
UTS and 896 MPa (130 ksi) tensile yield strength. 15.8 mm (0.625
in.) OD 0.96 mm (0.038 in.) wall 50% CW+anneal, 2 h in vacuum,
vacuum cool to approximate 425 C (800 F), AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3725,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 287

I Ti-5AI-2.5Sn
Common Name: Ti-5-2V and Ti-5-2V ELI
UNS Numbers: R545207R54521
2

Developed by B a t t e l l e for R e m C r u ( l a t e r called

Crucible Steel) a s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e - s t r e n g t h , weldable alloy, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn w a s first m a n u f a c t u r e d i n
1950. Its p r i m a r y u s e w a s i n a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g m o d e r a t e s t r e n g t h a n d e x c e l l e n t weldability. I t

w a s o n e of t h e first alloys to b e d e v e l o p e d c o m m e r cially a n d is o n e of t h e few o r i g i n a l a l l o y s still in

c o m m e r c i a l u s e . A l t h o u g h i t is still a v a i l a b l e from
all p r o d u c e r s , i t is b e i n g r e p l a c e d b y Ti-6A1-4V in
m a n y applications.

As interstitial e l e m e n t content increases, both

yield a n d t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h s i n c r e a s e a n d f r a c t u r e
t o u g h n e s s d e c r e a s e s . T h e e x t r a low i n t e r s t i t i a l
(ELI) g r a d e of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ( U N S R 5 4 5 2 1 ) is e s p e -

cially w e l l s u i t e d for service a t c r y o g e n i c t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d e x h i b i t s a n excellent c o m b i n a t i o n of

s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s a t - 2 5 0 C (^420 F).
D e n s i t y . 4 . 4 8 g / c m (0.162 l b / i n . )

Product
Forms

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a v a i l a b l e a s bar, p l a t e , s h e e t ,
s t r i p , wire, forgings, a n d e x t r u s i o n s . T h e E L I
g r a d e is q u i t e difficult t o h o t w o r k i n t o s o m e p r o d u c t forms, p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n c o n v e r t i n g from i g n o t

t o b i l l e t b e c a u s e of s h e a r c r a c k i n g , often r e f e r r e d to
a s s t r a i n - i n d u c e d porosity. T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n c a n be
c a s t , m a c h i n e d , a n d welded.

Product
Condition/

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a m e d i u m - s t r e n g t h , a l l - a l p h a
t i t a n i u m alloy. It h a s v e r y h i g h f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s

at both room temperature and elevated temperat u r e s a n d i s u s e d only i n t h e a n n e a l e d condition.

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is u s e d for g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e
castings a n d rings, rocket motor casings, aircraft f o r g i n g s a n d e x t r u s i o n s , a e r o s p a c e s t r u c tural members in hot spots (near engines and
l e a d i n g e d g e s of w i n g s ) , o r d n a n c e e q u i p m e n t ,
c h e m i c a l - p r o c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r i n g elev a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h s u p e r i o r t o t h a t of
unalloyed t i t a n i u m a n d excellent weldability,
a n d o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s d e m a n d i n g good w e l d
fabricability, o x i d a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e , a n d i n t e r m e diate strength at service t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to 480
C (900 F).
T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n E L I i s e m p l o y e d for l i q u i d h y drogen tankage and high-pressure vessels at temp e r a t u r e s b e l o w - 1 9 5 C ( - 3 2 0 F ) , s t r u c t u r a l

m e m b e r s for a i r c r a f t , a n d g a s t u r b i n e p a r t s . I t is
usedinapplicationsrequiringductilityandtoughn e s s g r e a t e r t h a n those ofthe s t a n d a r d g r a d e , a l thoughatsomesacrificeinstrength, particularly
inhardwareforserviceatcryogenictemperatures.
P r e c a u t i o n s i n Use. The elevated temperat u r e s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e of t h i s alloy in t h e
p r e s e n c e of solid s a l t is lower t h a n t h o s e of o t h e r
c o m m o n l y u s e d t i t a n i u m alloys. U s e of Ti-5A12.5Sn (like all t i t a n i u m alloys) i n c o n t a c t w i t h liqu i d oxygen, or in contact with g a s e o u s oxygen at
p r e s s u r e s a b o v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 4 5 k P a (50 psi),
c o n s t i t u t e s s e v e r e fire a n d e x p l o s i o n h a z a r d .

Chemistry
and Density

Microstructure
Applications

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS
UNS
UNS

Designation
R54520
R54521
R54522
R54523

Description
ELI
Weld Fill Met
ELI Weld Fill Met

Composition, wt% (a)

Al

Fe

4-6
5
4.7-5.6
4.7-5.6

0.1

0.5

0.02

0.05

0.2

0.05
0.04

0.4
0.25

0.008
0.005

0.03
0.012

0.12
0.1

4-6

0.1 max

Sn

OT

Other

2-3
2.5
2-3
2-3

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

0.2 max

2-3

Si 0.15 max; balTi

China
GB3620

TA-7

0.3 max

0.015 max 0.05 max

Germany
DIN 17851
DIN 17851

WL3.7114
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
WL3.7115

ShStrp Pit Rod Wir

Pit ShStrp Ann

4.5-5.5
4-6
4-6

0.08
0.08
0.08

0.5
0.5
0.5

0.015-0.02
0.02
0.02

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.2

2-3
2-3
2-3

VT5-1KT
VT5-1

Sh Pit Strp Rod Frg Ann

4-5.5
4-6

0.05
0.1

0.2
0.3

0.008
0.015

0.04
0.05

0.12
0.15

2-3
2-3

L-7101

ShStrp Pit Bar Frg Ext

4.5-5.5

0.5

0.02

0.07

0.2

2-3

0.4

balTi
balTi
balTi

Russia
GOST
GOST 19807-74

0.3

Zr0.2;Mn0.1;Si0.1;balTi
Zr0.3;Si0.15;balTi

Spain
UNE 38-716

0.15

balTi

(continued)

288 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Specifications and compositions

(continued)

Composition, wt% (a)

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Sn

OT

Other

UK
BSTA14
BSTA15
BSTA16
BSTA17

Sh
Bar
Frg
Frg

4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6

ELI ShStrpPltAnn
ShStrpPltAnn
ELI Bar Frg Rng Ann
BarWirBilRngAnn
Weld Fill Wir
Frg Ann
ShStrpPltAnn
BarBil Ann
Cast
Frg Ann
ELI Weld Fill Met
Weld Fill Met
Frg Ann
FrgHT
ELI Frg Ann
Ext Bar Shp Ann
ELI Ext Bar Shp Ann
Cast Ann
ShStrpPltAnn
ELI ShStrpPltAnn
BarBil Ann
ELI BarBil Ann

4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.7-5.6
4-6
4.5-5.75
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4.7-5.6
4.7-5.6
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75
4.5-5.75

0.08 max
0.08 max
0.08 max

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

max
max
max
max

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3

0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.015 max

USA
AMS4909D
AMS4910J
AMS4924D
AMS4926H
AMS4953D
AMS4966J
ASTM 265
ASTM 348
ASTM 367
ASTM 381
AWSA5.16-70
AWSA5.16-70
MTLF-83142A
MILF-83142A
MTLF-83142A
MTLT-81556A
MILT-81556A
MILT-81915
MILT-9046J
MILT-9046J
MILT-9047G
MTLT-9047G

Grade 6
Grade 6
Grade C-6
Grade F-6
ERTi-5Al-2.5Sn-l
ERTi-5Al-2.5Sn
Comp2
Comp2
Comp3
Code A-1
CodeA-2
Type Comp A
Code A-1
CodeA-2
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5SnFJLI

0.05
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.05

0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.25

0.0125
0.02
0.0125
0.02
0.015
0.02
0.02
0.0125
0.015
0.02
0.005
0.008
0.02
0.02
0.0125
0.02
0.0125
0.02
0.02
0.0125
0.02
0.0125

0.035
0.05
0.035
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.012
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.035
0.05
0.035
0.05
0.05
0.035
0.05
0.035

0.12
0.2
0.12
0.2
0.175
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.12
0.2
0.2
0.12
0.2
0.12
0.2
0.2
0.12
0.2
0.12

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3

0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3

Y 0.005; O + Fe
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; O + Fe
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti

(a) Maximum unless a range is specified

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Compositions

Composition, wt% (a)

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Sn

OT Other

France
Ugine
Ugine

UTA5E
UTA5EL

Sh Bar Ann
ELI Bar Ann

4.5-5.5
4.5-5.75

0.15
0.05

0.5
0.25

0.02
0.0125

0.07
0.035

0.2
0.12

2-3
2-3

balTi

Contimet AlSn 52
Contimet AlSn 52 ELI
TL52

Sh Strp Pit Bar Frg Pip Ann

ELI Pit Bar Frg Pip Ann
Frg

4.5-5.5
4.7-5.6
5

0.08
0.06

0.5
0.15

0.02
0.013

0.05
0.05

0.2
0.12

2-3
2-3
2.5

balTi
balTi
bal

KS5-2.5
KS5-2.5ELI
5137
SAT-525
525AT

Ann
ELI Ann

4-6
4.7-5.6

0.5
0.25

0.02
0.0125

0.05
0.035

0.2
0.12

2-3
2-3

balTi

0.02

0.05

0.3

2-3

balTi

0.2
0.13
0.2 max
0.12 max

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-3

balTi

Germany
Deutsche
Deutsche
Fuchs
Japan
Kobe
Kobe
MMA
Sumitomo
Toho

4-6

0.03

4-6
4.7-5.75
4-6
4.5-5.75

0.08
0.08
0.1 max
0.05 max

0.5

balTi

USA
OREMET
RMI
RMI
TIMET
TIMET

Ti 5-2.5
RMI5Al-2.5Sn
RMI5Al-2.5SnELI
TIMETAL 5-2.5
TIMETAL 5-2.5 ELI

(a) Maximum unless a range is specified

Mult Forms Ann

ELI Mult Forms Ann
Ann
Ann

0.5
0.25
0.5 max
0.25 max

0.0175-0.02
0.0125-0.015
0.02 max
0.0125 max

0.05
0.03
0.05 max
0.035 max

balTi
balTi
balTi

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 289

Physical Properties
Phases and
Structures

T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn i s e i t h e r
acicular or equiaxed a, depending on prior processi n g . A c i c u l a r i s o b s e r v e d after t h e r m a l excursions above t h e t r a n s u s . Equiaxed a l p h a results
f r o m w o r k i n g t h e m e t a l b e l o w t h e t r a n s u s , foll o w e d b y a n n e a l i n g i n t h e field. T h e r e c o m m o n l y
i s a v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t of i n m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s of
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn t h a t contains high iron. E q u i a x e d
i s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n m i l l p r o d u c t s of

e i t h e r s t a n d a r d Ti-5Al-2.5Sn or Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(ELI).
B e t a T r a n s u s . T h e p h a s e transforms to on
cooling a t 1040 t o 1090 C (1900 t o 2 0 0 0 F).
A l p h a T r a n s u s . O n h e a t i n g to a t 955 to
9 8 5 C (1750 t o 1805 F).
B e t a T r a n s u s o f E L I G r a d e . T h i s occurs a t
1010 15 C (1850 2 5 F).

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Dynamic modulus of annealed sheet

Standard Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical physical properties

Beta transus
Liquidus temperature
RT tensile modulus
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of
linear expansion(b)

1040 to 1090 C
159020C
110tol25GPa
4.48 g/cm
1.6uX2m
Nonmagnetic
530 J/kg
7.8 W/m

(1900 to 2000 F)
(2895 35 F)
(16tol8xl0 psi)
(0.162 lb/in. )

9.4 xlO-Vc

(5.2 " / ! )

-200

Temperature, F
200 400 600 800

1000 1200

120h

(0.127 Btu/lb F)
(4.5Btu/fth - F)
6 0 7

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from 0 to 100 C (32 to 212 F)

-150 -50

50

150 250 350 450 550 650

Temperature, C

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

LIVE GRAPH
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2 9 0 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Electrical
Resistivity

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Electrical resistivity

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Electrical resistivity

Temperature, F
800
1200

Temperature

LIVE GRAPH

20
200
540
760

Click here to view

Resistivity
m
- in.

68
400
1000
1400

1.573
1.707
1.860
1.885

62
67
73
74

1.5

400
600
800
Temperature, C

1000

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965, 4

Optical
Properties

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Emittance vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Temperature, R
2400
3000

Click here to view

600

1200

1800

3600

4200

4800

5400

1
0.9

Polished

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, oxidized
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, polished
Solid symbols are
for oxidized specimens
Ti-6AI-4V, polished

800

1000

1200

1400
1600
1800
Temperature,

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

Source: O. Olson and J. Morris, WADC-TR-56-222, Part 2, Suppl. 1, reported in Thermophysical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials,
Vol II, NonferrousAlloys, Y. Touloukian, Ed., Macmillan, 1967, 1456

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 291

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Emissivity vs temperature

Click here to view

Temperature ,
0

200

400

500

600

800

1000

1000

1500

1200

2000
Temperature, R

1400

1600

2500

1800

3000

2000

2200

3500

Source: Handbookof'Theimophysical Properties of Solid Materials, Vol II, Alloys, A. Goldsmith, T. Waterman, and H. Hirschhom, Ed., Macmillan, 1961, p907

Chemical/Corrosion Properties
General
Corrosion

A l t h o u g h few published d a t a on t h e g e n e r a l corrosion r a t e s of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn are available, successful u s e

oft h i s alloy, like o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys, c a n b e expected
i n mildly r e d u c i n g t o highly oxidizing e n v i r o n m e n t s
in w h i c h protective oxide films spontaneously form
a n d r e m a i n stable. T h e n a t u r e of t h e oxide film ori tit a n i u m alloys basically r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d i n t h e
presence of m i n o r alloying constituents. Consequently, s m a l l additions (<2 to 3%) of m o s t commercially u s e d alloying elements or t r a c e alloy i m p u r i t i e s
generally h a v e little effect on t h e basic corrosion resist a n c e of t i t a n i u m i n normally passive e n v i r o n m e n t s .
I n boiling H C I concentrations below 0.5%, for e x a m -

ple, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is c o m p a r a b l e t o g r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m .
L i k e t i t a n i u m , corrosion of t h e Ti-5Al-2.5Sn a l loy is expected i n h o t , c o n c e n t r a t e d , low-pH chlor i d e s a l t s . W a r m or c o n c e n t r a t e d solutions of h y d r o chloric, phosphoric, a n d oxalic acids also a r e
d a m a g i n g . I n g e n e r a l , a l l acidic solutions t h a t a r e
r e d u c i n g i n n a t u r e corrode t i t a n i u m , u n l e s s t h e y
c o n t a i n i n h i b i t o r s . S t r o n g o x i d i z e r s , including a n h y d r o u s r e d fuming n i t r i c a c i d a n d 90% h y d r o g e n
p e r o x i d e , also c a u s e a t t a c k . I o n i z a b l e fluoride comp o u n d s , s u c h a s s o d i u m fluoride a n d h y d r o g e n fluor i d e , a c t i v a t e t h e surface a n d c a n c a u s e r a p i d corrosion. D r y chlorine g a s is especially harmful.

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Comparative corrosion in boiling HCI

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Comparative oxidation at 550 C in air

1.5
Ti-6-2-4-2

21

/
Ti-5AI-2.5i in

100

Grade 2

>

80

Ti-5i VI-2.5Sn
Ti-: I A I - 2 j j y ^

- Beta III

H60 2
Ti-6AI-4V
40

11

0.5!

Ti-3AI-2.5V "
H20

0.5
Concentration of HCI, %
General corrosion of annealed titanium alloys in naturally aerated
HCI solutions
Source: R. Schutz, Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, in
Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol 13, Corrosion, 1987, 680

LIVE GRAPH
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IMI 685

20

60
40
Time, days

80

100

Source: C. Coddet etal., Oxidation of Titanium Base Alloys for Application in Turbines, Titanium '80, Science and Technology, Vol 4,
H. Kimura and O. Izumi, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1980, 2755-2764

LIVE GRAPH
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292 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Comparative oxidation at 600 C in air

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-3AI-2 ,5V

Click here to view

Ti-6AI-4V

Beta III
-^Ti-5AI-2.5Sn
6242
~7 "
IMI 550 IMI 685

30

60

90

Time, days
Source: C. Coddet era/., Oxidation ofTitanium Base Alloys for Application in Turbines, Titanium '80, Science and Technology, Vol 4,

H. Kimura and O. Izumi, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1980, 2755-2764

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

Because t i n a n d a l u m i n u m promote t h e format i o n of o r d e r e d T13AI (0:2) s t r u c t u r e s , T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n

i s one of t h e t i t a n i u m a l l o y s m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e t o
s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c r a c k i n g . L i k e s t e p - c o o l e d Ti-8A1l M o - l V , t h e T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n alloy i s s u s c e p t i b l e t o
corrosion c r a c k i n g i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Stress-corrosion cracking in distilled

water

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

4
Time, min

Source: T.L. Mackay and OB. Gilpin, "Stress Corrosion Cracking of

Titanium Alloys at Ambient Temperature in Aqueous Solutions," Missile & Space Systems Division, Astropower Laboratory, Douglas
Aircraft Company, Report No. SM-49105-F1, June, 1967

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 293

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Environments known to promote stress-corrosion cracking

Medium

Other titanium alloys w i t h k n o w n susceptibility

Temperature, C (F)

Oxidizers
RT

Ti,Ti-8Mn,Ti-6Al-4V

Methyl alcohol (anhydrous)

RT

Methyl chloroform
Ethyl alcohol (anhydrous)
Trichlorocthylene
Trichlorofluororethane
Chlorinated diphenyl

370(700)
RT
370(700), 620(115), 815(1500)
788(1450)
315-370(600-700)

Ti-6AMV, Gr. 2 Ti, Gr. 4 Ti, Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V, Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo,

Ti-8Al-lMo-lV, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-8 Al- IMo-1V, T 1 - 6 A M V , Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al
T1-8AI-IM0-IV
T1-8AI-IM0-IV
T1-8 Al-1 Mo-1V, T1-6 Al-4 V, Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al
No alloy other than Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

Nitric acid (red fuming)

Organic compounds

Salts
Hot chloride and other halide
salts/residues
Seawater/NaCl solution

230-430(445-805)
RT

Most commercial alloys except grades 1 , 2 , 7 , 1 1 , 1 2 , andTi-3Al-2.5V

Unalloyed Ti (with oxygen content >0.3%): Ti-2.5 Al- IMo-11 Sn-5Zr-02Si
(IMI-679), Ti-3 Al-11 Cr-13 V,Ti-8Mn,Ti-6 A M V, T1-6AI-6 V-2Sn,
Ti-7 Al-2Nb-1 Ta, Ti-4Al-3Mo-1 V,Ti-8 Al- IMo-1V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

RT
232-480(450-895)
35-340(94-645)

Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1 V,Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta )

7Al-4Mo
T1-8AI-IM0-IV

Miscellaneous
Distilled water
Ag metal + AgCl
10% H Q

Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
ASM International, 1992

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness in air a n d 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Yield
Alloy
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(ELI)

Thickness
mm
in.
13

9.6

0.50

0.38

Heat
treatment

strength
ksi
MPa

Kic

MPaVm

orKc

ksiVin.

IClSCC orKsCC
ksWin.
MPaVm

anneal, AC

868

126

96

88

33

30

anneal, A C
STA

855

124

113

103

29

27

anneal,WQ

889
868

129
126

91
130

83
119

25
40

23
37

anneal, AC

827

120

107

98

45

41

Note: Data were generated in ambient neutral 3.5% NaCI solution. It should be cautioned t h a t X j values are highly dependent on alloy
composition, metallurgical condition, and product form and thickness. Therefore, they may or may not be representative of alloy product
materials that are commercially available. Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking:
Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM International, 1992
SCC

294 / Alpha and Near-Alpha

Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Stress intensity to failure

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Hot-salt cracking

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

21

23
25
27
Larsen-Miller parameter, = 7(20 + log f) 10

Time to failure, min

29
3

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Variation of applied stress intensity (Kj) to critical stress intensity

(K, ) ratio with time to failure for martensite structures in Ti-6AI-4V
and Ti-5AI-2.5Sn tested in 3.5% NaCl.
Both alloys were processed at 1095 C (2000 F), 15 min, water
quenched.
Source: D. Fager and W. Spurr, Trans. ASM, Vol 61,1968, 283
c

Hot-Salt
Cracking

Stress-Corrosion
Cracking
in Methanol

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn i s o n e of t h e l e a s t r e s i s t a n t t i t a n i u m alloys t o h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g . T h e p r e s e n c e of
oxygen is n e c e s s a r y for h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g t o occur.
At least one study h a s shown t h a t cracking will not
occur i n T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n w h e n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l
p r e s s u r e i s r e d u c e d below 10 (A. J. H a t c h et al.,
A S T M S T P 3 9 7 , 1965). A l t h o u g h t h e r o l e of w a t e r
( m o i s t u r e ) h a s n o t b e e n clearly e s t a b l i s h e d , i t a p p e a r s t h a t w a t e r is also a n e c e s s a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l
component in t h e cracking process. Chloride, brom i d e , a n d i o d i d e s a l t s h a v e all b e e n s h o w n t o p r o duce s i m i l a r c r a c k i n g . F l u o r i d e a n d h y d r o x i d e
salts have not.
From a practical standpoint, hot-salt cracking
a p p e a r s t o b e a p h e n o m e n o n t h a t is r e s t r i c t e d to
t h e laboratory. No in-service failure h a s b e e n att r i b u t e d t o h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g . T h e l i k e l y r e a s o n for
t h i s is t h e c r i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g e n v i r o n m e n t , s t r e s s l e v e l , a n d alloy t y p e . U n l e s s all of t h e
conditions a r e m e t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a n d for ext e n d e d t i m e , c r a c k i n g will n o t occur.
S t r e s s e d s p e c i m e n s of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn a l l o y a r e
susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking i n reagent-grade m e t h a n o l liquid a n d in m e t h a n o l vapor-air a t m o s p h e r e s after c o m p a r a b l e e x p o s u r e
times. U n l i k e failure in oxygenated n i t r o g e n
tetroxide, t h e f r a c t u r e surfaces i n t h e s e e n v i r o n m e n t s w e r e n o t visibly t a r n i s h e d , a n d t h e f a i l u r e s
w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e f o r m a t i o n of v e r y few
cracks. C r a c k s t h a t formed i n b o t h t h e l i q u i d a n d
vapor w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y i n t e r g r a n u l a r . A s w i t h o t h e r
susceptible t i t a n i u m alloys, h a l i d e s a n d h a l o g e n s accelerate c r a c k i n g a n d reduce K i s c c v a l u e s , w h e r e a s
additions of w a t e r i n h i b i t cracking.

Larsen-Miller plot for hot-salt cracking of several annealed titanium

alloys. Tis temperature (R) and f is exposure time (hours).
Source: R.V. Turley and C.H. Avery, "Elevated-Temperature Static
and Dynamic Sea-Salt Stress Cracking of Titanium Alloys," StressCorrosion Cracking of Titanium, ASTM STP 397, ASTM, 1965, 1

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Effect of water and

methanolic stress-corrosion cracking
Environment

on

Time to failure

CH3OH (reagent grade 99.9 mol% pure)

CH3OH (reagent grade, dried with CaO powder)
CH3OH (reagent grade, redistilled)
CH3OH vapor-dry air mixture
CH3OH + 0.012% I
CH3OH + 1.35% I
CH3OH + 2.0% B r
CH OH + 2.0%Br + 2.5%H O
CH3OH + 2.0% Br + 10.0% H 0
CH3OH + 2.0% Br + 45.0% H 0
CH3OH +2.0% Br +50.0% H 0
2

halogens

8 days
4 days
2 days
1 -7 days
2 day s
5 hours
10 min
10 min
13 min
4 days
NF

U-bend specimens were annealed with a yield strength of703 MPa

(102 ksi) and a tensile strength of 772 MPa (112 ksi). Source: A.J.
Sedriks, P.W. Slattery, and E.N. Pugh, "Stress Corrosion Cracking
of Alpha utanium in Nonaqueous Environments," Proceedings of
Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion
Cracking,NACE, Sep 11-15,1967, 673

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 295

Thermal Properties

Heat
Capacity

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Specific heat at various temperatures

c
0(a)
20(b)
40
95
205
315
425(a)
540
650(a)
760
845

Temperature
F
32(a)
70(b)
100
200
400
600
800(a)
1000
1200(a)
1400
1550

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Specific heat as a function of temperature

Heat
J/kg

Btu/lb F

528(a)
523(b)
536
548
574
607
641(a)
674
712(a)
754
787

0.126(a)
0.125(b)
0.128
0.131
0.137
0.145
0.153(a)
0.161
0.170(a)
0.180
0.188

(a) Applied to both Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI, reported in

UNS No. R54521,Code Ti-91, Alloy Digest, May 1988; and "RemCru Titanium Manual," Rem-Cru Titanium, reported in "Report on
the Physical Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," TML
Report 73, W. Lepkowski and J. Holladay,Ed., Titanium
Metallurgical Laboratories, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1957. (b)
Applies only to Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (ELI), reported in RMI 5Al-2.5Sn ELI,
Code -75, Alloy Digest, Feb 1980

0
800

Temperature, F
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
"> =10.19

500
250

500

750
1000
Temperature,

Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures, MIL-HDF3K-5E, Vol 2, June 1987, 5.16

LIVE GRAPH
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Thermal
Expansion

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn and Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Thermal coefficient

of linear expansion
Temperature
C

op

0-100
0-315
0-540

32-212
32-600
32-1000

0-650

32-1200

0-815

32-1500

lO^/K
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.4(a)
5.4
5.5(a)
5.6

(a) ELI, extra-low intensity. Source: TIMET datasheet

9.4
9.5
9.5
9.7(a)
9.7
9.9(a)
10.1

0.12
1250

296 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Thermal expansion at room temperature/above

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Thermal expansion at low temperatures

LIVE GRAPH
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-300

-400
1

50
^

Temperature, F
-200 -100
0

100

Click here to view

Temperature, F
500
1000

1500

10.5

0
<9

-50

10.01

-100
A
"

-150
-200

I- -250

-270

9.5

\
C
-180

250

90

-90
Temperature, C

Curve A: 13 mm (0.500 in.) diameter bar, annealed. Curve B: 19 mm

(0.750 in.) diameter bar, annealed. Curve C: 13 mm (0.500 in.) diameter bar, annealed.
Source: Curve A: Martin Marietta Company; Curve : V. Arp era/.,
"Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to 293
K," Cryogenics, Vol 2,1962; Curve C: J. Belton era/., Materials for
Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperatures, ASTM Special Tech. Pub.

500
750
Temperature, C

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

287,1960, 108; reported in Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook

(Revised), Vol 1, AFML-TR-64-280, Wright Patterson AFB, 1970,

664

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Thermal conductivity vs temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Thermal conductivity comparison

Temperature, F
500
1000

LIVE GRAPH
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^10

0
-150

150

300
450 600
Temperature, C

750

900

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

2
4
Absolute temperature/electrical resistivity
(Tip), (/-cm) 10~

Thermal conductivity versus ratio of absolute temperature, T, to

electrical resistivity.
Data are plotted for Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, T1-6AI-4V, -4-4, "-22Mn, Ti-4AI-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si, Ti-8Mn, Ti-5AI-1.4Cr-1.5Fe-1.2Mn,
and Ti-2.1 Cr-2.2Fe-2Mo. Values obtained by Powell and Tye were
obtained at 50 C (90 F) intervals over the range 50 to 450 C (120
to 840 F). Previously reported values of Deem ef al. (H. Deem, W.
Wood, and C. Lucks, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, Aug 1958, 520) plotted at 55 C (100 F) intervals over the range 38 to 540 C (100 to
1000 F). Least-squares treatment gives an equation for the resulting line: k= 2.43 10" (Tip) + 0.027. All values but one are within
+7.5%.
Source: R. Powell and R. Tye, "TheThermal and Electrical Conductivity of Titanium and Its Alloys," J. Less-Common Met, Vol 3,1962,
226
8

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 297

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Thermal

temperatures
Temperature
C
F
-75
0
RT
315
815

conductivity

at

3.89
4.31
4.5
6.30
10.48

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Experimental thermal conductivity

Temperature

Thermal conductivity
Btu/ft-h-T
W/m

-100
32
RT
600
1500

various

Ref

6.73
7.47
7.79
10.90
18.13

1
1
2
1
1

References: (1) 'TINS R 54521," Code 91, Alloy Digest, May 1988;
(2) "Basic Design," RMI Titanium

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

Thermal conductivity
W/m
cal/(cm s F)
0.0187
0.0200
0.0215
0.0229
0.0244
0.0260
0.0277
0.0294
0.0311
0.0331

311
366
422
477
533
589
644
700
755
811

7.83
8.37
9.00
9.59
10.21
10.88
11.30
12.31
13.02
13.86

Note: The method used in making conductivity measurements

was the steady-heat flow method. Specimens were protected by
vacuum of ~5 1 0 mm Hg during measurements. The absolute
error of experimental thermal conductivity values is estimated to
be <5%. Specimens were mill annealed. Source: H. Deem, W. Wood,
and C. Lucks, "The Relationship Between Electrical and Thermal
Conductivities of Titanium Alloys," Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME,
1958, 520
-5

Mechanical Properties
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical tensile properties
Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h
MPa
ksi

Grade
Standard
ELI

861
779

Tensile yield strength (0.2%)

MPa
ksi

125
113

827
717

Elongation in
50 m m (2 in.), %

120
104

15
17

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tensile property specification minimums at room temperature

Min tensile
strength
Specification

Min yield
strength(a)

MPa

ksi

MPa

Min re duetion of area,

ksi

Plate, sheet, and strip

AMS4910(Std)
ASTM B265,grade6
MTL-T-9046
Std grade, up to 1.5 in. thick
Std grade, 1.5 to 4.0 in. thick
ELI, all thicknesses

827
827

120
120

779
793

113
115

827
793
689

120
115
100

779
758
655

113
110
95

689
793
827
827

100
115
120
120

620
758
793
793

90
110
115
115

20(b)
25
25
25

793
689

115
100

758
620

110
90

25
20(b)

793

115

724

105

Billet, bar, forgings, and rings

AMS 4924 (ELI)
AMS 4926 and 4966 (Std)
ASTM B348, grade 6
ASTM B381, grade F-6
MTL-T-9047,
Std grade
ELI

Castings
ASTM B367, grade C-6

(a) 0.2% offset, (b) 15% for material 2 to 4 in. thick. Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 3, 9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980, 383

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Minimum tensile properties of bars, forgings, and rings

N o m i n a l diameter
or d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n
parallel sides
mm
in.
<50
>50-100

<2.000
>2.00-4.00

Ultimate
tensile strength
MPa
ksi

Yield Strength
(0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

689

100

620

90

10

689

100

620

90

10

Source: AMS 4924, Jan 1985

Elongation
in 4D, %
LT
10
10

ST
6

Reduction of
area,%
LT

20

15

15

15

ST
10

298 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Minimum tensile properties of sheet, strip, and plate

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Nominal thickness
mm
in.
0.2-0.4
>0.4-0.6
>0.6-25

0.008-0.015
>0.015-0.025
>0.O25-l.O00

689
689
689

Elongation
in 50 mm (2 in.) or 4D,

Tensile yield strength

(0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

100
100
100

655
655
655

95
95
95

6
8
10

Source: AMS 4909, Oct 1984

Design
Allowables

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Design tensile properties of annealed bar and forgings

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
P r o d u c t form

Basis

Tensile yield
strength(a)

Reduction
Elongation(a),
of area(a),

ksi

793(c)(d)
868
793

115(c)(d)
126
115

758(c)(d)
827
758

H0(c)(d)
120
110

10

25(d)

Bar 76-100 m (3-4 ia) thickfb)

Forgings per AMS 4966

793(f)

115(f)

758(f)

110(f)

10
8(e)
10(e)

25
20(e)
25(e)

Bar < 75 mm (2.999 in.) thick(b)

MPa

ksi

MPa

(a) S-basis. Limits apply to longitudinal and long transverse directions, except as noted, (b) Maximum of 105 cm (16 in. ) cross-sectional
area per MIL-T-9047. (c) A values are higher than S values as follows: ultimate tensile strength, 806 MPa (117 ksi); tensile yield strength,
779 MPa (113 ksi) in the longitudinal direction, (d) S-basis in LT direction providing LT dimension is >75 mm (3 in.), (e) Minimum in the ST
direction, (f) Applicable in LT or ST direction providing LT or ST dimension is >64 mm (2.5 in.). Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec 1991
2

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: S-basis tensile properties (longitudinal) of extruded and annealed bar and shapes
Per MIL-T-81556, Comp. A-1
Thickness
mm
4.7-25
25-50
50-75
75-100

Ultimate tensile strength

MPa
ksi

in

827
793
793
793

0.188-1.000
1.000-2.000
2.00-3.000
3.00-4.000

120
115
115
115

Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec 1991

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Mechanical properties of annealed bar

Per MIL-T-9047

Basis:
MPa (ksi)
L
LT
ST
MPa (ksi)
L
LT
ST
EL(d), %
L
LT
ST
RA(d),%
L
LT
ST

Thickness or d i a m e t e r (a), m m (in.)

<76.1 (<2.999)
76.2-100 (3.000-4.000)(a)
A

F,
m

793(115)(b)
793(115)(c)
...

868(126)
...
...

793(115)
793(115)
793(115)

758(110)(b)
758(110)(c)
...

827(120)
...
...

758(110)
758(110)
758(110)

10
10(c)
...

...
...
...

10
10
8

25
25(c)
...

...
...
...

25
25
20

(a) Maximum of 105 cm (16 in. ) cross-sectional area, (b) A values

are higher than S values as follows: ultimate tensile strength, 806
MPa (117 ksi); tensile yield strength, 779 MPa (113 ksi). (c) S-basis.
Applicable providing LT dimension is >75 mm (3.000 in.), (d) S-basis. Source: MIL-HDBK 5,1 Dec 1991
2

Tensile yield strength

MPa
ksi
793
758
758
758

115
110
110
110

Elongation,
%

10
10
8
6

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 299

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Design mechanical properties of annealed sheet and strip

Per MIL-T-9046, Comp. A-1, and AMS 4910

Basis:

P e r MIL-T-9046
<4.7 (<0.187)
S

Thickness, m m (in.)
0.4-2.0 (0.015-0.079)
2.0-4.7 (0.080-0.187)

A
I

F , MPa (ksi)
m

L
LT
F^,, MPa (ksi)
L
LT
F MPa (ksi)
L
LT
F,,MPa(ksi)
F ^ , MPa (ksi), in:
e/D =1.5
e/D = 2.0
MPa (ksi), in:
e/D =1.5
e/D = 2.0
EL(S-basis), %
L
LT

827 (120)
827(120)

827 (120) (a)

827 (120) (a)

882(128)
889(129)

827 (120) (b)

827(120)(b)

903(131)
910(132)

779(113)
779(113)

758(110)
779(113)

792(115)
813(118)

779(113)
779(113) (c)

813(118)
834(121)

792(115)
813(118)
517(75)

792(115)
813(118)
517(75)

827(120)
848(123)
551(80)

779(113)
813(118)
517 (75)

848(123)
868(126)
565 (82)

1151(167)
1723 (250)

1151(167)
1723 (250)

1234(179)
1848(268)

1151(167)
1723 (250)

1261 (183)
1896(275)

917(133)
1310(190)

917(133)
1310(190)

958(139)
958(198)

917(133)
1310(190)

979(142)
1399(203)

10
10

10(d)
10(d)

10
10

(a) S basis. -basis value is 848 MPa (123 ksi). (b) S-basis value is listed. -basis value is 870 MPa (126 ksi). (c) S-basis value, (d) Thicknesses
0.635 mm (0.025 in.) and above. Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec 1991

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Design mechanical properties of annealed plate

Per MIL-T-9046, Comp. A-1, and AMS 4910

4.7-6.4 (0.188-0.250)
Basis:
F , MPa (ksi)
L
LT
Ffy, MPa (ksi)
L
LT
MPa (ksi)
L
LT
F ,MPa(ksi)
F , MPa (ksi), in:
e/D =1.5
e/D =2.0
F ^ , MPa (ksi), in:
e/D =1.5
e/D = 2.0
EL(a), %
L
LT

Thickness, m m (in.)
6.4-38 (0.25-1.500)
S

38-100 (1.50-4.000)
S

iu

827(120)(a)
827(120)(a)

930(135)
944(137)

827(120)
827(120)

793(115)
793(115)

779(113)(a)
813(118)(a)

848(123)
862(125)

779(113)
779(113)

758(110)
758(110)

813(118)
813(118)
517(75)

882(128)
896(130)
586(85)

813(118)
813(118)
517(75)

1151(167)
1723 (250)

1310(190)
1965(285)

1151(167)
1723 (250)

917(133)
1310(190)

1013(147)
1448(210)

917(133)
1310(190)

bru

10
10

(a) S-basis. Source: MTL-HDBK5,1 Dec 1991

10
10

10
10

300 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Hardness

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Effect of low temperature on hardness

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-400

Hardness
Brinell, HB Rockwell C, HRC Knoop, HK

Condition

Temperature, F
-200 -100
0

-300

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical hardness at room temperature

100

Annealed, Std0

...

Annealed, ELI 0
Unwelded ELI sheet
Single-bead weld of
ELI sheet
Annealed bar
As cast
2

...
...
...
290
321 typical
335 max

30-36 (typical)
28 (min)
30-36
33.2
28
30-31

265
310

Source: Alloys Digest, Metals Handbook, and Aerospace Structural

Metals Handbook

300|
-270

I
-180

-90
Temperature, C

90

Specimens were made of normal interstitial material as-annealed

1.6 mm (0.064 in.) thick sheet.
Source: R. McGee, The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft
Structural Metals at Very Low Temperatures," WADC-TR-58-336,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Nov 1958; reported in Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, AFML-TR-64-280, F. Schwartzberg, S. Os-

good, R. Herzog, and M. Knight, Ed., Air Force Materials Laboratory,

1970, 645

Effects of
Processing

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tensile properties of annealed and cold

drawn specimens
Cold drawn
15%

Property

Annealed

UTS, MPa (ksi)

TYS (0.2% Offset), MPa
(ksi)
Proportional limit.
MPa, (ksi)
EL in 50 mm
(2 in.), %
RA,%
Elastic modulus,
GPa (10 psi)
Type of fracture

982(142.5)

1206(175.0)

879(127.5)

1041 (151.0)

844(122.5)

517(75.0)

17.0
39.0

10.0
28.0

108(15.7)
Flat '/2 cup

99(14.4)
Flat '/> cup

Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Ed., Titanium Alloys

MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1972

Handbook,

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical mechanical properties of as-received, stretched, and stress-relieved specimens

Specimen
As received
1% stretch
As stretched
Stress relieved
3% stretch
As stretched
Stress relieved

P e r c e n t a g e of
as-received
Elongation, % c o m p r e s s i v e
in 50 m m (2 in.) yield s t r e n g t h

Compressive

Tensile

yield strength

yield strength

(0.2% Offset)
MPa
ksi

(0.2% Offset)
MPa
ksi

895

129.9

839

121.7

908

131.8

19.8

605
846

87.8
122.8

866
837

125.6
121.5

909
907

131.9
131.6

20.0
21.0

67.6
94.5

585
837

84.9
121.5

908
832

131.7
120.7

937
917

135.9
133.0

18.3
17.5

65.4
93.5

Tensile
ultimate strength
ksi
MPa

100

Note: These are not design allowables. Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Ed., Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1972

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 301

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Yield strength vs rolling temperatures

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Effect of stretching on yield strengths

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
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1200

1000

Stress relief:

400
1500"

170

None
440 C (825 F), 1h
565 C (1050 F), 15 min

600

Temperature, F
800
1000 1200

Click here to view

1400
-200

160
150

Tensile yield strength

-180

1200

140 S

-160

130

120

800

140

5 5

900

110

Uniaxial Biaxial Anneal

65 C (1200 F), 15 min

A
None

815 C (1500 F), 15 min

100
600

90

600
200

Stretching, %
Specimens were 1.4 mm (0.057 in.) annealed sheet.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

-120
-100
800

400
600
Temperature, C

The uniaxial yield strength and the theoretical biaxial yield strength
in a 2:1 stress field.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

Low-Temperature Tensile Properties

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Sharp notch yield strength at
- 2 5 0 C

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Notch strength of annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-400
1.5

-300

Temperature, F
-200
-100

LIVE GRAPH
0

Click here to view

100

260

1800
Tensile yield strength

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, ELI

240
220

1500r

Notch strength
0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick

1200r

200
180

160
900
Ti-6AI-4V, ELI

1.5 mm (0.06 in.)

^ S

0.3
-250

120

0.25 mm (0.01 in.)

100

600
-200

-150
-100
-50
Temperature, C

50

12
Stretching, %

Specimens were 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick annealed sheet. Values

are averages of several measurements in L and directions. Specimen had a 60 notch on both sides, r less than 0.001 in.
Source: J. Shannon, Jr. and W. Brown, Jr., "A Review of Factors Influencing the Crack Tolerance of Titanium Alloys," in Applications

140

18

24

Specimens were annealed sheet heat treated at 815 C (1500 F),

2 h, FC; 60 notch on both sides with a 0.7 mil radius.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

Related Phenomena in Titanium Alloys, ASTM STP 432, ASTM,

1968, 33

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Low-temperature tensile properties compared with CP Ti and Ti-6AI-4V (continued)

Temperature
C
"F

U l t i m a t e tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

1-75 sheet, longitudinal orientation

24
75
580
84.3
-78
-108
750
109
-196
-320
1050
152
-423
1280
186
-253
1-75 sheet, annealed, transverse orientation
24
75
585
85.1
-78
-108
760
110
-196
-320
1060
153

Tensile
yield strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

N o t c h tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

465
615
940
1190

67.6
89.2
136
173

25
25
18
8

785

114

1100
875

159
127

475
645
965

69.0
93.4
140

25
20
14

800
905
1120

116
131
163

Young's
modulus
GPa
10 psi
6

(continued)

302 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Low-temperature tensile properties compared with CP Ti and Ti-6AI-4V (continued)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Temperature
C
F

Tensile
y i e l d strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

194
182
1260
-253
-423
1340
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn sheet, nominal interstitial annealed, longitudinal orientation
24
75
850
123
795
115
-78
-108
1080
1020
148
156
1300
188
-196
-320
1370
199
-253
-423
1700
1590
231
246
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn sheet, nominal interstitial annealed, transverse orientation
24
75
895
130
860
125
-78
-108
1050
152
1020
148
-196
-320
198
1430
208
1370
234
-253
-423
1670
242
1610
-268
-450
1590
231
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (ELI) sheet, annealed, longitudinal orientation
24
75
800
116
740
107
-78
-108
960
880
128
139
-196
-320
1300
188
1210
175
-253
-423
1570
1450
210
228
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI) sheet, annealed, transverse orientation
24
75
805
117
760
110
-78
-108
950
130
138
895
-196
-320
1300
188
1230
179
-253
-423
1570
228
1480
214
Ti-5Al-Z5Sn (ELI) sheet/weld weldment, annealed, EB weld
24
75
815
118
785
114
-196
-320
1300
189
1210
176
-253
-423
1510
219
1380
200
Ti-5Al-Z5Sn (ELI) plate, annealed, longitudinal orientation
24
75
765
111
705
102
-253
-423
1430
1390
202
208
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (ELI) forgings, as forged, tangential orientation
24
75
835
121
760
110
-78
-108
980
142
905
131
-196
-320
1260
182
1100
159
-253
-423
1420
182
206
1260
Ti-6A1-4V (ELI) sheet, annealed, longitudinal orientation
24
75
960
139
890
129
-78
-108
1160
1100
160
168
-196
-320
1500
217
1420
206
-253
-423
1770
256
1700
246

Reduction
of area,
%

N o t c h tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

880

128

16
13
14
7

1130
1310
1630
1430

164
190
236
208

14
12
12
6
1.5

1170
1250
1630
1290

170
181
236
187

16
14
16
10

1060
1190
1560
1670

14
12
14
8

33
17

43
32

15
12
15
13

36
31
30
22

12
9
10
4

Young's
modulus
GPa
10 psi
6

105
115
120
130

15.4
16.6
17.7
18.5

154
173
226
242

115
125
130
130

16.4
18.0
18.6
19.2

1100
1260
1570
1530

159
182
228
222

110
125
130
140

16.0
18.1
18.9
20.1

1120
1220
1460
1500

162
177
211
217

110
115
120
130

16.2
16.6
17.5
18.6

(a) K = 6.3 for all three sheet forms; K = 5 to 8 for Ti-6A1-4V (ELI) forgings. (b) Recrystallization annealing treatment: 930 C (1700 F) 4 h,
FC to 760 C (1400 F) in 3 h, cooled to 480 C (900 F) in / h, AC. Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steeb, Tool
Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3,9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980
t

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Low-temperature tensile strength

comparison
-400

-300

Temperature, F
-200 -100
0

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Low-temperature elongation comparison

100

-400

2000

-300

Temperature, F
-200
-100
0

100

75
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI ()

$ 1500

H200

2 1000h-

-270

Unalloyed titanium

50h

Ti-6AI-4V ELI (-)

-M00

500r

*e

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI (a)

25
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI

Unalloyed titanium
(JIS class 2)
-180

-90
Temperature, C

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
0

Source: Titanium Product Literature, Kobe Steel

90

-270

-180

Ti-6AI-4V ELI

-90
Temperature, C

Source: Titanium Product Literature, Kobe Steel

90

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 303

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Notched

Click here to view

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Notch sensitivity at low temperatures

Strength

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Notch strength of sheet vs thickness

Temperature, F
-400

-300

-200

-100

100

Sheet thickness, in.

0.2
0.1

A'

900

800

'

0.3
130

I
-253 C

120
110

xf

Ti-6AI-4V

700

600

500

Annealed
K,= 1 0

\\

90

Low

-200

-150
-100
-50
Temperature, C

50

Normal 1
A

Source: F. Schwartzberg ef al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, AFML-TDR-64-280,1964; reported in Beta Wanium Alloys,
R. Wood, Ed., MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972,
p17

High-Temperature Strength

Tensile
Strengths
vs Temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tensile strengths vs temperature

Temperature, F
0

-200
1

200

LIVE GRAPH

'

200

400

100

800

1000

Strength at temperature
Exposure up to 1 0 0 0 h

Click here to view

150h-

600

^ \ ^ ^ ^ U I t J m a t e tensile strength

50

Q-

Tensile yield strength

-200

200

Temperature, C
Specimens were annealed sheet.
Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec 1 9 9 1

400

600

80

Low II

400

-250

100

4
6
Sheet thickness, mm

Normal II

70
60
8

Low I material had a 0.2% tensile yield strength of 1392 MPa (202
ksi) and composition of 290 ppm C, 1200 ppm Fe, 8 ppm H, 40 ppm
N, and 1030 ppm O. Low II had a yield strength of 1475 MPa (214
ksi) and composition of 280 ppm C, 1100 ppm Fe, 40 ppm H, 100
pm N, and 1000 ppm O. Normal I had a yield strength of 1544 MPa
(224 ksi) and composition of 380 ppm C, 1600 ppm Fe, 8 ppm H, 90
ppm N, and 1800 ppm O. Normal 11 had a yield strength of 1661 MPa
(241 ksi) and composition of 300 ppm C, 1700 ppm Fe, 70 ppm H,
140 ppm N, and 2000 ppm O. Alloy sheet was annealed at 815 C
(1500 F) and furnace cooled. Data points are averages of at least
four tests at -253 C (-423 F), in both longitudinal and transverse
directions. Specimens had a 60 notch on both sides.
Source: J. Shannon, Jr. and W. Brown, Jr., "Effects of Several Production and Fabrication Variables on Sharp Notch Properties of 5AI2.5Sn Titanium Alloy Sheet at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature," Proc.
ASTM, Vol 63,1963, 809

304 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Ultimate tensile strength vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
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200

400

Temperature, F
600
800 1000

1200

1000

750

250
500
Temperature, C

Temperature, C

(b)
(a)
Specimens were annealed sheet.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tensile elongation vs temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tensile strength vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
200
400
600

Temperature, F

Click here to view

-400

-200

30

800

1000

Typical elongation at temperature

25-

Exposure up to Vfe h

S?20c

'a 15-

-270 -180

-90

Temperature, C
Specimens were annealed sheet.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

90 180 270
Temperature, C

360

450

540

Blanks cast in graphite molds, annealed at 620 C (1150 F), 1 h,

AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Compressive
and Shear
Strengths

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Compressive yield strength vs temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Compressive yield and shear ultimate strengths vs temperature

Temperature, F
400
600
800

200

200

1000
800

100

LIVE GRAPH

Strength at temperature

Click here to view

S

80r

800

1000

H110

700

Exposure up to 1000 h

Temperature, F
400
600

-M00

~ 600I

Shear strength

500
60h
Compressive strength

400
300

40
0

150

300
Temperature, C

Annealed sheet.
Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec 1991

450

600

540
450
180
270
360
Temperature, C
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965
90

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 305

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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Bearing strengths vs temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Shear strength vs temperature

200

Temperature, F
400
600

Temperature, F

800

800

400

1000

600

800

1000

110

700

100

600
I 500

80

70

400
300
180
270
360
Temperature, C

450

540

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

Bearing
Strength

300

450

Temperature, C

Annealed sheet.e/D ratio unspecified

Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1 Dec, 1991

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Bearing strengths vs temperature

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C
Annealed sheet.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3706, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

Creep
Strength

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep strain at 125 and 150 C

Click here to view

10'

150 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
10'

10"'

Bar stock

forged
forged

10"
60% of TYS
10
10
Time, h

(a)

10*
Time, h

10

10

(b)

Log-log plots for tests at 125 C (255 F) (open symbols) and 150 C (300 F) (closed symbols).
Chemical composition: 5.13 wt% Al, 0.023 wt% C, 0.195 wt% Fe, 0.0012 wt% H, 0.02 wt% Mn, 0.020 wt% N, 2.68 wt% Sn. Bar stock was as-received hot-rolled round bar; forgings were forged at 955 C (1750 F), alpha forged, and at 1050 C (1925 F), beta forged, both air cooled. Creep
tests were performed in conventional dead-weight loaded creep frames at stress levels, expressed as percentages of room-temperature yield
stress. All tests were conducted in air.
Source: A. Thompson and B. Odegard, "Influence of Microstructure on Low Temperature Creep of Ti-5AI-2.5Sn," Metall. Trans., Vol 4,1973, 899

306 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical creep properties

Temperature

0.1%
MPa

315
370
425
540

ksi

83
69
45
2.8

600
700
800
1000

Stress for total deformation in 1000 h of:

0.2%
MPa
ksi
MPa

12
10
6.5
0.4

190
175
100
5

27
25
15
0.7

0.5%

385
330
235
23

ksi
56
34
3.3

Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 3,9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980, 384

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep data for bar

Temperature
F

315
370

600
700

425

800

480

900

540

1000

Stress
MPa

ksi

448
413
379
344
310
172
138
69
34

65
60
55
50
45
25
20
10
5

Time
of test,
h
1002.0
1039.7
793.0
1010.3
486.0
1000
650
1007.6
822.0

Deformation, %
Initial
0.500
0.505
0.442
0.438
0.383
0.232
0.187
0.115
0.004

Final
0.544
0.744
0.566
1.317
0.792
1.577
0.610
1.359
0.286

Total
plastic

Minimum
creep rate,
%/h

0.044
0.239
0.124
0.879
0.409
1.345
0.423
1.244
0.282

0.000010
0.000070
0.000045
0.00046
0.00038
0.00115
0.00049
0.00096
0.00022

Source: RMI data, reported in "Engineering Properties of Titanium Alloys," TML Report 92, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1959

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep data for sheet

Temperature
F

315

600

370

700

425

800

480

900

540

1000

ksi

Time
of test,
h

63
58.5
54
57.4
53.3
49.2
45.1
53.9
50
46.2
42.3
51
47.4
43.8
40
40.8
37.4
34
27.2
15
5
4
3

1005.3
1067
1004.5
1008.4
1125.5
1008.3
1000.9
1062.7
1009.0
1083.2
1004.9
68.3(a)
116.5(a)
240.9(a)
329.2(a)
3.5(a)
20.0(a)
44.0(a)
23.8(a)
783.7
1000.3
1003.1
1002.2

Stress
MPa
434
403
372
395
367
339
311
371
344
318
291
351
327
302
275
281
258
234
187
103
34
27
20

Deformation
Total,
Initial,
%
%
0.495
0.455
0.403
0.369
0.414
0.534
0.339
0.426
0.414
0.420
0.339
0.500
0.400
0.423
0.374
0.442
0.286
0.379
0.370
0.179
0.056
0.048
0.034

0.505
0.515
0.432
0.525
0.556
0.534
0.442
3.93
2.21
1.67
0.874
29.2(b)
43.5(b)
52.0(b)
55.0(b)
21.0(b)
45.1(b)
41.7(b)
45.1(b)
11.5
0.751
0.554
0.481

Minimui
Creep rate
0.000028
0.000030
nil
0.000065
0.000050
0.000040
0.000028
0.00104
0.00075
0.00054
0.00038
0.065
0.035
0.025
0.020

Note: Alloy was annealed at 815 C (1500 F) for 30 min, air cooled. Ultimate tensile strength was (sheet) 896 MPa (130 ksi) and (bar) 930
MPa (135 ksi). (a) Ruptured in time indicated, (b) Percent elongation at failure. Source: RMI data, reported in "Engineering Properties of
Titanium Alloys," TML Report 92, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1959

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn / 307

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep strength vs hydrogen content

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep-rupture strength

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Click here to view

1000

750
Ti-6AI-4V(Ann)

Ti-6AI-4V(STA)

600

100 S2
80

450

-460 BS

<o 300

40 S?

V 150

20
Unalloyed titanium (KS50) '
150

Time, h
Specimens from alpha forged bar stock were vacuum annealed at
925 C (1700 F) then hydrogen charged to contents indicated in a
Sieverts apparatus. Creep tests were performed at room temperature to 1000 h.

600

300
450
Temperature, C

Annealed material compared to CP grade 2 and grade 3 titanium

and to STAand annealed Ti-6AI-4V.
Source: Titanium product Literature, Kobe Steel

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Creep behavior of annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH

10'

Click here to view

10

595 C (1100 F)

Creep
1.0%
0.5%
0.1%
0.05%

425 C (800 F)

10 " Creep

^ \

ig 10

- - - 1.0%
;

0.5%

- 0.1%
0.05%

'

540 C(1000 F)

'

'

10

10'

'

10

10

1
10"

Time, h

Fatigue Life

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Rotating bending fatigue strength at

room temperature for smooth and notched annealed
sheet

Stress
concentration

Fatigue strength. MPa (ksi). for

R = - 1 at cycles:

10
5

Smooth
K=\

Notched
A = 2.4
/f=3.2
-

10'
Time, h

Alloy was used as 1.6 mm (0.064 in.) thick sheet.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Code 3706,1965

RoomTemperature
Data

'

10

531 (77)

441 (64)

427(62)

386(56)
275 (40)

310(45)
209(30)

296(43)
186(27)

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706,

Battelle, 1965, 3

10

10

308 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Rotating-beam fatigue strength

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fatigue endurance ratio comparison

LIVE GRAPH

Ultimate tensile strength, ksi

50
100
150

Click here to view

1500

1000

500

200

CPTi
6AI-4V
Ti-8Mn
4AI-4Mn
5AI-2.5Sn
2.2Fe-2.1Cr-2Mo
5AI-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo
3AI-5Cr
3Mn complex

800
200

eCnD
150

>>

100

50

Shot peened

co

RJ
JZ

600

H80
H60

V> 400h

Hand finished

)
c

Ground

500
1000
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa

40

200
H20

Fatigue limit/tenjsile strength

for steel

H100

CD
LL

0
1500

Source: TML Report No. 77, Battelle, 1957

10

10
10
Lifetime, stress cycles

10

Effect of surface finish.

Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless
Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3, 9th

ed., ASM, 1980

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Rotating-beam fatigue strength

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Rotating-beam fatigue strength

LIVE GRAPH
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Lifetime, stress cycles

Effect of surface finish.

Lifetime, stress cycles

N o t c h

f jg
at

ue

strength for two notches.

Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless

Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3, 9th

Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless

Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3, 9th

ed., ASM, 1980

ed.,ASM,1980

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/309

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Constant life diagram of mill annealed sheet

4.0
-0.6

2.33
-0.4

1.5
-0.2

=
R=0

0.67
0.2

Minimum stress, ksi

Source: MIL-HDBK-5,1972

LowTemperature
Fatigue Data

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Fatigue strength vs temperature

1600

fl=0.01

RT

1400

Click here to view

1200-

220

4K

- 200

77

- 180
-

1000-

- 140 S

o-

600

H80

400
10
,3

8 0 0 --

1 Q

1 Q

10

Number of cycles
Source: Titanium Product Literature, Kobe Steel

60
10
7

0.43
0.4

0.25
0.6

0.11
0.8

0
1.0

310 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Low-temperature fatigue life of welded sheet

Alloy and
condition

Stressing
mode

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn(ELI)
sheet, annealed
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn(ELI)
sheet(a)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn(ELI)
bar, annealed(b)
Ti-6A1-4V(ELI)
sheet(c)
Ti-6A1-4V(ELI)
sheet(a)
Ti-6A1-4V
sheet, annealed

Stress
ratio,

F a t i g u e strengths a t 1 0 cycles:
- 1 9 6 C (-320 F)
-253 C ( ^ 2 3 F)
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
6

24 C (75 F)
MPa
ksi

Kt

0.01

1
3.5
1

495
220
485

72
32
70

815
205
565

118
30
82

760
160
425

110
23
62

Axial

760

110

985

143

925

134

Axial

0.01

Axial

0.01

1
3.5
1

505
285
600

73
41
87

675
295
595

98
43
86

895
275
560

130
40
81

345
170

50
25

550
185

80
27

530
255

77
37

Axial

0.01

Axial

Flex

-1.0

3.1

(a) Gas tungsten arc welded, base metal filler, (b) Cyclic frequency, 28 Hz. (c) STA: 900 C (1650 F) 5 min, WQ; 540 C (1000 F) 4 h, AC.
Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3,9th ed., American
Society for Metals, 1980

Fatigue Crack Growth

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fatigue crack growth of annealed sheet at room temperature

AK = 5.5 M P a Vm

(5ksiVin7),ii=0.67,

Test e n v i r o n m e n t

and 55-58 Hz

L-T specimen orientation

Dry argon

Fatigue crack growth, urn/cycle (uinVcycle), at:

= 11 MPa Vm
Aif = 22 MPa \ m

(10 ksi VinT), R = 0.67,

0.00075
(0.03)
0.0038
(0.15)
0.00635
(0.25)
0.0074
(0.29)

Lab air
Distilled water
3.5% NaCI

(20 ksi VlnT), R = 0.1,

a n d 30-50 Hz(a)

and 55-58 Hz
0.00685
(0.27)

0.12-0.14
(4.77-5.56)

= 55 MPa \ m

(50ksWin7),

R = 0.1,30 Hz
2.40
(94.7)

(2.13)

(11.6-11.7)

(124)

(3.49)

(11.8)(b)

(124)

(7.97)

(23.5-30.2)

(157)

T-L specimen orientation

Dry argon
(0.49)
0.0038
(0.15)
0.009
(0.36)
0.025
(0.98)

Lab air
Distilled water
3.5% NaCI

(5.35-5.38)

(114)

(3.08)

(11.8-11.9)

(141)

(3.72)

(12.0-12.5)

(130)

(24.5)(b)

(176)

(14.6)

(a) The higher measured values correspond to tests at 30 Hz. (b) 50 Hz. Source: J. Gallagher, Damage Tolerant Design Handbook, MCICHB-OIR, Battelle, 1983

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fatigue crack growth rate compared to Ti-6AI-4V

Crack growth parameters per the relation da/dNC(AK)
n

Alloy and
condition(a)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(NI), annealed bar
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(LI), annealed bar
Ti-6AMV (NI),
annealed bar
Ti-6A1-4V
(ELI), recrystallization
annealed bar

Orientation

Test t e m p e r a t u r e
C
F

da/dN:mm/cycle
AJfcMPaVm

da/dNaWcycle
AKiksiVin.

Estimated
ranee for
MPaVm
ksiVLnT

T-S

24, -196,-269

75, -320,^52

5.1x10-"

3.2xl0"

12

4.8

14-30

13-27

T-L

24, -196,-269

75, -320,^52

4.9 xlO"

10

2.8x10-"

4.0

10-60

9-54

T-L

24, -196,-269

75,-320,^52

3.1 xlO"

12

2.2 x l O '

6.0

14-30

13-27

T-L

24, -196,-269
24, -196

75, -320,-452
75 -320

1.9 10~
3.0 xlO"

7.0
3.0

10-20
20-40

9-18
18-36

13

1 3

1.4 xlO"
1.6 xlO"

14

Note: Stress ratio: R = 0.1, at 20 to 28 Hz; compact specimens, (a) NI = normal interstitial, LI = low interstitial, ELI = extra low interstitial.
Source: R. L. Tobler and R.P. Reed, "Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Structural Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures," in Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering, K D . Timmerhaus et al., Ed., Vol 24, Plenum Press, 1978, 82-90

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/311

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Crack growth at room temperature

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fatigue crack growth rates

>,10

>,10"'

LIVE GRAPH

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Dry flowing nitrogen

Nl,24t0-269 C ^

21 C (70 F)

S 10"

tc

10"'

10"' .
:

Ti-6AI-4V:

ELI,24C
ELI, -196 C

J1/ ^

ELI, -269 C
R=0.7

LT/

R = 0.1
/

10
1 0 >

eli

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn
24 to -269 C

/
10"'

10"'

10
Stress-intensity factor range,
AK, ksiVin.

10'

10
Stress-intensity factor range,
AK, ksiVin.

10

Source: D.E. Matejczyk era/., Fatigue Crack Retardation Following

Overloads in Inconel 718, Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, and Haynes 188, Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology 1986, Vol 2, NASA
Conference Publication 2437,1986, 205-219

NI = normal interstitial content; ELI = extra-low interstitial content.

Source: R.L. Robler and R.P. Reed, in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol 24, K.D. Timmerhaus ef al., Ed., Plenum Press, 1978,
82-90

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture mechanism map

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Time-to-fracture

Fracture Properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

! Assumed T = 1922
E= 134.8 - 0.0727
Dynamic fracture

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

07
D

Transgranular
creep fracture

.2'

no

<n

160

120

tn

in

10 b-r Ductile fractute

\
10 r

Rupture

\ .

Intergranular creep fracture

10"'

'

0.2
0.4
0.6
Homologous temperature

I.

,
0.8
(T/T )

,
1
0

Source: Krishnamohanrao era/., Fracture Mechanism Maps for Titanium and Its Alloys, Acta Metall., Vol 34,1986, 1783-1806

LowTemperature
Toughness
(Standard
and ELI)

4
6
Time, min
Effect of initial stress intensity on time-to-fracture at ambient temperature.
Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCICHB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness

Heat
treatment
variable(a)
Standard grade
Air cooled

Furnace cooled

ELI grade
Air cooled

Test
temperature

Stress intensity, Kic

MPa
ksi

295
77
20
20
295
77
20
20

72
-320
-423
-123
72
-320
-423
-423

71.4
53.8
51.6
50.5
65.9
57.1
47.2
52.7

295
77
20
20

72
-320
-423
-423

118.7
111.0
91.2
106.6

65
49
47
46
60
52
43
48
108(e)
101
83
97

Specimen,
orientation(b)
a n d type(c)

Yield
strength(d)
MPa
ksi

LT-CT
LT-CT
LT-B
LS-B
LT-CT
LT-CT
LT-B
LS-B

876
1338
1482

127
194
215

882
1379
1517

128
200
220

LT-CT
LT-CT
LT-B
LS-B

703
1179
1303

102
171
189
(continued)

312 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness

Heat
treatment
variable(a)

lest
tempe rature

Furnace cooled

295
77
20
20

Stress intensity, Kir

ksi \ i n .
MPaVm

72
-320
-423
^123

1154
824
68.1
80.2

105(e)
75
62
73

Specimen,
orientationfb)
a n d type(c)

Yield
strength(d)
MPa
ksi

LT-CT
LT-CT
LT-B
LS-B

682
1179
1303

99
171
189

(a) Air cooled or furnace cooled from annealing temperature, (b) Orientation notation per ASTM E399-74. (c) CT, compact tension specimen;
B, bend specimen, (d) 0.2% offset, (e) Invalid toughness values (not 100% plane-strain conditions). Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 3,9th ed.,
American Society for Metals, 1980, 384

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Comparison of fracture toughness of two titanium alloys

Roomtemperature
Alloy and
condition(a)
Ti-5A12.5Sn(NT),
annealed

Form
Plate

Bar
Ti-5A1Plate
2.5Sn(ELI)
annealed
Ti-5A1Forging
2.5Sn(ELI)
as forged
Ti-5A1Forging(b)
2.5Sn(ELI)
Ti-6AMV
Bar
(NI), annealed
Ti-6AMV
Forging
(ELI), as forge*1
Ti-6AMV
Forging
(ELI), RA
Ti-6A1-4V
Forging
(ELI),
RA, electron
beam
Weldment
welded, SR

yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Specimen
design

Orientation

876
876
876
871
703
703

127
127
127
126
102
102

CT
Bend
Bend
CT
CT
Bend

L-T
L-T
L-S
T-S
L-T
L-T

760

110

CT

R-L
R-C

779

113

CT

942

136

CT

T-L

830

120

CT

830

120

CT

830

120

CT

24_C(75F)
M P a V m k s i V in.
71.8

65.4

77.2

70.3

47.4

Fracture toughness, Kic

-196 C (-320 F)
-253 "C (-423 F)
MPaVm
ksi \ in.
MPaVm
ksiVin.
53.4

48.6
51.4
50.2

43.2

- 2 6 9 C ( ^ 5 2 F)
MPaVm
ksiVin.

42.1
111

46.8
45.7

38.3
101

42.0
89.6

81.5

79.4
58.5

72.3
53.2

54.4-75.3

49.5-68.5

38.8

35.3

38.5

T-L

61.0

55.5

54.1

M-L(c)
M-R(c)
M-R(c)

62.8
62.0
61.1(d)

57.2
56.4
55.6(d)

M-L(c)
M-R(c)
M-R(c)

56.9(d)
57.1(e)
51.0(f)

51.8(d)
52.0(c)
46.4(f)

(a) SR = stress relieved: 540 C (1000 F) 50 h, AC. FC = furnace cool. AC = air cool. NI = normal interstitial content. ELI = extra low interstitial content. RA =
recrystallization annealed: 930 C (1700 F) 4 h, FC to 810 C (1400 F) 3 h, cooled to 480 C (900 F) in / h, AC. (b) Range for 18 tests, (c) ML and M-R are specific
orientations in a spherical forging, (d) Fusion zone, (e) Heat affected zone, (f) Heat affected zone boundary. Source: Metals Handbook,Properties and Selection: Stainless
Steels, Tool Material and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3,9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980
3

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI): Fracture toughness of 13 m m (0.50 in.) thick plate

Direction
At-195C(-320F)
LS
TS
LD
TD
At-252C(-423F)
LS

MPa

Tensile y i e l d strength
ksi

MPaVm

ksiVin.

1206
1206
1206
1199
1199
1199
1206
1206
1206
1199
1199
1199

175
175
175
174
174
174
175
175
175
174
174
174

73.0
76.0
67.0
58.0
51.0
56.5
60.6
63.0
60.0
60.6
64.0
59.5

67.0
69.8
60.8
52.8
46.4
51.5
55.2
58.0
55.0
55.2
58.4
54.2

1413
1413
1413

205
205
205

56.4
65.0
59.7

51.4
59.6
54.4

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/313

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI): Fracture toughness of 13 mm (0.50 in.) thick plate

Direction
TS

MPa
1441
1441
1441
1413
1413
1413
1441
1441
1441

LD
TD

Tensile yield strength

ksi
209
209
209
205
205
205
209
209
209

Kic
MPaVm
53.0
59.3
59.5
58.9
59.9
51.8
65.0
69.0
65.0

ksiVin.
48.8
54.0
54.2
53.6
54.6
47.2
60.0
63.6
59.2

Note: Bend bar specimens 6.4 by 13 mm ( V by V in.). Chemical composition: 5.0 wt% Al, 0.023 wt% C, 0.16 wt% Fe, 0.001 wt% H, 0.006 wt%
Mn, 0.010 wt% N, 0.086 wt% O, and 2.6 wt% Sn. Plate was annealed by furnace cooling from 815 C (1500 F). The TS specimen orientation
had a crack direction parallel to the rolling direction. Source: C. Carman and J. Katlin, "Plane Strain Fracture Toughness and Mechanical
Properties of 5Al-2.5Sn ELI and Commercial Titanium Alloys at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures," in Applications Related Phenomena
in Titanium Alloys, ASTM STP 432, ASTM, 1968, 124
4

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness of 13 mm (0.5 in) thick plate

Tensile y i e l d strength
Direction
At-195C(-320F)
LS
TS
LD
TD
At-252C(-423F)
LS
TS
LD
TD

Kic

MPa

ksi

MPaVm

ksiVin

1399
1399
1399
1406
1406
1399
1399
1399
1406
1406
1406

203
203
203
204
204
203
203
203
204
204
204

33.2
28.5
24.9
64.1
50.4
44.9
43.6
26.9
27.8
30.1
24.6

30.2
26.0
22.7
58.4
45.9
40.9
39.7
24.5
25.3
27.4
22.4

1606
1606
1606
1634
1634
1606
1606
1606
1634
1634
1634

233
233
233
237
237
233
233
233
237
237
237

21.5
29.4
30.1
58.3
30.2
52.7
34.8
21.3
24.0
25.6
23.3

19.6
26.8
27.4
53.1
27.5
48.0
31.7
19.4
21.9
23.3
21.2

Note: Bend bar specimens 6.4 by 13 mm ( V b y V in.). Chemical composition: 5.1 wt% Al, 0.023 wt% C, 0.34 wt% Fe, 0.017 wt% H, 0.006 wt%
Mn, 0.015 wt% N, and 2.3 wt% Sn. Plate was annealed by furnace cooling from 815 C (1500 F). Source: C. Carman and J. Katlin, "Plane
Strain Fracture Toughness and Mechanical Properties of 5Al-2.5Sn ELI and Commercial Titanium Alloys at Room and Cryogenic
Temperatures," in Applications Related Phenomena in Titanium Alloys, ASTM STP 432, ASTM, 1968, 124
4

3 1 4 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness plate

LIVE GRAPH

Testing temperature, F
-350
-300
-250

-400

Click here to view

-250

-225

-200
-175
-150
Testing temperature, C

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Fracture toughness plate

-200

-125

-150

Toughness of High-Strength Materials: Theory and Practice, I SI

Publication 120, The Iron and Steel Institute, 116

-400

-100

LS and TS orientations.
Plate (13 mm, or 0.5 in.) thick. The TS specimen orientation has
crack growth parallel to the rolling direction. All other crack orientations (LS, LD, TD,) are perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Source: C. Carman, "Influence of Purity on the Fracture Properties
of High-Strength Aluminum, Titanium, and Steel," in Fracture

Testing temperature, F
-350
-300
-250

-250

-225

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-200

-200
-175
-150
Testing temperature, C

-125

-150

-100

LD and TD orientations.
Plate (13 mm, or 0.5 in.) thick. The TS specimen orientation has
crack growth parallel to the rolling direction. All other crack orientations (LS, LD, TD) are perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Source: C. Carman, "Influence of Purity on the Fracture Properties
of High-Strength Aluminum, Titanium, and Steel," in Fracture
Toughness of High-Strength Materials: Theory and Practice, ISI

Publication 120, The Iron and Steel Institute, p116

ELI Fracture Toughness

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI): Fracture toughness of 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) thick plate

Tensile y i e l d s t r e n g t h
Direction
At-195 C (-320 F)
LS
TS
LS

TS

At-252 C(-423F)
LS

MPa

Kic
ksi

MPaVm

ksiVin.

1172
1172
1172
1199
1199
1199
1172
1172
1172
1172
1199
1199
1199
1199

170.5
170.5
170.5
174.5
174.5
174.5
170.5
170.5
170.5
170.5
174.5
174.5
174.5
174.5

68.1
67.4
69.4
54.1
62.8
63.7
67.0
70.9
70.8
74.6
66.9
72.5
64.4
70.3

62.0
61.4
63.2
49.3
57.2
58.0
61.0
64.6
64.5
67.9
60.9
66.0
58.6
64.0

1344
1344
1344
1248
1248
1248

195
195
195
181
181
181

61.9
59.3
56.7
53.6
54.7
45.9

56.4
54.0
51.6
48.8
49.8
41.8

TS

Note: Chemical composition: 5.0 wt% Al, 0.023 wt% C, 0.16 wt% Fe, 0.009 wt% H, 0.006 wt% Mn, 0.010 wt% N, 0.080 wt% O, and 2.6 wt%
Sn. Plate was annealed by furnace cooling from 815 C (1500 F). Source: C. Carman and J. Katlin, "Plane Strain Fracture Toughness and
Mechanical Properties of 5Al-2.5Sn ELI and Commercial Titanium Alloys at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures," in Applications Related
Phenomena in Titanium Alloys, ASTM STP 432, ASTM, 1968, 124

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/315

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI): Fracture toughness of 25 mm (1 in.) thick plate

Tensile yield s t r e n g t h
Direction
At-195C(-320F)
LS
TS
LD
TD
At-252C(-423F)
LS
TS

LD
TD

Kic

MPa

ksi

MPaVm

ksiVin.

1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213
1213

176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176

62.5
57.2
50.9
50.5
55.7
65.4
67.3
58.2
70.5
81.9
66.3

56.9
52.1
46.4
46.0
50.7
59.5
61.3
53.0
64.2
74.6
60.4

1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399
1399

203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203

49.4
69.9
62.6
51.3
60.9
60.6
60.7
50.5
61.1
67.0
83.8
70.5

45.0
63.7
57.0
46.7
55.5
55.2
55.3
46.0
55.6
61.0
76.3
64.2

Note: Bend bar specimens. Chemical composition: 5.1 wt% Al, 0.026 wt% C, 0.14 wt% Fe, 0.003 wt% H, 0.004 wt% Mn, 0.101 wt% O, and
2.4 wt% Sn. Plate was annealed by furnace cooling from 815 C (1500 F). Source: C. Carman and J. Katlin, "Plane Strain Fracture
Tbughness and Mechanical Properties of 5Al-2.5Sn ELI and Commercial Titanium Alloys at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures," in
Applications Related Phenomena in Titanium Alloys, ASTM STP 432, ASTM, 1968, 124

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Fracture strength of cracked cylinders

Initial crack length, in.
0.5
1
1.5

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
2000

1600
1200

Click here to view

100

200

Equation
in reference
-250 C (-423 F) .
-195C(-320F)

150|
2

o
8

800

-1
50

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
-300
-200 -100

-400

I I I ! '

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn ELI: Fracture toughness at several

temperatures

400

10

40
20
30
Initial crack length, mm

50

Source: T. Sullivan, "Texture Strengthening and Fracture Toughness of Titanium Alloy Sheet at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures," ASTM STP 432, ASTM, 1968

-hoo

50

K|C

H150

Kq

80

160
Temperature,

240

320

Alloy tested was extra-low interstitial grade with typical composition

of 4.70 to 5.60 wt% Al, 0.25 wt% Fe max, 0.0125 wt% max, 0.035
wt% max, 0.12 wt% max, and 2.0 to 3.0 wt% Sn.
Source: Titanium Product Literature, Kobe Steel

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA Forging Division

T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n , a n alloy, i s u s e d c o m m e r c i a l l y
i n t h e full r a n g e of f o r g i n g p r o d u c t s , e.g., o p e n d i e
f o r g i n g s , c l o s e d d i e f o r g i n g s , r i n g s , etc., a n d i s fabr i c a t e d on a l l c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t y p e s of forgi n g e q u i p m e n t . T h e f o r g i n g p r o c e s s i s u s e d t o fab-

r i c a t e u s e f u l e n g i n e e r i n g s t r u c t u r e s for e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e , cryogenic, a n d c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t
applications.
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn a n d its extra-low i n t e r s t i t i a l
( E L I ) g r a d e a r e a m o n g t h e m o s t difficult t o forge of

316 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Forging process temperatures
Metal temperature
Process
Conventional (subtransus)
forging of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Conventional forging of
Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI
Supratransus forging(a)

900-1010

1650-1850

885-995

1625-1825

7-+3055^

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Forging pressures at 870 C

300

-wo

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn^<

200

30

+50100

Note: See "Technical Note 4: Forging" for recommended die

temperatures, (a) Due to the high flow stresses, forging may be
used in early forging operations, mcluding upsetting and open die
forging. Typical transus is 1050 C (1925 F) for Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and
1035 C (1895 F) for Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI.

H20

^^"^

all t i t a n i u m alloys. T h e y a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h i g h
u n i t p r e s s u r e s (flow s t r e s s e s ) a n d c r a c k s e n s i t i v i t y
i n all t y p e s of f o r g i n g p r o c e s s e s , w h i c h m a y r e s t r i c t
t h e a m o u n t of f o r g i n g r e d u c t i o n possible i n a g i v e n
forging s t e p . A l p h a p h a s e p r e d o m i n a t e s t h e final
m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of Ti-5-2.5. C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t i s n o t
t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l l y p r o c e s s e d i n forging m a n u f a c t u r e . F i n a l t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s consist of a n a n n e a l a t 7 0 5 t o 8 1 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 t o 1500 F), w i t h i n
s o m e c a s e s a s u b t r a n s u s solution t r e a t m e n t a t
1010 o r 9 9 5 C ( 1 8 5 0 o r 1825 F) for t h e t w o alloy
v a r i a n t s , followed b y a i r cooling or f a s t e r q u e n c h e s
p r i o r to a n n e a l i n g , t o r e f i n e g r a i n size.
F o r g i n g P r o c e s s e s . T h e objective i n forging
Ti-5-2.5 i s t o a c h i e v e t h e final forging w i t h l e a s t
cost. C o n v e n t i o n a l s u b t r a n s u s ( + ) forging p r o c e s s e s p r e d o m i n a t e i n c o m m e r c i a l forging. D u e t o
i t s v e r y h i g h flow s t r e s s e s a n d poor forgeability, s u p r a t r a n s u s () forging, a t m e t a l t e m p e r a t u r e s 3 0
t o 5 5 C (50 t o 1 0 0 F ) a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s , m a y b e
u s e d i n early forging operations, including upsett i n g a n d o p e n die p r e f o r m i n g . F o r successful fabric a t i o n of Ti-5-2.5 a n d t o a c h i e v e d e s i r e d final m i crostructure,
total
reductions,
accumulated
t h r o u g h s u b t r a n s u s forging i n one or m o r e s t e p s , of
5 0 t o 7 5 % b e l o w t h e t r a n s u s , a r e u s e d . T h i s level
of forging r e d u c t i o n , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h p r o p e r
billet s t o c k f a b r i c a t i o n , a c h i e v e s m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
objectives of r e f i n e d p r i o r g r a i n size a n d fine
g r a i n size.
S u r f a c e T r e a t m e n t . Two i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s
of forging Ti-5-2.5 a r e p r e c o a t s o r o t h e r s u r f a c e
c o a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s u s e d o n billet stock a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e forging s h a p e s d u r i n g f u r n a c i n g for forgi n g operations a n d forging repair techniques. Ti-52.5 i s p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e f o r m a t i o n of
excessive c a s e d u r i n g r e h e a t i n g p r o c e s s e s , w h i c h
m a y lead to u n d u e surface cracking in subsequent

Ti-6AI-4V

0.01

"

Ti-4AI-4Mn

0.1
Strain rate, min"

Forging pressures for a 10% upset reduction at 870 C (1600 F).

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Compressive stress-strain curves

1000
800

600

~ 400

200

0.002

0.004 0.006 0.008

Strain, mm/mm

0.01 0.012

Annealed sheet, bar, and forgings.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1965

forging d e f o r m a t i o n . T h u s , u s e of c e r a m i c p r e c o a t s
a n d / o r o t h e r m e t h o d s of surface t r e a t m e n t p r i o r t o
r e h e a t i n g a r e e s s e n t i a l . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e alloy is
also q u i t e s e n s i t i v e t o t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s developed
in crack r e p a i r processes, typically d r y abrasive
g r i n d i n g t e c h n i q u e s . T h u s , Ti-5-2.5 i s frequently
h e a t e d to 4 2 5 t o 5 9 0 C (800 t o 1100 F) prior to r e pair, e s p e c i a l l y if surface c r a c k i n g is s e v e r e .

Forming
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is n o t r e a d i l y f o r m e d i n t o c o m p l e x
s h a p e s a s o t h e r alloys w i t h similar room-temperat u r e p r o p e r t i e s . E x c e p t for s o m e forging o p e r a t i o n s , f a b r i c a t i o n of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn i s c o n d u c t e d a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s w h e r e t h e structure r e m a i n s all a.
Severe forming operations m a y be accomplished a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 6 5 0 C (1200 F). M o d e r a t e l y

s e v e r e f o r m i n g c a n b e d o n e a t 150 to 3 1 5 C (300 to
6 0 0 F), a n d s i m p l e f o r m i n g m a y b e d o n e a t room
t e m p e r a t u r e . M o s t f o r m i n g a n d w e l d i n g operat i o n s a r e followed b y a n a n n e a l i n g t r e a t m e n t to r e lieve r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s i m p o s e d by t h e prior operation.

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/317

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Minimum bend radius

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Typical ranges of bend radii

Temperature

Test temperature

M i n i m u m bend, RJt
F
70
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1500

21
205
315
425
540
650
760
815

Longitudinal(a) Transverse(b)
7
6(c)
6
4.5
6
4.5
5.5
4
5
3.5
3.5
3
2.5
2.5
1.5
2

Minimum b e n d radius, RJt

Longitudinal
4.0-4.5
3.5-4.0
2.0-3.0
1.5-2.5
1.0-2.0

RT
205
425
540
650

400
800
1000
1200

Transverse
4.0A5
3.5-4.5
2.5-3.0
2.0-2.5
1.0-2.0

Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, fttanium Alloys

MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Handbook,

(a) Bend axis perpendicular to rolling direction, (b) Bend axis

parallel to rod rolling direction, (c) Bend radius of 5.5 for joggling
sheet under 2 mm (0.08 in.). Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor,
Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1972
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Forming temperatures
Temperatures
C
F

Method
Hot sizing
Brake forming
Drop hammer
Stretching
Drawing
Spinning or shear forming
Press forming
Matched die
Hydropress
Roll forming
Creep forming
Dimpling

Comments

650
205-315
540-705

1200
400-600
1000-1300

15 min for 0.8 mm (0.032 in.) sheet, 20 min for 1.6 mm (0.063 in.)

540-705
650-760

1000-1300
1200-1400

Temperatures up to 870 C (1600 F) may be needed for spinning

480-540
205-315

900-1000
400-600

Severe forming
Mild forming

540-705
870-980

1000-1300
1600-1800

Mild forming
Severe forming above 540 C (1000 F); maximum stretch of 12.6% at 480 C (900 F) in annealed
condition
Temperatures above 540 C (1000 F) are required for significant improvement in stretch formability

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Springback from trapped rubber forming
Temperature(a)
21
595
650
815

Springback, degrees
Stretchtb)
Shrink (b)

70
1100
1200
1500

(a) Some of the temperatures investigated are exceptionally high

and probably impractical for production operations, (b) Increased
pad pressure will decrease the springback on shrink flanges but
has little effect on stretch flanges. Source: R.A. Wood and R.J.
Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Forming index v s temperature

Temperature, F
1000
500

100

1500

80
Ti-5AI-2 5Sn/
Ti- 13V-11Cr- 3AI / /

co 60)

Ti-8AI 1MO-1V

40

Ti-6AI-1 V ^ ~ 20
?RT
200

Fabrication

M a c h i n i n g of t i t a n i u m a l l o y s i s c o m p a r a b l e t o
m a c h i n i n g a good g r a d e of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l . I n g e n eral, very s h a r p tools w i t h a slightly l a r g e r r a k e
angle and very keen edge a r e suitable. Slower
speed and heavier cuts are preferred because they
m a i n t a i n lower t o o l t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d p r o d u c e
c o a r s e c h i p s , w h i c h a r e m o r e difficult t o i g n i t e .
D r i l l i n g of t h i n - w a l l e d t i t a n i u m i s n o t a p r o b l e m a s
l o n g a s t h e drill i s s h a r p . T h i c k e r w a l l e d t u b e r e q u i r e s a h e a v y flood of c o o l a n t t o r e m o v e h e a t a n d
c h i p s . A s a m p l e of t u r n i n g p a r a m e t e r s for Ti-5A1-

600
400
Temperature, C

800

1000

Optimum forming curves for rubber-press shrink flanges.

Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

2.5Sn is given below a s a g e n e r a l e x a m p l e . For

m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n , r e f e r t o "Technical
N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g . "
W e l d i n g . W e l d a b i l i t y of T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n i s good.
Like all t i t a n i u m alloys, it is weldable by all m e t h ods except shielded arc welding a n d s u b m e r g e d
a r c w e l d i n g ( b e c a u s e n o flux i s p e r m i t t e d ) .
F i l l e r M e t a l s . R e c o m m e n d e d filler m e t a l s a r e
A W S Ti-6 a n d E R Ti-6 E L I .

318 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Turning parameters for annealed material

Tool
material
Rough turning
Brazed carbide (C2)
Throwaway carbide (C2)
High-speed steel (M3, T5, T15)
Finish turning
Brazed carbide (C3, C2)
Throwaway carbide (C3, C2)
High speed steel (M5, T5, T15)

Tool
geometry(a)

D e p t h of cut
mm
in.

mm/rev

Feed

in7rev

m/min

Speed

sfm

A, E, F, G
A, E, F, G
B, D,

2.5-6.35
2.5-6.35
2.5-6.35

0.10-0.25
0.10-0.25
0.10-0.25

0.25-0.38
0.25-0.38
0.25-0.38

0.010-0.015
0.010-0.015
0.010-0.015

42-55
43-67
110-290(b)

140-180
140-220
360-960(b)

A,B,C
A,B,C
C,E

0.635-2.5
0.635-2.5
0.635-2.5

0.025-0.10
0.025-0.10
0.025-0.10

0.13-0.25
0.13-0.25
0.13-0.25

0.005-0.010
0.005-0.010
0.005-0.010

50-65
67-76
146-290(b)

165-215
220-250
480-960(b)

(a) See accompanying table for tool geometry codes, (b) These high speeds would be lowered if higher feeds and deeper cuts are made with
high-speed steel cutters. Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Tool geometry code

A
Back rake, degrees
-5
-5
Side rake, degrees
End relief, degrees
5
Side relief, degrees
5
End cutting edges, degrees
1545
Side cutting edge (lead), degrees
15-45
0.8-1.2(1/32-3/64)
Nose radius, mm (in.)

Tool angles and nose radius for i n d i c a t e d tool geometry c o d e

C
D
+5 to -5
+6to0 Oto-6
5-10
5-10
6-15
5-20
0.7-1.0(0.03-0.04)

0
5or6
5
5
15 or 5
15

0
15
5
5
10-15
15to45

1.2(3/64)

1.2 (3/64)

Oto+5
+5 to+15
5-7
5-7
5-7
15-20
0.5-0.7(0.02-0.03)

Oto+10
0to+10
6-8
6-8
5-10
0-30

G
+6 to+10
0to+15
6.10
6-10
5-15
0-45
0.7-1.0(0.03-0.04)

Source: RA. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Heat Treatment

B e c a u s e T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n i s a s i n g l e - p h a s e alloy,
h e a t t r e a t m e n t i s c o n f i n e d t o s t r e s s r e l i e f o r full
a n n e a l i n g t r e a t m e n t s (see table).
T e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F) a r e seld o m u s e d for a n n e a l i n g T i - 5 A l - 2 . 5 S n , b e c a u s e exc e s s i v e g r a i n g r o w t h a n d o x i d a t i o n c a n occur. A n nealing in the preferred t e m p e r a t u r e range
i m p a r t s or restores o p t i m u m ductility and toughness.
T h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s o n Ti-5A12.5Sn m a d e by c o m p a r i n g
room-temperature
p r o p e r t i e s before a n d after t h e r m a l e x p o s u r e
(stressed or unstressed) have indicated t h a t this
alloy is m e t a l l u r g i c a l l y stable u n d e r a n y condit i o n s of s t r e s s , t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d t i m e u p to t h e a n -

n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e only c h a n g e s in propert i e s d u e t o t h e r m a l e x p o s u r e t h a t h a v e b e e n obs e r v e d a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e t r a c e a b l e t o t h e relief of

r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s . F o r e x a m p l e , t e n s i l e a n d fatigue

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Recommended heat treatment conditions

Heat
treatment
Stress relief
Annealing

Temperature
C
F
540-650
705-870

1000-1200
1300-1600

Time,
h
1/4 to

1/6 to 4

Cooling
method
AC
AC

specimens
prepared
from
butt-fusion-welded
s h e e t w e r e f o u n d t o c h a n g e i n s t r e n g t h a n d ductili t y a f t e r a 5 0 0 - h , 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F) e x p o s u r e .

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn/319

Effect of
Temperature

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Residual stress relief

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Effect of annealing on tensile properties

Click here to view

Property

Annealed

Cold drawn
15%

UTS (0.2% offset), MPa (ksi)

Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Proportional limit, MPa (ksi)
Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), %
RA,%
Elastic modulus, GPa (10 psi)
Type of fracture

982.5(142.5)
879.1 (127.5)
844.6(122.5)
17.0
39.0
108.2(15.7)
flat 1/2 cup

1206.6(175.0)
1041(151.0)
517(75.0)
10.0
28.0
99.3(14.4)
flat 1/2 cup

800

600

Z 400

Source: R.A Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columhus Laboratories, 1972

200

Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

'

Cooling
Rate

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Effect of cooling from anneal on tensile properties

Heating into the field without subsequent working in the field causes loss of ductility. Quenching reduces the loss.

Annealing
treatment
1150 C (2100 F), water quench
1150 C (2100 F), air cool
1150 C (2100 F), furnace cool
1010 C (1850 F), water quench
1010 C (1850 F), air cool
1010 C (1850 F), furnace cool
870 C (1600 F), air cool
650 C(1200 F), air cool

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1055
1027
1046
1008
989
994
954
1006

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

153.1
149.0
151.8
146.3
143.5
144.2
138.4
146.0

1052
957
973
906
958
973
908
987

Reduction
of area,

Elongation
in4D,
%

25.0
15.2
13.9
50.0
45.7
43.7
50.3
43.4

12.5
8.3
7.5
16.7
16.7
15.5
16.7
16.7

152.6
138.8
141.2
131.4
139.0
141.2
131.8
143.2

Note: Annealed alloy extruded at 925 C (1700 F) (- extruded). Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn: Room-temperature properties after various treatments

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Heat
treated
condition

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

760C(1400F),2h,AC
900 C (1650 F), 10h,AC
900 C (1650 F), 100 h, AC (in argon)
760 C (1400 F), 2 h, AC + 595 C (1100
F), 8 h, FC to 500 C (930 F), 120 h
900C(1650F),lh,WQ
1095 C (2000 F), 30 min, WQ

953
911
898
964

138.2
132.1
130.3
139.8

890
862
818
899

933
965

135.4
140.0

856
873

Klc

c
ksiVin.

MPaVm

ksiVin.

MPaVm

129.2
125.11
118.7
130.5

79
99
101
50

72
90
92
46

28
35
29
23

26
32
27
21

124.2
126.6

113
130

103
119

29
40

27
37

Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 M o / 3 2 1

| Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo
Common Name: Ti-621/0.8
UNS Number: R56210

Chemistry
and Density

T i - 6 A l - 2 N b - l T a - 0 . 8 M o (Ti-621/0.8), w h i c h w a s
d e v e l o p e d a r o u n d 1 9 5 6 , is u s e d m a i n l y i n d e e p
s u b m e r s i b l e s for t h e U . S . Navy. O t h e r c o u n t r i e s
( J a p a n a n d F r a n c e ) a r e u s i n g Ti-6A1-4V for d e e p
s u b m e r s i b l e s . Ti-621/0.8 h a s excellent f r a c t u r e

toughness in marine environments and resistance

to s a l t - w a t e r stress-corrosion c r a c k i n g . T h i s alloy
is forgeable a n d weldable a n d is i n t e n d e d for u s e
a s a s t r u c t u r a l alloy for m a r i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s .

Ti-621/0.8 i s a m o d i f i c a t i o n of T i - 7 A l - 2 N b - l T a
(Ti-721) c o m p o s i t i o n , w h i c h is itself a modification
of t h e original T i - 8 A l - 2 N b - l T a (Ti-821) alloy. T h e
T i - 7 2 1 alloy w a s d e v e l o p e d specifically t o avoid
w e l d c r a c k i n g p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n Ti-821
t h i c k p l a t e . Ti-621/0.8 w a s d e v e l o p e d a s a modific a t i o n of T i - 7 2 1 t o a c h i e v e r e s i s t a n c e t o stress-corrosion in salt water.
D e n s i t y : 4 . 4 8 g / c m (0.162 l b / i n . )

Effect of I m p u r i t i e s . For optimum toughness

i n d e e p s u b m e r s i b l e s , oxygen c o n t e n t s h o u l d b e
k e p t b e l o w 0.10%, a n d o t h e r i n t e r s t i t i a l s s h o u l d b e
l i m i t e d t o m i n i m u m levels. O x y g e n c o n t e n t influe n c e s t h e s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s of t h i s alloy. A
modest b u t consistent increase in smooth tensile
s t r e n g t h a c c o m p a n i e s a n i n c r e a s e i n o x y g e n level
from 0.058 t o 0.122 wt.%.

Ti-621/0.8 i s a v a i l a b l e a s bar, p l a t e , s h e e t , w i r e ,
e x t r u s i o n s a n d billet. T h e alloy h a s e x c e l l e n t weldability; t h e w e l d m e t a l d e v e l o p s t h e s a m e
s t r e n g t h , ductility, a n d t o u g h n e s s a s t h o s e of t h e
b a s e m e t a l . M a c h i n a b i l i t y of Ti-621/0.8 i s s i m i l a r
to t h a t of o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys. H o t w o r k i n g is nor-

m a l l y p r e f o r m e d in t h e b e t a - p h a s e r e g i o n . O n r e q u e s t , h o w e v e r , Ti-621/0.8 m a y be p r o c e s s e d i n t h e
a l p h a - b e t a field, w h i c h r e s u l t s i n i m p r o v e d
s t r e n g t h a t s o m e sacrifice i n t o u g h n e s s . H o t worki n g i n t h e a l p h a - b e t a field is difficult d u e t o t h e alloy's r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c r a c k i n g tendency.

Ti-621/0.8 i s a n e a r - a l p h a t i t a n i u m alloy for applications r e q u i r i n g high toughness a n d m o d e r a t e

s t r e n g t h . Ti-621/0.8, o n t h e b a s i s of f r a c t u r e a p p e a r a n c e , is c o n s i d e r e d r e s i s t a n t to s e a w a t e r
s t r e s s corrosion. H o w e v e r , s u s t a i n e d - l o a d t e s t s on

p r e c r a c k e d s p e c i m e n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e load-carr y i n g a b i l i t y of t h i s alloy i s r e d u c e d i n s e a w a t e r , alt h o u g h n o evidence of s t r e s s - c r a c k i n g h a s obs e r v e d o n t h e f r a c t u r e surfaces of failed s p e c i m e n s .

Ti-621/0.8 i s u s e d for h u l l s of m a r i n e , hyd r o s p a c e , a n d d e e p - s u b m e r s i b l e v e h i c l e s ; for p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s ; a n d for o t h e r h i g h - t o u g h n e s s applications.

P r e c a u t i o n s i n U s e . L i k e m o s t t i t a n i u m alloys w i t h a l p h a - b e t a m i c r o s t r u c t u r e , Ti-621/0.8 is
susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement i n hydrog e n a t i n g s o l u t i o n s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , i n a i r or
reducing atmospheres at elevated temperatures,
a n d e v e n i n p r e s s u r i z e d h y d r o g e n a t cryogenic

t e m p e r a t u r e s . Oxygen a n d n i t r o g e n c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a n occur i n a i r a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s , a n d
s u c h c o n t a m i n a t i o n becomes m o r e s e v e r e a s expos u r e t i m e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e . Ti-621/0.8 is
s u s c e p t i b l e t o stress-corrosion c r a c k i n g i n h o t
s a l t s (especially chlorides) a n d to a c c e l e r a t e d
crack propagation in aqueous solutions at ambient
t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e e n v i r o n m e n t s i n w h i c h t h i s alloy i s t o b e u s e d should b e carefully c o n t r o l l e d to
p r e v e n t d e g r a d a t i o n of p r o p e r t i e s .

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS

Designation

Description

R56210

Al

Fe

Mo

Compostion, wt%

Nb

0.8-8

Ta
1

Other
balTi

USA
AWSA5.16-70
MILT-9046J

ERTi-6Al-2Cb-lTa-lMo
CodeA-3

Weld Fill Met

Sh Strp Pit Ann

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

0.15
0.25

0.005
0.0125

0.5-1.5
0.5-1

0.012
0.03

1.5-2.5
1.5-2.5

0.1
0.1

0.15-1.5
0.5-1.5

C0.04; balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4; balTi

322 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Mo

0.5-1

0.03

Nb

Ta

Other

0.5-1.5

C 0.05; bal Ti

USA
RMI
Timet

RMI6Al-2Cb-lTa-lMo
TIMETAL 6-2-1

5.5-6.5

0.25

0.0125

1.5-2.5

0.1

Physical Properties
Ti-6211: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Tensile modulus
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansionfb)

1 0 1 5 1 5 C ( 1 8 6 0 2 5 F)
-1650 C (3000 F)
4.48 g/cm (0.162 lb/in. )
120GPa(17.5x 10 psi)
1.6pXlm
Nonmagnetic
552 J/kg (0.132 Btu/lb F)
6.4 W/m (3.7 Btu/ft h F)
9xl(r / C(5xl0 / F)
3

r 6

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from 0 to 640 C (32 to 1200 F)

Phases and
Structures

T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of T i - 6 2 1 1 c a n b e v a r i e d
greatly b y modifications in p r i m a r y processing
p r o c e d u r e s a n d h e a t t r e a t m e n t , s i m i l a r t o -614V. B y s u i t a b l e s e l e c t i o n of w o r k i n g a n d a n n e a l i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e s with respect to t h e t r a n s u s temperature, microstructures can be developed hav-

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen content on transus temperature

ing equiaxed, platelet, or grain-boundary in a

t r a n s f o r m e d m a t r i x ; b o t h p h a s e s c a n b e fine, m e d i u m , or coarse, a n d c o n t i n u o u s or noncontinuous.
The platelike precipitates t h a t nucleate a n d
grow below t h e t r a n s u s produce a Widmanstatt e n s t r u c t u r e . T h e p l a t e s o f t e n p r e c i p i t a t e i n colo-

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen content on grain size

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-M820

0.1

0.2
0.3
Oxygen content, wt%

The transus temperature increases in a linear manner with oxygen

content at an approximate rate of 13 C (23 F) per 0.1 wt% oxygen.
Sample -annealed: heated to 1065 C (1950 F) for 2 h in a vacuum, followed by a moderate cooling rate in a helium atmosphere.
Source: M.A. Imam, B.B. Rath, and D.J. Gillespie, Effect of Oxygen
on Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6AI-2Cb-1 Ta-1 Mo Alloy, 77fanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W.

Bunk, Ed., Deutsche GesellschaftfurMetallkunde, Germany, 1985,

p1514

0.1
0.2
Oxygen content, wt%

Grain size is reduced by a factor of three when the oxygen content

is increased from 0.075 to 0.290%. The grain size is more sensitive
to oxygen content in low levels up to about 0.2% oxygen, beyond
which further addition of oxygen does not significantly alter the
grain size. Sample -annealed: heated to 1065 C (1950 F) for 2 h
in a vacuum, followed by a moderate cooling rate in a helium atmosphere.
Source: M.A. Imam, B.B. Rath, and D.J. Gillespie, Effect of Oxygen
on Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6AI-2Cb-1 Ta-1 Mo Alloy, Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W.

Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaftfur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985,

p1512

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo / 323

n i e s of t h e s a m e c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , p r e s u m a b l y b e c a u s e of a u t o c a t a l y t i c n u c l e a t i o n .
M a r t e n s i t e m a y form i n q u e n c h e d alloys w i t h a
p l a t e l i k e or l a t h morphology. T h e i n d i v i d u a l p l a t e s
t e n d t o h a v e different c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a -

t i o n s , i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e colony m i c r o s t r u c t u r e
f o r m e d b y n u c l e a t i o n a n d g r o w t h , a n d t h e y often
h a v e a n internal structure. I n addition, Ti Al m a y
p r e c i p i t a t e i n t h e p h a s e d u r i n g a g i n g a t 5 0 0 C
(930 F).
3

Ti-6211: Summary of heat treatment and microstructure of the Widmanstatten-type structure

Heat treatment

Microstructure
Widmanstatten +
Widmanstatten +
Widmanstatten +
Coarse, blocky primary in fine Widmanstatten + matrix

1. As-received
2. Anneal: 950 C, 6 h, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
3. Anneal: 900 C, 6 h, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
4. Anneal: 1020 C, 1 h; FC in 10 C steps, holding 4 h at each step to
980 C, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
5. Anneal: 1050 C, 2 h, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
6. Anneal: 1050 C, 2 h, AC + 950 C, 6 h, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
7. Anneal: 1050 C, 40 min. AC + 700 C 2 h, AC
8. Anneal: 1050 C, 40 min, AC + 950 C, 6 h, AC + 700 C, 2 h, AC
9. Anneal: 1050 C, 40 min, WQ + 800 C, 1 h, WQ + 500 C, 2 h, AC
10. Anneal: 1050 C, 40 min, WQ + 700 C, 2 h, AC

Fine Widmanstatten +
Widmanstatten +
Fine Widmanstatten + (same as No. 5 except for prior grain size)
Widmanstatten + (same as No. 6 except for prior grain size)
Tempered martensite
Tempered martensite
Widmanstatten +
Widmanstatten + + martensite

11. Anneal: 800 C, 40 min. WQ + 500 C, 2 h, AC

12. Anneal: 950 C, 40 min, WQ + 500 C, 2 h, AC

Source: Metall. Trans. A, Vol 15,1984, 1233

Electrical
Properties

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen content on RT resistivity

1.75

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

67

1.70

1%

'

65

1.65

- o

1.60

63

1.55
0.3

0.2
0.1
Oxygen content, wt%

Source: M.A. Imam, B.B. Rath, and D.J. Gillespie, Effect of Oxygen
on Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6AI-2Cb-1Ta-1 Mo Alloy, 77fanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W.

Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985

Stress-corrosion c r a c k i n g threshold in
s e a w a t e r h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d a t 7 7 t o 9 0 MPaVrrT
(70 t o 8 2 k s i VrnT) (Aerospace Structural
Metals

Handbook, Code 3720, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , J u n e 1969).

Ti-6211: Corrosion rates in specific media

Concentration,
%

Medium
Ferric chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
+0.1%FeCl
3

Temperature,
C

Corrosion rate,
mm/yr

10
0.5
1.0

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling

nil
0.020
1.07

Boiling

0.051

324 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Mechanical Properties

Ti-6211: Minimum guaranteed mechanical properties

Product
condition

Thickness
mm
in.

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Mill annealed plate per

MTL-T-9046
As-rolled plate (rolled
above transus)

<70

<2.750

710

103

655

95

<25

<1.0

827

120

758

110

813

118

10(b)

20

25-75
<3.2

1-3
<0.125

793
896

115
130

758
827

100
120

744

108

10(b)
10(d)

20

3.2-13
13-25
25-63.5
63.5-100

0.125-0.50
0.50-1.00
1.00-2.50
2.504.00

862
862
827
793

125
125
120
115

793
793
758
724

115
115
110
105

827
793
758

120
115
110

- processed and full

annealed (c) sheet
and plate

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Compressive yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elonga- Reduction
of area,
tion,
%
%
10(a)

10(d)
10(d)
10(d)
10(d)

20
20
20

(a) Minimum elongation in 50 mm (2 in.) or AD. (b) Minimum elongation in 25 mm (1 in.), (c) Full anneal at 900 C (1650 F) for 1 h, AC. (d)
Minimum elongation in 50 mm (2 in.). Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1969

Hardness

R o c k w e l l H a r d n e s s . Typical Rockwell h a r d n e s s is 3 0 H R C .

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen content on hardness

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Click here to view

410

34.5

400

33.0

390

31.5

S? 3 8 0

30.0

370

28.5

360

27.0
0.1
0.2
Oxygen content, wt%

0.1
0.2
Oxygen content, wt%

(a)

0.3

( b )

Note: Five Ti-6211 alloys with varying oxygen contents, ranging between 0.075 to 0.290 wt% (0.22 to 0.87 at.%), were prepared in 125-lb heats
and fabricated by upset forging and hot rolling at 1065 C (1945 F) followed by an annealing treatment at 925 C (495 F) for 1 h and air cooling.
Samples were then heat treated at 1065 C (1945 F) for 2 h and air cooled.
Source: M. Imam, B. Rath, and D. Gillespie, "Effect of Oxygen on Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6AI-2Cb-1Ta-1 MoAlloy,"in Titanium, Science
and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaftfur Metallkunde, 1985, 1511

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 M o 7 325

Typical

Tensile
Strengths

Ti-6211: Tensile property variations of 25 mm (1 in.) rolled plate

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile
yield
strength
ksi
MPa

824.6
848.0
814.9
843.9
814.9
842.5
868.7

119.6
123.0
118.2
122.4
118.2
122.2
126.0

701.9
723.9
683.9
740.5
673.6
717.0
697.7

101.8
105.0
99.2
107.4
97.7
104.0
101.2

10.8
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
13.0
13.0

31.9
31.3
33.0
29.0

889.4
875.6

129.0
127.0

747.4
750.8

108.4
108.9

11.8
10.5

30.7
20.8

934.2
849.4
849.4
903.9

135.5
123.2
123.2
131.1

819.8
699.1
712.9
758.0

118.9
101.4
103.4
110.2

10.5
11.8
12.2
12.8

22.1
24.6
27.7
31.0

883.2
932.8

128.1
135.3

744.6
807.4

108.0
117.1

8.8
9.5

23.8
24.8

933.5

135.4

801.1

116.2

9.5

21.2

Test
direction

Condition
As-rolled

annealed: 870 C( 1600 F), 1 h, AC

- annealed, air cooled: 990 C (1815 F), 1 h, AC
- solution treated, quenched: 990 C (1815 F), 1 h.
AC
- solution treated, aged: 990C (1815 F), 1 h, WQ
+ 595 C(1100F),2h,AC
annealed, air cooled 1035 C (1900 F), 1 h, AC
solution treated, quenched: 1035 C (1900 F), 1 hr,
WQ
solution treated, aged: 1035 C (1900 F), 1 h, WQ
+ 595 C ( 1 1 0 0 F ) , 2 h , A C

Elongation,

Reduction
of
area,
%

23.1
33.6
28.0

Note: Each value average of two tests. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1969

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen content on tensile properties of 25 mm (1 in.) rolled plate

Condition

Test
direction

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile
yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
in
25 m m (1 in.), %

Reduction
of
area,

0.058 wt% oxygen

1035 C (1900 F), l h , AC
1035 C(1900F), l h , W Q
1035 C(1900 F), 1 h, WQ + 595 C
(1100F),2h,AC

849.4
849.4
903.9
883.2
932.8

123.2
123.2
131.1
128.1
135.3

699.1
712.9
759.8
744.6
807.4

101.4
103.4
110.2
108.0
117.1

11.8
12.2
12.8
8.8
9.5

24.6
27.7
31.0
23.8
24.8

879.7
885.9
932.1
941.8
945.2

127.6
128.5
135.2
136.6
137.1

727.4
732.9
792.9
803.9
825.9

105.5
106.3
115.0
116.6
119.8

12.2
12.5
11.5
10.8
12.5

27.6
26.5
27.2
19.4
25.4

958.3

139.0

834.9

121.1

9.2

16.0

0.122 wt% oxygen

1065 C( 1950 F), 1 h,AC
1065 C (1950 F), 1 h,WQ
1065 C( 1950 F) 1 h,WQ + 595C
(1100 F),2h,AC

Note: All values average of two tests. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1969

326 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Tensile strengths vs solution treatment

Solution temperature, F
1800
1850 1900

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

950

1100
1000 1025 1050 1075
Solution temperature, C
Quenched plate. 25 mm (1 in.) plate solution treated, 1 h, water
quenched as 25 by 150 by 150 mm (1 by 6 by 6 in.) specimen
blanks. Each data point is an average of two tests.
975

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6211: Tensile strengths vs solution treatment

1600

1700

Solution temperature, F
1900
2000

1800

Click here to view

2100

2200

2300

1100
AC from solution temperature
AC from solution temperature
FC from solution temperature
to 1650 C (900F),AC
FC from solution temperature
to 1650 C (900 F), AC

AC from solution temperature

AC from solution temperature
FC from solution temperature
to 1650 C (900F),AC
FC from solution temperature
to 1650 C (900F),AC

1050
1000
950
~en 900
c

Ultimate tensile strength

W 850
800

Tensile yield strengfjh

750

P,

150

H140

130 >
to
-20

-M10

700 As rolled
850

900

950

1000

1050
1100
Solution temperature, C

1200

1150

1250

1300

Air-cooled plate. Solution treated tensile properties of plate specimens air cooled or furnace cooled from various solution temperatures. Specimens were 25 mm (1 in.) plate solution treated 1 h, as 25 by 150 by 150 mm (1 by 6 by 6 in.) specimen blanks. Each data point is the average of
two tests.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6211: Effect of quench delay on tensile properties

1100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

40
150

-S

800

in

130
120

20h
Elongation in 25 mm (1 in.)

CO

10

110

700

Reduction of area

30h

140

Ultimate tensile strength

900

Click here to view

100
600
40

(a)

50

60
70
80
Quench delay, s

90

-H90
100

40

(b)

50

60

70
80
Quench delay, s

90

100

25 mm (1 in.) plate; 1095 C (2000 F), 1 h, delay (in air), water quenched as 25 by 150 by 150 mm (1 by 6 by 6 in.) specimen blanks. Each data
point is an average of two tests.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo / 3 2 7

Ti-6211: Effect of annealing temperature on yield

strength

Ti-6211: Effect of aging temperature on tensile

strengths

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

800

1000

1000

Temperature, F
1200
1400
1

"

1600

1800

'

900

\ ,

130

TO
0.

120

110

Yield si ress,

800

Strer

Ultimate tensile strength

^
"

700h

.A

j
100

Tensile yield strength

Unaged

600
400

.1.

.. ,

700
800
600
Aging temperature, C

500

90

900

800

1000

(a)

1000
900
Temperature, C

1100

(b)

Effect of annealing temperature on yield strength and ductility of

Widmanstatten + material, annealed 40 min, water quenched +
500 C (930 F), 2 h, AC.
Source: Metall. Trans. A, Vol 15, June 1984, 1236

25 mm (1 in.) plate; 1095 C (2000 F), 1 h, 70 s delay (in air), water

quench + age, 2 h, air cooled 25 by 150 by 150 mm (1 by 6 by 6 in.)
specimen blanks. Each point is an average of two tests.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Compressive
Strengths

Click here to view

140

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, C
900
1000

C o m p r e s s i v e Y i e l d S t r e n g t h . T y p i cal roomt e m p e r a t u r e c o m p r e s s i v e yield s t r e n g t h is 8 1 5

M P a (118 ksi).

Ti-6211: Compressive yield strength of as-rolled plate

mm

in.

Location
i n plate
thickness
direction

25

Midthickness

63.5

2.5

Plate
thickness

Specimen
direction

Surface
Midthickness

63.5

...

2.5

Compressive
yield
strength
MPa
ksi

ST

758
765
731
737
737
724
710

110
111
106
107
107
105
103

Tensile
yield
strength
MPa
703
696
668
689
662
682
662

ksi
102
101
97
100
96
99
96

Reduction
of
area, %
32
23
28
30
30
32
38

Note: 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) diameter tensile specimens; each value average of two sets. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code
3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969
Ti-6211: Compressive yield strength of as-rolled plate
Compressive
Specimen
size, m m (in.)

Test
direction

13 x 609 x 1524 (V

24 X 60)

25 x609x2438(1 24 96)
44 1650(1 / 65) diam
3

50 1016 1270(2x40x50)
60 914 1219 (2 / 36 48)
3

60 495 2845 (2 / 19'/ 112)

3

60 508 1905 (2 / 20 75)

3

75 x 1168x 1168(3x46x46)
100 609 2438 (4 24 96)

Ultimate

yield
strength
MPa

tensile
strength
ksi

779.1
868.7

113.0
126.0

854.9
786.0
786.0
868.7
847.3
803.9
772.2
823.9
167.4
783.9

124.0
114.0
114.0
126.0
122.9
116.6
112.0
119.5
111.3
113.7

Elongation
in 25 m m

MPa

ksi

934.2
951.5
834.2
868.7
827.3
848.0
844.6
841.1
841.1
854.9
834.2
834.2
830.8
837.7
809.4
837.7
792.9

135.5
138.0
121.0
126.0
120.0
123.0
122.5
122.0
122.0
124.0
121.0
121.0
120.5
121.5
117.4
121.5
115.0

10.0
11.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
14.0
13.0
13.5
15.0
12.5
13.5
13.5
14.0
13.0

Note: Not all from same heat. Center properties. Single tests at room temperature. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code
3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

328 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Effect of tensile prestrain on compressive yield strength of plate

Compressive y i e l d
strength
(0.01% offset)
(0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
ksi
MPa

Stress relief
treatment
Temperature
C

Tensile
prestrain
%
0.0
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28

315
315
480

87
45
63
65
75

599
310
434
448
517

RT
RT
600
600
900

758
613
662
682
717

110
89
96
99
104

Note: 25 mm (1 in.) as-rolled plate. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

High-Temperature Strength
Ti-6211: Tensile strengths vs temperature
200

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Click here to view 1200

1000

1200

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8fv1o
Ti-6A!-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo
Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-1.2Mo
Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-1.2Mo

1100r-

160
140
-120

Ultimate tensile strength

"co

rf

>
-100 w
55

-80
60
-100

100

200 300 400 500

Temperature, C

600

700

Full annealed forged pancake; 3:1 upset to 15.9 mm ( / in.) thickness; tangential, 900 C (1650 F), 1 h, air cooled. Each point is an
average of two tests.
Source: Reactive Metals, Inc., Nov 25,1968; Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1969
5

Creep
Strength

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6211: Creep behavior

Click here to view

10

0.1
Creep stress = 558 MPa
(81.0 ksi)

Calculated results
Experimental data

0.01
10

100

1000
Time, h

Data for room-temperature tension stress creep. Equation for calculation: = t

(/103.55)
Source: H. Chu, "Room Temperature Creep and Stress Relaxation of a Titanium Alloy," J. Mater., Vol 5,1970, 633
0 1 8 3

13 8 9

10000

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 M o 7 329

Ti-6211: Creep behavior at 180 C

Ti-6211: Creep behavior of annealed hot rolled

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

100

W1 Widmanstatten + colony-type
W8 Widmanstatten + basketweave
W9 Tempered martensite

3500 MPa (505 ksi)

Click here to view

3000 MPa (435 ksi)

2500 MPa (360 ksi)
10

1k
W9
W1 (298 K, 80% )

2000 MPa (290 ksi)

0.1
10"

Slope = 0.170

1500 MPa (215 ksi)

10

10

10

80

100

120

Time, s
Chemical composition: 6.0 wt% Al, 0.02 wt% C, 1.95 wt% Nb,
0.0040 wt% H, 0.8 wt% Mo, 0.010 wt% N, 0.075 wt% O, and 0.88
wt% Ta. Alloy was hot rolled at 1065 C (1950 F), and annealed at
925 C (1700 F) for 1 h, air cooled. Specimens were cut to dimension 25 by 25 by 8 mm (1 by 1 by 0.3 in.). Creep was determined by
impression test.
Source: H. Yu, M. Imam, and B. Rath, "Investigation of Creep Behavior of Ti-Alloy by Impression Test," in Advances in Fracture Research, S. Valluri, D.Taplin, P. Rao, J. Knott, and R. Dubey, Ed., Pergamon Press, 1985, 3273

Stress
Relaxation

Chemical composition of alloys from two heats was 5.6 and 5.9% Al,
0.79 and 0.60% Mo, 2.16 and 2.0% Nb, and 0.95 and 0.93% Ta. Applied stress was 80% of yield strength at room temperature.
Source: W. Miller, Jr., R. Chen, and E. Starke, Jr., "Microstructure,
Creep, and Tensile Deformation in Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo," Metall.
Trans. A, Vol 181,1987, 1451

Ti-6211: Stress relaxation at 480 and 540 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Time, h
As-rolled 25 mm (1 in.) plate. Initial stress = 0.2% offset yield
strength at the test temperature.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol

4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Fatigue Properties

H i g h - a n d low-cycle f a t i g u e d a t a for s m o o t h
a n d n o t c h e d s p e c i m e n s of T i - 6 2 1 1 t e s t e d i n a i r a n d
in salt w a t e r exhibited a decrease in t h e fatigue
s t r e n g t h for n o t c h e d s p e c i m e n s a t a l l cyclic l i v e s .
T h e S e v e r n R i v e r s a l t w a t e r , h o w e v e r , h a d n o sign i f i c a n t d e t r i m e n t a l effect. T h e n o t c h effect w a s

m u c h s m a l l e r i n t h e low-cycle f a t i g u e r a n g e ( n e a r
1 0 cycles t o f a i l u r e ) t h a n i n t h e h i g h e r cyclic
r a n g e . F a t i g u e c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e s w e r e a l s o unaffected b y s e a w a t e r u n d e r d i f f e r e n t c a t h o d i c p o t e n tials.
3

330 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Effect of seawater on high- and low-cycle fatigue

LIVE GRAPH

10' : Longitudinal

Click here to view

fl=-1
Air, reverse bend (a)
Air, rotating beam (b)
Seawater, reverse bend (a)
Seawater, rotating beam (b)
Notched
Air, reverse bend (a)
Air, rotating beam (b)
Seawater, reverse bend (a)
Seawater, rotating beam (b)
Smooth

10
:

10

Notched K =3
{

10'
10'

j
10

j
10

'

'

10
10
Cycles to failure

10

'

10

10

63.5 mm (2.5 in.) as-rolled plate, (a) Square wave load profile V
to 1 cycles/min. (b) Sine wave load profile 1450 cycles/min.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol

4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969; from R.C. Schwab and

E.J. Czyryca, Naval Ship R&D Report 2854, May 1969,
AD852521

Ti-6211: Fatigue crack growth in seawater

LIVE GRAPH

10"E

Click here to view

Yield strength = 7 9 0 MPa

(115 ksi)
0.67 Hz

5 1i A0- 3- v

10
Air
Air
Seawater
Seawater
Seawater
Seawater

(-0.30 V SCE), free corrosion

(-0.30 V SCE), free corrosion
(-0.80 V SCE)
(-1.050 V SCE)

10
10

100
Stress-intensity factor range
(), ksiVin.

1000

Source: W. R. Cares and T. W. Crooker, "Fatigue-Crack Growth of Ti-6AI-2Cb-1 Ta-0.8 Mo Alloy in Air and Natural Sea Water Environments," NRL
Memorandum Report 2617, June 1973, AD765318

Fracture Properties
Impact
Toughness

MinimtuTi impact t o u g h n e s s v a l u e s at 0 C (32

F) are approximately 2 8 to 3 4 J (21 to 2 5 ft lbf) for
standard Charpy V-notch specimens.

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo

/331

Ti-6211: Impact toughness vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C
As-rolled plate. Each data point is an average of two tests minimum.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Ti-6211: Effect of heat treatment on impact strength of 25 mm (1 in.) rolled plate

Condition
As-rolled
annealed: 870 C (1600 F), 1 h, AC
- annealed, air cooled: 990 C (1815 F), 1 h,
AC
- solution treated, quenched: 990 C
(1815 F), lh,WQ
- solution treated, aged: 990 C (1815 F),
1 h, WQ + 595C (1100 F), 2 h, AC
annealed, air cooled: 1035 C (1900 F), 1 h,
AC
solution treated, quenched: 1035 C
(1900 F), lh,WQ
solution treated, aged: 1035 C (1900 F),
1 h, WQ + 595 C (1100 F), 2 h, AC

Test
direction

Tensile
yield
strength
atRT
MPa
ksi

Charpy V-notch
impact t o u g h n e s s
a t - 2 C (80 F)
ft lbf
J

Drop weight
tear energy
atOC (32 F)
ft lbf
J

701.9
723.9
683.9
740.5
673.6

101.8
105.0
99.2
107.4
97.7

31.8
31.2
39.6
43.6
44.0

23.5
23.0
29.2
32.2
32.5

3072
2909
3312
3858
3471

2266(a)
2146(a)
2442
2846
2560

717.0
697.7

104.0
101.2

38.2
37.7

28.2
27.8

3072
3471

2266
2560

747.4
744.6

108.4
108.0

43.6
34.5

32.2
25.5

3312
2828

2443
2086

819.8
699.1

118.9
101.4

39.3
44.7

29.0
33.0

2583
3549

1905
2618

712.9
759.8

103.4
110.2

38.2
41.3

28.2
30.5

2665
3072

1966
2266

744.6
807.4

108.0
117.1

36.3
32.5

26.8
24.0

3072
2336

2266
1723

801.1

116.2

31.4

23.2

2909

2146

Note: All values average of two tests except drop weight tear values.which are individual results, (a) In a separate study on this same heat,
the following results were obtained: 3232 J (2384 ft lbf) and 2418 J (1784 ft lbf) direction. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

332 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Effect of oxygen on impact strength of 25 mm (1 in.) rolled plate

Test
direction

Condition
0.058 wt% oxygen
1035 C (1900 F), lh,AC
1035 C (1900 F), lh,WQ
1035 C (1900 F), 1 h, WQ + 595 C (1100 F), 2 h, AC
0.122 wt% oxygen
1065 C( 1950 F), lh,AC
1065 C (1950 F), lh.WQ
1065 C (1950 F), 1 h, WQ + 595 C (1100 F), 2 h, AC

Tensile
y i e l d strength
atRT
MPa
ksi

Charpy V-notch
impact toughness
a t - 6 2 C (-30 F)
J
ft-lbf

Drop weight
tear energy
atOC (32 F)
J
ft lbf

699
712.9
759.8
744.6
807.4
801.1

101.4
103.4
110.2
108.0
117.1
116.2

44.7
38.2
41.3
36.3
32.5
31.4

33.0
28.2
30.5
26.8
24.0
23.2

3549
2665
3072
3072
2336
2909

2618
1966
2266
2266
1723
2146

727.4
732.9
792.9
803.9
825.9
834.9

105.5
106.3
115.0
116.6
119.8
121.1

33.6
34.5
30.5
32.5
29.8
31.4

24.8
25.5
22.5
24.0
22.0
23.2

2418

1784

1590

1173

Note: All values average of two tests, except drop weight tear values, which are individual results. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Ti-6211: Variation in room-temperature impact toughness for forged dome specimens

Ultimate
tensile
strength
No.

MPa

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

841.8
845.6
845.6
860.4
896.3
892.2
897.7
934.9
842.5

Tensile
yield
strength
ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation
in 25 m m (1 in.),
%

122.1
122.6
122.6
124.8
130.0
129.4
130.2
135.6
133.4

740.5
746.0
747.4
783.2
786.0
813.6
817.7
853.5
842.5

107.4
108.2
108.4
113.6
114.0
118.0
118.6
123.8
122.2

10.5
12.5
12.0
17.0
9.5
17.5
17.5
15.0
15.0

Reduction
of
area,%
27.2
29.9
30.5
30.5
22.3
38.8
37.2
37.5
37.2

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Fracture
Toughness

Ti-6211: Sustained load cracking

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
H110
-H00
H90
Air
3.5% NaCI solution
Air
Synthetic seawater (ASTM D-141-52)

8070
10

10
10"
10
Time to failure, min

H80
H70
10

25 mm (1 in.) as-rolled plate. Specimens failed to meet the size requirements for plane-strain testing as defined by ASTM Committee
E24. Therefore, the symbol Kq is used rather than Kj.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Charpy V-notch
impact toughness
a t 0 C (32 F)
J
ft lbf
28.4

21.0

29.8
31.8
31.8
36.6
29.8

22.0
23.5
23.5
27.0
22.0

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 M o / 3 3 3

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
140
120
120

110
100

100

10
Time to failure, h

4.12 /^-

100

1000

K =n

where M= moment at crack tip at rupture

B= specimen width (22 mm)
D=specimen depth (25 mm)
a=^- /D
a

a = crack length
Sustained load seawater stress-corrosion behavior of fatigue cracked cantilever bend stress-corrosion specimen from 25 mm (1 in.) plate in several heat treated conditions as indicated.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3720, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Ti-6211: Sustained load crack growth data

Ti-6211: Discontinuous crack growth in sodium

chloride

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

K, MPa

Vm

The alloy had an - microstructure, had been rolled at 970 C

(1780 F) and then heat treated at 705 C (1300 F) for 2 h, and then
air cooled. The initial hydrogen content was approximately 30 ppm.
Source: C.L. Hoffmann, R.W. Rudy, Jr., and B.B. Rath, The Influence of Environmental Factors on Sustained Load Cracking in Ti6211, in Vtanium, Science and Technology, Vol 4, G. Lutjering, U.

Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985,

2495-2502

Time, min
It has been proposed that sustained load cracking of titanium alloys
in aqueous salt water environments results from the diffusion of hydrogen from the environment into the crack tip region. The increased hydrogen concentration in the hydrostatic stress field
ahead of the crack tip results in hydride precipitation and subsequent cleavage fracture associated with the hydrides. Discontinuous crack growth occurs each time the crack moves out of the
hydride-affected region and moves into hydride-free material where
it is arrested.
Source: C.L. Hoffman, R.W. Rudy, Jr., and B.B. Rath, The Influence
of Environmental Factors on Sustained Load Cracking in Ti-6211, in
Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 4, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker,

and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985,

2495-2502

3 3 4 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Sustained-load salt water S C C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Fatigue cracked (and side-grooved) cantilever bend stress corrosion specimen of 25 mm (1 in.) rolled plate, longitudinal direction.

Plastic

Ti-6211: True stress-strain curves

Deformation

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Longitudinal, mid-thickness stress-strain relations for as-rolled plate. Strain rate effects on the stresses required for plastic deformation should be
similar to that of other alloys such as "-8-1 Mo-1 V.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3720, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Forging

Ti-6211, a n alloy, is used commercially i n t h e

full range of forging product types and is produced on
all types of forging equipment. As w i t h other titanium alloys, it is difficult to fabricate into forgings,
exhibiting h i g h flow stresses and crack sensitivity.
However, t h e alloy h a s been successfully commercially produced i n forgings for several applications
including pressure vessels, reactor components, and
armor where its excellent weldability is beneficial.
Ti-6211 i s characterized by high unit pressures
(flow stresses) and crack sensitivity i n forging processes. The final microstructure of Ti-6211 is manipu-

lated by thermomechanical processing in forging

manufacture u s i n g combinations of sub- and/or
supra-beta transus forging followed by thermal
treatments. Final thermal treatments consist of
an anneal, at 705 to 815 C (1300 to 1500 F) and
for some applications, duplex annealing, a subtransus solution t r e a t m e n t at 995 C (1825 F) followed by air cooling prior to anneal is used to refine the final structure and enhance strength or
fracture-related properties.
C o n v e n t i o n a l F o r g i n g . The objectives in
forging Ti-6211 are to obtain t h e final forging

Ti-6AI-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo

/335

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6211: Hot ductility dip

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

The severity of the ductility dip can be reduced by yttria additions; on-cooling curves for -processed plate.The propensity for hot cracking can be
related to hot ductility, which typically is determined by hydraulically applying a tensile load rapidly ( = 160/min) during heating or cooling over a
wide enough temperature range to identify minimum ductility regions.
Source: R.E. Lewis ef al., The Elevated Temperature Ductility Dip Phenomenon in Alpha, Near-Alpha, and Alpha-Beta Alloys, Titanium, Science
and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 895-902

s h a p e a n d d e s i r e d final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e a t l e a s t
cost. C o n v e n t i o n a l s u b t r a n s u s (+) forging proce s s e s p r e d o m i n a t e i n c o m m e r c i a l forging w h e r e
o p t i m u m s t r e n g t h a n d ductility properties are desired. C o n v e n t i o n a l forging p r o v i d e s a final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of p r e d o m i n a t e l y (80 to 90%) e q u i a x e d
morphology. To a c h i e v e s u c h s t r u c t u r e s a n d p r o p e r t i e s , s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n of 50 t o 7 5 % , a c c u m u l a t e d t h r o u g h o n e or m o r e forging s t e p s , a r e r e q u i r e d . S u p r a - t r a n s u s () forging m a y b e u s e d i n
e a r l y forging o p e r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g u p s e t t i n g a n d
o p e n die p r e f o r m i n g , to r e d u c e u n i t p r e s s u r e s a n d
e a s e forging f a b r i c a t i o n . H i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e i n i t i a l
forging o p e r a t i o n s m u s t b e followed b y sufficient
s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n to a c h i e v e t h e d e s i r e d
e q u i a x e d s t r u c t u r e . C o n v e n t i o n a l l y forged Ti6 2 1 1 is t h e n h e a t t r e a t e d a s n o t e d a b o v e .
S u p r a - t r a n s u s f o r g i n g also m a y b e u s e d t o
a c h i e v e a t r a n s f o r m e d , e l o n g a t e d s t r u c t u r e for
i m p r o v e d f r a c t u r e - r e l a t e d p r o p e r t i e s . Successful
forging f a b r i c a t i o n of Ti-6211 f o r t i u s a l t e r n a t e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e i n c l u d e s h e a v y r e d u c t i o n s (e.g., 3 5
t o 50%) i n e a r l y forging s t a g e s followed b y a low fin a l s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n (e.g., 15 t o 20%). B e t a
forging r e q u i r e s careful c o n t r o l of forging p r o c e s s
conditions, particularly p r e h e a t t i m e s at t e m p e r a t u r e , to a v o i d e x c e s s i v e p r i o r g r a i n g r o w t h . B e t a

Ti-6211: Forging process temperatures

Process
Conventional forging
Beta forging

Metal temperature
F
C
940-995
1040-1120

1725-1825
1900-2050

N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4: Forging'' for r e c o m m e n d e d

temperatures

die

forged Ti-6211 i s t h e n h e a t e d a s n o t e d above. B e c a u s e of i n h e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s i n forging c o n d i t i o n s ,

forged alloy d i s p l a y s m o r e final forging p r o d u c t
v a r i a t i o n s t h a n c o n v e n t i o n a l forging.
S u r f a c e T r e a t m e n t . A s w i t h o t h e r difficultt o - f a b r i c a t e alloys, p r e c o a t s or o t h e r surface
c o a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s u s e d o n billet stock a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e forging s h a p e s d u r i n g f u r n a c i n g for forgi n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l . Ti-6211 is s e n s i t i v e to
t h e f o r m a t i o n of e x c e s s i v e c a s e d u r i n g r e h e a t i n g
p r o c e s s e s , w h i c h m a y l e a d to u n d u e surface cracki n g i n s u b s e q u e n t forging d e f o r m a t i o n . T h e alloy is
also s e n s i t i v e t o t h e r m a l s t r e s s e s developed i n
crack r e p a i r processes, typically dry abrasive
g r i n d i n g t e c h n i q u e s . T h u s , Ti-6211 m a y b e h e a t e d
to 4 2 5 t o 5 9 0 C (800 t o 1100 F) p r i o r to r e p a i r , especially if s u r f a c e c r a c k i n g is s e v e r e .

Other Fabrication
M a c h i n i n g of Ti-6211 is s i m i l a r t o -512.5Sn.
W e l d i n g . Ti-6211 h a s e x c e l l e n t weldability.
L i k e o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys, it is w e l d a b l e by all
m e t h o d s except s h i e l d e d a r c w e l d i n g a n d s u b m e r g e d a r c w e l d i n g ( b e c a u s e n o flux is p e r m i t t e d ) .
R e c o m m e n d e d filler m e t a l is t h e s a m e a s t h e b a s e

metal.
H e a t T r e a t m e n t . Ti-6211 g e n e r a l l y is u s e d i n
t h e a s - f a b r i c a t e d or f a b r i c a t e d p l u s a n n e a l e d cond i t i o n s (see t a b l e ) . A s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h c a n
be o b t a i n e d b y s o l u t i o n t r e a t i n g a n d aging, b u t a t a
sacrifice i n d u c t i l i t y a n d t o u g h n e s s .

336 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6211: Recommended heat treatment conditions

Heat
treatment
Strcssrelicf
Annealing
Solution treating
Aging

Time,

Cooling

Temperature
F

method

595-650
790-900
1010
620

1100-1200
1450-1650
1850
1150

l/4to2
lto4
1
2

AC
AC
WQ
AC

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo--0.1Si 7 337

I Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si
Common Name: Ti-6242S Ti-6242Si
UNS Number: R54620

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si (Ti-6242S o r Ti6242Si), d e v e l o p e d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 6 0 s a s a n elev a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e alloy, h a s a n o u t s t a n d i n g comb i n a t i o n of t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , c r e e p s t r e n g t h ,

t o u g h n e s s , a n d h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e s t a b i l i t y for
long-term applications at temperatures u p to 425

C (800 F). Ti-6242S i s o n e of t h e m o s t c r e e p - r e s i s t a n t t i t a n i u m alloys a n d i s r e c o m m e n d e d for u s e

u p t o 5 6 5 C (1050 F). P r o p e r h e a t t r e a t m e n t is
i m p o r t a n t i n allowing t h e alloy t o develop i t s m a x i m u m creep resistance.

T h e 6 p e r c e n t a l u m i n u m a d d i t i o n i n t h e Ti-6A12 S n - 4 Z r - 2 M o c o m p o s i t i o n is a p o t e n t a l p h a - p h a s e
stabilizer, w h i l e t h e 2 p e r c e n t m o l y b d e n u m a d d i t i o n r e p r e s e n t s o n l y a m o d e r a t e q u a n t i t y of t h i s
p o t e n t b e t a - p h a s e stabilizer. T h e t i n a n d zircon i u m a d d i t i o n s a r e solid-solution s t r e n g t h e n i n g
elements t h a t are neutral with respect to phase
s t a b i l i z a t i o n . T h e n e t effect of t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n of
a l l o y i n g e l e m e n t s is t h e g e n e r a t i o n of a w e a k l y
b e t a - s t a b i l i z e d , a l p h a - b e t a alloy. S i n c e i t i s w e a k l y

b e t a stabilized, t h e alloy i s a l s o p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e d
a s a n e a r - a l p h a , a l p h a - b e t a alloy.
T h e o r i g i n a l c o m p o s i t i o n of t h i s alloy c o n t a i n e d
n o silicon, b u t R M I i n t r o d u c e d a n o m i n a l 0 . 0 8 %
silicon c o n t e n t w h i c h a l l o w e d t h e alloy t o m e e t t h e
c r e e p r e q u i r e m e n t s for i t s i n t e n d e d j e t - e n g i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s . Before a n y m a j o r c o m m e r c i a l applicat i o n s w e r e developed, a l l p r o d u c e r s h a d a d d e d silicon t o t h e original T i - 6 2 4 2 composition.
D e n s i t y . 4.54 g / c m (0.164 lb/in. )

A v a i l a b l e m i l l forms i n c l u d e billet, b a r , p l a t e ,
sheet, strip, a n d extrusions. Cast Ti-6242S produ c t s c o n s t i t u t e a b o u t 7% of c a s t t i t a n i u m p r o d u c t s .
Some forming operations can be carried out a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d w a r m forming (425 to 705

C, or 8 0 0 t o 1300 F) i s e m p l o y e d w h e n necessary.
T i - 6 2 4 2 S h a s fair w e l d a b i l i t y . T h e m o l t e n w e l d
m e t a l a n d adjacent h e a t e d zones m u s t be shielded
from a c t i v e g a s e s ( n i t r o g e n , oxygen, a n d h y d r o gen).

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-6242S is sometimes described a s a near-alp h a o r s u p e r a l p h a alloy, b u t i n i t s n o r m a l h e a t

t r e a t e d c o n d i t i o n t h i s alloy h a s a s t r u c t u r e b e t t e r
described a s alpha-beta. Proper t r e a t m e n t is

n e e d e d t o develop good c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e . L i m i t e d
h a r d e n i n g of Ti-6242S c a n b e done b y solution
t r e a t i n g a n d aging.

Applications

T i - 6 2 4 2 S i s u s e d p r i m a r i l y for g a s t u r b i n e components such a s compressor blades, disks, a n d imp e l l e r s , a n d a l s o i n s h e e t - m e t a l form for e n g i n e aft e r b u r n e r s t r u c t u r e s a n d for v a r i o u s " h o t "

airframe skin applications, where high strength

a n d toughness, excellent creep resistance, a n d
s t r e s s s t a b i l i t y a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 5 6 5 C (1050
F) a r e r e q u i r e d .

Chemistry
and Density

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS

Designation
R54620
R54621

Description

Al

Fe

6
5.5-6.5

0.05

5.5-6.5

Sh Strp Pit Ann

Sh Strp Pit HT

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

AMS4919C

Sh Strp Pit

5.5-6.5

AMS 4919G
AMS4975E
AMS4975F

Sh Strp Pit DA
5.5-6.5
Bar Wir Rng Bil STA 5.5-6.5
Bar RngHT
5.5-6.5

AMS4976C

Frg STA

Weld Fill Met

Mo

Composition, wt%
Zr
Sn

Other

0.3

2
1.8-2.2

4
balTi
3.6-4.4 C 0.04; Cr 0.25; bal Ti

0.05

0.15

1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4 C 0.05; bal Ti

0.05
0.05

0.12
0.12

1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4 C 0.05; OT 0.4; bal Ti

3.6-4.4 C 0.05 ;OT 0.4; bal Ti

0.015

2
1.8-2.2

0.15

0.25

0.015

1.8-2.2

0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015

1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2

Germany
WL3.7144
Spain
UNE38-718
UNE38-718

L-7103
L-7103

USA

5.5-6.5

0.25 max 0.015 max

1.8-2.2 0.05 max 0.12max 1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2
0.05
0.12
1.8-2.2
0.25
0.015
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
0.25
0.0125
0.05
0.15
0.1 max 0.0125 max 1.8-2.2 0.05 max 0.15 max 1.8-2.2
0.25

0.0125

1.8-2.2

0.05

0.15

1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4 C 0.05 max; Si 0.06-0.1; Y 0.005 max;

OE 0.1 max; OT 0.3 max; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Si 0.1; Y0.005; OT0.3; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Y 0.005; OT0.3; Si 0.1; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05 max; Si 0.06-0.1; Y 0.005 max;
OE 0.1 max; OT 0.3 max; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Y 0.005; OT0.3; Si 0.1; bal Ti
(continued)

338 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mc-0.08Si: Specifications and compositions (continued)

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Mo

Composition, wt%
Zr

Sn

Other

USA (continued]
AMS 4976D
MTLT-81556A
MTLT-81556A
MILT-81915
MELT-9046J
MTLT-9046J
MTLT-9047G
MTLT-9047G

CodeAB-4
CodeAB^l
Type ID Comp
CodeAB-4
CodeAB4
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo
Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-2Mo

FrgHT

5.5-6.5

Ext Bar Shp Ann

Ext Bar Shp STA
Cast Ann
Sh Strp Pit DA
ShStrp Pit TA
BarBil DA
Bar Bil STA

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

0.1 max 0.0125 max

0.25
0.25
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

1.8-2.2

0.05 max 0.15 max 1.8-2.2

0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.5-2.5
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2

0.15
0.15
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.5-2.5
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4 C 0.05 max; Si 0.06-0.1; Y 0.005 max;

OE 0.1 max; OT 0.3 max; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Y 0.005; Si 0.06-0.1; OT 0.3; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Si 0.06-0.1; Y 0.005; OT 0.3; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.08; OT 0.4; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; OT0.3; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; OT0.3; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; OT 0.3; Y 0.005; bal Ti
3.6-4.4 C 0.05; Y0.005; OT0.3; bal Ti

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si: Compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Mo

C o m p o s i t i o n . wt%

Sn

Zr

Other

France
Ugine

UT6242

Bar Frg Ann

5.5-6.5

Contimet AlSnZrMo 6-2-4-2

Contimet AlSnZrMo 6-24-2
LT24
TL62

Pit Bar Frg Ann

Pit Bar Frg STA
Aged
Frg

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
6

KS6-2-4-2

Bar Frg STA

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4

Germany
Deutsche
Deutsche
Deutsche
Fuchs

0.25
0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.015

1.8-2.2 0.05
1.8-2.2 0.05
1.8-2.2 0.05
2

0.15
0.15
0.12

1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
1.8-2.2
2

3.6-4.4
3.6-4.4
3.6-4.4
4

C 0.05; Si 0.06-0.12; bal Ti

C 0.05; Si 0.06-0.12; bal Ti
C 0.05; bal Ti
balTi

5.5-6.5

0.25

0.015

1.8-2.2

0.05

0.15

1.8-2.2

3.6-4.4

balTi

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

0.25
0.25

0.01-0.0125
0.01-0.0125

0.05
0.05

0.12
0.12

1.75-2.25
1.75-2.25

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

C 0.08; Si 0.1; bal Ti

C 0.08; Si 0.1; bal Ti

Japan
Kobe
USA
OREMET
RMI
TIMET

Ti-6242
RMI 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. lOSi Bar Bil Pit Sh STA
TIMETAL 6-2-4-2
BarBil Pit Sh STA

1.75-2.25
1.75-2.25

Phases and Structures

T h e s t r u c t u r e s of T i - 6 A l - 2 S n - 4 Z r - 2 M o a l l o y a r e

p e r a t u r e is n o r m a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e final rolling

typically e q u i a x e d i n a t r a n s f o r m e d m a t r i x , or

t e m p e r a t u r e u s e d for s h e e t . A s i n o t h e r n e a r - al-

maximizes

l o y s , s m a l l a m o u n t s of r e s i d u a l p h a s e c a n b e ob-

creep r e s i s t a n c e . The equiaxed g r a i n s found in

served metallographically within t h e transformed

fully

transformed

structure

that

s h e e t p r o d u c t s t e n d to b e s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e found

p o r t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e , t y p i c a l l y b e t w e e n t h e

i n forgings, a s w i t h o t h e r alloys, a n d a r e p r e s e n t in

acicular

g r e a t e r proportion t h a n i n forgings. P r i m a r y is

B r e a k u p of l a m e l l a r i n t o e q u i a x e d o c c u r s d u r -

t y p i c a l l y a b o u t 8 0 t o 9 0 % of t h e s t r u c t u r e i n s h e e t

ing w o r k i n g (see figure).

p r o d u c t s a n d can be s o m e w h a t lower t h a n t h i s in
forged

products, b e c a u s e t h e final

forging

tem-

grains

of

the

transformed

phase.

B e t a T r a n s u s . 9 9 5 15 C ( 1 8 2 5 2 5 F)

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo--0.1Si 7 339

LIVE GRAPH
Ti-6242: Effect of silicon on beta transus temperature

Click here to view

Ti-6242S: Alpha content vs solution temperature
Solution temperature below transus, a F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Solution temperature below transus, AC

Transformation
Kinetics

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3718, Vol 4,

Solution treated, 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC.

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, June 1978

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3718, Vol 4,

Ti-6242: Time-temperature-transformation diagram

Ti-6242: Breakup of lamellar by shear strain

LIVE GRAPH

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, June 1978

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Time, s
Source: H.W. Rosenberg, M.B. Vordahl, and D.B. Hunter, Project
No. 48-8, Tech. Rep. No. 17, Timet, Jan 1966

Ti-6242: Comparison of CCT diagram and isothermal diagram

Shear strain
Lamellar breakup was done by torsional deformation at 925 C
(1700 F), and the transformation from lamellar to equiaxed grains
was evaluated by optical and electron microscopy. The average
length-to-width aspect ratio of groups of 100 random lamella segments or equiaxed grains was calculated.
Source: G. Welsch, I. Weiss, D. Eylon, and F.H. Froes, Shear Deformation and Breakup of Lamellar Morphology in Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr2Mo, in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot,

and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique, Paris, 1989,

1289-1293

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Time, s
Source: D.R. Mitchell, Welding Evaluation of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Sheet, TMCA Project BW-10-1, Final Report, June 1968, reported
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, June 1978

3 4 0 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6242: Continuous cooling transformation diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Time, s
Effect of heat-to-heat variations, within specification, on continuous
cooling transformation.
Source: D.R. Mitchell, Welding Evaluation of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Sheet, TMCA Project BW-10-1, Final Report, June 1968, reported
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, June 1978

Physical Properties
Ti-6242: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

9 9 5 1 5 C ( 1 8 2 5 + 25F)
-1705 C (3100 F)
4.54 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. )
1.85tol.9uiim
Nonmagnetic
460 J/kg (0.11 Btu/lb F)
7 W/m (4 Btu/ft h F)
7.7 x lQ-Vc(4.3 x lO'VF)
3

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from 0 to 100 C (32 to 212 F)

Elastic

Properties
(Static)

Ti-6242: As-cast compressive modulus

Specimen
No.

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

Compressive
modulus
GPa

1 0 psi
6

At room temperature
1
2
3

993
898
910

144.3
130.3
132.1

119
118
116

17.3
17.1
16.9

675
615
670

98.0
89.3
97.2

107
114
112

15.5
16.4
16.3

546
520
535

79.2
75.4
77.6

103
101
96

14.9
14.7
13.9

At200C(400F)
4
5
6

At425C(800F)
7
8
9

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo~0.1Si / 3 4 1

Ti-6242: Static compressive modulus

Ti-6242: Effect of temperature on moduli

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

Specimens were 1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet duplex annealed at 900 C

(1650 F), 30 min, AC + 790 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC. Each data
point is an average of five tests.

All product forms, duplex and triplex annealed.

Source: MIL-HDBK-5

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3718, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 85

Ti-6242: Cast compressive elastic modulus

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6242: Static Young's modulus (tensile)

Temperature, F

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

Alloy was supplied as cast wedges (tapered plate) 150 by 165 mm

(6 by 6.5 in.). Chemical composition was 6.02 wt% Al, 0.018 wt% C,
0.010 wt% Fe, 0.0047 wt% H, 2.07 wt% Mo, 0.013 wt% N, 0.168
wt% O, 0.05 wt% Si, 2.04 wt% Sn, and 3.80 wt% Zr. Material was
tested in the as-received, as-cast condition.
Source: O. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1977, 29

Specimens were 1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, 30 min, duplex annealed

900 C (1650 F), V h, AC + 790 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC. Each
point is an average of ten tests.
2

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 85

Ti-6242: Poisson's ratio
Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C
Specimens were pancake forgings, duplex annealed at 955 C
(1750F),1 h,AC + 595C (1100F), 8h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 85

342 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6242: Dynamic Young's modulus (tensile)

Dynamic
Modulus

Temperature, F

Ti-6242: Dynamic Young's modulus (tensile)

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

Specimens were 1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet duplex annealed at 900 C

(1650 C), 30 min, AC + 790 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC. Average of
longitudinal and transverse data.

Specimens were duplex annealed pancake forgings, 955 C (1750

F),1 h,AC+595C (1100 F), 8 h, AC.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 85

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 85

Electrical
Resistivity

Ti-6242: Resistivity of duplex-annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Temperature, C

Concentration of HCI, %

Specimens were 0.95 mm (0.038 in.) sheet, two heats, two specimens each heat, duplex annealed at 900 C (1650 F), 30 min, AC
+ 785 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC. Measurements were made parallel
to the rolling direction.

The higher molybdenum content of Ti-6246 increases resistance in

reducing environments compared to Ti-6242. General corrosion of
annealed titanium alloys in naturally aerated HCI solutions.
Source: R. Schutz, "Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," in

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 13,9th ed., 1987, 680

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 38

General
Corrosion

Ti-6242: Comparative corrosion in boiling HCI

Temperature, F

Resistance in Reducing Environments.

T h e c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e of Ti-6242 i n v a r i o u s m e dia is n o t well documented, although it is probably
c o m p a r a b l e t o o t h e r Ti-6Al-base alloys s u c h a s Ti6A1-4V. T h e m o l y b d e n u m c o n t e n t of Ti-6242 i s n o t
h i g h e n o u g h t o i m p a r t a d d i t i o n a l corrosion r e s i s t a n c e i n r e d u c i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s (see figure above).
T h e crevice corrosion r e s i s t a n c e of Ti-6242 i s proba b l y l e s s t h a n g r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m , b e c a u s e crevice

corrosion g e n e r a l l y is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h acidification
from o x i d a n t d e p l e t i o n .
O x i d a t i o n . A b l u e oxide film t y p i c a l l y forms i n
a b o u t 6 t o 10 h i n e x p o s u r e s n o t e x c e e d i n g 540 C
(1000 F). D e g r a d a t i o n of m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
from o x i d a t i o n a t l o n g e r t i m e s a n d u s u a l service
t e m p e r a t u r e s h a s n o t b e e n o b s e r v e d . I n a strong
oxidizing e n v i r o n m e n t , r e s i s t a n c e i s probably
c o m p a r a b l e t o g r a d e 2 t i t a n i u m or Ti-6A1-4V.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

U n d e r s t r e s s , Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo h a s b e e n
s h o w n t o b e subject t o s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c r a c k i n g

( S C C ) a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e p r e s e n c e of
a q u e o u s c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n a n d a p r e e x i s t i n g crack

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo--0.1Si 7 343

t r i b u t e d to h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g . T h e likely r e a s o n for
t h i s is t h e critical r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s t r e s s a n d
e n v i r o n m e n t , w h i c h n e e d s to p e a k s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
for e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s of t i m e for c r a c k i n g to occur.
Actual engine environmental conditions are
u n i q u e a n d c o n s i d e r e d l e s s conducive to s t r e s s corr o s i o n t h a n l a b o r a t o r y e x p o s u r e c o n d i t i o n s . Possible a m e l i o r a t i n g e n g i n e conditions a r e h i g h a i r velocities, h i g h p r e s s u r e s , s a l t - a i r c o n d i t i o n s , oil
c o n t a m i n a t i o n , a n d / o r u n i q u e o p e r a t i n g cycles.
Triplex a n n e a l i n g a p p e a r s to i m p r o v e resist a n c e to c r a c k i n g s l i g h t l y v e r s u s a d u p l e x a n n e a l .

( t h e so-called a c c e l e r a t e d c r a c k - g r o w t h t y p e of
s a l t - s t r e s s corrosion) a n d a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e p r e s e n c e of a h a l o g e n s a l t (e.g., N a C l ) .
T h e S C C s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of Ti-6242 i n h o t s a l t a p p e a r s t o b e l e s s t h a n t h a t of T i - 8 A l - l M o - I V a n d Ti6A1-4V (see figure). I n a m b i e n t s a l t s o l u t i o n , t h e
S C C t h r e s h o l d of Ti-6242 i n t h e STA c o n d i t i o n i s
c o m p a r a b l e t o mill a n n e a l e d (MA) T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V
(see t a b l e ) .
A s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t of l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g o n
t h e h o t - s a l t S C C b e h a v i o r of Ti-6242 h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d , b u t like o t h e r s u s c e p t i b l e alloys (such a s
T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V ) , n o f a i l u r e i n service h a s b e e n a t -

Ambient Salt
Solution
Cracking

Ti-6242: Comparative toughness in air and stress-corrosion threshold in 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 C
Tensile yield
AUoy

Thickness
mm
in.

Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-2Mo
Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-6Mo

13
13

0.50
0.50

0.30

1.3
1.3
13
13
13
13
13

0.05
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.50

Ti-8A]-lMo-lV

Ti-6A1-4V (standard grade)

Heat
treatment
STA
MA
DA
MA
STA
MA
DA
MA
DA
MA.WQ
5^
MA
DA
STA
STA

strength
MPa
ksi

Klc orKc
ksiVin.
MPaVm

Klscc oriiscc
MPaVm
ksi VI

1048
1103
1034
965
1172
999
930
999
930
841
868
944
917
1103
1068

58
60
88
57
89
82
176
52
110
>110
>110
66
77
51
77

29
22
49
28
49
33
55
22
35
46
>110
38
57
27
49

152
160
150
140
170
145
135
145
135
122
126
137
133
160
155

53
55
80
52
81
75
160
48
100
>100
>100
60
70
47
70

27
20
45
26
45
30
50
20
32
42
>100
35
52
25
45

Note: The data were generated in ambient neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. It should be cautioned that these K values are highly dependent
on alloy composition, metallurgical condition, and product form and thickness. Therefore, they may or may not be representative of alloy
product materials commercially available. Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking:
Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM International, 1992
lgcc

Ti-6242: Comparative critical stress in 425 C salt

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-6242: Effect of heat treatment on saltwater SCC of
sheet (precracked)

Heat
treatment(a)
730C(1350F),8h,FC

900 C (1650 F),

30 min, AC+ 785 C
(1450 F), 15 min, AC
900 C( 1650 F),
30 min, AC + 785C
(1450 F), 15 min,
AC + 595C
(1100F),8
h,AC

Applied
net stress
MPa
ksi
617
466
308
551
586
689
758
551
586
620
689

89.5
67.7
44.7
80
85
100
110
80
85
90
100

Time to rupture
in 3.5%
NaCl
Broke on loading
1 min
7 min
>73 h(a)
>42 h(a)
>43h(a)
>68 h(a)
>48 h(a)
>42 h(a)
>24 h(a)
>2h(a)

(a) No failure, test discontinued. Source: R. Wood and R. Favor,

Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HDBK-02, Battelle, 1972

Time, h
Crack-no crack limit stress.
Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCICHDBK-02, Battelle, 1972

344 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-6242: Precracked tensile strength in air and in 3.5% NaCI

Center fatigue cracked samples

N o t c h tensile strength in:
Sheet
gage
mm
Duplex anneal(a)
11.4
2.0
2.0
3.1
3.1
Triplex anneai(b)
0.4
2.0
2.0
3.1
3.1

in.

Direction

(continuously
loaded)
MPa
ksi

Failure in
1 to 2 h
MPa
ksi

Failure
in <1 h
MPa

ksi

0.45
0.080
0.080
0.125
0.125

...
875
827
889
827

...
127
120
129
120

758(c)
696
696
765
696

110(c)
101
101
111
101

(d)
(d)
744
(d)
744

(d)
(d)
108
(d)
108

0.015
0.080
0.080
0.125
0.125

...
882
855
827
744

...
128
124
120
108

689
...
600
496
...

100
...
87
72
...

(d)
434(e)
(d)
551
365

(d)
63(e)
(d)
80
53

(a) 900 C (1650 C), 30 min, AC + 785 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC. (b) 900 C (1650 F), 30 min, AC + 785 C (1450 F), 15 min, AC + 595 C (1100
F), 2 h, AC. (c) No failure in 68 h. (d) Failure stress not established, (e) Failed in 5 min. Source: R. Wood and R. Favor, Titanium Alloys
Handbook, MCIC-HDBK-02, Battelle, 1972

Hot-Salt SCC
Factors

H o t - s a l t SCC b e h a v i o r of T i - 6 2 4 2 i n l a b o r a t o r y
t e s t s i s influenced by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . O x y g e n i s
n e c e s s a r y for h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g t o occur. A t l e a s t
o n e s t u d y h a s s h o w n t h a t c r a c k i n g will n o t occur i n
t h e h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e Ti-5Al-2.5Sn w h e n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r e s s u r e is r e d u c e d b e l o w 10 . Alt h o u g h t h e role of w a t e r ( m o i s t u r e ) h a s n o t b e e n
c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d , i t a p p e a r s t h a t w a t e r is also a
n e c e s s a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o m p o n e n t i n t h e cracki n g p r o c e s s (Metals Handbook,
Corrosion, Vol 1 3 ,
9 t h ed., 1987, 689).
A i r velocity a p p e a r s t o h a v e n o effect o n T i 6 2 4 2 c r a c k i n g (see figure) a n d o n l y a m i n o r effect

Ti-6242:100-h crack threshold of NaCI-coated bar

on T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V c r a c k i n g (H.R. G r a y a n d J.R.
J o h n s t o n , " H o t - S a l t S t r e s s - C o r r o s i o n of a Titan i u m Alloy U n d e r S i m u l a t e d Turbine-Engine
Compressor Environment,"
N A S A Technical
N o t e , T N D - 5 5 1 0 , O c t 1969).
E f f e c t o f P r o c e s s i n g . T h e r e a p p e a r s to be litt l e difference b e t w e e n mill a n n e a l i n g a n d duplex
a n n e a l i n g of Ti-6242 b a r (see figure). Heavy forgi n g c a n r e d u c e t h e e m b r i t t l e m e n t a n d cracking
t h r e s h o l d s . T h e c r a c k i n g t h r e s h o l d s reported for
s h e e t a t 100-h e x p o s u r e a r e g e n e r a l l y lower t h a n
t h o s e r e p o r t e d for b a r .

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Exposure temperature, F

Exposure temperature, F

Little or no effect is noted between (a) mill annealed bar and (b) duplex annealed bar.
5 100-h embrittlement and crack threshold curves for NaCI-coated (aerosol deposit on hot surface) on machined tubular specimens exposed to
elevated temperature with load in simulated aircraft turbine engine compressor environment and subsequently tensile tested at room temperature.
Source: H.R. Gray, NASATN D-6498, Nov 1971

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo~0.1Si / 3 4 5

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6242:100-h crack thresholds for NaCI-coated bar

Click here to view

Exposure temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH

Exposure temperature, F

Click here to view

Exposure temperature, "C

Exposure temperature, C

(a)

(b)

Little or no effect is noted between (a) dynamic air and (b) static air environment.
100-h embrittlement and crack threshold curves for NaCI-coated (aerosol deposited on chemically milled tubular specimens) (from mill annealed
bar) exposed to elevated temperature with load in either a laboratory or simulated aircraft turbine engine compressor environment and subsequently tensile tested at room temperature.
Source: H.R. Gray, "Relative Susceptibility of Titanium Alloys to Hot-Salt Stress-Corrosion," NASATN D-6498, Nov 1971

Ti-6242: Crack threshold of heavily forged bar

Exposure temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Exposure temperature, C
Effect of alloy processing on 100-h embrittlement and crack threshold curves for NaCI-coated (aerosol deposited on hot surface) chemically milled
tubular specimens (from duplex annealed bar) exposed to elevated temperature with load in a laboratory environment and subsequently tensile
tested at room temperature.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718, June 1978, 40

346 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6242:100-h hot-salt SCC

Exposure temperature, F

Click here to view

Exposure temperature, C
Hot-salt stress-corrosion cracking characteristics of duplex annealed compressor disc forging. Heat A: 975 C (1790 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100
F), 8 h, AC; Heat B: 950 C (1750 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718, June 1978, 43

Thermal Properties
M e l t i n g P o i n t . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 1700 C (3100
F)
Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion.
7.7 /m K ( 4 . 3 u i n . / i n . F) a t 2 0 5 C (400 F ) ; 8.1
/ m (4.5 u i n . / i n . F) a t 3 1 5 t o 540 C (600 t o

Specific
^

Ti-6242: Specific heat v s temperature

Temperature, F

1 0 0 0 F)
S p e c i f i c H e a t . 4 6 0 J / k g (0.110 B t u / l b F)
a t 1 0 0 C ( 2 1 2 F)
T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y . 7.1 W/m
(4.1
B t u / f t h F) a t 100 C ( 2 1 2 F)
Ti-6242: Specific heat ot duplex annealed bar
Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Temperature, C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5E, Vol 2, June 1987, 5.44

Temperature, C
29 mm (1 % in.) diameter bar, annealed at 900 C (1650 F) for 1 h,
air cooled, then at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, air cooled.
Source: H. Russell, "Physical Properties of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo,"
TMCACase Study M-109, June 1967; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 37

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo~0.1Si 7 347

Ti-6242: Specific heat of duplex annealed sheet

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, annealed at 900 C (1650 F) for 30 min,
air cooled, then at 790 C (1450 F) for 15 min, air cooled.
Source: C. Dotson, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of HighTemperature Titanium Alloys," AFML-TR-67-41, Apr 1967; reported
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718, Bat-

telle Columbus Laboratories, June 1978

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-6242: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion of
bar
Temperature, F

Thermal

Expansion

Ti-6242: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion of

sheet

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C
Alloy used as 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet, heat treated at 900 C
(1650 F) for 30 min, then air cooled, and heated at 790 C (1450 F)
for 15 min, and air cooled. Values are averages of longitudinal and
transverse directions.
Source: C. Dotson, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of HighTemperature Titanium Alloys, AFML-TR-67-41, Apr 1967

Alloy used as 29 mm (1 Vfc in.) diameter bar, heat treated at 900 C

(1650 F) for 1 h and air cooled, then at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, and
air cooled. Measurements were taken in the longitudinal direction;
values are averages of ascending and descending temperature values. Source: H. Russell, "Physical Properties of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr2Mo," TMCA Case Study M-109, June 1967
Ti-6242: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion of
various product forms
Temperature, F

Ti-6242: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature
F
C
0-100
0-315
0-540

32-212
32-600
32-1000

Coefficient of thermal e x p a n s i o n
lO^VK
lO^/T
7.7
8.1
8.1

4.3
4.5
4.5

Source: RMI Titanium Basic Design

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Temperature, C
Specimens were an as-cast compressor casing and pancake forgings heat treated at 955 C (1750 F) for 1 h and air cooled, then at
595 C (1100 F) for 8 h and air cooled.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 37

Next Page
348 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Thermal

Conductivity

Ti-6242: Thermal conductivity

Ti-6242: Thermal conductivity of duplex annealed

bar

Temperature, F

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Temperature, C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5E, Vol 2, June 1987, 5.44

Temperature, C
Measurements were taken parallel to trie long direction of 54 mm
(2 V in.) diameter bar. Bar annealed at 900 C (1650 F) for 1 h, air
cooled, then at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, air cooled.
Source: H. Russell, "Physical Properties of Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo,"
TMCACase Study M-109, June 1967; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, 36,37
E

Ti-6242: Thermal conductivity of duplex annealed

sheet

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F

Click here to view

Temperature, C
Measurements were taken parallel to the rolling direction. Alloy
used as 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, annealed at 900 C (1650 F) for
30 min, air cooled, then at 790 C (1450 F) for 15 min, and air
cooled.
Source: C. Dotson, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of HighTemperature Titanium Alloys," AFML-TR-67-41, Apr 1967

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/377

|Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V
Common Name: Ti-811
UNS Number: R54810

T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V (Ti-811) w a s d e v e l o p e d a r o u n d
1954 for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e a p plications^specifically, c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s a n d
w h e e l s . I t is n o w a v a i l a b l e from m o s t t i t a n i u m a l loy p r o d u c e r s . Ti-811 h a s t h e h i g h e s t t e n s i l e m o d u l u s of all t h e c o m m e r c i a l t i t a n i u m alloys a n d ex-

h i b i t s good c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to
4 5 5 C ( 8 5 0 F). Ti-811 h a s a r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h s i m i l a r t o t h a t of Ti-6A1-4V, b u t i t s
e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a n d creep
r e s i s t a n c e a r e s u p e r i o r t o t h o s e of o t h e r c o m m o n l y
a v a i l a b l e a l p h a a n d a l p h a + b e t a t i t a n i u m alloys.

T h e T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V alloy c o n t a i n s a r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e a m o u n t of t h e a l p h a stabilizer, a l u m i n u m ,
a n d fairly s m a l l a m o u n t s of t h e b e t a s t a b i l i z e r s ,
molybdenum a n d v a n a d i u m (plus iron a s a n impurity). A l t h o u g h t h i s alloy is m e t a l l u r g i c a l l y a n a l -

p h a - b e t a alloy, t h e s m a l l a m o u n t of b e t a s t a b i l i z e r
i n t h i s g r a d e ( I M o + I V ) p e r m i t s only s m a l l
a m o u n t s of t h e b e t a p h a s e t o b e c o m e stabilized.
D e n s i t y . 4.37 g / c m (0.158 l b / i n . )

Ti-811 w a s developed for e n g i n e u s e , principally

a s forgings. Available forms i n c l u d e billet, bar, plate,
sheet, a n d extrusions. F o r m i n g of s h e e t a t room t e m p e r a t u r e is m o r e difficult t h a n for Ti-6A1-4V, a n d se-

v e r e forming o p e r a t i o n s m u s t b e done hot. Ti-811

h a s good weldability like o t h e r a l p h a or n e a r - a l p h a
alloys. W e l d m e n t s h a v e s i m i l a r s t r e n g t h b u t lower
d u c t i h t y i n comparison w i t h t h e b a s e m e t a l .

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-811 is c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s a n e a r - a l p h a alloy w i t h
several alpha-alloy characteristics s u c h a s good
creep s t r e n g t h a n d weldability. However, t h e alloy
does h a v e a l p h a - b e t a characteristics s u c h a s a m i l d
degree of hardenability. Ti-811 is generally u s e d i n

t h e a n n e a l e d condition, w h e r e l a m e l l a r a l p h a morphology from t r a n s f o r m e d b e t a is produced by duplex a n d triplex a n n e a l i n g for e n h a n c e d creep r e sistance.

Applications

Ti-811 is u s e d for a i r f r a m e a n d t u r b i n e engine a p plications d e m a n d i n g s h o r t - t e r m s t r e n g t h , longt e r m creep r e s i s t a n c e , t h e r m a l stability, a n d stiffn e s s . Ti-811 i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y a n e n g i n e alloy a n d i s
available i n t h r e e g r a d e s , i n c l u d i n g a " p r e m i u m
g r a d e " (triple m e l t e d ) a n d a " r o t a t i n g g r a d e , " for u s e
i n r o t a t i n g engine c o m p o n e n t s .
U s e L i m i t a t i o n s . Like t h e a l p h a - b e t a alloys, Ti811 is susceptible t o h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t i n hyd r o g e n a t i n g solutions a t room t e m p e r a t u r e , i n a i r or
reducing atmospheres a t elevated temperatures,

a n d e v e n i n p r e s s u r i z e d h y d r o g e n a t cryogenic
t e m p e r a t u r e s . Oxygen a n d n i t r o g e n contamination c a n occur i n a i r a t elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d
s u c h c o n t a m i n a t i o n becomes m o r e severe a s expos u r e t i m e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e increase. Ti-811 is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking i n h o t salts
(especially chlorides) a n d to a c c e l e r a t e d crack
propagation in aqueous solutions a t a m b i e n t temp e r a t u r e s . T h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n w h i c h t h i s alloy is
t o b e u s e d s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d carefully t o p r e v e n t
material degradation.

Chemistry
and Density

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS

Designation

Description

Al

R54810

Fe

Composition, wt%

Mo

Other

V
1

balTi

China
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV

7.5-81.5

0.1 max

0.3 max

0.015 max 0.75-1.25 0.04 max 0.15 max 0.75-1.25

Si 0.15 max; bal Ti

Spain
UNE 38-717

L-7102

ShStrp Pit Bar Ext Ann

7.35-8.35

0.08

0.3

AMS4915C

ShStrp Pit Ann

7.35-8.35

0.08 max

0.3 max

AMS4915F
AMS4916E
AMS4933A
AMS4955B
AMS4972C

ShStrp Pit Ann

ShStrp Pit Dup Ann
Ext Rng SHT/Stab
Weld Fill Wir
Bar Wir Rng Bil SHT/Stab

7.35-8.35
7.35-8.35
7.35-8.35
7.35-8.35
7.35-8.35

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

0.015

0.75-1.25

0.05

0.12

0.75-1.25

OT0.4;balTi

0.75-1.25

OT 0.4 max; Y 0.005 max;

OE0.1max;balTi
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
(continued)

USA
0.015 max 0.75-1.25 0.05 max 0.12max
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.01
0.015

0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12

0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25

378 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-8AI-1Mc-1V: Specif ications and compositions

(continued)

Speci-

C o m p o s i t i o n , wt%

fication

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.04 max

0.3
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.15 max

Mo

Other

0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25
1

OT0.4;Y 0.005; bal Ti

balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4; Y 0.005: bal Ti
Si 0.07 max; Ni 0.008 max;
balTi

USA (continued)
AMS4973C
AWSA5.16-70
MILF-83142A
MELT-81556A
MILT-9046J
MILT-9047G
SAEJ467

ERTi-8Al-lMo-lV
Comp5
CodcA^
CodeA^
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-8-1-1

FrgBilSHT/Stab
Weld Fill Met
Frg Ann
ShStrpPltAnn
BarBilDupAnn

7.35--8.35
7.35--8.35
7.35-8.35
7.35--8.35
7.35-8.35
7.35-8.35
8

0.015
0.008
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.75-1.25
0.05
0.75-1.25
0.03
0.75-1.25
0.05
0.75-1.25
0.05
0.75-1.25
0.05
0.75-1.25
0.05
1
0.02 max

OT, others total

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Mo

Other

France
Ugine

UTA8DV

Bar Frg DA

Contimet AlMoV 8-1-1

Pit Bar Frg Ann

KS8-1-1

Bar Frg STA

7.3-8.5

0.08

0.3

0.006-0.015

0.75-1.25

0.05

0.12

0.75-1.25

balTi

7.5-8.5

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.75-1.25

0.05

0.12

0.75-1.25

balTi

0.3

0.015

0.75-1.25

0.05

0.12

0.75-1.25

balTi

0.3 max

0.015
0.015 max

0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25

0.05
0.05 max

0.12
0.12 max

0.75-1.25
0.75-1.25

balTi
balTi

Germany
Deutsche
Japan
Kobe

7.35-8.35

USA
Chase Ext.
OREMET
RMI
Timet

8AI-IM0-IV
Ti-8-1-1
RMI8AI-IM0-IV
TIMETAL8-1-1

Mult Forms DA
Ann

7.5-8.5
7.35-8.35

0.08
0.08 max

Physical Properties
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Retained from diffraction data
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Summary of typical physical properties

Quenching temperature
C

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)

Phases and
Structures

- 1 0 4 0 C (1900 F)
- 1 5 4 0 C (2800 F)
4.37 g/cm (0.158 lb/in. )
3

~1.97
Nonmagnetic
502 J/kg (0.120 Btu/lb F)

Thermal conductivity(a)

6W/mK(3.5 Btu/fthF)

Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

8.5 1 0 - ^ C ( 4 . 7 l O - V F )
6

1200
1150
1095
1040
980
925
870
815

Retained

F
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500

<1
2
<1
2
<1
<2
16
14

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from 0 to 100 C (32 to 212 F)

MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

P a s t w o r k o n t h e p h a s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of Ti-8A1I M o - l V (D.E. Austin, Boeing Document

1965) i n d i c a t e s t h a t

the

T6-314,

phase transforms

m a r t e n s i t e a t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e - field

s m a l l a m o u n t s of .
T h e p h a s e m a y also u n d e r g o a metallurgical

to

r e a c t i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n a n o r d e r e d s t r u c t u r e (DOjg-

from

t y p e s u p e r l a t t i c e ) of t h e t y p e f o u n d i n b i n a r y tita-

t h e t r a n s u s d o w n t o a b o u t 9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F ) . B e l o w

n i u m - a l u m i n u m alloys. It h a s b e e n suggested that

t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e p h a s e is sufficiently

en-

t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e o r d e r e d s t r u c t u r e i s responsi-

riched in molybdenum

re-

b l e for t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s be-

t a i n e d (see t a b l e ) . T h e p h a s e decomposes d u r i n g

t w e e n d u p l e x a n d m i l l a n n e a l e d m a t e r i a l a n d is

and vanadium

to be

t e m p e r i n g b e l o w a b o u t 4 5 0 C ( 8 4 0 F ) . L i k e o t h e r

a l s o r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e p o o r s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n resis-

alloys, t h e s t r u c t u r e is p r e d o m i n a n t l y a,

t a n c e of t h i s alloy.

with

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/379

B e t a T r a n s u s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 4 0 C ( 1 9 0 0
F) w i t h n o r m a l i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s
Elastic
Properties

T y p i c a l r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e elastic properties:
.
Tensile m o d u l u s , 1 2 0 G P a (17.5 x 1 0 psi)
6

C o m p r e s s i v e m o d u l u s , 117 t o 125 G P a (17 t o

18 x l O p s i )
6

S h e a r m o d u l u s , 4 6 G P a (6.7 1 0 psi)
6

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Tensile modulus comparison

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Tensile modulus of duplex annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C
0.6 mm (0.025 in.) sheet duplex annealed at 1010 C (1850 F),15
min, AC + 750 C (1380 F), 15 min, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1980, 20

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Tensile modulus of bar and sheet

Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: Compressive modulus

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

Sheet was 1.4 mm (0.056 in.) and 2.4 mm (0.096 in.) thick and annealed as indicated.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966, 20

1.24 mm (0.049 in.) sheet mill annealed at 785 C (1450 F), 8 h.

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966, 20

380 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Compressive secant modulus

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Compressive tangent modulus

Secant modulus, 1 0 psi

0

10

15

Tangent modulus, 10 psi

6
9
12
15
6

Click here to view

20

18

21

-\30

50
100
Secant modulus, GPa

150

1.24 mm (0.049 in.) sheet mill annealed at 785 C (1450 F), 8 h.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Electrical
Resistivity

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Electrical resistivity vs temperature

0|
0

50
100
Tangent modulus, GPa

0
150

Columbus Laboratories, 1966, 20

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Repassivation time in neutral salt

solution

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Temperature, C
As-rolled bar.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966, 6

Corrosion
Properties

O t h e r t h a n its high susceptibility to stress-corr o s i o n c r a c k i n g , few p u b l i s h e d d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e

o n t h e g e n e r a l or localized corrosion of Ti-8A1 - l V . O n e study, h o w e v e r , i n d i c a t e s r e p a s s i v a t i o n b e h a v i o r t h a t is s i m i l a r t o t h a t of C P Ti a n d Ti6A1-4V i n n e u t r a l s a l t s o l u t i o n (see a b o v e figure).
L i k e o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys, successful a p p l i c a t i o n
of Ti-811 c a n b e e x p e c t e d i n m i l d l y r e d u c i n g t o
highly oxidizing environments in which protective
oxide films s p o n t a n e o u s l y form a n d r e m a i n s t a b l e .
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h o t , c o n c e n t r a t e d , l o w - p H chlo-

Time, s
ln1/VNaClat + 200 mV.
Source: H.-J. Ratzer-Scheibe and H. Buhl, "Repassivation of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," Titanium,Science and Technology, Vol4,
Deutsche Gesselschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985, 2641

r i d e s a l t s c o r r o d e t i t a n i u m . W a r m or concentrated
s o l u t i o n s of h y d r o c h l o r i c , p h o s p h o r i c , a n d oxalic
a c i d s also a r e d a m a g i n g . I n g e n e r a l , all acidic solut i o n s t h a t a r e r e d u c i n g i n n a t u r e corrode titanium,
u n l e s s t h e y c o n t a i n i n h i b i t o r s . S t r o n g oxidizers,
i n c l u d i n g a n h y d r o u s r e d f u m i n g nitric acid and
9 0 % h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e , also c a u s e attack. Ioniza b l e fluoride c o m p o u n d s , s u c h a s sodium fluoride
a n d h y d r o g e n fluoride, a c t i v a t e t h e surface and
c a n c a u s e r a p i d corrosion. D r y chlorine gas is especially h a r m f u l .

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V is o n e of t h e m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e tit a n i u m a l l o y s t o s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n c r a c k i n g (SCC),

w h i c h s t e m s from t h e i n c r e a s e d t e n d e n c y to form
t h e h i g h l y o r d e r e d ^ (0C2) p h a s e w h e n alumi-

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/381

-8-1 Mo-1 V: S C C velocity in various environments

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

K\ and Kiscc thresholds at 24 C for double-cantilec

ver beam specimens for 0.6Af KCI solution, - 5 0 0 mV

LIVE GRAPH

40

Click here to view

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Aqueous SCC vs chloride content

Stress intensity, ksi Vin.

60
80

10"

10"'

;10"
^ 10

=33 Mpa Vm

X. -

, MA
K= 44 MPaVm
DA
K=49MPa Vm

Mill annealed

0.6M KCI -500mV

c Distilled water
A

10"

HCI + water
KCI + water

10-V

Step cooled

Q.6M KCI -500mV

" Distilled water
Lab air (50% RH)

i03 io"

SC

24 C

5,10 >

Not susceptiblsn distilled water

Duplex annealed

(0

0.6M-500mV

^10"'

Distilled water
IOV

20

40

120

60
80
100
Stress intensity, MPaVm

SC, step cooled; MA, mill annealed; DA, duplex annealed.

Source: M.J. Blackburn, J.A. Feeney, andT.R. Beck, "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys," Boeing Report D1 -82-1054, June
1970, 92

n u m c o n t e n t e x c e e d s 5 wt%. T h i s l o w - d u c t i l i t y ord e r e d p h a s e f o r m s i n t h e 4 0 0 t o 700 C ( 7 5 0 t o 1 2 9 0

F) t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e a n d i n c r e a s e s c r a c k velocity a n d decreases - K t
a s v o l u m e f r a c t i o n inc r e a s e s . O x y g e n l e v e l s a b o v e 0.20 t o 0.25 w t % a l s o
p r o m o t e S C C , a g a i n d u e t o a t r a n s i t i o n from w a v y
t o p l a n a r slip. T h e S C C f r a c t u r e m o d e i n Ti-811
a n d other susceptible alloys is t r a n s g r a n u l a r ,
w i t h t h e fracture p a t h h i g h l y o r i e n t e d i n u n i d i r e c tionally processed (textured) m a t e r i a l a n d more
r a n d o m in martensitic structures. References 1 to
7 i n t h i s s e c t i o n d i s c u s s t h e S C C b e h a v i o r of Ti811.
Ti-811 g e n e r a l l y r e m a i n s s u s c e p t i b l e t o S C C
w h e t h e r t h e s t r u c t u r e i s e q u i a x e d or m a r t e n s i t i c
( q u e n c h e d from t h e p h a s e field). I n g e n e r a l , S C C
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of e q u i a x e d alloys d i m i n i s h e s w i t h
d e c r e a s i n g g r a i n size, w h e r e a s step-cooled Ti-811
h a s t h e g r e a t e s t susceptibility . Step-cooled Ti-811
h a s high susceptibility in t h a t smooth specimens
will p r o d u c e c r a c k i n g i n a m b i e n t n e u t r a l s a l t solut i o n s . I n c o n t r a s t , m i l l a n n e a l e d Ti-811 h a s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y i n t h e p r e s e n c e of s t r e s s r i s e r s , s u c h a s a fat i g u e c r a c k or m a c h i n e d n o t c h . Step-cooled Ti-811
also exhibits SCC in distilled water.
H a l i d e S o l u t i o n s . A d d i t i o n of h a l i d e i o n s
such as C I , B r , a n d I" increases the susceptibility
of Ti-811 a n d c a n i n d u c e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y i n o t h e r
conditions t h a t a r e i m m u n e to SCC in distilled
w a t e r (see figures).
O t h e r ionic s p e c i e s i n s o l u t i o n c a n h a v e a n e u t r a l or e v e n a n i n h i b i t i v e effect o n Ti-811 S C C if t h e
alloy i s n o t h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e . T h e s e s p e c i e s include N 0 - , SO4-2, F-, O H " C r 0 - 2 , a n d P 0 - 3
(Ref 1, 2). T h e i n h i b i t i v e i n f l u e n c e d i m i n i s h e s a s
h a l i d e levels i n c r e a s e . L i t t l e i n f l u e n c e of n o n o x i d i z i n g c a t i o n s s u c h a s N a , K , L i , etc., i s n o t e d .
However, oxidizing cations, such as C u , m a y
r a i s e Ki
v a l u e s , d e p e n d i n g o n alloy h e a t t r e a t m e n t (Ref 3 , 4 ) .

10"

10''

10
Molarity

10

SC, step cooled; DA, duplex annealed; MA, mill annealed.

Source: T.R. Beck, M.J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyrl, and M.O. Speidel,
"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys: Electrochemical Kinetics, SCC Studies with Ti:8-1-1, SCC and Polarization Curves in
Molten Salts, Liquid Metal Embrittlement, and SCC Studies With
Other Titanium Alloys," Contract NAS 7-489, Quarterly Progress
Report 14, Dec 1969

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Influence of halides on SCC

s c c

Source: J.D. Boyd, P.J. Moreland, W.K. Boyd, R.A. Wood, D.N. Williams, and R.I. Jaffee, "The Effect of Composition on the Mechanism of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys in N 0 , and
Aqueous and Hot-Salt Environments," Contract NASr-100 (09),
Aug 26,1969
2

+ 2

scc

Kj, MPaVm

References
1. T.R. Beck, "Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g of Titan i u m Alloys. P r e h m i n a r y R e p o r t on Ti-8A1 - l V Alloy a n d P r o p o s e d Electrochemical
M e c h a n i s m , " D1-82-0554, T h e Boeing Company, S e a t t l e , J u l y 1965
2. N . G . F e i g e a n d T. M u r p h y , " F r a c t u r e Behavior
of T i t a n i u m Alloys i n A q u e o u s E n v i r o n m e n t s , "
Met. Eng. Quart., Vol 7(No. 1), 1967, 53
3. M . J . B l a c k b u r n , J.A. Feeney, a n d T.R. Beck,
"State-of-the-Art of Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g
of T i t a n i u m Alloys," P a r t 4 of M o n o g r a p h Review, T h e B o e i n g Company, S e a t t l e , s p o n s o r e d
b y t h e A d v a n c e d R e s e a r c h Projects Agency,

382 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Environments known to produce SCC

Environment
Medium
Organic compounds
Methyl alcohol (anhydrous)

Other titanium alloys w i t h k n o w n susceptibility

Temperature, C

Ti-6A1-4V, grade 2 Ti, Grade 4 Ti, TWAl-3Mo-1V, Ti-3 Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (Beta C),
Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al, Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn
T1-6AMV, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-13V-l lCr-3Al
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
No alloys other than Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1V
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6 A1-4V, Ti-13V-1 lCr-3 Al

RT

Methyl chloroform
Ethyl alcohol (anhydrous)
Ethylene glycol
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoroethanc
Salts
Hot salt: chloride and other hal
idc salts/residues
Seawatcr/NaCl solution

370
RT
RT
370,620,815
788

Mercury (liquid)
Ag-5 Al-2.5Mn (braze alloy)
Miscellaneous
Distilled water
Chlorine gas
10% HCI
Molten chloride/bromide salts

370
340

Most commercial alloys except grades 1,2,7,11,12, and 9

230-430

Unalloyed Ti (with oxygen content >0.3%) Ti-2.5 Al-1 Mo-1 lSn-5Zr-0.2Si (-679), Ti3 Al-1 lCr-13 V, Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn, Ti-8Mn, Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Nb- ITa, Ti4A1-3MO-1V, Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-6Mo
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-6A1-4V

RT

Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn, Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta )

No alloys other than Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1V
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
No alloys other than Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1V

RT
288
35,340
300-500

Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM
International, 1992

AREA O r d e r N o . 8 7 8 a n d N A S 7 - 4 8 9 , J u n e
1970
4. B.F. B r o w n , " S t r e s s C o r r o s i o n C r a c k i n g i n
High Strength Steels a n d in Titanium a n d
A l u m i n u m Alloys," N a v a l R e s e a r c h L a b s ,
W a s h i n g t o n , D C , 1972
5. R . J . H . W a n h i l l , "Aqueous S t r e s s Corrosion i n
T i t a n i u m AMoys," Brit. Corrosion J., Vol 10(No.
2), 1975, 69-78

6. R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion Cracking ofTitan i u m Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion

Cracking:
Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM
I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1992
7. T.R. Beck, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titan i u m Alloys. P r e h ' m i n a r y Report on Ti-8A1 - l V Alloy a n d Proposed Electrochemical
M e c h a n i s m , " D1-82-0554, The Boeing Company, S e a t t l e , J u l y 1965

B e c a u s e t i t a n i u m alloys e x h i b i t n o S t a g e I t y p e
c r a c k g r o w t h i n n e u t r a l s o l u t i o n s (i.e., s l o w e s t
c r a c k velocities m e a s u r e d a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0
cm/s), i t m a y b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t r u e Z t
thresholds e x i s t b e l o w w h i c h c r a c k s will n o t p r o p a g a t e .
T h i s is n o t t h e c a s e i n h i g h l y acidic s o l u t i o n s ,
w h e r e b o t h S t a g e I a n d II c r a c k i n g b e h a v i o r is obs e r v e d . I n c r e a s i n g a c i d i t y g e n e r a l l y r e d u c e s Ki
a n d i n c r e a s e s S t a g e I I c r a c k i n g velocity (see f i g u r e
for T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V ) . I n c r e a s i n g a l k a l i n i t y a p p e a r s
t o h a v e n o o b v i o u s or s i g n i f i c a n t effect o n S C C b e havior relative to n e u t r a l conditions. As hydroxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n s e x c e e d 1M, i n c r e a s i n g i n h i b i tion m a y be expected.
T e m p e r a t u r e Effects. Only limited publish-

e d d a t a on t h e i n f l u e n c e of t e m p e r a t u r e on titan i u m alloy S C C b e h a v i o r i n a q u e o u s media are

a v a i l a b l e . D a t a for Ti-811 s u g g e s t t h a t i C i values
m a y b e r e l a t i v e l y u n a f f e c t e d by t e m p e r a t u r e s as
h i g h a s 9 3 C (200 F) i n n e u t r a l salt solutions.
H o w e v e r , s t r e s s c r a c k i n g velocity does increase
sharply with increasing temperature.
E f f e c t o f P o t e n t i a l . I n m o s t SCC-susceptible
t i t a n i u m alloys, a n o d i c or cathodic polarization
t e n d s t o i n h i b i t S C C a n d i n c r e a s e Ki
values.
H o w e v e r , t h e a n o d i c a n d c a t h o d i c polarization inh i b i t i o n p h e n o m e n o n i s n o t a s a p p a r e n t in highly
s u s c e p t i b l e alloys, s u c h a s step-cooled Ti-811 (M.J.
B l a c k b u r n et al., i n Reference i n previous section).

- 3

s c c

scc

scc

scc

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: Fracture data in air and 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 C

Alloy
T1-8AI-IM0-IV

Ti-6A1-4V (standard grade)

Heat
treatment
Mill annealed
Duplex annealed
Mill annealed
Duplex annealed
Mill annealed,WQ
PST, WQ
Mill annealed
Duplex annealed
STA
-STA

Yield strength
MPa
ksi
999
930
999
930
841
868
944
917
1103
1068

145
135
145
135
122
126
137
133
160
155

Klc

MPaVm
82
176
52
110
>110
>110
66
77
51
77

orXc
ksiVin.
75
160
48
100
>100
>100
60
70
47
70

jKlscc or Kscx
MPaVm
ksiVmT
33
55
22
35
46
>110
38
57
27
49

30
50
20
32
42
>100
35
52
25
45

Note: Data for 13 mm (0.5 in.) plate were generated in ambient neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. It should be cautioned that these K values
are highly dependent on alloy composition, metallurgical condition, and product form and thickness and, therefore, may not be representative of alloy product materials commercially available. Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM International, 1992
leci

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/383

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Influence of acidity on SCC at 24 C

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: SCC initiation load vs potential at

24 C

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

20

Click here to view

Click here to view

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

40
60
80

100

2200
Air Value
2000

fno-

H4500

H4000

o 18001-

= 1600h--

co 10" fe

1400r 0.6M KCI at -500 mV

10M HCI open circuit

P. 10" fe-

1200h

(0

/
~ /

0.6MKOH
+0.6M KCI
0.6M KOH
+0.06MKCI

H3500
3000

2500

1000

10
120

30
60
90
Stress intensity, MPaVm

SC, step cooled; MA, mill annealed; DA, duplex annealed.

Source: T.R. Beck, M.J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyrl, and M.O. Speidel,
"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys: Electrochemical Kinetics, SCC Studies with Ti: 8-1-1, SCC and Polarization Curves in
Molten Salts, Liquid Metal Embrittlement, and SCC Studies with
Other Titanium Alloys," Contract NAS 7-489, Quarterly Progress
Report 14, Dec 1969
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Crack initiation load vs potential at
24 C

-1000

-500
0
500
Potential, mV (SCE)

1000

Source: M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June

1970

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of temperature on SCC velocity

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Stress intensity, MPaVm

Potential, mV (SCE)

Aqueous
SCC
Velocity

Duplex annealed SEN specimens.

Source: T.R. Beck and M.J. Blackburn, Stress-Corrosion Cracking
of Titanium Alloys, AIAAJ., Vol 6(No. 2), 1968, 326

Source: M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June

1970

T h e s a m e factors t h a t l o w e r i ^ i v a l u e s g e n e r ally i n c r e a s e S C C velocity i n a q u e o u s m e d i a . F o r

e x a m p l e , h i g h e r a c i d i t y i n c r e a s e s c r a c k velocity
a n d l o w e r s Ki . H o w e v e r , S C C velocity a p p e a r s t o
b e m o r e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v e t h a n Ki
values.
Increasing potential also serves to increase stress
c r a c k i n g velocity i n n e u t r a l h a l i d e s o l u t i o n s . T h i s

c o r r e l a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y l i n e a r (see figure on n e x t
page). I n h i g h l y acidic s o l u t i o n s , however, S t a g e II
c r a c k velocity is i n d e p e n d e n t of a p p l i e d p o t e n t i a l .
A s a r e s u l t , i n h i b i t i o n v i a c a t h o d i c p o l a r i z a t i o n is
n o t a c h i e v a b l e i n h i g h l y acidic s o l u t i o n s . Viscosity
also h a s a n effect.

Ti-811 e x h i b i t s t r a n s g r a n u l a r S C C i n m e t h a n o l like m a n y o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys. S t r e s s - c o r r o sion c r a c k i n g i n p u r e m e t h a n o l i s difficult t o obs e r v e for m a n y s u s c e p t i b l e t i t a n i u m alloys, b u t i t

i s m o r e p r o n e for T i - 8 1 1 . T h e m i n i m u m level of
w a t e r r e q u i r e d for full S C C i n h i b i t i o n d e p e n d s on

alloy c o m p o s i t i o n , m e t a l l u r g i c a l condition, t e m p e r a t u r e , h a l i d e level, acidity, a n d o t h e r species

p r e s e n t . Alloys s u s c e p t i b l e t o S C C i n distilled
w a t e r , s u c h a s step-cooled Ti-811, c a n n o t b e i n h i b i t e d r e g a r d l e s s of w a t e r c o n t e n t . I n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s S t a g e II c r a c k i n g velocity a n d

s c c

scc

scc

Methanol/
Water SCC

384 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of temperature on S C C velocity

LIVE GRAPH

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

20
30
40
50

Click here to view

a p p e a r s t o r e d u c e Ki

scc

values in pure methanol.

60

20
40
60
Stress intensity, MPaVm
Mill annealed double cantilever beam specimens, 10MHCI, open
circuit.
Source: M.J. Blackburn era/., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June
1970
-8-1 Mo-1 V: SCC velocity vs potential

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

30

0.6M neutral solution

Chloride
Bromide
iodide

-8-1 Mo-1 V: SCC velocity vs viscosity at 2 4 C

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

A

20

g>10

-1000

500

0
-500
Titanium potential, mV (SCE)

10

Relationship of stress-corrosion cracking plateau velocity to potential in 0.6/W neutral halide solutions

Methanol/
Halide SCC

L i k e o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys, t r a n s g r a n u l a r S C C
of Ti-811 i n m e t h a n o l a c c e l e r a t e s w i t h h a l o gen/halide additions. Water additions have a n inh i b i t i v e effect, a n d n u m e r o u s s p e c i e s h a v e b e e n
f o u n d t h a t i n h i b i t t r a n s g r a n u l a r ( S t a g e II) s t r e s s
c r a c k i n g i n m e t h a n o l d e p e n d i n g o n h a l i d e level.
These include n i t r a t e a n d sulfate ions, NaF, a n d
0 . 1 M c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of A l , Z r , C d , a n d S n
m e t a l l i c i o n s (Corrosion, Vol 2 7 , 1 9 7 1 , 46-48). I n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e also d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t i t a n i u m
alloy S C C i n n e u t r a l m e t h a n o l / h a l i d e s o l u t i o n s
c a n b e fully a r r e s t e d b y a p p l i e d c a t h o d i c p o t e n tials o f - 1 . 0 t o - 1 . 5 V (SCE).
+ 3

SCC in
Other
Alcohols

+ 4

100

1000

Viscosity, cP

Variation of crack velocity with viscosity in 1 HCI water-glycerine

solutions. SEN specimens; K=49 MPaVm"(45 ksiVTn7).
Source: J.A. Beavers, G.H. Koch, and W.E. Berry, Corrosion of Metals in Marine Environments, Metals and Ceramics Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, July 1986
Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: SCC in methanol

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Methanol concentration, %
25
50
75

100

Step cooled

+ 2

Although SCC susceptibility is limited primarily t o m e t h a n o l l i q u i d a n d v a p o r for m o s t c o m m e r cial t i t a n i u m alloys, a few h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e alloys
s u c h a s Ti-811 m a y a l s o b e affected b y o t h e r lowm o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t alcohols. T h e h i g h l y s u s c e p t i b l e
Ti-811 alloy u n i q u e l y e x p e r i e n c e s c r a c k i n g i n n o n halogen/halide-containing anhydrous ethanol a n d

K=27.5 MPaVm

100

75

50
25
Water concentration, %

M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report DI-82-1054, June 1970, 131

-8-1 M o - 1 V / 3 8 5

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of temperature on SCC velocity

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Methanol/halide SCC vs heat treatment

LIVE GRAPH

20

Click here to view

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

40
60
80

LIVE GRAPH
100

Click here to view

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

20
30
40

10

Mill annealed

______

50
60 C

-45__C

-
_______

-16 C

io-fc-

5 10'%--

s io fe-J

/ /

20

40
60
80
Stress intensity, MPaVm

100

120

Pure methanol, 23 C

//// /

w 10^
0

10

0C

60
30
40
50
Stress intensity, MPaVm
0.25M Kl/methanol -500 mV(SCE); double cantilever beam.
Source: M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June
1970

Crack velocity vs stress-intensity relationships for three heat treatments of double cantilever beam specimens tested in pure (Spectrograde) methanol and methanol-KI solutions at 24 C. Open symbols tested in Spectrograde. Closed symbols tested in
Spectrograde + 0.25M Kl/methanol; -500 mV (SCE); double cantilever beam.
Source M.J. Blackburn, 1970.
Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of N O 3 on crack initiation at
24 C

20

Ti-811: S C C velocity at 24 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Potential, mV

Concentration, ppm
SEN specimens.
Source: M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June
1970

e t h y l e n e glycol. T h i s p h e n o m e n o n a p p e a r s t o disa p p e a r i n t h i s alloy w h e n alcohol c a r b o n a t o m

c h a i n size e x c e e d s t h r e e .
T h e a d d i t i o n of h a l o g e n s , s u c h a s CI2, B r , or I ,
or o t h e r ( n o n o x y g e n - c o n t a i n i n g ) s t r o n g oxidizers

(i.e., F e C I s ) t o v a r i o u s a n h y d r o u s alcohols a l s o c a n
i n d u c e S C C i n a l l t i t a n i u m alloys, e v e n u n a l l o y e d
g r a d e s . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e alloy a n d on t h e o x i d i z e r
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , m u c h h i g h e r w a t e r levels a r e r e q u i r e d for S C C i n h i b i t i o n .

W i d e s p r e a d u s e of t i t a n i u m a l l o y s i n t h e aeros p a c e i n d u s t r y h a s p r o m p t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e s t u d y of
SCC in halogenated hydrocarbons common to
a e r o s p a c e p r o c e s s i n g . C a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e (CCI4)
S C C w a s first n o t e d i n T i - 8 1 1 ( s e e s e l e c t e d refere n c e s on n e x t p a g e ) . T h e t h r e s h o l d s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y
w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e a s t h a t o b s e r v e d for
S C C i n 3.5% N a C I . C r a c k v e l o c i t i e s i n C C 1 w e r e
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n t i m e s f a s t e r t h a n velocities i n
methanol. Studies o n dynamically loaded smooth
s p e c i m e n s ( c a t e g o r y 3) a l s o s h o w e d t h a t Ti-5A1-

2 . 5 S n w a s s u s c e p t i b l e t o S C C i n CCI4 a t s t r e s s e s
a p p r o a c h i n g t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of t h e alloy.
O t h e r h y d r o c a r b o n s found t o c a u s e c r a c k i n g i n
Ti-811 a n d Ti-5Al-2.5Sn a r e :

Halogenated/
Hydrocarbons

SEN specimens.
T.R. Beck and M.J. Blackburn, AIAAJ., Vol 6(No. 2), 1968, 326

Carbon tetrachloride

M e t h y l e n e chloride

M e t h y l e n e iodide

Trichloroethylene

386 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-8 A M Mo-1 V: SCC in air, butane, and decane

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: /Ciscc in various alcohols

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

100

Click here to view

100

75

50

Dry air

Decan ;

(15.5 h)

Butane

60

60

- 40 ~

50\-

20

25

2
Time, h

Mo-1 V :

K I S C C

40

75

-|eo 1
>.

Vapor/air

-|4|
cn
(0
CD

25
ISCC

(3.5% NaCI/water)

|20

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

30
40

4
6
8
Carbon atoms (alkanes)

10

12

Apparent threshold stress intensity (K

in 360 min) for mill annealed specimens (848 MPa tensile yield strength) tested in normal
alkanes with increasing number of carbon atoms.
Source: G. Sandoz, "Subcritical Crack Propagation in "-8-1 Mo1V Alloy in Organic Environments, Salt Water, and Inert Environments," Proc. Conf. Fundamental Aspects of Stress-Corrosion
Cracking, NACE, 1969, 684

Trichlorofluoroetharie
Octafluorocyclobutane
Freon

'

50
'
Spectra CCI + Iodine
1

*"

1> "
:

Spectra CCI

2 10^
c
g
10

LIVE GRAPH

810"' I No cracking \

18

1 0

Trichlorofluoromethane

12

10

S -:

isoc

20

(3.5% NaCI/water)

Apparent threshold stress intensity ( K ^ in 360 min) for mill annealed specimens (848 MPa tensile yield strength) tested in alcohols with increasing number of carbon atoms.
Threshold stress intensity for crack growth and fracture of sidegrooved V SG in. specimens ( V ) tested in normal alcohols containing increasing number of carbon atoms. Similar results with
other alcohols and glycol as indicated.
Source: G. Sandoz, "Subcritical Crack Propagation in T1-8AMM01V Alloy in Organic Environments, Salt Water, and Inert Environments," Proc. Conf. Fundamental Aspects of Stress-Corrosion
Cracking, NACE, 1969, 684

10" !

80

<2 50

lscc

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V: SCC velocity in carbon tetrachloride

in alkanes

100

4
6
8
Carbon atoms (alcohols)

20

Click here to view

/<, ( / SG)

K
Ethylene glycol

Effect of stress intensity on time to fracture of non-side-grooved 6

mm (0.25 in.) mill annealed specimens (848 MPa tensile yield
strength) tested in dry air, -butane, and />decane.
Source: G. Sandoz, "Subcritical Crack Propagation in T1-8AI-I Mo1V Alloy in Organic Environments, Salt Water and Inert Environments," Proc. Conf. Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion
Cracking, NACE, Sept 11-15,1967, 684

LIVE GRAPH

Isopropyl alcohol

Tertiary butyl alcohol

25

Ti-8AI-1

H80

Kj, SG)
75r

24

Click here to view

1

1.

....

...-L

30
36
42
48
Stress intensity, MPaVm

.1. ..

54

60

Mill annealed double cantilever beam specimens at 25 C.

Source: M.J. Blackburn ef al., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June
1970

I n m o s t of t h e s e e n v i r o n m e n t s , p r e c r a c k e d
s p e c i m e n s a r e n e e d e d for susceptibility. N o o t h e r
t i t a n i u m alloys w e r e f o u n d to b e s i m i l a r l y affected.

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/387

H.R. Herrigel, T i t a n i u m U - B e n d s i n O r g a n i c
Liquids: Effect of I n h i b i t o r s , i n "Accelerated
C r a c k P r o p a g a t i o n of T i t a n i u m b y M e t h a n o l ,
H a l o g e n a t e d H y d r o c a r b o n s , a n d O t h e r Solutions," D M I C M e m o r a n d u m 2 2 8 , D e f e n s e M e t a l s Information Center, B a t t e l l e M e m o r i a l
I n s t i t u t e , M a r c h 1967, 16
T.R. Beck, M . J . B l a c k b u r n , W.H. S m y r l , a n d
M.O. Speidel, "Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g of
T i t a n i u m Alloys: Electrochemical K i n e t i c s ,
S C C S t u d i e s w i t h Ti:8-1-1, S C C a n d P o l a r i z a t i o n C u r v e s i n Molten S a l t s , L i q u i d M e t a l E m brittlement, a n d SCC Studies With Other
T i t a n i u m Alloys," Q u a r t e r l y P r o g r e s s R e p o r t
14, C o n t r a c t N A S 7-489, B o e i n g Scientific R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , Dec 1969

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: S C C velocity in halogenated hydrocarbons

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Stress intensity, ksiVin.

40

20

S/WUI

Selected References
K.E. Weber, J . S . Fritzer, D . S . CowgiU, a n d W C .
Gillchriest, Sirnilarities i n S t r e s s Corrosion C r a c k i n g P r o c e s s e s i n S a l t W a t e r
a n d i n C a r b o n Tetrachloride, i n "Accelerated
C r a c k P r o p a g a t i o n of T i t a n i u m b y M e t h a n o l ,
H a l o g e n a t e d H y d r o c a r b o n s , a n d O t h e r Solutions," D M I C M e m o r a n d u m 2 2 8 , Defense M e t a l s Information Center, B a t t e l l e M e m o r i a l
I n s t i t u t e , M a r c h 1967, 3 9

80

100

CCI , dry&
1

^^~rrfC\

^<^n\j__^J3L-^ water saturated

>.

lie
>

60

CH I , dry
CH CI , dry

'J^L^^^"^

'

110"

""""""C"H I , water saturated

22

w
55 y*
1f

20

40

60
80
100
Stress intensity, MPaVm

120

Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: Hot-salt threshold stresses

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T.R. Beck a n d M . J . B l a c k b u r n , S t r e s s - C o r r o sion C r a c k i n g of T i t a n i u m Alloys, AZAA J., Vol

6 (No. 2), 1968, 326
C.C. S e a s t r o m a n d R.A. G o r s k i , T h e Influence
of Fluorocarbon Solvents o n T i t a n i u m Alloys,
i n "Accelerated Crack P r o p a g a t i o n of Titan i u m by Methanol, Halogenated Hydrocarbons,
a n d Other
Solutions,"
DMIC
M e m o r a n d u m 2 2 8 , Defense M e t a l s I n f o r m a t i o n Center, Battelle M e m o r i a l I n s t i t u t e ,
M a r c h 1967, 2 0

21

22

23

24
25
26
P= T(20+logf)x 10"

27

28

29

Hot-Salt
Cracking

Ti-811 is o n e of t h e l e a s t r e s i s t a n t t i t a n i u m a l loys t o h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g . O x y g e n i s n e c e s s a r y for

h o t - s a l t c r a c k i n g t o occur. A l t h o u g h t h e r o l e of
w a t e r (moisture) h a s not been clearly established,
i t a p p e a r s t h a t w a t e r i s also a n e c e s s a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o m p o n e n t i n t h e c r a c k i n g p r o c e s s ( s e e sel e c t e d r e f e r e n c es below).
Chloride, bromide, a n d iodide salts h a v e all
been shown to produce similar cracking. Fluoride
a n d h y d r o x i d e s a l t s h a v e n o t . T h e c a t i o n associa t e d w i t h t h e s a l t h a s also b e e n r e p o r t e d t o affect
c r a c k i n g susceptibility. T h e s e v e r i t y of a t t a c k h a s
b e e n s h o w n t o i n c r e a s e a s follows:

Source: R.V.Turley and C.H.Avery, Elevated-Temperature Static and

Dynamic Sea-Salt Stress Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium, ASTM STP 397, ASTM, 1965

-8-1 Mo-1 V: S C C velocity in fused salt at 375 C

Stress intensity, ksi Vin.
0

10

20

30

40

50

M g C l > S r C l > CsCl > C a C l > K C I > B a C l >

N a C I > LiCl
2

Cracking is normally i n t e r g r a n u l a r i n n a t u r e ,
b u t i t d e p e n d s l a r g e l y o n alloy t y p e . A l p h a alloys
e x h i b i t b o t h t r a n s g r a n u l a r a n d i n t e r g r a n u l a r fracture, depending on whether t h e material w a s ann e a l e d above o r b e l o w t h e t r a n s u s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A l p h a - b e t a alloys e x h i b i t p r e d o m i n a n t l y i n t e r g r a n u l a r fracture.
F r o m a practical standpoint, hot-salt cracking
appears to be a phenomenon t h a t is restricted to
t h e laboratory. A s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , n o i n - s e r v i c e
failure h a s been attributed to hot-salt cracking.

10

15 20 25 30 35 40
Stress intensity, MPaVm

45 50 55

Source: M.J. Blackburn etal., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June 1970

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

388 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
T h e likely r e a s o n for t h i s i s t h e critical r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g e n v i r o n m e n t , s t r e s s level, a n d alloy
t y p e . U n l e s s a l l of t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e m e t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a n d for e x t e n d e d t i m e , c r a c k i n g will n o t
occur.
Selected References

H . L . L o g a n , S t u d i e s of H o t - S a l t C r a c k i n g of
t h e T i t a n i u m - 8 % A l - 1 % M o - 1 % V Alloy, i n Proceedings of ConferenceFundamental
Aspects
of Stress-Corrosion
Cracking, N a t i o n a l Association of Corrosion E n g i n e e r s , 1969, 6 6 2

-8-1-1 V: SCC velocity in mercury at 24 C

Stress intensity, ksiVin.
20
30
40
50

It w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t Ti-811 is t h e only t i t a n i u m
alloy t e s t e d for S C C i n m o l t e n s a l t e n v i r o n m e n t s .
C r a c k i n g h a s b e e n observed i n p u r e chloride a n d brom i d e eutectic m e l t s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 3 0 0
a n d 500 C (570 a n d 9 3 0 F). I n g e n e r a l , i n c r e a s i n g
t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s crack velocity. C a t h o d i c protection h a s b e e n observed to i n h i b i t or stop cracking.
N i t r a t e s a l t s below 125 C (255 F) do n o t i n d u c e
cracking e v e n w h e n Cl~, B r , or I a n i o n s a r e p r e s e n t .
At higher temperatures in pure molten nitrates,
-

Metal
Embrittlement

S e v e r a l m e t a l s , b o t h i n l i q u i d a n d solid form,
have been found to induce cracking i n contact with

70

Step cooled

1100 C WQ

H.L. L o g a n , M . J . M c B e e , G.M. Ugiansky, C . J .

B e c h t o l d t , a n d B.T. S a n d e r s o n ,
Stress-Corrosion Cracking ofTitanium, S T P 3 9 7 , A m e r i c a n
Society for T e s t i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s , 1965, 2 1 5

Molten
Salt

60

Mill annealed
20
30
40
50
60
Stress intensity, MPaVm

70

80

Double cantilever beam specimens.

Source: M.J. Blackburn et al., Boeing Report D1-82-1054, June
1970

c r a c k i n g c a n occur only w h e n h a l i d e s a r e p r e s e n t
(T.R. B e c k et al., Q u a r t e r l y P r o g r e s s R e p o r t 14, Boei n g Scientific R e s e a r c h Laboratories, D e c 1969).

t i t a n i u m alloys. Ti-811 h a s k n o w n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o
c a d m i u m , m e r c u r y , a n d silver b r a z i n g alloys.

Thermal Properties
Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: M e a n t h e r m a l c o e f f i c i e n t of linear
expansion

Thermal
Expansion

Specific Heat. At room t e m p e r a t u r e , 502

j / k g . (0.120 B t u / l b F)
M e l t i n g T e m p e r a t u r e . About 1540 C (2800F)

Temperature
F

0-100
0-315
0-540
0-650

Mean thermal coefficient of expansion

lQ-*/F
-*/

32-212
32-600
32-1000
32-1200

8.5
9.0
10.1
10.3

4.7
5.0
5.6
5.7

Source: "Chase Extrusions," Chase Brass and Copper

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

500

Temperature, F
1000
j

11

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Thermal expansion at low temperature

1500

........ ,

-400

-300

Temperature, F
-200 -100
0

LIVE GRAPH

100

Click here to view

H6.0

- 5.8

LL

H5.6 *

10

H5.4 r
/

Betwe en21C (70 F)

and in dicated temp jrature
All pre duct forms

- 5.2

~- -100

5.0

H4.8

-150

-U.6
-200
250

500
Temperature, C

750

1000

Source: "Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle

Structures," MIL-HDBK-5E, Vol 2,1987

-180

-90
Temperature, C
Alloy used as 19 mm (0.750 in.) diameter rod, single annealed.
Source: Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, Vol 1, AFML-TR-64280, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, revised 1970

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/389

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Coefficient of linear expansion

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

200
12

Temperature, F
600 800 1000 1200 1400

1 1 1

400

STA bar
6.0
eg

10

5.5

5.0

4.5
200

400
Temperature, C

600

800

Alloy used as bar, heat treated at 900 C (1650 F) for 1 h and air
cooled, then aged at 595 C (1100 F) for 24 h and air cooled.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: Thermal conductivity

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Thermal conductivity

Temperature, F
200

400

Temperature, F
600
800 1000

Click here to view

1200 1400

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

200

Temperature, C
Source: "Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle
Structures," MIL-HDBK-5E, Vol 2,1987

400
Temperature, C

600

800

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties are also included in "Heat Treatment" section

Design
Allowables

Ti-8 AI-1 Mo-1 V: S-basis tensile properties of plate, bar, and forgings
Product thickness

Ultimate tensile strength(a)

MPa
ksi

Tensile yield strength(a)

MPa
ksi

Elongation(a),

Single-annealed plate per MIL-T-9046

4.7-13
13-25
25-64
64-100

0.1875-0.500
0.50-1.000
1.00-2.500
2.50^1.000

999
965
896
827(b)

145
140
130
120(b)

930
896
827
758(b)

135
130
120
110(b)

896
896
862
827

130
130
125
120

827
827
793
758

120
120
115
110

10
10
10
8(b)

Duplex-annealed plate per MIL-T-9046

4.7-13
13-25
25-50
50-100

0.1875-0.500
0.50-1.000
1.00-2.000
2.00-4.000

10
10
10
8
(continued)

390 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-8 A M Mo-1 V: S-basis tensile properties of plate, bar, and forgings (continued)
P r o d u c t thickness

Tensile yield strength(a)

ksi
MPa

Ultimate tensile strength(a)

MPa
ksi

Elongation(a),
%

Single-annealed bar per MIL-T-9047

<64(c)
64-100(c)

<2.5O0(c)
2.50-4.000(c)

896(d)
827(b)

130(d)
120(b)

827
758(b)

120(d)
110(b)

10(d)
lOTdXe)

130(f)
120(g)

827(f)
758(g)

120(0
110(g)

10(f)
10(g)

Solution treated and stabilized forging (AMS 4973)

<63
64-100

896(f)
827(g)

<2.499
2.500-4.000

(a) Applicable in the longitudinal and long transverse directions, except as noted, (b) Applicable in ST direction, providing ST dimension is
greater than 75 mm (3.00 in.), (c) Maximum of 103 cm (16 in. ) area, (d) Applicable in LT dimension if it is greater than 75 mm (3.0 in.), (e)
ST elongation is 8% if ST dimension is greater than 75 mm (3.0 in.), (f) Applicable in LT dimension if it is greater than 63.5 mm (2.5 in.), (g)
Applicable in both LT and ST direction. Source: MIL-HDBK-5, Dec 1991
2

Ti-8 A M Mo-1 V: S-basis mechanical properties of sheet

Thickness,
Single
annealed
m m (in.)
F , MPa (ksi):
L
LT
ST
F,y,MPa(ksi):
L
LT
ST
F ,MPa(ksi):
L
LT
ST
F ,MPa(ksi):
F ,MPa(ksi):
(elD = 1.5)
(e/D =2.0)
F MPa(ksi):
(e/D =1.5)
(e/D = 2.0)
EL,%
L
LT
ST
m

<4.7 (<0.1875)

Duplex
annealed
0.4-0.6
0.6-4.7
(0.015-0.024)
(0.025-0.1875)

999(145)
999(145)

930(135)
930(135)

930(135)
930(135)

930(135)
930(135)

827(120)
827(120)

827(120)
827(120)

993(144)
1027(149)

868(126)
868(126)

868(126)
868(126)

641(93)

579 (84)

579 (84)

1648 (239)
2027 (294)

1537 (223)
1854(269)

1537 (223)
1854(269)

1351 (196)
1475 (214)

1199(174)
1317(191)

1199(174)
1317(191)

cy

su

bru

bir

(a)
(a)

10
10

(a) 0.2 to 0.3 mm (0.008 to 0.014 in.) thickness, 6%; 0.4 to 0.6 mm
(0.015 to 0.024 in.) thickness, 8%; >0.6 mm (>0.025 in.) thickness,
10%. Source: MIL-HDBK-5 per AMS 4915 and MTL-T-9046, Comp
A-4

Hardness

Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of hydrogen content on hardness

Thickness
Processing/condition
As received, mill annealed
As received, mill annealed
Annealed at 870 C(1600 F) in vacuum, 8 h, furnace cooled
Annealed at 870 C(1600 F)in vacuum, 8 h, furnace cooled (twice)
Annealed at 870 C(1600 F), hydrogenated, 8 h, furnace cooled
Annealed at 1065 C( 1945 F)in vacuum, 4 h, furnace cooled

mm
17
17
17
17
17
15

in.
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.673
0.597

Hydrogen,
ppm
14-21
14-21
5
7
39
21

Hardness,
HRC
36
36
33
33
33
-30

Note: Alloy was received in the hot rolled and mill annealed condition. Chemical composition was 7.92 wt% Al, 0.03 wt% C, 0.15 wt% Fe,
as indicated, 0.98 wt% Mo, 0.01 wt% N, 0.11 wt% O, and 1.01 wt% V. Source: D. Meyn, "Effect of Hydrogen on Fracture and Inert-Environment Sustained Load Cracking Resistance of Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys," Metall. Trans., Vol 5,1974, 2405

Next Page
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V/391

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Effect of solution temperature on

hardness

LIVE GRAPH
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-8-1 Mo-1 V: Typical room-temperature hardness

Product condition
Duplex annealed
Unwelded sheet
Single-bead weld

Hardness
Rockwell C
Knoop
35 HRC
36HRC
35.2 HRC

325
345

Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 2,10th ed., 1990, 617-621

Solution temperature, C
Alloy was supplied in the form of 64 mm (2.5 in.) square bar stock.
Chemical composition was 7.6 wt% Al, 0.022 wt% C, 0.06 wt% Fe,
0.005 wt% H, 1.1 wt% Mo, 0.008 wt% N, 0.09 wt% O, and 1.1 wt%
V. Hardness measurements were made on 13 mm (0.5 in.) cubes in
the plane normal to the rolling direction. Cube surfaces had been
ground at least 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) and mechanically polished. Hardness was also determined for Jominy bar that had been sectioned
along the center line and surface ground. Specimens were solution
treated in air for 1 h, followed by brine quench.
Source: P. Fopiano and C. Hickey, T h e Effect of Heat Treatment on
the Mechanical Properties of the Alloy "-8-1 Mo-1 V," in Vtanium,
Science and Technology, R. Jaffee and H. Burte, Ed., 1973, 2009

Typical
Tensile
Properties

-8-1 Mo-1 V: Typical transverse tensile strengths

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V: Typical longitudinal tensile

strengths

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Sheet thickness, mm
Data were from four heats of sheet mill annealed at 785 C (1450
F),4h.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966

Sheet thickness, mm
Data were from four heats of sheet mill annealed at 785 C (1450
F),4h.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1966

Ti-11 / 409

Ti-11
Ti-6AI-2Sn-1.5Zr-1 Mo-0.35Bi-0.1 Si
N o l o n g e r p r o d u c e d , Ti-11 w a s d e v e l o p e d b y TIM E T for i m p r o v e d c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e a n d stability.

Ti-11 w a s n o t c o m m e r c i a l l y m a r k e t e d b e c a u s e
q u a l i f i c a t i o n c o s t s e x c e e d e d t h e t e c h n i c a l benefit.

Ti-11: Creep behavior comparison

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6246
Ti-6242
Ti-11

Click here to view

Ti-11: Summary of typical physical properties

10'
28

30

32
34
P= 7(20 + log f) 10"

36

Larson-Miller comparison of creep behavior for beta forged and annealed Ti-11 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo. 0.2%
creep deformation. Annealed, AC condition for Ti-11.

4.5 g/cm (0.162 lb/in. )

5 0 - 1015 C ( 1 8 0 0 - 1860F)
Nonmagnetic

Density(a)
Beta transus
Magnetic permeability

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to 78

F)

Ti-11: Typical Tensile properties of 25 mm (1 in.) thick beta forged pancakes

Process
cooling(a)
AC

OQ

OQ

WQ

Annealing
treatments
1065 C (1950 F),
15 min, A C + 705
C(1300F), l h ,
AC
815C(1500
F), 1 h, OQ + 595
C(110OF),8h,
AC
705 C( 1300
F), 1 h, OQ + 595
C(1100F),8h,
AC
705 C( 1300
F), l h . A C

Test
temperature

540

strength
MPa
ksi

123

937

136

Reduction
Elongation

of area,

16

29

434
951

63
138

565
1048

82
152

40
26

1000

517
944

75
137

675
1041

151

40
32

930
524

135
76

1034
682

150
99

RT
RT
540

Ultimate tensile

1000
RT

540

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

1000

(a) Cooling method directly off the forging press

Source: Titanium Science and Technology, (Jaffe and Burte, ed), Vol 4, 1973, 2219-2225

16

34

TIMETAL* 1100/411

I TIMETAL 1100
Ti-6AI-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si
Ti-1100
UNS No.: Unassigned
Tom O'Connell, TIMET
- 1 1 0 0 is a n e a r - a l p h a alloy d e v e l o p e d for elev a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e u s e u p t o 6 0 0 C (1100 F). I t
w a s developed to be u s e d primarily in t h e betap r o c e s s e d ( b e t a - w o r k e d or b e t a - a n n e a l e d ) condit i o n . Ti-1100 offers t h e h i g h e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of
strength, creep resistance, fracture toughness,
a n d s t a b i l i t y of a n y c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t i t a n i u m alloy. I t is a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d for c a s t i n g s .
E f f e c t s o f A l l o y i n g a n d I m p u r i t i e s . T h e effects of t i n , i r o n , o x y g e n , silicon, z i r c o n i u m , m o l y b d e n u m , a n d a l u m i n u m on creep, s t r e n g t h , a n d stab i l i t y of Ti-1100 h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d . T h e alloy
d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m b e g a n w i t h t h e s c r e e n i n g of
over 2 5 0 c o m p o s i t i o n s of b u t t o n (250-g) h e a t s .
These studies identified compositions t h a t were
s c a l e d t o 4 5 - k g (100-lb) h e a t s t o p r o v i d e forged
p r o d u c t for e v a l u a t i o n . T h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g of
t h e s e alloys w e r e t h e n scaled to several 815-kg
(1800-lb) h e a t s for m e l t i n g a n d c o n v e r s i o n s t u d i e s
a s well a s t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s i n g ( T M P )
s t u d i e s . T h i s successful p r o g r e s s i o n c u l m i n a t e d
w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d e v a l u a t i o n of a p r o d u c t i o n - s i z e d 3 6 3 0 - k g (8000-lb) ingot. T h e o u t c o m e of
t h i s alloy d e v e l o p m e n t s t u d y w a s a c o m p o s i t i o n
c o n s i s t i n g of
Ti-6Al-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si0.07(V0.02Fe(max).
T h i s alloy is c l e a r l y a m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e Ti6242-Si alloy t h a t is so w i d e l y u s e d today. Alt h o u g h t h e c h e m i s t r y differences w o u l d a p p e a r t o
b e s u b t l e , t h e y a r e q u i t e d r a m a t i c i n t h e i r effect o n
c r e e p r e s p o n s e , a s i n d i c a t e d below:
S i l i c o n : C r e e p r e s i s t a n c e i s significantly enh a n c e d u p to 0.5% silicon, b u t b e y o n d t h a t
p o i n t post-creep ductility (stability) i s compromised with no further creep enhancement.
T i n : A s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s for t i n , w i t h
s t a b i l i t y sacrificed above t h e 3 % level.
I r o n : I r o n d e m o n s t r a t e s a s t r o n g effect o n
t i m e to 0.2% creep s t r a i n a t t h e 510 C (950
F), 4 1 0 M P a (59 ksi) t e s t condition, n e c e s s i t a t i n g i r o n levels well below t h o s e typically enc o u n t e r e d i n t h e Ti-6242-Si alloy.
A l u m i n u m : T h e a l u m i n u m level i n t h e n e w
alloy w a s k e p t a t 6% d u e t o s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e m s
a t h i g h e r levels a n d s t r e n g t h p r o b l e m s a t
l o w e r levels.

Z i r c o n i u m : Zirconium w a s k e p t h i g h t o prom o t e a u n i f o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n of silicides i n light

of t h e h i g h silicon level. T h u s , t h e c h e m i s t r y of
t h i s alloy w a s o p t i m i z e d n o t only for creep
s t r e n g t h , b u t also for stability, s t r e n g t h , a n d
uniformity.
S p o n g e a n d M e l t i n g P r a c t i c e . Ti-1100, d u e
t o i t s e x t r e m e l y low i r o n l i m i t , r e q u i r e s a select
g r a d e of t i t a n i u m s p o n g e . However, s p o n g e cont a i n i n g r o u g h l y 100 p p m i r o n (0.01%) h a s b e e n
produced on a commercial basis, a n d no problems
e x i s t c o n c e r n i n g r a w m a t e r i a l supply. I n t e r m s of
m e l t i n g , t h e h i g h silicon c o n t e n t of t h i s alloy calls
for special c o n t r o l s d u r i n g v a c u u m a r c r e m e l t i n g ,
e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e t h i r d a n d final m e l t . However, Ti550 (Ti-4Al-2Sn-4Mo-0.5Si) h a s a c o m p a r a b l e silicon c o n t e n t , a n d t h i s alloy h a s b e e n successfully
m e l t e d for s e v e r a l y e a r s .
P r o d u c t F o r m s . Ti-1100 h a s b e e n p r o c e s s e d
successfully t o billet, bar, s h e e t , a n d w e l d w i r e .
Forgings have been produced using isothermal
a n d w a r m die m e t h o d s , a n d foil h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d
for u s e i n m e t a l m a t r i x c o m p o s i t e s .
I n v e s t m e n t castings have been produced. The
l a c k of a q u e n c h r e q u i r e m e n t from t h e s o l u t i o n
t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e m a y e n h a n c e t h e producibility of c a s t i n g s . N o d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e o n P/M
products.
P r o d u c t C o n d i t i o n . T h e t w o s t a n d a r d condit i o n s r e c o m m e n d e d for t h e alloy a r e (1) b e t a proce s s e d (T> 1 0 6 5 C, 1950 F) a n d a n n e a l e d ( = 5 9 5
C, 1100 F) a n d (2) a l p h a - b e t a p r o c e s s e d ; b e t a a n n e a l e d (T > 1065 C, 1 9 5 0 F) p l u s a n n e a l ( T = 5 9 5
C, 1100 F).
T h e alloy h a s only a s l i g h t r e s p o n s e t o cooling
r a t e or s e c t i o n size from t h e s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t (or
p r o c e s s i n g ) t e m p e r a t u r e . Very r a p i d q u e n c h e s increase strength and decrease elevated-temperat u r e c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e . Ti-1100 g e n e r a l l y is u s e d i n
t h e b e t a - p r o c e s s e d or b e t a h e a t - t r e a t e d condition,
b u t i t is p r o v i d e d i n a n e q u i a x e d a l p h a - b e t a condit i o n for t h e p r o d u c t forms t o e n h a n c e processibility.
A p p l i c a t i o n s . Ti-1100 is d e s i g n e d for a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g e x c e l l e n t c r e e p s t r e n g t h or f r a c t u r e
p r o p e r t i e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to a p p r o x i m a t e l y
6 0 0 C (1100 F). H i g h - p r e s s u r e c o m p r e s s o r d i s k s ,
low-pressure turbine blades, and automotive
valves are typical examples.

Ti-1100: Typical composition range

Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

Al

Sn

Zr

5.7
6.3
6.0

2.4
3.0
2.7

3.5
4.5
4.0

Fe
0.02

Composition, wt%
Mo

Si

0.35
0.50
0.40

0.35
0.50
0.45

0.09
0.07

0.03

C
0.04

412 / A l p h a a n d N e a r - A l p h a Alloys

Physical Properties

P h a s e s a n d S t r u c t u r e s . Typical m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s for Ti-1100 i n c l u d e e q u i a x e d - for b i l l e t

a n d s h e e t stock. I t a l s o t r a n s f o r m s t o a W i d m a n s t a t t e n or colony + s t r u c t u r e d e p e n d i n g on cooli n g r a t e . T h e effects of c o o l i n g r a t e o n t h e t r a n s f o r m e d s t r u c t u r e a r e a s follows: a l p h a - b e t a
p r o c e s s i n g w i t h a n o r m a l cooling r a t e r e s u l t s i n
e q u i a x e d p r i m a r y p l u s t r a n s f o r m e d w i t h a colony structure plus suicides; beta processing with
r a p i d cooling r e s u l t s i n a W i d m a n s t a t t e n s t r u c t u r e , w h e r e a s slower cooling after processing r e s u l t s i n a colony s t r u c t u r e .
In addition to a n d p h a s e s , v a r i o u s suicides
e x i s t for b o t h + o r p r o c e s s e d c o n d i t i o n s . T h e
silicide s o l v u s h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d a t b e t w e e n 1 0 3 0
a n d 1065 C (1885 a n d 1 9 5 0 F). T h e a - 2 s o l v u s i s
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 4 0 C ( 1 3 6 5 F). T h e t r a n s u s i s
n o m i n a l l y 1 0 1 5 C ( 1 8 6 0 F).
T i - 1 1 0 0 : Electrical resistivity vs temperature

200

LIVE GRAPH

400

Ti Al (Oj) solvus
Beta transus (nominal)
Silicide solvus
Calculated liquidus point
Density(a)
Modulus of elasticity(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heatcapacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Coefficient of linear expansion
Calculated solidus
3

~740C(1365F)
1015 C (1860 F)
1030 to 1065 C (1885 to 1950 F)
1637 C(2978 F)
4.5 g/cnv (0.163 lb/in. )
107 to 117 GPa (15.5 to 17 X 10ps>)
1.8
Nonmagnetic
545 J/kg (0.13 Btu/lb F)
7 W/m (4 Btu/ft hF)
8.5xl0- /C(4.7xl0- /F)
1615 C (2939 F)
1

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F)

T i - 1 1 0 0 : Specific heat vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200 1400

200
0.7

1.95

Click here to view

T i - 1 1 0 0 : Summary of typical physical properties

Temperature, F
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
"Constant pressure specific heat

1.90
w 0.4
1.85

0.1

1.80
200

400
Temperature, C

800

600

200

400
600
Temperature, C

800

Resistivity (R) for beta forged plus annealed material between 25

and 750 C (77 and 1380 F) has been determined to fit the expression: fl(10 m) = 178 + 0.057 T+ 5 1 CT T

The specific heat (Cp) for beta-processed material between 25 and

750 C (77 and 1380 F) can be expressed as: C (cal/g -C)=0.117
+ 6.7x10 (7)

T i - 1 1 0 0 : Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

T i - 1 1 0 0 : Thermal conductivity

-8

LIVE GRAPH

200

400

-4

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200 1400

200

400

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200 1400

Click here to view

8.0
0

200

400
Temperature, C

600

800

The thermal coefficient of linear expansion (a) between 25 and

750 C (77 and 1380 F) for beta-processed material is given by:
(ppm/C) = 8.12 + 8 . 1 7 ^ - 1.37 10" T
+10 7
5

_ 8

200

400
Temperature, C

600

800

Thermal conductivity (Q) between 25 and 750 C (77 and 1380 F)

for beta-processed material follows the equation: Q (W/m C) =
6.62+1.27x10 T
_2

T I M E T A L * 1 1 0 0 / 413

Mechanical Properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
C r e e p P r o p e r t i e s . It h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d
t h a t beta processing greatly improves t h e creep res i s t a n c e of Ti-1100 a n d t h a t t h e q u e n c h r a t e f r o m
t h e b e t a forging or a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e will
s u b t l y affect t h e creep r e s i s t a n c e . F a s t e r cooling
(i.e., oil q u e n c h v e r s u s a i r cool) will i m p r o v e t h e
h i g h - s t r e s s , l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e p o r t i o n of t h e L a r s o n - M i l l e r plot a t t h e e x p e n s e of t h e l o w - s t r e s s ,
h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e portion of t h e p l o t . A l p h a - b e t a
processed material h a s higher s t r e n g t h a n d ductili t y a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s , b u t h a s d e c r e a s e d
s t r e n g t h a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s (600 C, o r 1110 F).

Ti-1100: Typical 0 . 2 % creep of beta forged material

10'

at 4 1 3 M P a and 5 1 0 "C
at 2 7 5 M P a and 5 6 5 C
at 1 6 5 M P a and 5 9 5 "C

550 C /

600 C

18

650 C

19

20

22

21

P= (T, C + 2 7 3 ) ( 2 0 + log t ) / 1 0 0 0

Ti-1100: Yield and tensile strength v s temperature

Ti-1100: Tensile ductility v s temperature

LIVE GRAPH
LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

400

600

800

Click here to view

Temperature, F

Temperature, F
1000

200
1

1200
3d

400

'

600
1

25

20l

800

1000

1200

Elongation
Reduction of area

Q 15

10
5
0

1 00

200

300

400

500

600

700

Temperature, C

Fatigue
Properties

.0

Beta forged and anneaied

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Temperature, C

F a t i g u e Crack Growth. Room t e m p e r a t u r e

d a t a are shown. High-temperature crack growth is
r e p o r t e d i n Met. Trans., Vol 2 4 A, 1 3 2 1 .

Ti-1100: Room-temperature fatigue crack growth

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-1100: Fatigue strength at 10 cycles

Temperature
C
F
e

22

71

480

895

1.0
3.0
1.0
3.0

Fatigue strength(a)
MPa
ksi
655
250
500
235

(a) Beta forged and annealed; tested at 30 Hz; R = 0.1

95
36
72
34
10

10'
, MPaVm

Ti-1100 demonstrates excellent crack growth resistance compared

to other conventional alloys from RT to 600 C (1110 F).
Isothermally forged plus annealed. Tested at 23 C (75 F); 20 Hz; R
= 0.1

414 / A l p h a a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Fracture
Properties

Ti-1100: Fracture toughness of beta forged and annealed material

Heat
treatment
1095 C (2000 F), FAC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h
1095 C (2000 F), OQ + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h
1150 C (2100 F), FAC + 705 C (1300 F), 8 h
1095 C (2000 F), FAC + 995 C (1825 F), 1 h + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h
1095 C (2000 F), FAC + 1095 C (2000 F), 0.5 h + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h
995 C (1825 F), FAC + 995 C (1825 F), 1 h + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h
995 C (1825 F), FAC + 1095 C (2000 F), 0.5 h + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h

Fracture t o u g h n e s s (Klc)
Exposed at
As
650 C (1200 F)
for 3 0 0 h
processed
MPaVm
ksiVin.
ksiVin.
MPaVm
62.9
63.7
53.5
64.1
71.0
39.4
75.9

57.2
57.9
48.7
58.3
64.6
35.8
69.0

43.5
40.2
45.7
53.2
48.3
30.3
44.4

39.6
36.6
41.6
48.4
43.9
27.5
40.4

Note: A s expected, t h e a l p h a - b e t a h e a t t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l h a s t h e l o w e s t fracture toughniBSS.

Processing

Forging

C a s t i n g . I n a c a s t i n g study, t h e s t r e n g t h of Ti1100 w a s f o u n d t o b e e q u i v a l e n t to c a s t Ti-6A12 S n - 4 Z r - 2 M o a t 5 4 0 C (1000 F), b u t w a s s t r o n g e r

a t 5 9 5 C (1100 F). Ti-1100 is s o m e w h a t w e a k e r i n
t h i c k cross s e c t i o n s t h a n t h i n o n e s a n d e x h i b i t s a
significant c r e e p a d v a n t a g e r e l a t i v e t o Ti-6A12 S n - 4 Z r - 2 M o . I t a l s o h a s h i g h e r low-cycle f a t i g u e
s t r e n g t h a t 5 5 0 C (1022 F) t h a n Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo.
F o r m i n g . Ti-1100 p o s s e s s e s l i m i t e d cold formability a n d b e h a v e s s i m i l a r l y to Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo i n cold a n d h o t forming. A l t h o u g h t h e +
w i n d o w is r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l , t h e alloy h a s d e m o n -

s t r a t e d s u p e r p l a s t i c i t y i n a s i m u l a t e d manufacturing environment.
M a c h i n i n g . Ti-1100 m a c h i n e s essentially the
s a m e a s Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.
J o i n i n g . W e l d i n g a n d b r a z i n g of Ti-1100 is
s i m i l a r to Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.
R o l l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d texture format i o n a r e s i m i l a r t o Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.
S u r f a c e T r e a t m e n t s . A l t h o u g h material-specific surface t r e a t m e n t s h a v e n o t been fully explored, Ti-1100 s h o u l d b e h a v e essentially the
s a m e a s Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.

Ti-1100 m a y b e h a m m e r forged or p r e s s forged

u s i n g i s o t h e r m a l , w a r m die, or c o n v e n t i o n a l die
m e t h o d s . T h e r e s u l t i n g properties will v a r y d e p e n d i n g on t h e effective cooling r a t e a n d s t r a i n r a t e of t h e
deformation process. F i n e r s t r u c t u r e s will r e s u l t i n
h i g h e r tensile s t r e n g t h a t t h e e x p e n s e of creep
strength at high temperatures. Forging below t h e
t r a n s u s followed b y a b e t a a n n e a l to o b t a i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e g e n e r a l l y is n o t recomm e n d e d . However, early forging o p e r a t i o n s (e.g., p r e form block) m a y b e conducted i n t h e s u b t r a n s u s field
w i t h t h e finish forging conducted i n t h e field.
As w i t h o t h e r difficult to fabricate n e a r - alloys,
precoats or o t h e r surface coating t e c h n i q u e s a r e e s sential on billet stock a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e forging
s h a p e s d u r i n g f u r n a c i n g for forging o p e r a t i o n s . Ti1100 m a y b e sensitive to t h e excessive f o r m a t i o n of a
case d u r i n g r e h e a t i n g processes, w h i c h m a y l e a d to
u n d u e surface c r a c k i n g i n forging deformation. A s
w i t h other alloys, care m u s t b e exercised i n t h e u s e
of dry a b r a s i v e g r i n d i n g t e c h n i q u e s u s e d for c r a c k r e pair.
R e c o m m e n d e d Forging Temperatures. The
r e c o m m e n d e d b e t a forging r a n g e is 1090 to 1120 C
(1990 to 2050 F). Conventional forging is n o t recomm e n d e d for t h i s alloy. Die t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e l i s t e d i n
"Technical N o t e 4: Forging."
To achieve d e s i r e d e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e a n d
creep p e r f o r m a n c e characteristics, Ti-1100 is designed to be b e t a processed, c r e a t i n g a t r a n s f o r m e d ,
W i d m a n s t a t t e n -type m i c r o s t r u c t u r e , w i t h m i n i -

m u m grain b o u n d a r y a. To d a t e , thermomechanical
processing w o r k w i t h t h e alloy suggests that forging, followed by a n a p p r o p r i a t e post-forging cooling
process based on section size, a n d final stabilization
t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t provides o p t i m u m properties.
S u b t r a n s u s f o r g i n g a n d b e t a heat treatment is
not currently r e c o m m e n d e d because Ti-1100, as a
n e a r - a l p h a alloy, is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by high unit pressures. However, h o t w o r k i n g above t h e transus is
not cumulative; t h u s , if m u l t i p l e forging steps are required (e.g., preform, block, a n d finish), early forging
operations m a y b e c o n d u c t e d subtransus, with the
finish forging b e i n g c o n d u c t e d above the transus
w i t h a sufficiently h i g h level of work.
S u p r a - t r a n s u s , b e t a f o r g i n g of Ti-1100 significantly reduces u n i t p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s and crack
sensitivity a n d is c o n d u c t e d from a temperature
above t h e suicide s o l v u s 1 0 4 0 C (1905 F)-to
avoid excessive suicide formation. Typically, beta
forging reductions of 50 to 7 5 % a r e recommended for
Ti-1100. Low levels of deformation above the trans u s should be avoided.
P o s t - F o r g i n g T r e a t m e n t . The post-forging
cooling r a t e is n o t h i g h l y critical, a n d generally an air
cool is sufficient. However, for thicker section forgings, fan cooling or oil q u e n c h i n g m a y be required to
achieve final p a r t m e c h a n i c a l properties. Final stabilization age t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s may be adjusted
to modify final s t r e n g t h properties. Stabilization
t r e a t m e n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y i n t h e r a n g e of 500 to 650
C (930 to 1200 F).

IMI 2 3 0 / 4 1 5

I IMI 230
Ti-2.5Cu

A s a b i n a r y a l l o y c o n t a i n i n g 2.5 w t % copper,
IMI 230 combines t h e formability and weldability
of u n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m w i t h i m p r o v e d m e c h a n i c a l
properties particularly at elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s .
T h i s alloy c a n b e u s e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 3 5 0
C (660 F) a n d i s u s e d in t h e a n n e a l e d c o n d i t i o n a s
s h e e t , forgings a n d e x t r u s i o n s for f a b r i c a t i n g comp o n e n t s s u c h a s b y p a s s d u c t s of g a s t u r b i n e engines. Aging t r e a t m e n t raises room-temperature
t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s b y a b o u t 2 5 % , a n d a l m o s t doubles t h e e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e p r o p e r t i e s (e.g.,
c r e e p a t 2 0 0 C).

P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d C o n d i t i o n . IMI 230 h a s
a s t r u c t u r e c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y of a s u p e r s a t u r a t e d
solid solution of copper i n a l p h a (close-packed
h e x a g o n ) t i t a n i u m in t h e s o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d s t a t e .
T h i s s t r u c t u r e is a m e n a b l e t o a n a g e - h a r d e n i n g r e a c t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h a t in t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l Al-CuM g t y p e of alloy. T h e a g i n g t r e a t m e n t c a u s e s p r e c i p i t a t i o n of a finely d i v i d e d c o m p o u n d , T i C u ,
g i v i n g t h e u s u a l s t r a i n - h a r d e n i n g effect. Available
f o r m s i n c l u d e billet, bar, r o d , w i r e , e x t r u d e d sect i o n s , a n d s h e e t . S h e e t , e x t r u s i o n s , a n d b a r for m a c h i n i n g a r e s u p p l i e d a n n e a l e d , a n d solution
t r e a t e d ( s u i t a b l e for aging).
2

Physical Properties

IMI 230: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

IMI 230: Thermal expansion

89510C(1645 20F)
Not Available
4.56 g/cm (0.165 lbf/in. )
-0.65 m
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
13 W/m (7.5 Btu/ft h F )
9.02 x 1 Or / C (5 1 Cr / F)
3

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to 78

F). 0b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 100 C (212 F)

Temperature range
C
F
20-100
20-200
20-300
20-400
20-500
20-600
20-700
20-800

68-212
68-390
68-570
68-750
68-930
68-1110
68-1290
68-1470

Mean thermal coefficient

of l i n e a r expansion
/ F
10^/C
6

5.01
4.85
5.05
5.16
5.26
5.25
5.34
5.22

9.02
8.73
9.10
9.29
9.47
9.46
9.62
9.39

The linear dimensional change on aging is between nil and 0.2%. The
thermal expansion coefficient is similar to other titanium alloys.

IMI 230: Electrical resistivity

IMI 230: Young's modulus

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Temperature, F
200
400
600

200

Temperature, F
400
600
800

1000

120

110
= 100

100
200
300
Temperature, C

400

500

100

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

416 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 230: Thermal conductivity

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

100

Temperature, F
400
600
800

200
300
400
Temperature, C

1000

500

600

Mechanical Properties

IMI 230: Specification properties

Condition
a n d form
Annealed sheet
STA sheet
Annealed bar
andforgingstock
STA bar and
forging stock

Specification B e n d r a d i u s
BSTA21
BS TA52
BSTA22and23

27"(max)(a)
27"(max)(a)

BSTA53and54

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength ( min)
MPa
ksi

Minimum
elongation,
%

Minimum
KA.

540-700
690-920
540-770

78-101
100-133
78-111

460
550
400

66.7
80
58

18(b)
10(b)
16(c)

35

650-880

94-127

525

76

10(c)

25

(a) Bend radius from 0.5 to 3 mm (0.02 to 0.12 in.) only, (b) Elongation on 50 mm (2 in.) with thickness above 0.9 mm (0.035 in.), (c) Elongation
on5D.

IMI 230: Typical room-temperature properties

IMI 230 is relatively free from directionality apart from yield strength which is about 30 to 80 MPa (4 to 12 ksi) higher in the

transverse direction.

0.1%-0.2%

Condition
a n d form
Annealed
sheet
Solution
treated sheet
(transverse)
STA sheet (c)
STA sheet
(transverse)
Annealed bar
Solution
treated bar
STAbar(c)
STA bar
Annealed extrusion
STA extrusion

Thickness
mm
in.
1.3

1.3
13
13

Bend
radius

Elongation,

RA,

480

70

24

620
1.5

620

90

510-530

74-77(b)

24

27/

770
770

112
112

585
650-660

85
94-96(b)

22
24

655
630

95
91

480
500(d)

70
72

27
27

45
41
40
30

0.05

0.5

tensile yield
strength(a)
ksi
MPa

90

0.05

0.5

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

793
740
630

115
107
91

620
580
500

90
84(d)
72.5

22
22
30

790

115

670

97

28

(a) 0.1% yield stress unless noted, (b) 0.1 and 0.2% yield stress, respectively, (c) STA treatment: 850 C (1560 F), plus 24 h at 400 C (750 F),
8 h at 475 C (885 F), air cooled, (d) 0.2% yield stress

IMI 2 3 0 / 4 1 7

IMI 230: Typical creep strength

Exposure
temperature

Stress to produce 0.1% plastic

strain in 300-h exposure

Condition

Annealed

100
215
300
400

212
420
575
750

Solution treated and aged

MPa

ksi

255
235
215
185

37
34
31
27

IMI 230: Typical fatigue properties

F a t i g u e strength
1 0 cycles(a)
MPa
ksi

Tensile strength
MPa
ksi

Fatigue
ratio

Rod, direct stress

640
790

Annealed
Aged
Aged,
notched
AT, = 3.3

Rod,rotatingbend

600

Annealed
Aged

790

93
115

87
115

0.43
0.58

280
470

40
68

200

29

370
+450

53.5

150
290

21.75
42

390
490

56.5
71

0.62
0.57

+65

Rod,rotatingbend at 400 C
Annealed
Aged

Sheet, reversed bend

Annealed
Aged

565
770

82
112

760

110

0.68
0.64

Sheet, direct stress

0-570

0-82.5

(a) A sign implies a stress ratio of J? :

LIVE GRAPH

IMI 230: Tensile properties vs temperature

Click here to view

Temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH

-200

200

400

600

Temperature, F
800

1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Click here to view

-200

200

400

600

100

200

300

400

500

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

I M I T i t a n i t i m 230 is v e r y e a s y to forge. A cert a i n a m o u n t of forging i n t h e a l p h a + b e t a field is r e q u i r e d t o develop o p t i m u m p r o p e r t i e s . T h e i d e a l

forging p r e h e a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e is 800 t o 820 C
(1470 t o 1500 F), t h o u g h a p r e h e a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e of 8 5 0 C (1560 F) is c o m m o n l y u s e d . I t may,
on occasion, be p e r m i s s i b l e t o go a s h i g h a s 8 7 5 C
(1600 F) for i n i t i a l r o u g h i n g o p e r a t i o n s , p r o v i d e d
t h a t a r e d u c t i o n of a t l e a s t 2 - t o - l or 4 - t o - l is s u b -

sequently carried out at the lower t e m p e r a t u r e .

I M I 2 3 0 is a n e a s i e r alloy to w o r k t h a n t h e wellk n o w n Ti-6A1-4V alloy a t t h e i r r e c o m m e n d e d forgi n g t e m p e r a t u r e . P r e h e a t i n g t i m e should b e k e p t
a s s h o r t a s p o s s i b l e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h uniform h e a t i n g ; a s a r o u g h g u i d e , a p r e h e a t i n g t i m e of V2 h p e r
25 m m (1 in.) of section t h i c k n e s s should be allowed.

Processing

418 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

A l t h o u g h f o r m i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e often p e r f o r m e d p r i o r to a g i n g , I M I 2 3 0 m a y i n fact b e cold

worked at any stage after solution t r e a t m e n t . T h e
cold w o r k i n g of s h e e t a f t e r p a r t i a l a g i n g (24 h a t
4 0 0 C, or 750 F) or a f t e r d u p l e x a g i n g g i v e s m a t e r i a l w h i c h , w h e n fully a g e d , h a s h i g h e r yield a n d
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a n d o n l y slightly l o w e r d u c t i l i t y

t h a n if i t h a d b e e n cold w o r k e d i n t h e solutiont r e a t e d c o n d i t i o n a n d t h e n fully a g e d (see table).

W a r m f o r m i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s of 3 5 0 C (660 F) or
below a r e p r e f e r a b l e , since t h e y d o n o t interfere
w i t h s u b s e q u e n t a g i n g a t 4 0 0 t o 4 7 5 C (750 to 890
F).

IMI 230: Effect of cold working on aged properties

Heat
Treatment

Sheet

0.1% proof stress

MPa
ksi

Tensile strength
MPa
ksi

1. Solution treated (ST)

2.ST+24h/400C
3. ST+duplex age
4 . A s 2 + 20%coldwork + 8 h / 4 7 5 C
5. A s 2 + 30%coldwork + 8h/475C
6 . A s 2 + 40%coldwork+8h/475C
7. As 3 + 30% cold work
8 . A s 3 + 30%coldwork+6h/475C

550
580
685
810
800
780
895
700

630
690
820
900
900
880
955
865

80
84
99
117.5
116
113
130
101.5

Elongation
o n 25 mm (in.)
%

91
100
119
130
130
127.5
138.5
125

21
21
16
10
10
9
8
8

IMI 230: Recommended heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment
Stress relief
Annealing
Solution heat treat
Aging (first stage)(b)
Aging (second stage)(b)

op
600
675-785
850
400
475

1110
1250-1450(a)
1560
750
885

Duration
1 hour
0.5 to 2 hours(a)
0.5 hour
8 hours
8 hours

C o o l i n g method
Air cool
Air cool
Forced air
Air cool
Air cool

(a) Annealing from 675 to 700 C (1250 to 1300 F) is frequently used for full annealing. Duration depends on product thickness, (b) Twostage aging is recommended.

W e l d i n g . I M I 2 3 0 c a n b e j o i n e d b y fusion, r e sistance, flash-butt, a n d pressure welding. Fusion

welds can be m a d e by b o t h argon-arc a n d electronb e a m w e l d i n g . W i t h a d e q u a t e control of w e l d i n g
t e c h n i q u e s , w e l d s of 1 0 0 % s t r e n g t h c a n b e obt a i n e d , w i t h only a s l i g h t loss i n t e n s i l e or b e n d
ductility. If t h e alloy i s t o b e u s e d i n t h e a n n e a l e d

c o n d i t i o n , t h e n w e l d i n g s h o u l d b e followed by
s t r e s s r e l i e v i n g for V h a t 6 0 0 C (1110 F).
B r a z i n g . I t is possible t o m a k e b r a z e d joints,
b u t difficulty a r i s e s o w i n g to t h e f o r m a t i o n of brittle intermetallic p h a s e s b e t w e e n t h e t i t a n i u m and
t h e filler m e t a l .
2

IMI 4 1 7 / 4 1 9

I IMI 417
p h a c o n t e n t of 12 to 1 5 % i s r e c o m m e n d e d for solut i o n t r e a t m e n t of I M I 4 1 7 . T h i s is e q u i v a l e n t t o a
h e a t t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e of 1020 to 1025 C
( 1 8 7 0 t o 1 8 8 0 F) for a t y p i c a l t r a n s u s a p p r o a c h
c u r v e . C u r r e n t e x p e r i e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t for sect i o n s e x c e e d i n g 15 m m , h i g h e s t t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h
a n d creep resistance are obtained by h e a t treatm e n t for 2 h a t t e m p e r a t u r e followed b y oilq u e n c h i n g a n d a g i n g a t 700 C for 2 h , a i r cool. F o r
o p t i m u m d u c t i l i t y after h e a t t r e a t m e n t , a g i n g a t
6 2 5 C for 2 h , a i r cool, is r e c o m m e n d e d . F o r t h i n n e r s e c t i o n s , a i r cooling or e q u i v a l e n t i n e r t g a s
q u e n c h i n g after v a c u u m h e a t t r e a t m e n t is a d e quate.

I M I 4 1 7 i s t h e g e n e r a l e n g i n e e r i n g v e r s i o n of
t h e I M I 8 3 4 n e a r - a l p h a alloy. T h e t w o a l l o y s h a v e
i d e n t i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n specifications a n d a r e i d e a l
for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e (600 C, m a x ) f a t i g u e - s e n s i t i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s . M a j o r u s e s i n c l u d e c a s t or
w r o u g h t p a r t s for t u r b i n e a n d i n t e r n a l c o m b u s t i o n
e n g i n e s . P r o d u c t m a n u f a c t u r e m a y differ for I M I
4 1 7 a p p l i c a t i o n s v e r s u s t h e a e r o s p a c e I M I 8 3 4 alloy.
Like IMI 834, t h e carbon addition in IMI 417
w i d e n s t h e a + b p h a s e field a n d t h u s a l l o w s s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t h i g h i n t h e + field for a c o m b i n a t i o n of e x c e l l e n t c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e , f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h ,
a n d t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h / d u c t i h t y . A t a r g e t p r i m a r y al-

IMI 417: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

Sn
3.0
5.0
4.0

5.5
6.1
5.8

Nb

Zr
3.0
5.0
3.5

0.5
1.0
0.7

Mo
0.25
0.75
0.5

Si

0.20
0.6
0.35

0.04
0.08
0.06

Fe
0.05

0.075
0.150
0.10

0.03

0.006

Composition and density are identical to IMI 834.

IMI 417: Effect of primary alpha content and aging on tensile properties

Metallurgical
condition
Alpha
Aging
temperature,
phase,

7.5
15

C
625
700
625
700
750

Room-temperature tensile
properties
0.2%
yield
stress
MPa

Tensile
strength
MPa

Elongation
(5D)

Reduction
i n area,

943
957
949
945
942

1092
1086
1086
1079
1058

15
12
14
12
12

32
22
31
23
17

Refer to IMI 834 data for applicable properties of IMI 417.

100-h total plastic

strain, %, at:
600 C
700 C
600 C
and
and
and
125 MPa
150 MPa
50 MPa

0.110
0.054
0.054

0.130
0.072
0.136
0.082

0.193
0.151
0.146

IMI 6 7 9 / 4 2 1

IMI 679
Ti-11 Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-1 Mo-0.25Si
IMI 679 w a s introduced in 1961 a s a high-temp e r a t u r e alloy for j e t e n g i n e c o m p o n e n t s , b u t h a s
b e e n s u p e r s e d e d b y o t h e r alloys s u c h a s T i - 6 2 4 2 S
(which w a s introduced i n 1974 a s a n i m p r o v e m e n t
of I M I 6 7 9 ) . I M I 6 7 9 h a s a m a x i m u m u s e t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 4 5 0 C ( 8 4 0 F) a n d a p p e a r s t o b e
m e t a l l u r g i c a l ^ s t a b l e u p t o 4 5 5 C (850 F). F o r
c o m p a r a b l e products i n t h e a n n e a l e d condition,
t h e s t r e n g t h of I M I 6 7 9 from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o
540 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) e x c e e d s t h a t of Ti-6A1-4V a n d Ti-

8 A I - I M 0 - I V a n d i s a b o u t e q u a l t o Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2 M o . I t s creep s t r e n g t h i s s u p e r i o r t o T i - 8 A l - l M o I V a n d Ti-6A1-4V a t all t e m p e r a t u r e s , b u t inferior

t o Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo a t t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 4 8 0
C ( 9 0 0 F). At e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h i s alloy i s
l e s s f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n t t h a n T i - 8 A l - l M o - l V a n d Ti6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo. F o r g e a b i l i t y a n d m a c h i n a b i l i t y
of t h i s alloy a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o Ti-8Al-lMo-lV.
W e l d i n g of IMI 6 7 9 i s n o t r e c o m m e n d e d .

IMI 679: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Minirnurn
Maximum
Nominal

Al

Sn

Zr

Mo

Si

Fe

2.0
2.5
2.25

10.5
11.5
11.0

4.0
6.0
5.0

0.8
1.2
1.0

0.10
0.50
0.25

0.20

O2

0.20

Ti

0.125
bal

Density of 679 is 4.84 g/cm (0.175 lb/in. ).

3

Phases and Structures

T h e c o m b i n a t i o n of l o w - a l u m i n u m , m e d i u m zirconium, a n d high-tin s t r e n g t h e n s a n d stabilizes
t h e a l p h a p h a s e . C o n s i d e r a b l e s t r e n g t h e n i n g a t all
t e m p e r a t u r e s i s d e r i v e d from t h e a c t i v e e u t e c t o i d
c o m p o u n d T i S i . T h e alloy m a y b e classified a s
b o t h a w e a k l y stabilized, m a r t e n s i t i c alloy a n d a n
active e u t e c t o i d . I t d i s p l a y s t h e i s o t h e r m a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t w o - p h a s e t i t a n i u m alloys.
x

Ti-Si diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1500

- 2500

1300

w 11001

+ Ti Si

+
900 -

2000
3

L
^1500

700

I-

a/

a + Ti Si
5

-M000

500
1
2
Weight percent silicon

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

422 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 679: Time-temperature transformation diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

-1800
1730F 1700

900
1600
Start
- 1500

eoq

Finish

1400

+ + Compound
1300

700

1200
600
10

20

40

30

50

Time, min
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Physical Properties
IMI 679: Static tensile modulus of STA bar

IMI 679: Summary of typical physical properties

Alpha prime transus
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)

870-890 C (1600-1630 F)

950 10 C (1740 + 20 F)
3

Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

150

4.84 g/cm (0.175 lbf/in. )

1.6 m
Nonmagnetic
500 J/kg (0.12 Btu/lb F)
8.3 W/m (4.8 Btu/ft h F)
8.2 x 10" / C (4.6 x W*l F)

Test temperature, F
200
400
600
800
150

'I

20
18
H16

H20
1f

75

50
100
200 300 400
Test temperature, C

75

50

1000

Each point average of five tests,

Longitudinal specimens

500

600

STA treatment: 900 C (1650 F) for 2 h, AC, plus 500 C (930 F) for
24 h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Click here to view

1000 1200

Heat A
Heat
Each point average
of ten tests

125

-100

125

-100

LIVE GRAPH

IMI 679: Static compressive modulus of STA bar

Click here to view

" I

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 100 C (212
F).

LIVE GRAPH

Test temperature, F
200 400 600 800

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Test temperature, C

The dynamic modulus was similar for specimens excited to resonance longitudinally.
Rolled bar, 900 C (1650 F) for2 h, AC, 500 C (930 F), 24 h AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

IMI 6 7 9 / 4 2 3

IMI 679: Specific heat

IMI 679: Electrical resistivity

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
200
400
600
800

1
r ^

Click here to view

2.00

200

1000

Temperature, F
400
600
800

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
1000

800
HO. 18
700

1.75

0.16

60

,600

50

500

40
600

400

q 1.501

1.25

Bar

1.00
-100

100

200 300 400

Temperature, C

500

0.14

0.12

H0.1
100

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

STA bar.

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

IMI 679: Thermal conductivity

IMI 679: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

200

LIVE GRAPH

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Temperature, F
400 600
800

1000 1200

200

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400
600
800

1000

Click here to view

Click here to view

H6.5
H6.0

10
-

5.5 LJ-

5.0
4.5
4.0

-100

100

200 300 400

Temperature, C

500

600

700

100

Measurement in short transverse direction of STA bar.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

Mean coefficient from room temperature to temperature indicated.

Measurement in long direction of STA bar.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Tensile Properties

IMI 679: Minimum tensile properties at room temperature

Condition

Riding s e c t i o n
mm
in.

Minimum
ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Minimum
tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Oil quenched and a ged: 900 C/OQ, 500 C/24 h/AC

Air cooled and agec1:900 C/AC, 500 C/24 h/AC

50(a)
75(b)

1110
1030(c)

970
880(c)

2(a)
3(b)

161
149(c)

140
127(c)

Minimum
elongation
%

RA
%

8
8

25
30

(a) Bar, forging stock, and forgings per BSTA 18, 19, and 20, respectively, (b) Bar, forging stock, and forgings per BSTA 25, 26, and 27, respectively, (c) Slightly lower values are quoted in AMS 4974 and MT.L-T-9047D.

424 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 679: Tensile strength

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1200

Temperature, F
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1
" '
1 r -' , , , ._,__,_
-J170

1100

160

Tensile st ength

1000

- 150

- 140

130 tS

120

.2% Proo stress

900
800

110

700

100

600
0

100

200
300
Temperature, C

400

500

Oil-quenched and aged IMI 679.

Source: IMI Titanium
IMI 679: Tensile properties vs temperature
Temperature,
400

LIVE GRAPH

600
1

800

Click here to view

1000

Heat A

Heat

UTS

ql

80CH

-^::.:
: :

ield strength

300

400

Temperature, C

(a)
Temperature,
400
I

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Heat A

Heat

'

600
I

60

Elongation

100

200

300
Temperature, C

(b)

'

RA

40 %

400

140

IMI 6 7 9 / 4 2 5

IMI 679: Tensile properties as a function of thermal exposure

600

Exposure and test temperature, F

800
900
1000
........
1
<
r ' "

700

1100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1100

UTS

1200

<

Exposure time
Unexposed
0.25 hr
10 hr
-j QQ j-jj.

_ 140

1000hr
120

'to

80
500

Yield strength
60

300
300

400

500
Exposure and test temperature, C

600

700

(a)

Exposure and test temperature, F

500
1

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

80 _

600
I

'

700
I

'

800

Exposure time
Unexposed
0.25 hr
10 hr
100 hr
1000 hr

900
|

1000
|

1100

1200

1300
1

/
/

RA

60
o>

X
Elongation

"o

0
250

350

450
550
Exposure and test temperature, C

650

750

(b)

Solution treated, air cooled, and aged bar: 900 C (1650 F) for 2 h, AC, plus 500 C (930 F) for 24 h, AC. Each point an average of ten tests on
6.35 mm (0.25 in.) specimen.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

426 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Creep Properties

IMI 679: Minimum creep rate

IMI 679: Creep deformation at 425 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

800

Click here to view

800

800 F

600r
S

, r

S^

700

80

900 F

01 %

-|100

0.05 %

'

- 60

400

co
CO

0.5 % crtep
0.2

Vo

-M00

\.

\.

600

200h

1000 F

40

y f *

500

O N .

Test t e m perature,
800 F

400
10"

10^
10
"*"
Minimum creep rate, percent per hour

Solution treated, air cooled, and aged bar. Duplicate tests up to 540
C (1000 F), single tests above 540 C (1000 F).
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

0.1

10
Time , hour

1000

100

6.35 mm (0.25 in.) diam specimens from 13 28.5 mm (0.5 1 Ve

in.) bar solution treated and aged as follows: 900 C (1650 F) for 2
h, AC, plus 500 C (930 F) for 24 h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

IMI 679: Creep deformation at 540C

IMI 679: Creep deformation at 480 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

700

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

600

H100
0.1 %
\ ^

0.5 <
0. 2 %

2.0 % creep

300
H80 ._

CO

Q.
to"
to

500

200

> .

CO

400

300
0.1

0.2
0.1 %

. .

400

Test tem perature,

900 F

10
Time, hours

/
0.05 %

0.5 %
.
\

\
>v

"S.

\PC
(X

;
\ *

TFV

50

-|40

1\

30

\.

0 ^ > ^

100

2.0 %

Vo

20

Q.

coco

CO

\
10

Test temperatu re,

1000 F

100

1000

10

100

1000

Time, hours

Solution treated, air cooled, and aged bar.

Solution treated, air cooled, and aged bar.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

IMI 6 7 9 / 4 2 7

Fatigue Properties
IMI 679: Axial fatigue of STA bar

IMI 679: Reversed bending fatigue

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

LIVE GRAPH

50

140

Click here to view

-|120

800

fl=o.2o,

/=

-U0

100 "

70 "F

600h

tn

80

30 <"

CD

tn

400h

60

800 F
20 W

CO

40

200r-

|20
fl=-1.0, K[=3
10

10
Cycles to failure

10

0
10

Room-temperature tests at 2500 cycles/min of longitudinal specimens from solution treated, air cooled and aged bar.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

10010

Forging "A": Air cooled + aged

Forging "B": Oil quench + aged

50
0
10

10'
10
Cycles to failure

10

10

10

Mild-notch (K|=3) fatigue strength of forgings at 21 and 425 C (70

and 800 F) and a frequency of 1800 cycles/min. Specimens were
from mid-radius (forging "A") or web (forging "B") location, radial direction. Treatment temperatures were standard: 900 C (1650 F)
solution, AC or OQ, plus 500 C (930 F) age for 24 h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Axial fatigue at 425 C

IMI 679: Axial fatigue at 200 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

900

Click here to view

800
CO
CL

Test temperature,
400 F

700

H120
fl=o.2o, K;=I

^ 600
tn
tn

80
fl=-1.0, K,=1

400

x 300
to

600

60

400

40

300

20
fl=-1.0, 1=3

-hoo

10
Cycles to failure

10'

10

-^___fl=0.20, K,=1

"

^-7

JiiPJ ^
20,

100
10

H80
-\60

40

= 3

H20

fl=-1.0, ,=3

0
10

Hi 20

700

200

200
100
0
10

Test temperature,

800 " 800 F

500

500

100

900

'

10

10
Cycles to failure

10'

10

Axial load smooth and mild-notch fatigue properties for solution

treated, air cooled, and aged bar. Longitudinal polish (5 pin., rms),
frequency of 2500 cycles/min.

Axial load smooth and mild-notch fatigue properties for solution

treated, air cooled, and aged bar. 2500 cycles/min test frequency.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

428 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 679: Constant-life diagram ( 1 0 cycles, axial stress)

7

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-0.6

0.7

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

Mean stress, ksi

Smooth specimens
_J

-120

-100

200

20
40
60
Minimum stress, ksi

Constant-life fatigue diagram for 13 28.5 mm (0.5 1V in.) rolled bar heat treated as follows: 900 C (1650 F) for 2 h, AC, plus 500 C (930 F)
for 24 h, AC. Longitudinal smooth specimens with 5 in. (rms) longitudinal polish. Axial tension sinusoid at 2500 cycles/min.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969
8

Plastic Deformation
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
IMI 679: Typical compressive stress-strain

IMI 679: Typical stress-strain curve (RT)

LIVE GRAPH

1200

Click here to view

1000

800

-h60
-M40

Tens ion

1200

160

1000

140 _
to
120

800
55 0F

600

tto

- 100 ~

- 80

o>

S
to
V

60

400

60

400

200

200

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Strain, mm/mm

0.12 0.14 0.16

Typical room-temperature stress-strain curve in tension from a large

ring forging. Solution treated, AC, and aged.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Q-

40

20

0.004

0.008
0.012
Strain, mm/mm

0.016

0.02

Solution treated, AC, and aged largeringforging.

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

IMI 6 7 9 / 4 2 9

IMI 679: Flow stress vs temperature

IMI 679: Compressive yield strength of bar

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Temperature, F
1700
1800
1900

1600

1000

>

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
2000

IVII 829
IVII 685

\ >
IMI 34

2100

A1

AM

Ti-6 \ I - 4 V

IMI f79
500
600
300
400
200
Temperature, C
Each point is an average of five tests on a 12 mm (0.475 in.) diam
specimen from STA bar.
100

950
1000 1050
Temperature, C
IMI 679 flow stress at a strain rate of 167S.
Source: IMI Titanium
850

900

1100

1150

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1969

Processing
F o r g i n g . To develop o p t i m u m m e c h a n i c a l
properties, hot working should be restricted to t h e
a l p h a + b e t a + c o m p o u n d field a n d a m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e of 9 2 5 C (1700 F) i s r e c o m m e n d e d . T h e
n o r m a l p r e h e a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e for forging i s
t h e r e f o r e 9 0 0 t o 9 2 0 C (1650 t o 1690 F).
H e a t T r e a t m e n t . Solution t r e a t m e n t a t 9 0 0
C (1650 F), followed b y a i r cooling a n d a g i n g 2 4
h o u r s a t 5 0 0 C (930 F), h a s b e e n found t o p r o d u c e
t h e b e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of c r e e p s t r e n g t h a n d ductil-

ity. F a s t e r cooling from s o l u t i o n - t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e b y oil q u e n c h i n g significantly i n c r e a s e s

t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h w h i l e s l i g h t l y d e c r e a s i n g ductility. T h i n s e c t i o n s , s u c h a s g a s - t u r b i n e c o m p r e s sor b l a d e s , a r e u s u a l l y a i r cooled a n d a g e d ; t h i c k e r
s e c t i o n s , s u c h a s discs a n d s p a c e r r i n g s , a r e m o r e
u s u a l l y oil q u e n c h e d a n d a g e d . Above 4 5 0 C (840
F), c r e e p s t r e n g t h of o i l - q u e n c h e d m a t e r i a l i s
s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t of air-cooled m a t e r i a l .

IMI 679: Resistance to deformation

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Degrees from optimum temperature, F

-90

-270
300

200|
as

100

oL_

Optimum forging temperatures

Ti-6AI-4V 950 C
IMI 679
900 C
IMI 685 1050 C
IMI 829 1050 C
IMI 834 1020 C

-150
Degrees from optimum temperature, C
IMI 679: Recommended heat treatments
Treatment
Stress relief
Solution treatment
Aging

Temperature
C

Duration

Cooling m e t h o d

480-510
900
500

900-950
1650
930

5 to 10 hours
1 to 2 hours
24 h

Air cool
Air cool or oil quench
Air cool

IMI 685 / 431

IMI 685
Ti-6AI-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si
I M I 6 8 5 i s a t i t a n i i i m alloy specifically develo p e d to m e e t a e r o s p a c e - e n g i n e r e q u i r e m e n t s . I t
w a s t h e first of t h e n e a r - a l p h a alloys, a n d r e p r e s e n t e d a significant s t e p f o r w a r d i n c o m b i n i n g

good c r e e p s t r e n g t h , weldability, a n d e a s e of working. Forging t e m p e r a t u r e s above t h e beta t r a n s u s

can be used.

IMI 685: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

5.7
6.3
6

Zr

Mo

Si

Fe

4.5
6.0
5

0.25
0.75
0.50

0.15
0.35
0.25

0.05

0.08

0.20

0.03

Ti

0.01
bal

Density of 685 is 4.45 g/cm (0.161 lb/in. ).

3

Physical Properties

IMI 685: Young's modulus (dynamic)

IMI 685: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

Click here to view

1020 C (1870 F)
Not Available
4.45 g/cm (0.161 lbf/in. )
1.67 m
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
4.2 W/m (2.4 Btu/ft h F)
9.8 x K r V C f ^ x ^ / )
3

LIVE GRAPH

150

130

110

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 100 C (212
F)

200

IMI 685: Electrical resistivity

LIVE GRAPH

400
Temperature, C

IMI685: Thermal conductivity

600

800

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1.9

Click here to view

200
400
Temperature, C

600

400
200
Temperature, C

600

432 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Mechanical Properties

IMI 685: Typical room-temperature tensile properties

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition o r form
Rod
Billet
Aged 24 hat 550 C
Aged 48 hat 550 C
Specification minimum

1020
1030
1010
1030
990

Tensile yield
strength (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
914
900
901
910
850

148
149
146.5
149
143.5

Elongation
on 5D

132.5
130.5
130.6
132
123

RA
%

11
10
10.5
11.5
6

22
20
18.5
19
15

IMI 685: Effect of cooling rate on room-temperature tensile properties after aging
0.2% yield
stress
MPa
ksi

Heat
treatment

924
881
873
858

1050 C, OQ within 15 s
1050 C, delay 30 s, OQ
1050 C, delay 6 0 s , OQ
1050 C, AC

High-Temperature
Strength

LIVE GRAPH

5 r

Tensile strength
MPa
ksi

134
128
126.5
124

1060
1030
1000
983

153
149
145
142.5

| tensile properties vs temperature

Elongation
on5D
%

Reduction
in area
%

10
10
10
10

22
26
25
20

Notchedtensile ratio
K =3
t

1.64
1.62
1.62
1.65

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

40

140

Click here to view

Tensile strength

130
30

120

800

RA^^

110 %
c
V

100

0-2% proof stres;

= 20

600

90 "j
80

10

Elongation on 5D

70
_J60

400
400
200
Temperature, C

600

200
400
Temperature, C

600

Beta heat treated rod

IMI 685: Typical and design stresses for 0 . 1 % total
plastic strain in 100 h

LIVE GRAPH

600

Click here to view

80
500

Typical
stress

70
60

400
Recommended
design stress

50

300
40
200|_
350

400

450
500
Temperature, C

_J30
550

Typical stresses measured on samples from forged compressor

disc

T h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t section a t t h e e n d of t h i s
d a t a s h e e t i n c l u d e s t h e effect of cooling r a t e o n
creep resistance.

IMI 6 8 5 / 4 3 3

Fatigue Properties
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
IMI 685: Alternating direct-stress fatigue

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

IMI 685: Direct-stress fatigue at 450 and 520 C

800

800
Unnotched
600

- 80

20 C
400

40

520 C

100

600

80

- 60

450 C

200

Unnotched

- 100

60

40 '*

5 400
=
200

H20

H20
Zero mean stress
10

Zero minimum stress

10
Cycles to failure

10

10

10

IMI 685: Direct-stress fatigue of forged disc

LIVE GRAPH

1000

Room temperature

Click here to view

Plain specimens
<2 600r-

10

10

IMI 685: Direct-stress fatigue of forged disc at 475 C

-140

800
Zero minimum stress- 100

-120

800r-

10
Cycles to failure

600

-100

80

ui
CO

-80

<

Plain specimens

5 400

60 'K

-60

400
Notched specimens, K, = 3.5
200

Notched specimens, K, = 3.5

-40

40

200
20

-20
Zero minimum stress
10

10
Cycles to failure

10

-Jo
10

10

10
Cycles to failure

10

10

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Processing and Heat Treatment

F o r g i n g r o u t e s for I M I 6 8 5 s h o u l d a i m t o p r o vide a m a t e r i a l which on s u b s e q u e n t t r e a t m e n t i n

t h e b e t a field r e c r y s t a l l i z e s t o a fine u n i f o r m b e t a

g r a i n s t r u c t u r e of a v e r a g e g r a i n s i z e s l e s s t h a n 1.5
mm.
P r e h e a t i n g i n t h e b e t a field a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p

IMI 685: Recommended STA heat treatment for optimum creep resistance

Treatment
Solution treatment
Aging

Temperature
C
F
1050
550

1920
1020

Duration
30 min per 25 mm (1 in.) of thickness
24 hours

Cooling m e t h o d
Oil quench(a)
Air cool

(a) The transfer time between furnace and oil bath should not be prolonged. A maximum of 15 to 30 s, depending on part mass, is recommended.

434 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 685: Effect of cooling rate on creep resistance and post-creep tensile properties after aging

Heat
treatment
1050 COQ within 15 s
1050 C, delay 30s,OQ
1050 C, delay 60s, OQ

Total plastic
strain %
i n 100 h,
310 MPa
at 520 C

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation
o n 5D
%

0.041
0.053
0.055

920
920
890

133
133
129

1010
1000
990

146.5
145
143.5

13
11
11

0.2 yield
stress

to 20-30 C (35 t o 55 F) a b o v e t h e b e t a t r a n s u s is
p e r m i s s i b l e p r o v i d e d sufficient w o r k is i n t r o d u c e d
p e r h e a t t o a v o i d u n d e s i r a b l e g r a i n c o a r s e n i n g effects. If s m a l l r e d u c t i o n s p e r h e a t a r e likely, a l p h a b e t a forging from 9 8 0 to 1000 C (1795 t o 1830 F)
is r e c o m m e n d e d .
P r e h e a t t i m e s i n t h e b e t a field s h o u l d b e t h e
m i n i m u m n e c e s s a r y for u n i f o r m s o a k i n g of t h e
m a t e r i a l p r i o r t o forging.

Tensile
strength

Reduction
in area
%
20
19
19

W e l d i n g . I M I 6 8 5 c a n b e j o i n e d by t h e proce s s e s n o r m a l l y u s e d i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n of t i t a n i u m ,
i n c l u d i n g a r g o n - a r c , e l e c t r o n - b e a m , a n d friction
w e l d i n g . M a t e r i a l s h o u l d b e fully h e a t t r e a t e d
p r i o r t o w e l d i n g , a n d also g i v e n a s u i t a b l e postw e l d t r e a t m e n t (for e x a m p l e 4-8 h a t 5 5 0 C). T h e
w e l d zone of m a t e r i a l t r e a t e d i n t h i s w a y will h a v e
similar structure, a n d hence similar properties, to
t h o s e of t h e p a r e n t m e t a l .

IMI 8 2 9 / 435

IMI 829
Ti-5AI-3.5Sn-3.0Zr-1 Nb-0.3Si
Common Name: Ti-5331S

I M I 8 2 9 is a n e a r - a l p h a t i t a n i u m alloy of m e dium strength a n d high-temperature capability

u p to - 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F). I M I 829 d e v e l o p s i t s p r o p e r t i e s from a c o m b i n a t i o n of solid-solution
strengthening a n d "beta" h e a t t r e a t m e n t which
produces a n acicular transformed structure. IMI
8 2 9 is l e a n i n b e t a s t a b i l i z e r s i n o r d e r t o give h i g h
creep resistance. It therefore h a s limited hard e n a b i l i t y ; good p r o p e r t y levels b e i n g a c h i e v e d i n
s e c t i o n s u p t o ~ 7 5 m m (3 in.) t h i c k .
P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d C o n d i t i o n . IMI 829 is
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e form of bar, billet, p l a t e , s h e e t ,
w i r e , a n d c a s t i n g s . I M I 8 2 9 is fully w e l d a b l e u s i n g
a n y of t h e t i t a n i u m w e l d i n g t e c h n i q u e s , M I G , T I G ,

E B , etc.
T h e s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n of u s e is b e t a s o l u t i o n
t r e a t e d , 1050 C (1922 F)/V2 h oil q u e n c h p l u s
a g e d a t 625 C (1157 F)/2 h a i r cool). I n s t e a d of
q u e n c h , a i r cooling is r e c o m m e n d e d b e l o w 30 m m
diameter.
I n t h i s condition, t h e alloy p o s s e s s e s a micros t r u c t u r e of a c i c u l a r t r a n s f o r m e d b e t a w i t h a g r a i n
size t y p i c a l l y ~0.5 m m (0.02 in.). T h e a l p h a / b e t a to
b e t a t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e for I M I 8 2 9 is 1 0 1 5 C
10 C ( 1 8 6 0 F 2 0 F).
A p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e m a j o r u s e for I M I 8 2 9 is a s
discs a n d b l a d e s i n a e r o e n g i n e c o m p r e s s o r s .

IMI 829: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

5.2
5.7
5.6

Sn

Zr

Nb

Mo

Si

3.0
4.0
3.5

2.5
3.5
3.0

0.7
1.3
1.0

0.20
0.35
0.25

0.20
0.50
0.30

0.09
0.15
0.115

0.03

0.0060

Density of 829 is 4.54 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. ).

3

Physical Properties
IMI 829: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansionfb)

1015 10 C ( 1 8 6 0 1 2 0 F)
Not Available
4.54 g/cm (0.164 lbf/in. )
Not Available
Nonmagnetic
516 J/kg K(0.123 Btu/lb F)
6.9 W/m (4.0 Btu/ft h F)
9.45 x "" / C ( 5 . 2 4 1 0 ^ / F)
3

IMI 829: Young's modulus (dynamic)

200

400

Temperature, F
600
800 1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
1200

1400

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 200 C (390 F)

Thermal
Properties

LIVE GRAPH

IMI 829: Specific heat

Temperature, F
320
740

-100
700

1160
400
Temperature, C

0.15

The modulus of IMI 829 is typical of other high-aluminum, near-alpha alloys and is therefore somewhat higher than alpha-beta alloys.
Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

200

Click here to view

0.14
550
co

200

0.13

300

400

500
600
700
Temperature,

800

0.12
900

Heat-treated bar.
Source: IMI Titanium "High Temperature Alloys" brochure

600

800

^0.16

436 / Alpha a n d Near-Alpha Alloys

Temperature range
C
F
20-200
20-400
20-600
20-800
20-1000

68-390
68-750
68-1110
68-1470
68-1830

LIVE GRAPH

IMI 829: Thermal conductivity

IMI 829: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Click here to view

Temperature, F
510
990

Mean coefficient of
thermal expansion
lO^/T
10 / C

1470

9.45
9.77

5.24
5.43
5.54
5.74
5.77

10.34
10.39

Heat-treated bar. Thermal expansion is typical of other near-alpha

titanium alloys. Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys"
brochure

Mechanical Properties
0
H a r d n e s s of h e a t t r e a t e d I M I 8 2 9 i s t y p i c a l l y
3 2 0 H V (20 kg) o r 3 2 H R C .
N o t c h t e n s i l e r a t i o i s t y p i c a l l y 1.6 (K = 3).
Fracture
toughness
is
typically
-75
M P a V r n ( 6 8 ksWmT).
t

200

400
Temperature, C

800

600

Heat-treated disc material, 75 mm (3 in.) ruling section.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

IMI 829: Room-temperature tensile properties

Property

Typical

0.2% PS MPa (ksi)

U.T.S.MPa(ksi)
E1(5D)%
Reduction in area %

Minimum

860(125)
950(142)
11
19

820(119)
930(135)
9
15

Discs, -75 mm (3 in.) ruling section, heat treated

HighTemperature
Strength

I M I 8 2 9 i s r e g a r d e d a s h a v i n g good c r e e p p e r f o r m a n c e u p t o a r o u n d 5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F ) a n d s o m e w h a t h i g h e r for s h o r t - t i m e a p p l i c a t i o n s . A t 5 4 0 C

( 1 0 0 0 F ) a t o t a l p l a s t i c s t r a i n of l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 % i n
1 0 0 h o u r s i s a c h i e v e d u n d e r a s t r e s s of a b o u t 3 0 0
M P a (43.5 ksi).

IMI 829: Typical tensile properties vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

200

Temperature. F
400
600 800

1000 1200

-4,140

1000
900

H120

800

Te isile st 'ength

700

100 S

600

LIVE GRAPH
30
5

Temperature, F
538
792

284

Click here to view

1046

1300

40
Redt ction
in area

30
20

500
0.2 / proof
stre ss

400

10

Elor gation

300
0

100

200 300 400 500

Temperature, C

600 700

Heat-treated disc forging -75 mm (3 in.) ruling section.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

100

200

300
400
500
Temperature, C

600

700

IMI 8 2 9 / 4 3 7

IMI 829: Typical 0 . 1 % creep strength

1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

ai

100F

15

16
17
18
P=7"(20 + logi)x10"

19

21

Disc forging -75 mm (3 in.) ruling section.

in C, t in hours

Fatigue

Properties

Typical low-cycle f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s a r e s h o w n

a t 2 0 C (68 F), 300 C (572 F), a n d 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0

F) ( s e e figure). C r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e i s
s u p e r i o r to t h a t of typical a l p h a - b e t a titanium alloys.
IMI 829: Typical fatigue crack growth rate

IMI 829: Typical plain section fatigue strength

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1200

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10"'

175

S. 1000

Room temperature

H140 <?

800

H105
" ~ ^ ^ ^ 0 0 ^ C (572 -F) "

600-

^ ~ - - - ^ 5 4 0 C (1004 F)
o

"

70

/
/

oi10"

10'

10"
'
10

'
10"
Cycles

20 C (68 F)
R = 0.1
Combined
Scatter for
15 cycles/minute
on 5 minute
dwell on load

35 co

200
0

/
/

400
CO
CO

/
/

10
10

10

10

Heat-treated disc forging -75 mm (3 in.) ruling section.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

Stress intensity range,

MPaVm
Heat-treated disc forging -75 mm (3 in.) ruling section.
Source: IMI Titanium "High -Temperature Alloys" brochure
IMI 829: Flow stress

LIVE GRAPH
Plastic
Deformation

F l o w s t r e s s of I M I 8 2 9 a r o u n d i t s t y p i c a l forgi n g t e m p e r a t u r e is s h o w n (see figure). I M I 8 2 9 i s

stiffer t h a n a l p h a - b e t a alloys s u c h a s Ti-6A1-4V,
a n d flow s t r e s s r i s e s m o r e r a p i d l y a s t e m p e r a t u r e
falls.

1700

300

Temperature, F
1800
1900

-|

\ IMI

>

Click here to view

2000

H40

829

30-5

S 200|

Processing
a ioo

C a s t i n g . I M I 8 2 9 i s a n e x c e l l e n t c a s t i n g alloy
b e c a u s e i t is d e s i g n e d t o b e u s e d i n t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l c o n d i t i o n a n a l o g o u s t o c a s t i n g (i.e. b e t a h e a t
treated). Cast properties therefore approach, or
a r e b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e , of w r o u g h t p r o d u c t s .
F o r g i n g . I M I 8 2 9 i s r e a d i l y forgeable b y conv e n t i o n a l h a m m e r , p r e s s , or i s o t h e r m a l forging.
I t s flow s t r e s s is a l i t t l e h i g h e r t h a n m o s t o t h e r t i -

- 20

IMI 3 1 8
(Ti 6AI-4 v ) \

- 10

875

925

975
1025
Temperature, C

1075

Heat-treated bar, plastometer test at a strain rate of 15/s.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

1125

438 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

t a n i u m alloys a n d forging t e m p e r a t u r e m u s t n o t
b e a l l o w e d to d r o p excessively. Typical forging
t e m p e r a t u r e is 1000 C (1830 F).
F o r m i n g . IMI 829 can be superplastically
formed although it requires a relatively high temp e r a t u r e to achieve t h e required two-phase micros t r u c t u r e ( a t a b o u t 9 7 5 C, or 1785 F).

H e a t T r e a t m e n t . B e t a s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t foll o w e d by a g i n g (see t a b l e ) .
W e l d i n g . I M I 8 2 9 is w e l d a b l e u s i n g all of t h e
n o r m a l t e c h n i q u e s u s e d for t i t a n i u m welding.
P r o p e r t i e s of w e l d s a r e c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h o s e of
the parent metal.

IMI 829: Recommended heat treatments

Treatment

Temperature
C

Solution treatment
Aging

1050
625

Duration

1920
1160

30 min
2 hours

(a) For sections less than 30 mm (1.25 in.), air cooling is recommended.

Cooling method
Oilquench(a)
Air cool

IMI 8 3 4 / 4 3 9

IMI 834
Ti-5.8AI-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.35Si
I M I 8 3 4 is a n e a r - a l p h a t i t a n i u m alloy of m e d i u m s t r e n g t h (typically 1050 M P a , or 152 k s i ) a n d
t e m p e r a t u r e c a p a b i l i t y u p to a b o u t 6 0 0 C (1110
F) c o m b i n e d w i t h good f a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e . T h e alloy d e r i v e s i t s p r o p e r t i e s from
solid-solution
s t r e n g t h e n i n g , a n d h e a t t r e a t m e n t h i g h i n t h e alp h a + b e t a p h a s e field. T h e a d d i t i o n of c a r b o n fac i l i t a t e s t r e a t m e n t by w i d e n i n g t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t w i n d o w (see figure). I M I 8 3 4 h a s a low b e t a
stabilizer content a n d therefore h a s limited hardenability. It r e t a i n s a good level of p r o p e r t i e s i n
s e c t i o n s u p t o a r o u n d 75 m m (3 in.) d i a m e t e r , w i t h
small reductions in s t r e n g t h in larger sections.

P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d C o n d i t i o n . I M I 834 is
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e form of b a r , billet, p l a t e , s h e e t ,
w i r e , a n d c a s t i n g s . I M I 8 3 4 is w e l d a b l e u s i n g all of
t h e e s t a b l i s h e d t i t a n i u m w e l d i n g t e c h n i q u e s . It is
normally alpha + beta solution t r e a t e d (15% a) and
a g e d . M i c r o s t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of I M I 834
is d i s c u s s e d i n Met. Trans., Vol 24A, J u n e 1 9 9 3 ,
1273-1280.
A p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e m a j o r u s e for I M I 8 3 4 is
c o m p r e s s o r discs a n d b l a d e s i n t h e a e r o s p a c e ind u s t r y . G e n e r a l p u r p o s e u s e i s i n t e n d e d for I M I
417.

IMI 834: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

5.5
6.1
5.8

Sn

Nb

Zr

3.0
5.0
4.0

3.0
5.0
3.5

Mo
0.25
0.75
0.5

0.5
1.0
0.7

Si

0.04
0.08
0.06

0.20
0.60
0.35

Fe

0.05

0.075
0.150
0.10

0.03

0.006

Density oflMI 834 is 4.55 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. ).

3

Physical Properties

IMI 834: Beta approach curve

IMI 834: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

104510C(191520F)

Not Available
4.55 g/cm (0.164 lbf/in. )
Not Available
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
Not Available
io.6 l o - t y - c i s s x I O - V F )
3

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 200 C (390
F)

IMI 834: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature range
F

20-200
20-400
20-600
20-800
20-1000

68-392
68-752
68-1112
68-1472
68-1832

Mean coefficient of
thermal e x p a n s i o n
10"/F
10 */c
-

10.6
10.9
11.0
11.2
11.3

5.9
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.3

The thermal expansion coefficient of IMI 834 is typical of other titanium alloys. Heat treated bar

1800
100

1820

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
1840 1860 1880 1900

Click here to view

1920

1940

m 85

980

1000

1020
Temperature, C

1040

1060

Beta transus approach curves of IMI 834, IMI 829, andTi-6AI-4V

440 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Mechanical Properties
H a r d n e s s of h e a t t r e a t e d I M I 8 3 4 i s typically
3 5 0 H V (20 k g load) or a b o u t 3 5 H R C .
N o t c h t e n s i l e r a t i o is t y p i c a l l y 1.45 (K = 3).
I m p a c t S t r e n g t h . T y p i c a l C h a r p y (U-notch)
i m p a c t s t r e n g t h is 15 J (11 ft lbf) a t r o o m t e m p e r a ture.
F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s of I M I 8 3 4 is typically
4 5 M P a V n T ( 4 0 ksiVin.) i n h e a t t r e a t e d discs.

IMI 834: Young's modulus (dynamic)

Click here to view

130

IMI 834: Minimum tensile properties

15.95

IM 834

13.05 '

90

Room-temperature
minimum

0.2% PS MPa (ksi)

U.T.S.MPa(ksi)
Elongation (in 5D),%
Reduction in area, %

110

Typical UTS is 1050 MPa (152 ksi).

Property

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1 t ' >- 1 ' 18.85

910(132)
1030(149)
6
15

10.15

70
200

800

400
600
Temperature, C

The dynamic modulus of IMI 834 is typical of other near-alpha titanium alloys. Heat treated bar.
Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

Heat treated discs

High-Temperature Strength
I M I 8 3 4 h a s useful s t r e n g t h u p t o 6 0 0 C (1110
F). I M I 8 3 4 i s r e g a r d e d a s h a v i n g l o n g t e r m c r e e p
p e r f o r m a n c e u p to a r o u n d 6 0 0 C (1110 F) a n d
good s h o r t t e r m p e r f o r m a n c e u p t o significantly

h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . Typically, t h e alloy gives l e s s

t h a n 0 . 1 % t o t a l p l a s t i c s t r a i n i n 100 h o u r s a t 6 0 0
C (1110 F) u n d e r a s t r e s s of 150 M P a (21.8 k s i ) .

IMI 834: Typical tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

Temperature, F
400
600
800

LIVE GRAPH
Temperature, F
400
600
800

Click here to view

1000

200

1200

1000

1200

50
Reduction in area
40
30h

3 20h

Elongation

10

100

(a)

200

300
400
500
Temperature, C

600

Heat treated discs.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

700

100
(b)

200

300
400
500
Temperature, C

600

700

IMI 8 3 4 / 4 4 1

IMI 8 3 4 : 0 . 2 % creep strain conditions

LIVE GRAPH

450

Click here to view

16

IMI 834: Stress rupture properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature for 0.2% strain in 100 h , C

500
550

17
18
= (20 + log/) 10"

600

55|

19

10

10
Rupture life, h
2

Heat treated discs or bars.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

10

10

Heat treated bar

Fatigue Properties
Low-Cycle
Fatigue

Cast IMI 834: Fatigue strength at 10 cycles

Fatigue strength at 1 0 cycles
MPa (ksi)
5

Condition
Cast, alpha+beta , plus '/> h at
1070 C, OQ plus 2 h at 700 C
Cast, beta HIP, plus 2 h at 700 C
Wrought 50 mm (2 in.) diam bar

70050(101.67.26)
500 + 50 (72.6 7.26)
800 (116.1)

Direct stress, zero minimum (R = 0)

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
IMI 834: Low-cycle fatigue (R= 0)

IMI 834: Elevated-temperature low-cycle fatigue

800

LIVE GRAPH

- 110

H140

Click here to view

'

700h-

~ ^ _ ^ - 5 5 0 C (1020 F)"

-1130 J2

8 600h-

100
90
80

120

H110

500h

Unnotched specimens from heat treated bar, direct (axial) stress,

room-temperature tests.
Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

60

400r300]

10
Cycles to failure

70

10'

50
>

10

10

10

Cycles
Unnotched specimens from heat treated bars, direct (axial) stress,
zero minimum stress (F?= 0)

442 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

High-Cycle
Fatigue

Cast IMI 834: Fatigue strength at 10 cycles

Cast IMI 834: Notched fatigue strength

Fatigue strength at 1 0 cycles

MPa (ksi)
Condition

Kt

Fatigue strength
at 1 0 cycles
MPa (ksi)

Cast, alpha+beta , plus '/> at

1070 C, AC, plus 2 h at 700 C
Wrought, 50 mm (2 in.) 0 bar

3.0

250 + 25(36.313.6)

2.0

340 (49.3)

Condition
Cast, alpha+beta HIP, plus A h at
1070 C, AC plus 2 h at 700 C
Cast, beta , plus 2 h at 700 C
Wrought, 50 mm (2 in.) diam bar

500 + 25 (72.6 + 3.6)

400 + 25(58.1+3.6)
500 (79.8)

Unnotched specimens, direct stress, zero minimum (R = 0)

IMI 834: High-cycle fatigue properties

Direct stress, zero minimum CR = 0)

(R=0)

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

300[
10

10

,
5

10
Cycles to failure
6

10

I
7

1 0*

Heat treated bar, direct (axial) stress at room temperature.

Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

Crack
Propagation

IMI 834: Crack propagation {Ft = 0)

io p
2

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

CO

10" [
5

10

10
Stress intensity range (), MPaVm

Heat treated bar, longitudinal crack direction room-temperature

tests.
Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

IMI 8 3 4 / 4 4 3

Processing
Casting

C a s t I M I 8 3 4 gives l o w e r t e n s i l e d u c t i l i t y t h a n t h e
alpha-beta w r o u g h t product b u t gives better creep
performance.

IMI 834 can be cast using t h e normal techn i q u e s d e v e l o p e d for t i t a n i u m alloys. Typical t e n sile p r o p e r t i e s of c a s t I M I 8 3 4 a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a t 6 0 0 C (1110 F) a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e s .

Cast IMI 834: Room-temperature tensile properties

Yield s t r e n g t h
(0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Bar
condition
Cast + (a+3)HIP+1070 CAC + 2 h 700C
o

Cast + p H D ? + 2 h 7 0 0 C
Wrought(15%alpha)OQ + 2 h 7 0 0 C 5 0 m m b a r ( 2 i n . )

944
966
898
901
950

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

137.0
140.2
130.3
130.8
137.9

1071
1072
1040
1025
1070

155.4
155.6
147.2
148.8
155.2

Elongation
%
5
5
6
4
13

Reduction
i n area
%
7
9
10
9
23

Cast IMI 834: Tensile properties at 600 C

Yield strength

(0.2%)

Bar
condition

MPa

Cast + (+) + 1070 C AC + 2 h 700 C

Cast + p H I P + 2 h 7 0 0 C
o

Wrought (15% alpha) OQ + 2 h 700 C 50 mm (2 in.) bar

Forging

ksi

526
515
467
472
518

76.3
74.7
67.8
68.5
75.2

I M I 8 3 4 is r e a d i l y forgeable u s i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l
h a m m e r , p r e s s , o r i s o t h e r m a l t e c h n i q u e s . Typical

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
663
669
566
575
682

96.2
97.1
82.1
83.5
99.0

Elongation,
%
6
10
6
7
23

Reduction
in area,
%
16
29
16
16
52

forging t e m p e r a t u r e i s a r o u n d 1 0 1 0 C (1850 F).

I M I 8 3 4 is stiffer t h a n m o s t o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys,
b u t i t h a s good forgeability a t i t s r e c o m m e n d e d
forging t e m p e r a t u r e .

IMI 834: Flow stress

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
1700
1800

1600

Click here to view

1900

2000
40

IMI 834

30

20
100

10 s

850

900

950
1000
Temperature, C

1050

1100

As-rolled bar tested with a plastometer up to 1100 C (2010 F ) at a

strain rate of 15/s.
Source: IMI Titanium "High-Temperature Alloys" brochure

Forming

I M I 8 3 4 h a s v e r y l i m i t e d cold formability, b u t
good h o t formability. I t c a n b e p r o d u c e d i n s h e e t
a n d p l a t e form. Typical s h e e t p r o p e r t i e s a r e s h o w n

(see t a b l e ) . S u p e r p l a s t i c f o r m i n g i s also possible a t

a b o u t 9 9 0 C ( 1 8 1 4 F).

444 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

IMI 834: Properties of 2 mm sheet

Material
condition(a)

Orientation

Room-temperature properties
Rolled + * Annealed (800 C)
*1025 C(o/P) AC + 2h 700C
*1060 C(P)AC + 2h 700C
o

High-temperature (600 C) properties

Rolled + * Annealed (800 C)
* 1025 C (/) AC + 2 h 700 C
*1060C(Ji)AC +2h700 C

Yield strength
(0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
Creep
(50 mm), strain(b),
%

996
1014
998
1009
947
963

144.6
147.2
144.8
146.4
137.4
139.8

1114
1120
1145
1111
1098
1103

161.7
162.5
166.2
161.2
159.4
160.1

11.5
12
11.5
11
6
6

473
510
518
546
554
532

68.7
74.0
75.2
79.2
80.4
77.2

671
720
702
728
716
729

97.4
104.5
100.6
105.7
103.9
105.8

18
14
16
18
12
12

0.213
0.247
0.055
0.064

(a) An asterisk * indicates a heating duration of 30 minutes . (b) Total plastic strain after exposure of 150 MPa (21.8 ksi) at 600 C (1110 F)
for 100 hours

Heat
Treatment

IMI 834: Recommended heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment
Solution treatment (15% alpha)
Aging

Duration
1015 + 5
700

2 hours
2 hours

1860 9
1290

(a) For sections less than about 15 mm (0.6 in.), air cooling is recommended.

IMI 834: Typical tensile properties after recommended heat treatment (STA)
Property
0.2% YS, MPa (ksi)
UTS, MPa (ksi)
Elongation (in 5D), %
Reduction in area, %

Room temperature

600 C

950 (138)
1050 (152)
12
20

520 (75.4)
650(94.3)
20
50

Cooling method
Oil quench(a)
Air cool

T i - 5 A I - 6 S n - 2 Z r - 1 - 0 . 2 5 S i / 4 4 5

I Ti-5AI-6Sn-2Zr-1 Mo-0.25Si
Common Name: Ti-5621S
UNS: Unassigned
Compiled by P. Russo, RMI Titanium Company
d u c e d u c t i l i t y a n d f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s . T h e s e elem e n t s , t o g e t h e r w i t h excessive t i n a n d z i r c o n i u m ,
c a n r e d u c e t h e t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y of T i - 5 6 2 1 S a n d
o t h e r h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e t i t a n i u m alloys.
P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d C o n d i t i o n s . Ti-5621S
h a s been produced in standard wrought product
f o r m s , s u c h a s forged b i l l e t s a n d b a r s , a n d a s flat
p r o d u c t s , s u c h a s s h e e t a n d p l a t e . T h e alloy is
a v a i l a b l e only b y special order. It c a n n o t b e
strengthened by t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t .
A p p l i c a t i o n s . Ti-5621S is a semicommercial
alloy i n t e n d e d for h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s
u p t o 5 4 0 C (1000 F) w h e r e c r e e p is t h e l i m i t i n g
c o n c e r n a n d w h e r e good e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e
s t r e n g t h a n d t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y a r e r e q u i r e d . Applications include jet engine components.

T i - 5 6 2 1 S is a s e m i c o m m e r c i a l alloy d e v e l o p e d
b y R M I T i t a n i u m C o m p a n y i n t h e m i d - 1 9 6 0 s t o ext e n d t h e u s e of t i t a n i u m - b a s e alloys to 5 4 0 C
(1000 F). T h e -lean + alloy c o m b i n e s a well-sel e c t e d a l p h a b a s e w i t h s m a l l a d d i t i o n s of t h e -stab i l i z e r s m o l y b d e n u m a n d silicon t o o p t i m i z e c r e e p
r e s i s t a n c e a n d t h e r m a l stability. T i - 5 6 2 1 S h a s
good t e n s i l e a n d s t r e s s - r u p t u r e p r o p e r t i e s u p t o
5 4 0 C (1000 F), c o m b i n e d w i t h e x c e l l e n t c r e e p . It
can be m a c h i n e d and formed at room t e m p e r a t u r e
or w a r m f o r m i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s of 4 2 5 t o 5 4 0 C
(800 t o 1000 F) a n d c a n b e w e l d e d .
E f f e c t s o f I m p u r i t i e s a n d A l l o y i n g . Exceedi n g i m p u r i t y l i m i t s m a y d e c r e a s e t h e d u c t i l i t y of
t h e alloy b e l o w r e q u i r e d m i n i m u m s d u e t o i n c r e a s e s i n yield s t r e n g t h . A s for all + alloys, excessive a l u m i n u m , o x y g e n , a n d n i t r o g e n c a n r e -

Ti-5621S: Typical composition range

Al
Min, wt%
Max, wt%

4.5
5.5

Sn

Zr

5.0
7.0

1.5
2.5

Composition, wt%
Si

Mo
0.5
0.95

0.15
0.35

0.15

0.03

C
0.05

Fe

Ti

0.3

bal

Physical Properties
P h a s e s a n d S t r u c t u r e s . At room temperat u r e , T i - 5 6 2 1 S c o n s i s t s p r i m a r i l y of p h a s e (hep),
w i t h a s m a l l a m o u n t of p h a s e (bec). H e a t i n g t o
h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n c r e a s e s t h e a m o u n t of
p h a s e i n t h e alloy u n t i l , a t t e m p e r a t u r e s e x c e e d i n g
1010 C (1850 F), t h e alloy t r a n s f o r m s to aU
p h a s e . T h e alloy also c o n t a i n s a s m a l l a m o u n t of
(Ti,Zr)5Si3. M i c r o s t r u c t u r e s r e s u l t i n g from cooling
t h r o u g h t h e - t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e t y p i c a l l y consist of p a c k e t s of p l a t e l e t s s e p a r a t e d b y films of
phase.

E l a s t i c M o d u l u s , (see figures)
P o i s s o n ' s R a t i o : 0.326
C h e m i c a l / C o r r o s i o n P r o p e r t i e s . Although
a c t u a l d a t a a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , T i - 5 6 2 1 S is e x p e c t e d
t o h a v e g e n e r a l corrosion b e h a v i o r s i m i l a r to o t h e r
n e a r - a n d l e a n - + alloys.

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-5621S: Effect of temperature on tensile modulus

200

400

Temperature, F
600
800
1000

1200

150
120

Ti-5621S: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

1010+14C(1850 25F)
Not Available
4.51 g/cm (0.163 lbf/in. )
1.7
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
3

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F)

150

300
450
Temperature, C

600

750

Beta forged heat treated at 980 C (1800 F), 1 h, air cooled + 590
C (1100 F), 2 h, air cooled.
Source: RMI Titanium Company

446 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5621S: Effect of temperature on compressive

modulus
Temperature, F
100 200 300 400 500 600 700

LIVE GRAPH

800

900

Click here to view

100

200
300
Temperature, C

400

38 mm (1.5 in.) thick pancake forging, forged, + annealed and

aged.
Source: RMI Titanium Company

Mechanical Properties
TJ-5621S: Typical tensile properties of forgings
Forge process
a n d test
temperature

Anneal

22C(72F)
+

480C(900F)
+

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Yield strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

+
+

993
860

144
125

1096
1000

159
145

40
25

+
+

593
515

86
75

745
690

108
100

48
36

Source: RMI Titanium Company

HighTemperature
Strength

Ti-5621S: Stress-rupture properties

Property

RT

Stress rupture (radial), MPa (ksi) at:

100 h
1000 h

NA
NA

Source: Battelle Memorial Institute

Temperature. C (F)
425(800)
315(600)
745(108)
738(107)

631 (91.5)
627(91)

510 (950)
593(86)
545 (79)

Ti-5AI-6Sn-2Zr-1 Mo-0.25Si / 447

Ti-5621S: Effect of temperature on tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

200

400
Temperature, C

600

200

800

100

Temperature, F
400
600
800

200

Click here to view

1000

300
400
500
Temperature, C

1200

600

Beta forged, heat treated at 980 "C (1800 F), 1 h, air cooled + 590 C (1100 F), 2 h, air cooled.
Source: RMI Titanium Company

Ti-5621S: Larson-Miller plot of creep

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

/ Rupture

/ \ \
0.1% creep

\^

* \

7 = temperature in F

0.2% creep

t = time in hours

10
29

1
30

31
32
33
34
P= 7(20 + log f)x10"

35

36

Pancake forging, forged, + annealed and aged.

Source: RMI Titanium Company

Fatigue
Properties

Ti-5621S: Fatigue data

Fatigue
(Radial)
Unnotched,/? = 0.1
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
^cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
Notched (, = 3.0),/? = 0.1
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
3

RT

Temperature, C (F)
205(400)

370 (700)

1035(150)
786(114)
590(85)

965(140)
760(110)
565 (82)

854(124)
710(103)
537 (78)

760(110)
372(54)
262(38)

730(106)
338(49)
262(38)

690(100)
303 (44)
262(38)

38 mm (1.5 in.) thick pancake forging, forged, + annealed and aged. Source: Battelle Memorial Institute

700

448 / Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys

Ti-5621S: Smooth fatigue results

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5621S: Notched fatigue results

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

iooo|

140

Click here to view

140

Notched longitudinal
R = 0.1
K, = 3.0

800
CO
0-

ess,

:ress
(

H100

Max

600

205 C (400 F)
RT

400

100
80
60

Maxii

120

120

40
200

370 C (700 F)

20
0

icr

10

Lifetime cycles

io

10

10

38 mm (1.5 in.) thick pancake forging, forged, + annealed and

aged.
Source: RMI Titanium Company

10
Lifetime cycles
b

10

10

38 mm (1.5 in.) thick pancake forging, forged, + annealed and

aged.
Source: RMI Titanium Company

Ti-5621S: Fatigue crack growth in air and vacuum

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Stress-intensity factor range, MPaVm

Stress-intensity factor range, MPaVm

Stress ratio, 0.05; 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) sheet; hot rolled at 955 C (1750 F); annealed at 975 C (1785 F), 1 h, air cooled + 590 C (1100 F), 2 h, air
cooled.
Source: H.H. Smith, P.S. Kullen, and D.J. Michel, Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Titanium Alloys 6242S and 5621S at Elevated Temperature, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 19A, April 1988, 881 -885

Fracture

Ti-5621 S: Charpy impact data

Properties

Absorbed energy
lbf ft
m

Test temperature
op

22
-40
-70

72
^40
-100

28.9
23.3
19.0

21.3
17.2
14.0

Average of three tests. 38 mm (1.5 in.) thick pancake forging,

forged, + annealed and aged. Source: Battelle Memorial Institute

Ti-5621 S: Fracture toughness

Heat
treatment(a)
A (annealed)
A + 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) , 1000 h

Fracture
toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin.
106.7
100.1

97.0
91.0

Ultimate
tensile strength
MPa
ksi
1020
1027

148
149

Yield
strength
MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

900
900

130
130

12.7
10.5

Reduction
of area,
%
22.5
20.1

Four-point loading; pancake forging, (a) A, 1015 C (1860 F), 1 h, air cooled + 590 C (1100 F), 2 h, air cooled. Source: RMI Titanium Company

Ti-5AI-6Sn-2Zr-1 Mo-0.25Si / 449

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Processing

Forging

To o p t i m i z e c r e e p p r o p e r t i e s , Ti-562 I S c a n b e
forged, followed b y + a n n e a l i n g . A l p h a - b e t a

forging m u s t b e c o n t r o l l e d carefully to m i n i m i z e
surface c r a c k i n g .

Machining

L i k e m a n y t i t a n i u m alloys, T i - 5 6 2 I S h a s a t e n d e n c y t o seize a n d t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e s s h a r p tools,

c o r r e c t tool a n g l e s , h e a v y feeds, a n d slow s p e e d s ,
a s well a s r i g i d tool s u p p o r t s a n d a d e q u a t e coolant.
Typical tool g e o m e t r i e s a r e p r o v i d e d i n "Technical
N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g " i n t h i s Volume. C a r b i d e s a r e
u s e d o n h e a v i e r , f a s t e r c u t s , w h i l e h i g h - s p e e d tools
a r e u s e d o n lighter, s l o w e r c u t s . M o s t d r i l l s a n d
t a p s a r e m a d e of h i g h - s p e e d s t e e l s .
C u t t i n g feeds a n d s p e e d s of alloy Ti-562 I S a r e
s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of T i - 6 2 4 2 S o r Ti-6A1-4V. I n t u r n i n g o p e r a t i o n s , t h e t y p i c a l r a n g e of feeds a n d

speeds are:
R o u g h i n g c u t s a t 0.4 t o 0.75 m m / r e v (0.015 to
0.03 in./rev) a n d 3 0 t o 4 5 m / m i n (100 to 150
sfm)
F i n i s h i n g c u t s a t 0.25 m m / r e v (0.01 in./rev)
a n d 9 0 t o 150 m / m i n (300 t o 500 sfm)
I n g r i n d i n g o p e r a t i o n s , Ti-5621S r e q u i r e s
m a n y of t h e s a m e p r e c a u t i o n s a g a i n s t surface
d a m a g e a s o t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys (see "Technical
N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g " i n t h i s Volume).

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 451

I Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 453

I Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr
Common Name: Ti-17
UNS Number: R58650
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Cr-4Mo (Ti-17) i s a h i g h s t r e n g t h , d e e p h a r d e n a b l e , forging alloy t h a t w a s
d e v e l o p e d p r i m a r i l y for g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e compo-

Product
Conditions/
Microstructure

Ti-17 c a n b e h e a t t r e a t e d t o y i e l d s t r e n g t h s of
1030 t o 1170 M P a (150 t o 170 ksi). I t i s m o r e d u c tile t h a n Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, a n d i t i s s u p e r i o r t o Ti6A1-4V i n c r e e p behavior. W i t h h a r d e n a b i l i t y c h a r -

Chemistry and
Density

Ti-17 m a y b e classified a s a " b e t a - r i c h " a l p h a b e t a alloy, b e c a u s e i t h a s a b e t a - s t a b i l i z e r (Mo +

Product Forms

n e n t s , s u c h a s d i s k s for f a n a n d c o m p r e s s o r s t a g e s .
Ti-17 h a s s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s s u p e r i o r to t h o s e of
Ti-6A1-4V, a n d also e x h i b i t s h i g h e r c r e e p r e s i s tance at intermediate temperatures.

a c t e r i s t i c s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e of s o m e b e t a t y p e
alloys, Ti-17 i s lower i n d e n s i t y a n d h i g h e r i n
m o d u l u s a n d creep s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e b e t a alloys.

C r ) c o n t e n t of 8%.
D e n s i t y . 4.65 g / c m ( 0 . 1 6 8 l b / i n . )
3

Ingot, billet, forgings

Product
Conditions/
Microstructure

Ti-17 c a n b e p r o c e s s e d i n e i t h e r t h e b e t a o r alp h a plus b e t a region, a n d subsequent h e a t treatm e n t d e p e n d s o n p r o c e s s i n g history. S p e c i a l i n g o t

melting conditions a r e required, particularly duri n g t h e final m e l t , t o m i n i m i z e s e g r e g a t i o n of b e t a
s t a b i l i z e r s ( p r i m a r i l y c h r o m i u m ) d u r i n g solidificat i o n . E x c e s s i v e s e g r e g a t i o n of b e t a s t a b i l i z e r s c a n

c a u s e "beta flecks" d u r i n g forging or u p o n h e a t

t r e a t m e n t , w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e m i c r o r e g i o n s of s u b n o r m a l f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s a n d ductility. B o t h
forging a n d h e a t t r e a t i n g p r a c t i c e s m u s t b e cont r o l l e d carefully to m i n i m i z e t h e effects of m i c r o s e g r e g a t i o n (beta flecks).

Applications

Ti-17 i s u s e d for h e a v y - s e c t i o n forgings u p t o

150 m m (6 i n . t h i c k ) for g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e compon e n t s a n d o t h e r e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e applica-

t i o n s d e m a n d i n g h i g h t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a n d good
f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s . I t i s u s e d only by G e n e r a l Electrie.

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr: Specifications and Compositions

Specification Designation Description
UNS

R58650

Cr

Al

Fe

Mo

4.5-5.5

3.5-4.5

0.3 max

0.0125 max 3.5-4.5

Zr

Sn

Other

0.04 max

1.5-2.5

1.5-2.5

Mn 0.1 max; Cu 0.1 max;

0.08-0.13; C 0.05 max;
OT 0.3 max; OE 0.1 max;
Y 0.005 max; bal Ti

MnO.l max; Cu0.1 max;

0.08-0.13; C 0.05; OT
0.3;Y0.005;balTi
MnO.l max;Cu0.1 max;
0.08-0.12; C 0.05; OT
0.3;Y0.005;balTi

USA
AMS 4995

Bil STA

4.5-5.5

3.5-4.5

0.3

0.0125

3.5-4.5

0.04

1.5-2.5

1.5-2.5

AMS 4997

Powd

4.5-5.5

3.5-4.5

0.3

0.0125

3.5-4.5

0.04

1.5-2.5

1.5-2.5

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr: Commercial Compositions

Specification DesignationDescription
Japan
Kobe

KS5-2-2-4^1

USA
OROMET
TIMET

Ti-17
TIMETAL17

BarFrgSTA

Al

Cr

4.5-5.5

3.5-4.5

Fe
0.3

0.0125

Mo
3.5-4.5

0.04

Sn

Zr

Other

1.5-2.5

1.5-2.5

O0.08-0.13;
balTi

454 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Phases and Structures

V a r i o u s t y p e s of p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s c a n b e
a c h i e v e d b y t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n of d u r i n g c o n t i n u o u s q u e n c h i n g a n d i s o t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t of Ti-17.
A t h i g h i s o t h e r m a l t e m p e r a t u r e s or low cooling
rates, the transformation structure has a charact e r i s t i c W i d m a n s t a t t e n or b a s k e t w e a v e a p p e a r ance, w i t h a thick layer initially nucleated along
g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . T h e p r i o r p h a s e t r a n s f o r m s to
a W i d m a n s t a t t e n + mixture by nucleation a n d
g r o w t h a c c o r d i n g t o t h e classical B u r g e r o r i e n t a -

t i o n . A t t e m p e r a t u r e s above 5 0 0 C (930 F), t h e a

f o r m s first o n t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s a n d t h e n grows
i n t o t h e m a t r i x . Below 500 C (930 F), precipit a t e s a n d g r o w s t h r o u g h o u t t h e m a t r i x a s well a s
i n t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . A t m o d e r a t e cooling
r a t e s , t h e fineness of t h e s t r u c t u r e i n c r e a s e s a n d
i s fairly u n i f o r m over t h e m a t r i x , w i t h s o m e prefere n c e for f o r m a t i o n a t p r i o r g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s a s
cooling r a t e s i n c r e a s e .
B e t a T r a n s u s . 890 C (1635 F)

Ti-17: Continuous cooling transformation diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000
transus

Widmanstatten
plates

- 600|

/ Gr ain boundary
laver

Start
H1500

800

Fine phase

Finish

400

-H1000 3

+ mixture
H500

200

Undercooled iase

10

10*

10

10*

10

Time, s
Solution treated at 930 C (1700 F) for 30 min.
Source: J . Bechet and B. Hocheid, Decomposition of the Beta-Phase in Titanium Alloy Ti-17, Vtanium Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U.
Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 1617

Ti-17: Isothermal transformation diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Solution treated at 930 C (1700 F).

Source: J. Bechet and B. Hocheid, Decomposition of the Beta-Phase in Titanium Alloy Ti-17, Vtanium Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U.
Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 1615

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 455

Physical Properties
Ti-17: Dynamic modulus of elasticity

Ti-17: Summary of typical physical properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

Temperature, F
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

89010C(1635 20F)
Not Available
4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )
Not Available
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
Not Available
9.7xlO^/C(5.4x
lO^/T)
3

120

110

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 400 C (750
F)

100

C o r r o s i o n P r o p e r t i e s . N o d a t a are a v a i l a b l e
o n t h e corrosion of Ti-17, b u t i t s h o u l d b e susceptible t o stress-corrosion cracking b e c a u s e i t s a l u m i n u m c o n t e n t i s above 3 wt%. Corrosion of Ti-17
m a y b e s i m i l a r to Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo g i v e n t h e
c o m p a r a b l e compositions.

150
250
Temperature, C

350

450

Specimens were heat treated at 855 C (1575 F), 4 h, air cooled +

800 C (1475 F), 4 h, fan air cooled, 620 C (1150 F), 8 h, air
cooled.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724,

Mechanical Prorperties

T y p i c a l H a r d n e s s : 39 to 4 0 HRC
Tensile
Properties

Ti-17 r e t a i n s a h i g h fraction of i t s s t r e n g t h at
e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s . I t s n o t c h e d t e n s i l e to t e n sile ratio i s also stable a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s .

Ti-17: Typical STA tensile properties

Temperature
C
24
93
205
315
370

op
75
200
400
600
700

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1035-1075
930-1000
795-860
760-825
700-760

150-170
135-145
115-125
110-120
100-110

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1105-1240
1035-1105
930-1000
930-1000
860-930

160-180
150-160
135-145
135-145
125-135

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

8-15
8-15
8-15
8-15
8-15

20-45
3045
30-45
30-45
3045

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 436

Ti-17: Typical STA notch tensile properties

N o t c h e d tensile
strength(a)

Temperature
MPa
24
93
205
315
370

75
200
400
600
700

1380-1515
1450-1515
1380-1450
1275-1345
1275-1345

ksi
200-220
210-220
200-210
185-195
185-195

(). = 4.0. Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 436

NTS/UTS
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

456 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-17: Effect of temperature on radial tensile properties of spool forgings

Ultimate tensile
strength

Test temperature
C
24

F
75

93
205
315

200
400
600

370

700

MPa
1185
1179
1124
1075
993
985
944
917

ksi
172
171
163
156
144
143
137
133

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
1144
1117
1068
875
841
813
793
744

ksi
166
162
155
127
122
118
115
108

Elongation
in 50 m m

Reduction
of area,

(2 in.), %
8
12
11
12
14
12
11
13

%
26
32
39
36
46
46
49
47

Note: Specimens were heat treated at 845 C (1550 F), 4 h, AC + 800 C (1475 F), 4 h, FAC, 620 C (1150 F), 8 h, AC. Source: Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Ti-17: Effect of temperature on notched tensile strength of spool forgings

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1144
166
1075
156
972
141
958
139
910
132

Test temperature
C
F
24
75
93
200
205
400
315
600
370
700

N o t c h e d tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi
1468
213
1482
215
1413
205
1310
190
1303
189

NTS/UTS
1.28
1.38
1.45
1.36
1.44

Note: Specimens were heat treated at 845 C (1550 F), 4 h, AC + 800 C (1475 F), 4 h, FAC, 620 C (1150 F), 8 h, AC. Data are an average
of three tests. Notch radius = 0.12 mm (0.0047 in.). (a)K = 4. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, 1976
t

Effect of
Heat
Treatment

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-17: Effect of aging temperature on tensile yield strength

550

600

650
Aging temperature, C

Click here to view

700

750

Alpha-beta processed disks heat treated at 855 C (1575 F), 4 h, AC, 800 C (1475 F), 4 h, water quench (WQ) or oil quench (OQ) or fan air cool
(FAC).
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 4 5 7

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-17: Effect of solution temperatures on tensile

strengths

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1300
1400

Solution temperature, F
1400
1500

p. .

'

Ultimate ter sile strength

Ti-17: Effect of solution treatment on aged strength

1600
1

200

Solution temperature, F
1400
1500

1300
140| 1

190

1300
/

1300

1600

Beta-processed
Alpha-beta proc essed

^ 1200

- 170

170
Tensile yie;ld strength

1100

'

160
-H150

1000
700

900

800
850
750
Solution temperature, C

-90

H180

H180 *

1200

H200

1100

160 a>
>-

-H50

1000[
700

800
850
750
Solution temperature, C

900

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Solution treated at indicated temperature for 4 h, WQ, and aged at

635C(1175F)for8h.
Source: Bete Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 244

Ti-17: Creep-rupture curves for forgings

Ti-17: Creep behavior comparison

Alpha-beta processed disk forgings heat treated at 855 C (1575

F), 4 h, AC + solution treated, 4 h, WQ, 620 C (1150 F), 8 h, AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724,

Creep Properties
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

10000

Click here to view

0.2% creep

Rupture

1000

100
26

28

32
34
30
Larson-Miller parameter

36

38

Larson-Miller parameter equals 10 7 (25 + log f ), where is

temperature in R and is time in hours.
Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 3,9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980

16

18

20
22
24 26 28
Larson-Miller parameter

30

32

Chemical composition (wt%): 4.98 Al, <0.005 C, 4.00 Cr, <0.005 Cu,
0.059 Fe, 0.0010 H, <0.005 Mn, 3.96 Mo, 0.0036 N, 0.081 0,1.98
Sn, <0.0010 Y, and 1.96 Zr. Forged disks were double solution
treated at 835 C (1525 F) for 4 h and at 810 C (1490 F) for 4 h,
and aged at 610 C (1130 F) for 8 h.
Source: T. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura, Effects of Forging and Heat
Treatment Conditions on Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength
Titanium Alloy, Ti-17, in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. La-

combe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,

Paris, 1989, 1319

458 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-17: Typical STA creep properties

Stress

Temperature
F

C
205

400

315

600

425

800

MPa

ksi

793
814
690
724
745
241
310
345
414

115
118
100
105
108
35
45
50
60

Time to 0.2%, h
2200
400
1000
500
125
150
75
75
30

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 439

Ti-17: Typical STA stress-rupture properties

Temperature

Stress
F

C
205

400

315

600

425

800

MPa
945
965
983
1000
896
917
931
690
758
793

ksi

Time to rupture, h

137
140
142.5
145
130
133
135
100
110
115

>1000
800
600
0.01
>1000
0.01
0.01
>500
25
10

Source:Seto Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 439

Ti-17: Creep-rupture of - processed forging

Temperature

Stress
F

205

400

315

600

425

800

480
510

900
950

MPa
999
982
979
965
948
896
793
482
482

ksi
145
142.5
142
140
137.5
130
115
70
70

Time,
h
0.01
>671.9
793.6
0.1
>670.5
>721.5
8
>140
-16

Note: Spool forgings were heat treated at 845 C (1550 F) for 4 h, air cooled, then 800 C (1475 F) for 4 h, furnace air cooled, and aged at
620 C (1150 F)for 8 h, air cooled. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976,
p7

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 459

Fatigue Properties

Ti-17: Typical STA high-cycle fatigue (unnotched)

Load control, A = 0.95

Maximum
stress

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

Cycles
to
failure

24

75

315

600

965
827
758
724
758
690
676
655
621

140
120
110
105
110
100
98
95
90

470
403
370
353
370
336
329
319
43.8

68.2
58.5
53.6
51.2
53.6
48.7
47.7
46.3
302

21,000
75,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
37,000
50,000
88,000
15,000,000
12,000,000

Temperature

Alternating
stress

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 438.

Ti-17: Typical STA low-cycle fatigue (unnotched)

Strain control, A - 1.0

Temperature
C

24

75

315

600

Strain,%
Elastic

Plastic
0.38
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.025
0.23
0.133
0.044
0.055
0.017
0.045

1.49
1.365
1.23
1.135
1.04
0.97
1.30
1.20
0.982
0.92
0.9075
0.88

Total
1.87
1.465
1.26
1.155
1.05
0.995
1.54
1.34
1.03
0.98
0.93
0.93

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 437

Ti-17: Axial fatigue of STA disk forgings

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

Ti-1 7

!*-U-^_^
Overaged Ti-6AI-4V

10
10

10
10
Number of cycles
4

10*

Ti-17 heat treatment: 860 C (1575 F), 4 h, AC, 800 C (1475 F), 4
h, FAC, 620 C (1150 F), 8 h, AC. Axial loaded, R = 0, K, = 1; frequency, 20 cycles/min.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Cycles t o failure
3,180
5,040
9,650
15,400
25,700
60,600
3,600
5,500
>12,700
>56,300
>86,000
> 16,000

460 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-17: Typical STA low-cycle fatigue (unnotched)

Load control, A = 1.0
Stress
range

Temperature

Cycles t o failure

MPa

ksi

1103
1069
1000
931
896
827
896
862
841
834
827

160
155
145
135
130
120
130
125
122
121
120

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 437

Ti-17: Fatigue crack growth at room temperature

Fatigue
Crack
Growth

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100
Alpha-beta processed spool forgings were heat treated at 860 C
(1575 F), 4 h, AC + 800 C (1475 F), 4 h, FAC + 620 C (1150 F),
8 h, AC. Tensile yield strength, 1075 MPa (156 ksi); B= 1; W/B=2;
L-R orientation.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3724,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Fracture Properties
Ti-17: Plane-strain fracture toughness at room temperature STA
Yield
strength
MPa
Alpha-beta processed
1172
1103
1034
Beta-processed
1172
1103
1034

ksi

MPaVm

Kw

ksiVin.

170
160
150

33
40
50

30
36
45

170
160
150

53
65
88

48
59
80

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 438

5,000
10,000
25,000
35,000
170,000
290,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
13,000
64,000

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 4 6 1

Ti-17: Effect of reduction ratio on fracture toughness of disk forgings

Tensile yield
strength(a)

Reduction
ratio
Alpha-beta forged + STA(c)
2:1
3:1
4:1
Beta forged + STA(d)
2:1
3:1
4:1

MPa

ksi

Fracture
toughness (b) (Kic)
MPaVm
ksi

1150
1145
1165

167
166
169

41.5
36
37.2

37.8
32.9
33.9

1117
1103
1110

162
160
161

68.8
61
55.2

62.2
55.5
50.2

(a) Average of two tests, (b) 25 mm (1 in.) thick compact tension specimen, (c) 845 C (1550 F) for 4 h, FAC, 800 C (1475 F) for 4 h, FAC; and
620 C (1150 F) for 8 h, AC. (d) 800 C (1475 F) 4 h, FAC; 620 C (1150 F) 8 h, AC. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
Code 3724, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976

Ti-17: Fracture toughness vs yield strength (aged)

140

Yield strength (0.2%), ksi

160

150

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
170

180

solution treated 800 C (1475 F),

4 h, WQ
1000

900

1100
Yield strength (0.2%), MPa

1200

1300

Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, p245. Aged to strength (8 h with temperatures
from 900 to 1300 F)
Ti-17: Effect of solution temperature on toughness
Temperature, F
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

80

>
1

1 1

096 MPa (15 3 ksi) YS

-i

1 H70

H60 -*

60

1117 MPa (162 ksi ) Y S /

40
124 MPa (16 3 ksi) YS
20
800

1137 a (165 ksi) >'S

3

825

850
Temperature, C

30 -3
20

875

900

25 mm (1 in.) thick compact tension specimen from 457 mm (18 in.)

diam 50 mm (2 in.) thick disk forging. Indicated solution temperature plus 785 C (1450 F), 4 h, WQ + 620 C (1150 F), 8 h.
Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.

Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 246

462 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Ti-17 is a h i g h - s t r e n g t h , h i g h l y b e t a - s t a b i l i z e d ,
- ( n e a r - b e t a ) alloy w h o s e p r i m a r y c o m m e r c i a l
a p p l i c a t i o n is t u r b i n e e n g i n e r o t a t i n g c o m p o n e n t s .
I t c a n b e f a b r i c a t e d i n t o all forging p r o d u c t t y p e s ,
a l t h o u g h closed die forgings a n d r i n g s p r e d o m i n a t e . Ti-17 is c o m m e r c i a l l y f a b r i c a t e d on all t y p e s
of f o r g i n g e q u i p m e n t . T u r b i n e e n g i n e d i s k s a r e freq u e n t l y p r o d u c e d u s i n g h o t die o r i s o t h e r m a l forgi n g t e c h n i q u e s , r e s u l t i n g i n n e a r - n e t closed die
forgings w i t h r e d u c e d f i n a l m a c h i n i n g .
Ti-17 is a h i g h l y forge a b l e alloy w i t h lower u n i t
p r e s s u r e s (flow s t r e s s e s ) , i m p r o v e d forgeability,
a n d l e s s c r a c k s e n s i t i v i t y t h a n t h e - alloy -614V. T h e final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of Ti-17 forgings i s d e v e l o p e d b y t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s i n g i n forgi n g m a n u f a c t u r e t a i l o r e d to a c h i e v e specific
m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l - p r o p e r t y objectives. Thermomechanical processes use combinat i o n s of s u b t r a n s u s a n d / o r s u p r a - t r a n s u s forging
followed b y s u b t r a n s u s t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s to fulfill c r i t i c a l m e c h a n i c a l - p r o p e r t y c r i t e r i a .
F i n a l t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s for Ti-17 forgings i n c l u d e t w o - or t h r e e - s t e p p r a c t i c e s of single or t w o s t e p s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t s followed by q u e n c h i n g
a n d a g i n g . S o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t is s u b t r a n s u s , a t
800 C (1475 F), followed b y w a t e r q u e n c h or f a n
a i r cool for t h i n s e c t i o n s . F o r forgings f a b r i c a t e d
conventionally, a s o l u t i o n a n n e a l a t 855 C (1575
F), followed by a n a i r cool, m a y b e u s e d to i m p r o v e
toughness and creep properties. Aging t r e a t m e n t
is c o n d u c t e d a t 6 2 0 C (1150 F). S u b t r a n s u s t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s (forging a n d t h e r m a l
t r e a t m e n t ) for Ti-17 f o r g i n g s a c h i e v e e q u i a x e d (20
to 30%) i n t r a n s f o r m e d m a t r i x m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s
t h a t e n h a n c e s t r e n g t h , ductility, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y
low-cycle f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s . S u p r a - t r a n s u s t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s ( b e t a forging followed b y
s u b t r a n s u s t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s ) achieve t r a n s formed, W i d m a n s t a t t e n m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s t h a t
enhance creep and/or fracture-related properties
(T.K. R e d d e n , Ref 1).
C o n v e n t i o n a l F o r g i n g . T h e objectives i n
forging Ti-17 a r e t o o b t a i n t h e final forging s h a p e
a n d d e s i r e d final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e a t l e a s t cost. C o n v e n t i o n a l s u b t r a n s u s ( + ) forging t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s a r e m o s t widely u s e d i n
c o m m e r c i a l e n g i n e d i s k forging m a n u f a c t u r e . To
achieve conventional equiaxed structures, subt r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n of 5 0 to 7 5 % , a c c u m u l a t e d
t h r o u g h one or m o r e f o r g i n g s t e p s , a r e r e q u i r e d .
S u p r a - t r a n s u s () f o r g i n g for Ti-17 m a y b e u s e d i n
e a r l y forging o p e r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g u p s e t t i n g a n d
o p e n die p r e f o r m i n g , t o r e d u c e u n i t p r e s s u r e s a n d
e a s e forging f a b r i c a t i o n . However, h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n i t i a l f o r g i n g o p e r a t i o n s m u s t b e followed b y sufficient s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n to
achieve t h e desired predominately equiaxed
s t r u c t u r e . C o n v e n t i o n a l l y forged Ti-17 is t h e n s u b t r a n s u s solution t r e a t e d , q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d a s
noted above.

Supra-transus thermomechanical proce s s e s for Ti-17 a r e u s e d for selected disk applications to achieve transformed, W i d m a n s t a t t e n
s t r u c t u r e s for i m p r o v e d c r e e p a n d f r a c t u r e - r e l a t e d
p r o p e r t i e s . Successful t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l proce s s e s for Ti-17 forgings i n c l u d e controlled forging
p r o c e s s e s followed b y s u b t r a n s u s solution t r e a t m e n t a n d aging. T h e forging t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l
p r o c e s s e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y well s u i t e d to i s o t h e r m a l o r h o t die forging technology. B e t a forging r e q u i r e s s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n (e.g., 2 0 to 50%) i n
e a r l y forging (blocker die) s t a g e s followed by a cont r o l l e d , single forging s t e p , t h a t a c h i e v e s 3 0 to
5 0 % r e d u c t i o n s . B e t a forging Ti-17 r e q u i r e s c a r e ful c o n t r o l of forging p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y p r e h e a t t i m e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e , to avoid excessive p r i o r g r a i n g r o w t h . B e t a forged Ti-17 is t h e n
s u b t r a n s u s h e a t t r e a t e d a s n o t e d above. B e c a u s e
of i n h e r e n t v a r i a t i o n s i n forging conditions,
forged Ti-17 m a y e x h i b i t m o r e final forging product variation t h a n conventionally s u b t r a n s u s
forged a n d h e a t t r e a t e d Ti-17 forged p r o d u c t .
H o t d i e a n d / o r i s o t h e r m a l f o r g i n g techn i q u e s a r e i m p o r t a n t c o m m e r c i a l m e t h o d s for fabr i c a t i o n of Ti-17 r o t a t i n g t u r b i n e e n g i n e d i s k s to
r e d u c e final c o m p o n e n t cost (from less m a c h i n i n g )
a n d / o r i m p r o v e final c o m p o n e n t m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
a n d p r o p e r t y u n i f o r m i t y t h r o u g h i m p r o v e d control
of forging p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s . T h e a x i s y m m e t r i c
s h a p e s a n d d e s i g n s of s u c h e n g i n e c o m p o n e n t s a r e
v e r y well s u i t e d to t h e s e forging m e t h o d s . I s o t h e r m a l forging of Ti-17 d i s k s is f r e q u e n t l y accomp l i s h e d i n a single forging s t e p from b a r or billet
stock, u n d e r carefully c o n t r o l l e d s u p r a - or s u b t r a n s u s m e t a l a n d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , levels of
s t r a i n , a n d s t r a i n - r a t e profiles. H o t die forging,
w h e r e die t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h e s b u t is n o t
e q u i v a l e n t to m e t a l t e m p e r a t u r e , is also u s e d t o r e d u c e u n i t p r e s s u r e s , e n h a n c e forgeability, a n d p r o d u c e m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d final s h a p e s i n fewer forgi n g o p e r a t i o n s . W i t h e i t h e r s u b t r a n s u s or
s u p r a - t r a n s u s forging v i a b o t h of t h e s e "hot die"
p r o c e s s e s a n d c o n t r o l l e d post-forging cooling
rates, desired tensile strength, fracture toughness,
a n d c r e e p p r o p e r t i e s c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n Ti-17 u s i n g
d i r e c t a g i n g , t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g t h e solution t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s e s (G.W. K u h l m a n , Ref 2).
References
1. T.K. R e d d e n , P r o c e s s i n g a n d P r o p e r t i e s of
Ti-17 Alloy for Aircraft a n d Turbine Applicat i o n s , Beta Titanium
in the 1980's, R.R.
Boyer
and
H.W.
Rosenberg,
Ed.,
T M S / A I M E , 1984, 239-254
2. G.W. K u h l m a n , et al., "Mechanical P r o p e r t y
Tailoring T i t a n i u m Alloys for J e t E n g i n e Applications," Proc. 1986 Int. Conf. Titanium
Products and Applications,
T i t a n i u m Develo p m e n t Association, 1987, 122-153

Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr / 463

Ti-17: Forging process temperatures

Metal temperature
Process
Conventional forging
Beta forging

800-845
915-940

1480-1550
1675-1725

Note: See Technical Note 4: Forging" for recommended die

temperatures.

Heat Treatment
T h e r e c o m m e n d e d h e a t t r e a t m e n t for Ti-17 dep e n d s on p r o c e s s h i s t o r y . F o r - processed m a t e r i a l , t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t c o n s i s t s of a double solut i o n t r e a t m e n t followed b y a g i n g . T h e first s o l u t i o n
t r e a t m e n t s h o u l d b e d o n e a t 8 1 5 to 860 C (1500 t o
1 5 7 5 F) for 4 h , followed b y r a p i d a i r cooling. T h e
h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e ( 8 5 5 C, or 1575 F) p r o d u c e s
h i g h e r t o u g h n e s s a s a r e s u l t of a n i n c r e a s e d
a m o u n t of a c i c u l a r or, w h i c h p r e c i p i t a t e s b o t h d u r i n g cooling a n d s u b s e q u e n t h e a t t r e a t m e n t . T h e
s e c o n d s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t is d o n e a t 800 C (1475
F) a n d n u c l e a t e s a d d i t i o n a l a c i c u l a r a n d p r o -

d u c e s a m a t r i x , t h a t is r e s p o n s i v e t o s u b s e q u e n t
a g i n g . F a n a i r cooling m a y b e u s e d from t h e second
s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t for s e c t i o n s u p to 75 m m (3 in.)
t h i c k , a l t h o u g h m o r e c o n s i s t e n t a n d slightly
higher strengths are achieved with a water
q u e n c h . H e a t t r e a t m e n t of -processed m a t e r i a l
i n c l u d e s only a s i n g l e 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 5 F) 4 h s o l u t i o n
t r e a t m e n t , b e c a u s e a c i c u l a r is a l r e a d y n u c l e a t e d
or p r e c i p i t a t e d d u r i n g cooling from t h e forging
t e m p e r a t u r e . A n a g i n g t r e a t m e n t of 6 2 0 to 650 C
(1150 to 1200 F) for 8 h is r e c o m m e n d e d for b o t h
t h e - a n d p r o c e s s e d m a t e r i a l .

Ti-17: Recommended heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment
Double solution treat and age
STI
ST2
Age
Solution treat and age
ST
Age
Stress relief
Before machining
Other(a)

C
860
800
620

Duration,

Cooling

method

1575
1475
1150

2
4
8

AC
WQ
AC

800
635

1475
1175

4
8

AC
AC

550
480-650

1020
900-1200

4
1-4

AC
AC or sic

Note: Rationales behind these treatments are described by T.K. Redden in Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 239-254, and 435. (a) From Metals Handbook, 9th Ed., Vol 4, 764

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 465

I Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Common Name: Ti-6246
UNS Number: R56260
gas turbine engines, particularly in compressor
d i s k s a n d f a n b l a d e s . T h i s alloy i s u s e d a t lower
t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a n T i - 6 2 4 2 S , b u t s h o u l d b e conside r e d for l o n g - t e r m l o a d - c a r r y i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 4 0 0 C ( 7 5 0 F ) a n d s h o r t - t e r m
l o a d - c a r r y i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to
5 4 0 C (1000 F).

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6246) i s a h e a t - t r e a t able a l p h a - b e t a alloy d e s i g n e d t o c o m b i n e t h e

long-term, e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h p r o p e r ties of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si (Ti-6242S) w i t h
m u c h - i m p r o v e d s h o r t - t e r m s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s of
a fully h a r d e n e d a l p h a - b e t a alloy. I t i s u s e d for
forgings i n i n t e r m e d i a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e s e c t i o n s of

Chemistry
and Density

Ti-6246 i s a s o l i d - s o l u t i o n - s t r e n g t h e n e d alloy
t h a t r e s p o n d s t o h e a t t r e a t m e n t a s a r e s u l t of t h e
b e t a - s t a b i l i z i n g effect of i t s 6% m o l y b d e n u m cont e n t . Silicon a d d i t i o n s (0.08 w t % ) i m p r o v e c r e e p

r e s i s t a n c e . A s for a l l a l p h a - b e t a alloys, excessive

a m o u n t s of a l u m i n u m , o x y g e n , a n d n i t r o g e n c a n
decrease ductility a n d fracture toughness.
D e n s i t y . 4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )

Product Forms

Ti-6246 i s p r o d u c e d b y all U . S . m e l t e r s a s billets a n d b a r s for f o r g i n g stock. I t h a s a l s o b e e n p r o -

d u c e d a n d e v a l u a t e d i n s h e e t a n d p l a t e form.

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Special i n g o t m e l t i n g p r a c t i c e s m u s t b e e m ployed, p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g final m e l t i n g , t o m i n i mize m i c r o s e g r e g a t i o n of t h e b e t a - s t a b i l i z i n g elem e n t , m o l y b d e n u m , w h i c h could r e s u l t i n " b e t a

flecks" (see T e c h n i c a l N o t e 1). F o r g i n g a n d h e a t

t r e a t i n g practices require special controls to minim i z e b e t a flecks, w h i c h c o u l d r e s u l t i n m i c r o r e g i o n s of h i g h s t r e n g t h a n d l o w f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s .

B e t a flecks a r e l e s s of a p r o b l e m for Ti-6246 t h a n
for Ti-17.

Applications

Ti-6246 i s u s e d for f o r g i n g s i n i n t e r m e d i a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s e c t i o n s of g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y for c o m p r e s s o r d i s k s a n d f a n b l a d e s

a n d a l s o for s e a l s a n d a i r f r a m e c o m p o n e n t s . Ti6 2 4 6 i s a l s o u n d e r e v a l u a t i o n for d e e p , s o u r - w e l l

applications.

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo: Specifications and compositions

Specification D e s i g n a t i o n Description
UNS

R56260

Al

Fe

Mo

Sn

Zr
4

Other
bal

USA
AMS4981B

MILF-83142A
MILF-83142A
MILT-9047G

Comp 11
Comp 11
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-6Mo

Bar Wir Frg Bil 5.5-6.5

STA

0.15

0.0125

5.5-6.5

0.04

0.15

1.75-2.25

3.5-4.5

Frg Ann
FrgHT
Bar Bil DA

0.15
0.15
0.15

0.0125
0.0125
0.0125

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

0.04
0.04
0.04

0.15
0.15
0.15

1.75-2.25
1.75-2.25
1.75-2.25

3.6-4.4
3.64.4
3.64.4

Fe

Mo

0.15

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

C0.04;
OT0.4;
Y 0.005;
balTi
C 0.04; bal Ti
C 0.04; bal Ti
C 0.04; OT 0.4; Y
0.005;
balTi

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo: Commercial compositions

Specification D e s i g n a t i o n Description

Al

Sn

Zr

Other

Japan
Kobe

KS6-24-6

BarFrgSTA

5.5-6.5

0.15

0.0125

5.5-6.5

0.04

Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-6Mo

Bar

5.5-6.5

0.15
max

0.0125

5.5-6.5

0.04 0.15
max max

1.75-2.25 3.54.5

balTi

1.8-2.2

CO.lmax;
balTi

USA
Astro

3.64.4

Howmet
(continued)

4 6 6 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo: Commercial compositions (continued)

Specification D e s i g n a t i o n Description

Al

Fe

Mo

Sn

Other

Zr

USA (continued)
Martin Mar
Oremet
RMI

Ti-6246
6Al-2Sn-

BarBil STA

5.5-6.5 0.15

0.0125

5.5-6.5 0.04

0.15

1.75-2.25 3.5-4.5

4Zr-6Mo
Tel.AllVac
Timet

C0.04;
balTi

DA

TIMETAL
6-2-4-6

5.5-6.5 0.15
max

0.0125
max

5.5-6.5 0.04
max

0.15
max

1.75-2.25 3.5-4.5

C0.04
max; balTi

Phases and Structures

T h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of T i - 6 2 4 6 is t y p i c a l l y
equiaxed p r i m a r y in a transformed m a t r i x ;
this can vary, depending on processing and h e a t
t r e a t m e n t history. A microstructure with a n optim u m c o m b i n a t i o n of s t r e n g t h , ductility, a n d

t o u g h n e s s c o n t a i n s a b o u t 10% e q u i a x e d ( p r i m a r y a) plus a transformed matrix with relat i v e l y c o a r s e s e c o n d a r y a n d a g e d .

B e t a T r a n s u s : 9 3 5 C (1715 F ) . T h e 1020 C
t r a n s u s in figure is suspect.

LIVE GRAPH
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Transformation
Products

Ti-6246: Continuous cooling transformation diagram

Ti-6246: Continuous cooling transformation and

aging diagram
1200

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

1200

Solution annealed at 1050 C

at 20 min

m 600
M

1500 LL
a

P
- 1000

400

a"

0
1

'

10

500

J
10'
10
Time, s

10

600

Q.

1000

j 500

a"
200

10

Source: W.W. Cias, "Phase Transformation Kinetics, Microstructures, and Hardenability of the Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Titanium Alloy,"
Rp-27-71 -02, Climax Molybdenum, 2 March 1972

Physical Properties
Ti-6246: S u m m a r y of typical physical properties

Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

1500 u.

<B

Beta transus
Melting range

800

400

200

2000

1000 " , = 1020 C

".= 1020 C ' " V ^ -

800

Solution annealed at 900 C for 20 min

- 2000

935 C(1715F)
1595 to 1675 C (2900 to
3050 F)
4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )
1.9to2.05ui2m
Nonmagnetic
500 J/kg (0.12 Btu/lb F)
7.7 W/m (4.4 Btu/ft h F)
3

9xl(r / C(5xl0- / F)
6

(a) Typical values at room temperature of about 20 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) Mean coefficient from room temperature to 100 C (212
F)

10

10

10
Time, s

10

10

Source: W.W. Cias, "Phase Transformation Kinetics, Microstructures, and Hardenability of the Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Titanium Alloy,"
Rp-27-71 -02, Climax Molybdenum, 2 March 1972

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 467

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-6246: Internal friction v s quenching temperature

Damping
Characteristics

1500

Ti-6246: Phase fractions vs quench temperatures

Quenching temperature, F
1600
1700
1800

100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1100

1150
1200
1250
Quenching temperature,

1100

1300

1150
1200
1250
Quenching temperature,

1300

Source: K. Sugimoto et al., "Influence of Composition and Microstructure on Damping Capacity in Some Ti-Mo Based Alloys," presented at 6th
World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988

Elastic
Properties

Typical tensile m o d u l u s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e

{ 114 GPa (16.5 1 0 p s i ) i n t h e solution t r e a t e d
a n d aged condition.
6

Ti-6246: Compressive and tensile elastic moduli of

sheet
200

LIVE GRAPH

400

Ti-6246: Young's modulus vs quenching temperature

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200

1500

Quenching temperature, F
1600
1700
1800

110

Click here to view

Room temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
15

100
14>
90

H13

12

80I

-hi s>
70

-Ho >-

60
250
500
Temperature, C

750

Triplex annealing: 855 C (1575 F), 15 min, forced air cooled + 730
C (1350F), 15 min, air cooled + 595 C (1100 F), 2 h, air cooled.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3714,

1972

Ti-6246: Tensile modulus of elasticity

Temperature Modulus of elasticity Yield strength (0.2%)
op
ksi
10 psi
MPa
GPa

20
315
425

70
600
800

130
107
100

Strain rate was 0.005 m./in./rnin.

18.9
15.5
14.5

1165
834
787

169.0
121.0
114.2

1050

1100

1150
1200
1250
Quenching temperature,

1300

Source: K. Sugimoto et al., "Influence of Composition and Microstructure on Damping Capacity in Some Ti-Mo Based Alloys," presented at 6th World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988

4 6 8 / A l p h a - B e t a Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
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Resistivity

Ti-6246: Electrical resistivity vs aging time

Ti-6246: Unaged resistivity vs quenching temperature

Quenching temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
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Aging time, s
Measured using dc four-prove method and 2 2 50 mm (0.08
0.08 2 in.) specimens. Composition (wt%): 6.14AI, 0.0023H,
6.O8M0,0.0019N, 2.03Sn, 4.17 Zr. Heat treated in evacuated silica
capsules: 900 C (1650 F), 2 h, water quenched, then aged at 250
or 300 C (480 or570 F) for times indicated.
Source: K. Sugimoto etal., Aging Behavior of a" Martensite Formed
in a Quenched Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Alloy, Titanium .Science and
Technology, Vol 3, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1984, 1583

Quenching temperature,
Source: K. Sugimoto etal., Aging Behavior of a" Martensite Formed
in a Quenched Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Alloy, Titanium, Science and
Technology, Vol 3, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Vol 3, Germany, 1984, 1583

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-6246: Electrical resistivity vs aging time

Ti-6246: Electrical resistivity vs aging temperature

Aging temperature, F

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Aging time at 500 C, s

Aging temperature,

Heat treated at 900 C (1650 F), 2 h, water quenched, aged at 250

C (480 F), 170 h, then aged at 500 C (930 F) for times indicated.
Source: K. Sugimoto etal., Aging Behavior of a" Martensite Formed
in a Quenched Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Alloy, Wanium, Science and
Technology, Vol 3, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Vol 3, Germany, 1984, 1583

Heat treated at 800 C (1470 F), 2 h, water quenched, then aged

for 0.5 h at temperatures indicated.
Source: K. Sugimoto etal., Aging Behavior of ct" Martensite Formed
in a Quenched Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Alloy, Titanium, Science and
Technology, Vol 3, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Vol 3, Germany, 1984, 1583

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 4 6 9

Ti-6246: Electrical resistivity vs aging temperature

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Aging temperature, F
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
86
84

82

78 '>
co
'>
76 *
74

500

250

750
1000
Aging temperature,

72
1250

Heat treated at 900 C (1650 F), 2 h, water quenched, then aged

for 30 min at temperatures indicated.
Source: K. Sugimoto ef al., Aging Behavior of or" Martensite Formed
in a Quenched Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Alloy, Titanium, Science and
Technology, Vol 3, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Vol 3, Germany, 1984, 1583

Chemical/Corrosion Properties
General
Corrosion

Molybdenum additions g r e a t e r t h a n 4 wt% imp r o v e t h e corrosion r e s i s t a n c e of t i t a n i u m alloys i n

r e d u c i n g m e d i a , a n d t h i s effect i s e v i d e n c e d b y t h e
g e n e r a l corrosion of Ti-6246 i n H C I s o l u t i o n s . T h e
increase i n reducing environment resistance is
a c h i e v e d , however, a t t h e e x p e n s e of o x i d i z i n g e n vironment resistance.
Ti-6246: Corrosion in naturally aerated HCI solutions

B e c a u s e T i - 6 2 4 6 is l e s s r e s i s t a n t t o o x i d i z i n g
m e d i a t h a n C P Ti, i t is e x p e c t e d t h a t p i t t i n g r e s i s t a n c e w o u l d l i k e w i s e suffer. T h i s i s i n d e e d t h e s i t u a t i o n o b s e r v e d for r e p a s s i v a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s , w h i c h
r e p r e s e n t c o n s e r v a t i v e m e a s u r e s of anodic p i t t i n g
below which pitting cannot be sustained,

Ti-6246: Repassivation potential

Repassivation potentials in boiling chloride solutions for asannealed alloys and unalloyed titanium

LIVE GRAPH
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Alloy
Gradel
Grade 2
Ti-6-4
Ti-6-2-4-6
BetaC
Ti-8-8-2-3
Ti-15-5

0.5

1
1.5
Concentration of HCI, %

2.5

Source: Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 13,9th ed., ASM International, 1987, 682

Repassivation potential. V(a)

5% NaCl
Saturated
( H3.5)
3% HCI
NaCl
P

...
+6.7
+2.3
+3.0
+3.2
+2.6
+6.3

...
+5.8
+1.7
+2.4
+2.6
+2.4
+5.6

+7.0
+5.7

(a) Measured versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Source: Data

from R. Schutz and J. Grauman, reported in "Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," R. Schutz and D. Thomas, in Metals
Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 13, 9th ed., ASM International, 1987,
669

470 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6246: Corrosion rates in specific media

Medium

Concentration,
%

Temperature,
C

Corrosion rate,
mm/yr

10
50
0.5
1.0
pH 1
5

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling

0.06
0.62
nil
0.03
0.01
0.068

Ferric chloride
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, aerated
Hydrochloric acid+0.1%FeCl

These data should be used only as a guideline for alloy performance. Rates may vary depending on changes in medium chemistry, temperature, length of exposure, and other factors. Total alloy suitability cannot be assumed from these values alone, because other forms of corrosion, such as localized attack, may be limiting. In complex, variable, and/or dynamic environments, in situ testing may provide more reliable
data. Source:MetalsHandbook,Corrosion, Vol 13, 9thed., 1987

LIVE GRAPH
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Crevice
Corrosion

StressCorrosion
Cracking

In contrast to t h e anodic breakdown associated

w i t h pitting, crevice corrosion i s u s u a l l y t h e r e s u l t
of a c i d i f i c a t i o n i n t h e c r e v i c e r e g i o n b y o x i d a n t d e pletion. Therefore, Ti-6246 should b e very resist a n t to crevice corrosion d u e to i t s r e d u c i n g envir o n m e n t resistance from m o l y b d e n u m . I n t e s t
r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d by Dees, t h e alloy d i d n o t crevice
c o r r o d e i n s a t u r a t e d s a l t b r i n e s a t a n y of t h e p H
levels t e s t e d (see figure). Crevice corrosion t e s t i n g
in salt b r i n e s above boiling h a s b e e n p u r s u e d b y
Dees.
Resistance to stress-corrosion cracking i n salt
w a t e r is r e p o r t e d t o b e b e t t e r after forging t h a n
- f o r g i n g ( W y m a n - G o r d o n Co., P r o j e c t E M - 0 6 - 1 ,
D e c 1968). D u p l e x a n n e a l i n g a l s o i m p r o v e s c r a c k ing resistance in salt water.

Ti-6246: Crevice corrosion in saturated brine

140
9

160

Temperature, F
180
200

220

240

No crevice corrosion

60

70

80

90
100
Temperature, C

120

110

No crevice corrosion occurred.

Source: D. Dees, "Crevice Corrosion of High-Strength Titanium Alloys in Saturated Brine," Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zir-

conium, ASTM STP 830,1984, 133-142

Ti-6246: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Alloy
Ti-6246

Thickness
mm
in.
13

0.50

0.30

Heat
treatment
Millannealed
Duplex annealed
Millannealed

Yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1103
1034
965

160
150
140

Tbughness(a)
Kic o r Ac
Kiscc o r jf sec
MPaVm
ksiVin.
MPaVm
ksiVin.
60
88
57

55
80
52

22
49
28

20
45
26

Source: R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in Stress Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
ASM International, 1992. Note (a): Listed values of toughness in air are much higher than typical values in "Fracture Toughness" section.

Thermal Properties

S p e c i f i c H e a t . 5 0 0 J / k g (0.12 B t u / l b F ) a t
2 0 C (70 F ) .

M e l t i n g R a n g e . 1 5 9 5 t o 1 6 7 5 C ( 2 9 0 0 t o 3 0 5 0
F).

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 471

Thermal
Expansion

Ti-6246: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

200

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Ti-6246: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Solution treated and aged specimens

1000

Temperature

Click here to view

20
93
205
315
425
540

Average coefficient
10~7K

68
200
400
600
800
1000

8.6
9.4
9.9
10.3
10.4
10.4

4.8
5.2
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.8

Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless

Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3, 9th
ed., American Society for Metals, 1980, 395

200
400
Temperature, C

600

Alloy used as forgings. Solution treated at 870 C (1600 F) for 1 h,

then water quenched, and aged at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, then air
cooled.
Source: TIMET data reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Mean thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature
op

Mean coefficient
lO^/K
10-*/F

32-212
32-600
32-1000
32-1200
32-1500

0-100
0-315
0-540
0-650
0-815

9.4(a)
10.3
10.4
10.4
10.6

Ti-6246: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature
C

op

70-212
70400
70-600
70-800
70-1000

20-100
20-205
20-315
20-425
20-540

Coefficient
lO^/K
lO'VF
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.5

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3

Source: Metals Handbook, Vol 2,10th ed., 1990, 620

5.2(a)
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.9

(a) A low coefficient of 8.6 lO^fC (4.8 ^/) is reported in

"Corrosion Data," RMI Titanium Co. Source: "Quality Products
and Services," TIMET, 13

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-6246: Thermal conductivity

200

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Ti-6246: Thermal conductivity of STA specimens

1000

C
20
93
205
315
425
540

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature
op
68
200
400
600
800
1000

Conductivity
W/m
Btu/ft h
7.7
7.9
9.3
10.7
12.1
13.5

4.4
4.6
5.4
6.2
7.0
7.8

Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless

Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3, 9th
ed., American Society for Metals, 1980, 396

200
400
Temperature, C

600

Alloy used as forgings in STA condition. Heated at 870 C (1600 F)

for 1 h, water quenched, and held at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, then
air cooled.
Source: "Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of an Advanced
High Strength Titanium Alloy," Titanium Metals Corp. of America,
Publication EP 4-69,1969; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972

472 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Mechanical

Properties

Ti-6246: Producer guaranteed tensile properties of forgings

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Thickness
mm
STAforgings(b)
<75
75 to 100
DAforgings(c)
<50
50tol00

in.

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation(a),
%

RA,
%

<3
3to4

1170
1100

170
160

1100
1035

160
150

6
6

12
12

<2
2to4

1100
1035

160
150

1035
965

150
140

10
8

20
20

(a) Transverse elongation in 25 mm (1 in.), (b) Solution treated and aged: 870 C (1600 F) for 1 h, WQ; plus 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, AC. (c)
Duplex annealed: 870 C (1600 F) for 1 h, AC; plus 540 C (1000 F) for 8 h, AC. Source: TIMET EP 4-695M

Hardness

R o c k w e l l H a r d n e s s . Typical r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e h a r d n e s s i n t h e STA c o n d i t i o n r a n g e s from 3 6

to 4 2 H R C . As-forged h a r d n e s s is r e p o r t e d t o b e
around 33 to 38 HRC.

Ti-6246: Compressive yield strength of 1.5 m m (0.06 in.)

sheet
Compressive yield strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
Ti-6246: Rockwell hardness of different forging and
treatment conditions
F o r g i n g conditions

Heat treatment

Hardness, HRC

- forge (,-100 F), AC 885 C (1625 F),lh,

AC + 595C(1100F),
+finish (,-25 F), AC
8h,AC

39.3

- forge (,-100 F), AC

+finish (p\-100 F), AC

885 C (1625 F), lh,

AC + 705C(1300F),
lh,AC

38.4

Pforge(p\+75F),AC

885C(1625F), lh,
AC + 595C(1100F),
AC

39.9

Duplex annealed: 870 C

(1600 F) for 15 min,
AC; plus 700 C (1300
F) for 15 min, AC
Triplex annealed: same as
aboveplus595C(1100
F)for2h,AC

1270

184

1255

182

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Source: AFML-TP-78-68

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-6246: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

Ti-6246: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

LIVE GRAPH

500

Click here to view

450r-

400

350
1000

0.01

Aged at 773

Aged at 873
0.1

10

100

1000

Time, h
Ti-6246 in the as-quenched condition exhibits low hardness (283
HV), but a short aging period of 15 min increases hardness considerably (462 HV). Specimens were machined from alloy bar stock
that had been extruded to 95% reduction in area at 940 C (1725
F). Coupons were annealed at 950 C (1740 F) for 1 h, water
quenched, and aged at 550 C (1020 F) for times as indicated.
Source: M. Mendiratta and J. Roberson, Tensile Properties to 550
C and Microstructures in Quenched and Aged Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Alloy," Metall. Trans. A, Vol 6,1975, 940
C

Isothermal aging curves for alloy aged at 773 and 873 after water
quenching from the field. Chemical composition: 5.48 wt% Al,
0.072 wt% Fe, 6.35 wt% Mo, 0.004 wt% N, 0.083 wr% 0,1.94 wt%
Sn, and 4.00 wt% Zr. Beta transus temperature was 1211 K. Alloy
used was in the form offlatbar stock previously warm worked in the
+ field. Hardness determinations were obtained on electropolished specimens using a Zwick diamond pyramid hardness
tester at a load of 10 kg.
Source: M. Young, E. Levine, and H. Margolin, 'The Aging Behavior
of Orthorhombic Martensite in Ti-6-2-4-6," Metall. Trans., Vol 5,
1974, 1891

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 473

Typical
Tensile
Properties

Ti-6246: Typical variations in tensile properties with heat treatment/condition

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
10to20%prirnarya+STA(a)
10to20%prirnarya+STOA(b)
40to50%prirnarya+STA(a)
40to50%prirnarya+STOA(b)
Pfoiged+STA(c)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

162
148
167
155
152

1118
1021
1152
1070
1049

176
158
180
166
174

1214
1090
1242
1145
1201

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

13
16
14
14
6.5

37
42
42
41
13

(a) STA = 885 C (1630 F), 1 h, air cool + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, air cool, (b) STOA = 885 C (1630 F), 1 h, air cool + 705 C (1300 F), 1 h, air
cool, (c) STA= 985 C (1810 F), (p\ - 1 5 C), air cool + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, air cool. Source: R.B. Sparks and J.R. Long, AFML-TR-73-301,
Feb 1974

Ti-6246: Effect of creep exposure on tensile properties

Thickness
mm
in.

Creep exposure
Temperature
Stress
^C
F
MPa
ksi

Time,
h

Creep
deformation, %
%

Duplex annealed(a)
75
3
425

800

585

85

50

0.102

425

800

585

85

50

0.136

425
Solution treated and aged(b)
75
3
425
50
2
425
25
1
425

800

585

85

50

0.098

800

585

85

50

0.071

800

585

85

50

0.106

800

585

85

50

0.165

50

25

Reduction
of area,
%

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation i n
25 m m (1 in.), %

1190
1157
1164
1121
1200
1215

172.6
167.8
168.8
162.7
174.1
176.2

1079
1063
1066
1023
1087
1106

156.6
154.2
154.7
148.4
157.7
160.5

16.5
14.0
14.0
17.0
14.0
14.0

43.3
40.5
41.9
41.8
39.4
35.0

1385
1348
1393
1371
1576
1570

200.9
195.6
202.1
198.9
228.6
227.8

1305
1284
1312
1285
1468
1461

189.3
186.3
190.3
186.4
212.9
212.0

7.0
7.0
7.0
5.0
2.5
3.5

27.5
20.4
18.3
17.5
8.2
10.1

Ftu

Fty

Note: - forged discs, 150 mm (6 in.) diam at various thicknesses indicated, (a) Duplex anneal of 910 C (1675 F) for 1 h, AC; plus 595 C (1100 F) for 4 h, AC. (b) Solution
treated and aged: 910 C (1675 F) for 1 h, OQ; plus 595 C (1100 F) for 4 h, AC. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1972

474 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature Strength

Ti-6246: Tensile strength of DA sheet

200

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
400
600
800

Ti-6246: Tensile strength of TA sheet

1000

200

1500

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Temperature, F
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

1500

H200
Ultimate tensile strength
H150

co 1000h

100 c
CO 900r-

500h
H50

Tensile yield strength

600
600

200
400
Temperature, C

200

Duplex annealed 870 C (1600 F) 15 min, AC, 700 C (1300 F), 15

min, AC.

400
600
Temperature, C

800

Triplex annealed sheet, 855 C (1575 F), 15 min, FAC; 730 C

(1350 F) 15 min, AC; 595 C (1100 F), 2 h, AC.
Source: TIMET, Nov 1971; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972

Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Compressive strength vs temperature

200

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature, F
400
600
800

1000
-I200

1400

H180

1200r-

H160

Compressive yield strength

-M00
600
600

200
400
Temperature, C

Triplex annealed sheet.

Source: TIMET, Nov 1971; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972

Creep
Properties

Ti-6246: Effect of forging on creep behavior

Creep exposure
Temperature
MPa
- forged at 880 C (1620 F)
1380
750
1470
800

1830

1000

620
613
517
586
586
138
207
207

ksi
90
89
75
85
85
20
30
30

Time,h
1228
150
504
241
150
51
72
150

Time to
0.1%
creep,h

Time to
0.2%
creep, h

Total plastic
deformation,

270

840

105
40

420
210

6
2

27
8

0.251
0.101
0.217
0.234
0.180
0.246
0.760
0.820

(continued)

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 4 7 5

Ti-6246: Effect of forging on creep behavior

Temperature
C

Creep e x p o s u r e
Stress
MPa

(continued)

ksi

Time, h

Time t o
0.1%
creep, h

Time to
0.2%
creep, h

Total plastic
deformation,
%

264
250
165

0.203
0.091
0.223
0.252

22
6

0.427
0.613

forged at 1010 C (1850 F)

1380

750

1470

800

1830

1000

620
613
517
586

90
89
75
85

336
150
290
313

75

138
207

20
30

120
72

4
1

Source: M. Greenlee and W. Heil, "Evaluation of Alpha-Beta and Beta Forged Disc Forgings in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo," Wyman-Gordon Co.
Report; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Creep behavior comparison

LIVE GRAPH

100

Ti-6246: Creep stress for 0.2% strain

Click here to view

1000

0.2% creep

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6242S

100
Ti-6AI-4V (STA)

Ti-6246
Ti-6AI-4V
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (STA) J

10 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn (STA)
25

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (STA)

26 27 28 29 30 31
32 33
34
Larson-Miller parameter, = 7(20 + log f) 10

10
35

All alloys STA.

Source: MIL-HDBK-697A, 37

Click here to view

100

STA forging

0.1% creep
0.2% creep
10
26

27

28
29
30
Larson-Miller parameter

31

28

30
32
34
(460 + T)[20 + log + (hour)] 10

36

Curves represent previously reported data (J. Metall., Nov 1984).

Data points are for -processed impeller forgings (heat treated at
transus temperature minus 40 C (72 F) for 2 h, fan cooled, then
held at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, air cooled). Room-temperature ultimate tensile strength was 1117 MPa (162 ksi). Forging dimensions
were 22.8 cm (9 in.) diameter by 13.7 cm (5.4 in.) thick. Forging history was - preform, finish. Creep exposure was at 450 and 500
C(750and930F).
Source: A. Chakrabarti, M. Bum, D. Foumier, and G. Kuhlman,
"Structure and Mechanical Property Optimization Through Thermomechanical Processing in Ti-6-4 and Ti-6-2-4-6 Alloys," in Sixth
World Conference on Titanium, Vol 2, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and B.
Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physiques, Paris, 1989, 1339

Ti-6246: Typical creep curves

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6246 present data

32

Larson-Miller parameter equals 10 7(20 + log f), where Tis temperature in R and f is time in hours.
Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless
Steels, Tool Materials and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3,9th ed.,
American Society for Metals, 1980, from TIMET data reported in Titanium Alloys Handbook, R. Wood and R. Favor, Ed., Battelle,
MCIC-HB-02,1972

476 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Fatigue Properties
High-Cycle
Fatigue

Ti-6246: Room-temperature axial fatigue strength at 1 0 cycles

7

Axial strength
at
Kt = l
H e a t treatment
870 C (1600 F), lh,AC + 595C(1100F),8h,AC
910C(1675F), lh,AC + 595C(1100F),8h,AC

F a t i g u e strength
1 0 cycles for:
Kt = 3.8
MPa
ksi
7

MPa

ksi

793
825

115
120

380
345

55
50

Note: 25 mm (1 in.) round duplex annealed forgings. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Fatigue and tensile data for various microstructural conditions

Condition
10% equiaxed primary + annealed(a)
10% equiaxed primary + STAfb)
50% equiaxed primary + annealed
50% equiaxed primary + STA
50% equiaxed primary + STO A(c)
50% elongated primary + STA
20% elongated primary + STA
forged + STA

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa
1020
1116
1061
1151
1068
1096
1109
1047

148
162
154
167
155
159
161
152

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1109
1213
1130
1240
1144
1206
1206
1199

161
176
164
180
166
175
175
174

Elonga- Reduction,
tion of
area, %
%
15
13
13
14
14
10
11
7

Stress a t 1 0 cycles
Smooth
Notched
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa

37
37
34
42
41
23
26
13

620
620
620
675
620
751
620
675

90
90
90
98
90
109
90
98

289
248
282
262
262
276
282
262

42
36
41
40
38
40
41
38

(a) Annealed = 705 C (1300F), 1 h, AC. (b) STA= 885 C (1630 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC. (c) STOA= 885 C (1630 F), 1 h,AC
+ 705 C (1300 F), 1 h, AC. Source: J.C. Williams and . Starke, in Deformation, Processing, and Structure, G. Krauss, Ed., American Society for Metals, 1984, 332

Low-Cycle
Fatigue

Low-cycle fatigue ( L C F ) b e h a v i o r of Ti-6246

h a s b e e n s t u d i e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e effect of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e o n cyclic d e f o r m a t i o n a n d L C F i n i t i a t i o n
( M a h a j a n a n d M a r g o l i n , Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 3 ,
1 9 8 2 , 257-268). W i d m a n s t a t t e n + g r a i n b o u n d a r y a n d e q u i a x e d s t r u c t u r e s of different p a r t i cle sizes w e r e p r o d u c e d i n s m o o t h b a r s p e c i m e n s of
a T i - 6 2 4 6 alloy, h e a t t r e a t e d t o p r o d u c e a 0 . 2 %
y i e l d s t r e s s of a b o u t 1100 M P a ( 1 5 9 k s i ) . Specim e n s w e r e cycled a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e u n d e r t o t a l
s t r a i n control.
A t l o w s t r a i n s for b o t h W i d m a n s t a t t e n + g r a i n
b o u n d a r y a n d equiaxed s t r u c t u r e s , crack initiat i o n t o o k p l a c e a t - i n t e r f a c e s a n d i n t h e a g e d
matrix. In Widmanstatten + grain boundary
s t r u c t u r e s , profuse e x t r u s i o n f o r m a t i o n w a s n o t e d
a s well. A t h i g h e r s t r a i n s , c r a c k i n g w a s m o r e p r e d o m i n a n t a t slip b a n d s w i t h i n a .
In Widmanstatten + grain boundary structures, Widmanstatten a n d grain boundary part i c l e s p r o v i d e d sites a t w h i c h r e a d y c r a c k f o r m a t i o n a n d l i n k - u p could t a k e p l a c e , t h u s l e a d i n g t o
m u c h l o n g e r surface c r a c k s i n t h e W i d m a n s t a t t e n
+ grain boundary than in equiaxed structures
for g i v e n cycling conditions. B e t a g r a i n size p l a y e d
a n i n d i r e c t role i n d e v e l o p m e n t of f a t i g u e c r a c k s .
Larger grains permitted longer Widmanstatten
a n d g r a i n b o u n d a r y p a r t i c l e s t o form. T h e s e
l o n g e r p a r t i c l e s provided l o n g e r p a t h s w h e r e c r a c k
g r o w t h could t a k e place p r e f e r e n t i a l l y a n d l o n g e r
s u r f a c e c r a c k s could develop.
At l a r g e r plastic s t r a i n s , W i d m a n s t a t t e n
colonies a t l a r g e a n g l e s t o t h e c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6246: Low-cycle fatigue

Click here to view

1500^
14001300-

1200F

I 1100r1000900
10

10^
10
Number of cycles
J

10*

10

STA condition: 1 h at 870 C (1600 F), water quench, age 8 h at 595

C (1100 F) and air cool. DA (duplex annealed) condition: 15minat
870 C, air cool, then 8 h at 540 C (1000 F) and air cool. All fatigue
tests conducted at a stress ratio of R=0.1. Open symbols indicate
fatigue tests; solid symbols, tension tests.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4,

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

direction served to produce multiple cracking

a l o n g t h e - i n t e r f a c e s a n d t o slow or c h a n g e t h e
d i r e c t i o n of c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n a t b o t h s u r f a c e a n d
i n t e r i o r locations. C o a r s e p a r t i c l e s , w h i c h h a v e a
s m a l l a s p e c t r a t i o , a r e f a v o r a b l e for m u l t i p l e slip
a n d associated multiple cracking a t t h e crack tip.

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 4 7 7

Fatigue
Crack
Growth

A T i - 6 2 4 6 alloy c o n t a i n i n g 6 8 p p m w i t h b a s a l
t e x t u r e w a s t e s t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e influence of
d w e l l t i m e a t m a x i m u m t e n s i l e s t r e s s o n t h e fat i g u e c r a c k g r o w t h r a t e s ( s e e t a b l e ) . All of t h e fatigue tests were conducted u s i n g displacementc o n t r o l l e d c o n s t a n t s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y (K), i n a i r
( r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y n o t specified), a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e Ti-6246 alloy e x h i b i t e d a n o m i n a l t w o - t o

t h r e e f o l d i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l fatigue c r a c k g r o w t h
r a t e a s a r e s u l t of t h e 10-rnin dwell a t AK = 3 8 . 5
MPaVrrT (35 k s W i n . ) , b u t t h e r e w a s little effect o n
t h e f a t i g u e c r a c k g r o w t h a t t h e lower v a l u e s of AK.
T h e s m a l l c h a n g e s i n t h e f a t i g u e crack g r o w t h r a t e
w e r e d u e t o t h e c r a c k a d v a n c e b y cleavage d u r i n g
t h e dwell periods. T h e cleavage fracture w a s t h e
r e s u l t of h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t .

Ti-6246: Fatigue crack growth vs dwell time

Basal transverse textured titanium alloys tested at 21 C 1 C; R = 0.01; TL orientation; 0.3 Hz

Fatigue crack
growth
(AK)

ksiVin.

MPaVm
38.46
27.80
23.52

Dwell
time,
min

daldN prior
to dwell,
urn/cycle

daJdt
d u r i n g dwell,
/min

da/dN
after dwell,
um/cycle

10
45
45

6.25
1.38
0.9

44.5
7.29
1.0

4.62
1.28
0.9

35.0
25.3
21.4

Total
da/<V(a),
/cycle
20.1
2.87
1.01

(a) Includes crack advance during the dwell time. Source: Metall. Trans. A , Vol 14,1983, 2179

Fracture Properties

Ti-6246: Impact toughness

Forging
temperature
op

1625

Solution
temperature(a)
op
C
830

Cooling from
solution
Air cool

1525

Oil quench
870

1600

Air cool
Oil quench

1675

830

1525

Air cool
Oil quench

870

1600

Air cool
Oil quench

Aging
tempera ture(b)
op
C
540
595
540
595
540
595
540
595
540
595
540
595
540
595
540
595

Charpy V-notch
i m p a c t toughness
ft lbf
J

1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100
1000
1100

12.2
13.5
10.1
14.9
11.5
9.5
8.1
8.1
10.8
10.8
10.8
12.9
12.2
12.9
9.5
8.8

Note: 45 mm (1.75 in.) thick upset forgings. (a) 1 h at temperature, (b) 8 h at temperature. Source: Aerospace
Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Fracture
Toughness

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

9
10
7.5
11
8.5
7
6
6
8
8
8
9.5
9
9.5
7
6.5

1241
1255
1296
1268
1310
1248
1489
1324
1193
1165
1337
1241
1255
1275
1461
1350

Structural

180
182
188
184
190
181
216
192
173
169
194
180
182
185
212
197

Metals

Handbook,

Ti-6246: Fracture toughness of forgings

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
+ forged+STA(a) (10% primary a)
+ forged + STA(a) (50% primary a)
+ forged + annealed(b) (50% primary a)
forged+ STA(a)

1116
1150
1061
1047

162
166
154
152

Ultimate t e n s i l e
strength
ksi
MPa

Elongation,
%

1213
1240
1130
1199

13
14
13
7

176
180
164
174

MPa\ m

Kic (jKQ)

34
26
26
57

(a) 885 C (1630 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), AC. (b) 705 C (1300 F), 1 h, AC. Source: J.C. Williams and A. Starke, in
Processing,

and Structure,

American

Society

for Metals,

1984

ksiVin.
31
23
23
52
Deformation,

478 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6246: Fracture toughness of forgings of several forging and heat treatment conditions and section thicknesses

Forging
conditions

Section
thickness
mm
in.

Heat treatment c o n d i t i o n s

Ultimate t e n s i l e
strength
MPa
ksi

Fracture toughness
Kir

MPaVm

ksiVin.
33.4
30.5
19.1
24.2
45.9
59.9
29.7
41.9
43.3
35.5
33.1
33.9
32.2
25.2
30.7
30.3
27.3

885 C(1625F),AC

870 C (1600 F), 2h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC

50

1144

166

900C(1650F),AC

900 C (1650 F), 1 h, WQ + 650 C(1200 F), 8 h, AC

900 C (1650 F), 1 h, AC + 650 C (1200 F), 8 h, AC
915 C (1675 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC

75
75
50
50
25
25
25
75

3
3
2
2
1
1
1
3

1303
1172
1158
1158
1220
1220
1186
1220

189
170
168
168
177
177
172
177

36.7
33.5
20.9
26.6
50.4
65.8
32.6
46.0
47.5
39.0

54
75
54
38
75
50
25

2.125
3
2.125
1.5
3
2
1

1255
1186
1268
1296
1186
1165
1234

182
172
184
188
172
169
179

36.3
37.2
35.4
27.7
33.7
33.3
29.9

885 C(1625F),AC
980 C (1800 F),WQ
885 C(1625F),AC
980 C (1800 F),WQ
980 C (1800 F),WQ
900C(1650F),AC
980C(1800F),AC

915 C (1675 F), AC + 525 C (975 F), 8 h, AC

95 C (1675 F), 1 h, AC + 525 C (975 F), 8 h, AC
915 C (1675 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC
915 C (1675 F), 1 h, AC + 845 C (1550 F), 8 h, OQ +
595C(1100F),8h,AC
845 C (1550 F), 1 h, OQ + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC

885 C(1625F),AC 915 C (1675 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 4 h, AC

Source: W. Heil; reported in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Fracture toughness of STA forgings of two forging conditions and specimen locations

Specimen location
Center tangential
Outside tangential
Center diametral

F r a c t u r e toughness (Klc) for material:

forged at 1010 C (1850 F)
+ forged a t 880 C (1620 F)
MPaVm
ksiVin.
MPaVm
ksiVin.
28.28
24.47
26.49

25.74
22.27
24.11

21.81

19.85

21.45

19.52

Note: K values determined with precracked three-point notched bend specimens. Heat treatment was at 870 C (1600 F) for 1 h, water
quench, then at 595 C (1100 F) for 8 h, air cool. Source: M. Greenlee and W. Heil, Wyman-Gordon Co. data, 1968; reported in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Code 3714, Vol 4, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972
lc

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Fracture toughness is in part dependent on microstructure and is

higher in the presence of an acicular structure.
Source: 'Titanium," Kobe Steel

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 479

Forging
G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division
Ti-6246 i s a h i g h - s t r e n g t h , h i g h l y b e t a - s t a b i lized, - alloy w h o s e p r i m a r y c o m m e r c i a l applicat i o n is t u r b i n e e n g i n e r o t a t i n g c o m p o n e n t s . T h e alloy c a n b e f a b r i c a t e d i n t o all forging p r o d u c t t y p e s ,
a l t h o u g h closed d i e f o r g i n g s a n d r i n g s p r e d o m i n a t e . Ti-6246 is c o m m e r c i a l l y fabricated on all
t y p e s of forging e q u i p m e n t . T u r b i n e e n g i n e d i s k s
a r e f r e q u e n t l y p r o d u c e d u s i n g h o t die or i s o t h e r m a l forging t e c h n i q u e s , r e s u l t i n g i n n e a r - n e t
closed die forgings w i t h r e d u c e d final m a c h i n i n g .
Ti-6246 is a r e a s o n a b l y forgeable alloy w i t h
u n i t p r e s s u r e s (flow s t r e s s e s ) , forgeability, a n d
c r a c k s e n s i t i v i t y s i m i l a r t o t h e - alloy Ti-6A1-4V.
T h e final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e of forgings is d e v e l o p e d
by t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s i n g i n forging m a n u f a c t u r e t a i l o r e d t o a c h i e v e specific m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
and
mechanical-property
objectives.
Therm o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s u s e c o m b i n a t i o n s of s u b t r a n s u s a n d / o r s u p r a - t r a n s u s forging followed b y
s u b t r a n s u s t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s to fulfill critical
mechanical-property criteria.
F i n a l t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s for forgings i n c l u d e
t w o - s t e p p r a c t i c e s of s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t s followed
by q u e n c h i n g a n d a g i n g . Solution t r e a t m e n t i s
s u b t r a n s u s a t 8 7 0 t o 9 0 0 C (1600 to 1650 F), followed b y w a t e r or oil q u e n c h i n g a n d / o r fan a i r cooli n g for t h i n s e c t i o n s . A g i n g is c o n d u c t e d a t 5 3 5 t o
620 C (1000 t o 1150 F). S u b t r a n s u s t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s (forging a n d t h e r m a l
t r e a t m e n t ) for f o r g i n g s a c h i e v e e q u i a x e d (20 t o
40%) i n t r a n s f o r m e d m a t r i x m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s
t h a t e n h a n c e s t r e n g t h , ductility, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y

low-cycle f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s . S u p r a - t r a n s u s t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processes ( forging followed by

s u b t r a n s u s thermal treatments) achieve transformed, W i d m a n s t a t t e n microstructures t h a t
e n h a n c e creep and fracture-related properties
such as fatigue-crack growth resistance (Chakrab a r t i , R e f 1).
C o n v e n t i o n a l F o r g i n g . T h e objectives i n
f o r g i n g Ti-6246 a r e to o b t a i n t h e final forging
s h a p e a n d d e s i r e d final m i c r o s t r u c t u r e a t l e a s t
cost. C o n v e n t i o n a l , s u b t r a n s u s ( + ) forging
t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processes a r e c u r r e n t l y m o s t
w i d e l y u s e d i n c o m m e r c i a l e n g i n e d i s k forging
m a n u f a c t u r e . To achieve c o n v e n t i o n a l e q u i a x e d
s t r u c t u r e s , s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n s of 5 0 t o 7 5 % , acc u m u l a t e d t h r o u g h one or m o r e forging s t e p s , a r e
r e q u i r e d . S u p r a - t r a n s u s () forging m a y b e u s e d i n
early forging operations, including u p s e t t i n g and
o p e n die p r e f o r m i n g , to r e d u c e u n i t p r e s s u r e s a n d
e a s e forging fabrication. However, h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n i t i a l forging o p e r a t i o n s m u s t b e foll o w e d b y sufficient s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n to
achieve t h e desired predominately equiaxed
s t r u c t u r e . C o n v e n t i o n a l l y forged T i - 6 2 4 6 is t h e n
s u b t r a n s u s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d , q u e n c h e d , a n d aged
a s n o t e d above.
R e c e n t l y developed ( C h a k r a b a r t i , R e f 2) a l t e r native
subtransus
or
supra-transus
therm o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s for Ti-6246 forgings a r e
n o w u s e d for selected disk a p p l i c a t i o n s t o achieve
s u p e r i o r c o m b i n a t i o n s of low-cycle f a t i g u e a n d fat i g u e - c r a c k g r o w t h r e s i s t a n c e . A l t e r n a t i v e subt r a n s u s p r o c e s s e s involve solution t r e a t m e n t of
c o n v e n t i o n a l l y forged p r o d u c t i n close p r o x i m i t y to
t h e t r a n s u s , e.g., py-5 to 25 C ( 1 0 - 4 5 F), followed
b y oil or w a t e r q u e n c h i n g followed b y a g i n g a t 4 2 5
t o 6 5 0 C (800 to 1200 F).
B e t a T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s e s . Successful p r a c t i c e s for forgings i n c l u d e c o n t r o l l e d
f o r g i n g p r o c e s s e s followed by t h e a b o v e n o t e d s u b t r a n s u s s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t a n d a g e . T h e forging
t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processes a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y well
s u i t e d t o i s o t h e r m a l or h o t die forging technology.

Ti-6246: Forging process temperatures

Metal temperature
C

Process
Conventional forging
Betaforging

845-915
955-1010

1550-1675
1750-1850

Note: See "Technical Note 4: Forging" for recommended die temperatures.

Ti-6246: Effect of T M P options

Although the introduction of acicular from TMP options can improve fracture-related properties of Ti-6246, the benefit of
morphology manipulation is not as great as in Ti-6AI-4V.
Forge
/
/
/

Heat
treat

TYS
MPa

UTS
MPa

STA
Duplex
STA
Duplex

1082
1054

1192
1262

12

1037
1072
1089

STA
HSTA(c)

daldN{&)
%

LCFlife(b)
MPaVm

/cycle

1 0 cycles

29
11

31
51

2.48
2.03

91
81

1183

10

67

1.52

25

1183
1176

12

17
21

74

1.78

58

1.90

37
66

EL,RA,Ki
%

11

(a) da/dN at AKOf 11 MPaVm, with R = 0.05 and F = 20 cpm in air. (b) Low cycle strain controlled, R = 0.0, F = 20 cpm, triangular waveform
in air. (c) HSTA - high temperature solution treatment and age . Source: L.J. Bartlo, TLB. Bomberger, and S.R. Seagle, "Deep-Hardenable
Titanium Alloy," AFML-TR-73-122, AFML, 1973 May for the data shown here. See also U.S. Patent 4,975,125 (Chakrabarti, et al., Dec 4,
1990) for alternative TMP.

480 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

stock, u n d e r carefully controlled s u p r a - or s u b t r a n s u s m e t a l a n d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , levels of

s t r a i n , a n d s t r a i n - r a t e profiles. H o t die forging,
w h e r e die t e m p e r a t u r e a p p r o a c h e s b u t is n o t
e q u i v a l e n t t o m e t a l t e m p e r a t u r e , is also u s e d to r e d u c e u n i t p r e s s u r e s , e n h a n c e forgeability, a n d prod u c e m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d final s h a p e s i n fewer forging operations.
References
1. A.K. C h a k r a b a r t i et al., " M i c r o s t r u c t u r e a n d
Mechanical Property Optimization Through
T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g i n Ti-6-4 a n d
Ti-6-2-4-6 Alloys," 6th World Conference on
Titanium, Vol 3, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, a n d
G. B e r a n g e r , Ed., Les E d i t i o n s de P h y s i q u e s ,
P a r i s , 1988, 1339-1344
2. A.K. C h a k r a b a r t i et al, U . S . p a t e n t 4,975,
125, Dec 4 , 1 9 9 0

B e t a forging r e q u i r e s s u b t r a n s u s r e d u c t i o n s (e.g.,
2 0 to 50%) i n e a r l y forging (blocker die) s t a g e s foll o w e d by a controlled, single forging s t e p , t h a t
a c h i e v e s 3 0 to 5 0 % r e d u c t i o n s . B e t a forging r e q u i r e s careful control of forging p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y p r e h e a t t i m e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e , to
a v o i d excessive p r i o r g r a i n g r o w t h . B e t a forged
Ti-6246 is t h e n s u b t r a n s u s h e a t t r e a t e d a s n o t e d
above.
H o t d i e a n d / o r i s o t h e r m a l f o r g i n g techn i q u e s a r e i m p o r t a n t c o m m e r c i a l m e t h o d s for fabr i c a t i o n of Ti-6246 r o t a t i n g t u r b i n e e n g i n e d i s k s to
r e d u c e final c o m p o n e n t cost (from l e s s m a c h i n i n g )
a n d / o r i m p r o v e final c o m p o n e n t m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l
a n d p r o p e r t y u n i f o r m i t y t h r o u g h i m p r o v e d control
of forging p r o c e s s c o n d i t i o n s . T h e a x i s y m m e t r i c
s h a p e s a n d d e s i g n s of s u c h e n g i n e c o m p o n e n t s a r e
v e r y well s u i t e d to t h e s e forging m e t h o d s . I s o t h e r m a l forging of Ti-6246 d i s k s is f r e q u e n t l y accomp l i s h e d i n a single forging s t e p from b a r or billet

Other Fabrication Methods

F o r m i n g . Ti-6246 m a y b e f o r m e d s i m i l a r to Ti6A1-4V alloy, a l t h o u g h t h e r e p o r t e d b e n d p r o p e r t i e s a r e s o m e w h a t inferior. T h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e
m i n i m u m b e n d r a d i u s , for Ti-6246 r a n g e s b e t w e e n
3.5 a n d 6.0 for s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d or d u p l e x a n n e a l e d
s h e e t . H o t f o r m i n g a n d sizing of s h e e t m a y be acc o m p l i s h e d i n t h e 5 9 5 t o 705 C (1100 to 1300 F)
r a n g e u s i n g t h e u s u a l t i t a n i u m f o r m i n g techn i q u e s . If h o t f o r m i n g is p e r f o r m e d i n t h e 5 9 5 to
7 0 5 C (1100 to 1300 F) r a n g e , s t r e s s r e l i e f a n n e a l i n g w o u l d n o t o r d i n a r i l y be r e q u i r e d ; l i m i t e d cold
f o r m i n g is possible. D e p e n d i n g o n p r o p e r t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , s t r e s s relief i n t h e 5 9 5 t o 7 0 5 C (1100
t o 1300 F) r a n g e is satisfactory.

S u p e r p l a s t i c i t y . Flow stresses a n d strain

r a t e s e n s i t i v i t y of + p r e f o r m s i n d i c a t e s u p e r plastic b e h a v i o r ( H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e D e f o r m a t i o n
of Ti-6246, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol
2, D G M , 1 9 8 5 , 745-752).
M a c h i n a b i l i t y of Ti-6246 i n t h e as-forged condition is s i m i l a r to t h a t of a n n e a l e d Ti-6A1-4V a n d
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn. I n t h e s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d aged
condition, i t is s i m i l a r to t h a t of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn i n
t h e s a m e t y p e of h e a t t r e a t e d condition.
W e l d i n g . T i - 6 2 4 6 is v e r y difficult to weld. Reco m m e n d e d filler m e t a l is t h e s a m e a s t h e b a s e alloy.

Ti-6246 m a y b e u s e d i n a n u m b e r of h e a t
t r e a t e d conditions, which can be categorized as ann e a l s or s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t a n d a g i n g (see t a b l e s ) .
A s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , o p t i m u m c o m b i n a t i o n s of
s t r e n g t h , ductility, a n d t o u g h n e s s i n forgings a r e
o b t a i n e d b y s u p e r i m p o s i n g t h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t s on
p r o c e s s i n g s c h e d u l e s , w h i c h r e s u l t i n a micros t r u c t u r e h a v i n g a b o u t 10 vol% e q u i a x e d p r i m a r y

a n d a r e l a t i v e l y c o a r s e t r a n s f o r m e d m a t r i x . If
relatively h i g h fabrication t e m p e r a t u r e s are used,
solution h e a t t r e a t m e n t on t h e low side of t h e
r a n g e c a n b e u s e d . If m o d e r a t e - f a b r i c a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e used, double solution t r e a t m e n t s
t h e first a t a h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e second a t a b o u t
845 C (1550 F>should r e s u l t i n t h e d e s i r a b l e
structure.

Heat Treatment

Ti-6246: Typical heat treatment conditions

Heat
treatment
Stress relief
Solution treating(a)
Aging(b)
Overaging

Temperature

Time,

Cooling

method

595-705
815-925
580-605
>650

1100-1300
1500-1700
1075-1125
>1200

0.25-4
1
4-8

Air or slow cool

Water or oil quench
AC

(a) See separate table for specific temperatures by product form, (b) The most commonly used aging temperature is 595 C (1100 F).

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo / 481

Ti-6246: Hardenability

Ti-6246: Annealing treatments

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Temperature
F
C

Treatment
Solution anneal (S A)
Duplex anneal
First stage (S A)
Second stage (age)
Triplex anneal
S A stage
First age(a)
Second age(a)

Cooling
method

815-925

1500-1700

AC

815-925
540-730

1500-1700
1000-1350

AC
AC

815-925
540-730(a)
540-730(a)

1500-1700
1000-1350(3)
1000-1350(a)

AC
AC
AC

190
\

180r

2.

170K

UTS

/ \

Goal UTS

YS

Goal YS

(a) First aging higher than the second

150h
140

Out
-

Out

Center
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
Section location and dimensions, in.

Variation of room-temperature tensile properties across a 150 mm

(6 in.) section; solution treated 1 h at 870 C (1600 F), WQ + aged
8h,595C (1100 F), AC.
Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6246: Solution treatment conditions

Temperature
Product

Common
Sheet
Forgings

870
870
845-900

1600
1600
1550-1650

Duration,
h

Cooling
method

Uptol
0.25
Uptol

WQorOQ
Quench(a)
WQorOQ

(a) Solution treatment of sheet may be followed by a stabilization exposure of 0.25 h at 720 to 730 C (1325 to 1350 F) with an air cool prior
to aging. Sheet may be age hardened to optimum properties in as little as 2 h at 595 C (1100 F) (air cooled).

Ti-6246: Effect of aging on transverse tensile properties of sheet

A g i n g treatment(a)
Temperature
Time,h
1
16
1
2
16
1
16
1
16

UTS

C
540

F
1000

595

1100

650

1200

705

1300

MPa
1648
1579
1489
1517
1461
1406
1296
1255
1158

TYS
ksi
239
229
216
220
212
204
188
182
168

MPa
1455
1420
1379
1386
1365
1337
1261
1220
1110

Elongation,
ksi
211
206
200
201
198
194
183
177
161

%
3
4
6
3
6
7
9
6
12

(a) Solution treatment for 0.25 h, 870 C (1600 F), air cooled. Source: R.A. Wood and R.J.Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-6AI-4V / 483

I Ti-6AI-4V
Ti64,6AI-4V, 6-4
UNS Number: R56400 (normal interstitial grade); R56401 (extra-low interstitial grade); R56402
(filler metal)

Introduction
Ti-6A1-4V p r e s e n t l y i s t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d t i t a n i u m alloy, a c c o u n t i n g for m o r e t h a n 5 0 % of a l l
t i t a n i u m t o n n a g e i n t h e w o r l d . To d a t e , n o o t h e r tit a n i u m alloy t h r e a t e n s i t s d o m i n a n t p o s i t i o n . T h e
a e r o s p a c e i n d u s t r y a c c o u n t s for m o r e t h a n 8 0 % of
t h i s u s a g e . T h e n e x t l a r g e s t a p p l i c a t i o n of Ti-6A1-

4 V i s m e d i c a l p r o s t h e s e s , w h i c h a c c o u n t s for 3 % of
the market. T h e automotive, marine, a n d chemical
i n d u s t r i e s a l s o u s e s m a l l a m o u n t s of Ti-6A1-4V
(see t h e s e c t i o n "Applications" i n t h i s i n t r o d u c tion).

Chemistry

E f f e c t s o f I m p u r i t i e s a n d A l l o y i n g . Ti-6A14 V is p r o d u c e d i n a n u m b e r of f o r m u l a t i o n s . D e p e n d i n g on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n , t h e o x y g e n c o n t e n t
m a y v a r y from 0.08 t o m o r e t h a n 0.2% (by w e i g h t ) ,
t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t m a y b e a d j u s t e d u p t o 0.05%,
t h e a l u m i n u m c o n t e n t m a y r e a c h 6.75%, a n d t h e
v a n a d i u m content m a y reach 4.5%. T h e higher t h e
c o n t e n t of t h e s e e l e m e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y o x y g e n a n d
n i t r o g e n , t h e h i g h e r t h e s t r e n g t h . Conversely,
l o w e r a d d i t i o n s of o x y g e n , n i t r o g e n , a n d a l u m i n u m will i m p r o v e t h e ductility, f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s ,

stress-corrosion resistance, a n d resistance against

crack growth.
E L I G r a d e . Ti-6A1-4V i s a v a i l a b l e i n E L I
(extra-low interstitial) grades with high d a m a g e t o l e r a n c e p r o p e r t i e s , especially a t cryogenic t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h e principal compositional characteristics
a r e low oxygen a n d iron contents.
Ti-6A1-4V-Pd is a g r a d e t h a t h a s p a l l a d i u m a d d i t i o n s ( a b o u t 0.2 w t % P d ) for e n h a n c e d c o r r o s i o n
resistance. Sumitomo Titanium has produced this
grade.

Product
Forms

Ti-6A1-4V is a v a i l a b l e i n w r o u g h t , c a s t , a n d
p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y ( P / M ) forms, w i t h w r o u g h t
p r o d u c t s a c c o u n t i n g for m o r e t h a n 9 5 % of t h e m a r k e t . T h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e v a r i o u s p r o d u c t f o r m s
will v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i r i n t e r s t i t i a l c o n t e n t s
a n d thermal-mechanical processing. Processing
m e t h o d s a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Ti-6A1-4V a r e discussed in a s e p a r a t e section entitled "Processing."
W r o u g h t P r o d u c t F o r m s . Ti-6A1-4V i s availa b l e i n a w i d e r a n g e of w r o u g h t p r o d u c t f o r m s (see
Table).
T h e aircraft i n d u s t r y u s e s all w r o u g h t p r o d u c t
forms. Forgings a r e u s e d t o fabricate various att a c h m e n t fittings, a n d s h e e t a n d p l a t e a r e u s e d t o
f a b r i c a t e n u m e r o u s clips, b r a c k e t s , s k i n s , b u l k h e a d s , etc. E x t r u s i o n s a r e n o t u s e d extensively,

b u t a r e u s e d for p a r t s s u c h a s w i n g c h o r d s a n d
o t h e r p a r t s w i t h long, c o n s t a n t cross-sections.
Wire is u s e d to produce the numerous fasteners
f o u n d o n w i n g s . Ti-6A1-4V t u b i n g h a s b e e n u s e d for
components such as torque tubes. In missile a n d
s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s , Ti-6A1-4V h a s b e e n u s e d for
rocket engine a n d motor cases, pressure vessels,
wings, a n d generally in applications w h e r e weight
is critical.
C a s t i n g s . Ti-6A1-4V of t h e s a m e c h e m i s t r y a s
for w r o u g h t m a t e r i a l s h a s excellent c a s t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . H o w e v e r , t h e h i g h r e a c t i v i t y of t i t a n i u m i n t h e molten state requires suitable casting
t e c h n o l o g y a n d h a s l i m i t e d t h e n u m b e r of t i t a n i u m
foundries. I n general terms, t h e mechanical a n d
f a t i g u e p r o p e r t i e s of c a s t i n g s will b e s l i g h t l y l o w e r

T1-6AI-4V: Wrought products

Product

Size a n d w e i g h t ranges

Ingot

3200 to 13,600 kg (7000 to 30,000 lb)

Billet

Normally 100rmn(4m.)diamtoabout355nmi(14in.)aUamorsquare.Billetsupto

Bar
Dieforging
Plate

Cross-sections up to 0.4 0.4 m (16 16 in.)

From<0.5kgto>1300kg(<l lbto>30001b)
Typicalc!irnensions:Tmckness:5to75rnm(0.1875to3in.); Width: 915 and 1220
mm (36 and 48 in.); Length: 1.8,2.4, and 3 m (72,96, and 120 in.)
Typical dimensions: Thickness: 0.4 to 4.75 mm (0.016 to 0.187 in.); Width: 915 and
1220 mm (36 and 48 in.); Length: 1.8,2.4, and 3 m (72,96, and 120 in.)
Specialty item
Available in a wide range of sizes, with maximum size related to ingot size and the
amount of work that can be imparted to the forged block
From circle sizes of about 25 to 760 mm (1 to 30 m.) oUam. Minimum thickness of
about 3 mm (1/8 in.) for small circle sizes, and about 13 mm (1/2 in.) for large circle
sizes
Typically manufactured in sizes ranging from 0.28 to 12.2 mm (0.011 to 0.480 in.)
diam

Price comparison(a)

5000 lb have been sold, but this is not necessarily the upper limit.

Sheet
Tube
Forged block
Extrusion

Wire

Ti,$30/lb;Al,$10/lb; stainless steel, $8/lb

Ti, $ 16/lb; stainless steel, $3Ab; Al, $2-4/lb; Inco 718,

$10/lb
Ti, $8/lb; stainless steel and Al, S2.50-3/lb
Ti, $13-15 lb; 300 series stainless steel, $3^Mb; 15-5PH,
$4-5/lb; 13-8PH, $9-12/lb; Al, S2^/lb
1/4 in. wire: Ti, $2671b; A283, $6/lb; stainless steel,
$7.50/lb; 8740, $l/lb; Al 7075, S2.30/lb

(a) Due to its lower density, 1 lb of titanium is approximately 1.7 to 1.8 more material by volume than 1 lb of steel or nickel-base alloy.

484 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

t h a n for t h e w r o u g h t p r o d u c t , b u t f r a c t u r e t o u g h ness, stress-corrosion resistance, a n d crack

g r o w t h r e s i s t a n c e will b e c o m p a r a b l e to t h a t of a n n e a l e d w r o u g h t Ti-6A1-4V.
Ti-6A1-4V c a s t i n g s a r e a b o u t t w o to t h r e e t i m e s
t h e cost of s u p e r a l l o y c a s t i n g s . T h e cost effectiven e s s d e p e n d s o n t h e size, complexity, a n d t h e n u m b e r of c a s t i n g s . M a j o r a p p l i c a t i o n is i n a e r o s p a c e
a n d m a r i n e u s e . O t h e r i n d u s t r i a l applications inc l u d e well-logging h a r d w a r e for t h e p e t r o l e u m i n d u s t r y , s p e c i a l a u t o m o t i v e p a r t s , b o a t deck h a r d ware, a n d medical implants.
P / M P r o d u c t s . T h e m a j o r r e a s o n for u s i n g t h e
P/M products is to produce n e a r - n e t shapes. Most
of t h e t i t a n i u m P / M effort h a s b e e n w i t h Ti-6A1-4V
b e c a u s e i t is t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d alloy h a v i n g a
l a r g e d a t a b a s e for c o m p a r i s o n .
The two general approaches to titanium P/M

a r e t h e blended elements (BE) method a n d the

p r e a l l o y e d (PA) a p p r o a c h . B l e n d e d e l e m e n t a l powd e r s cost $ 6 t o $30/lb, d e p e n d i n g on t h e chloride
i m p u r i t y c o n t e n t . C h l o r i d e c o n t e n t r a n g e s from 10
to 2 0 0 0 p p m ; p o w d e r s w i t h l o w a m o u n t s of chloride a r e more expensive. High-chloride powders
c a n n o t b e u s e d if good f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h i s n e e d e d .
B l e n d e d e l e m e n t a l P / M p a r t s of Ti-6A1-4V a r e
c u r r e n t l y i n p r o d u c t i o n for a e r o s p a c e a n d
n o n a e r o s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e full w r o u g h t
p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t r e q u i r e d a n d w h e r e t h e r e is econ o m i c a d v a n t a g e t o t h i s a p p r o a c h . (See t h e section
" A p p l i c a t i o n s " for e x a m p l e s ) . T h e PA a p p r o a c h ,
h o w e v e r , h a s b e e n less successful i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a
commercial market. Prealloyed powders are not
cold c o m p a c t a b l e , a n d t h e i r cost is h i g h ($60 to
$10071b).

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

W r o u g h t Ti-6A1-4V is m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d i n
t h e m i l l - a n n e a l e d c o n d i t i o n , w h e r e i t h a s a good
c o m b i n a t i o n of s t r e n g t h , t o u g h n e s s , ductility, a n d
fatigue. Its m i n i m u m yield s t r e n g t h m a y vary
from 7 6 0 t o 8 9 5 M P a (110 t o 1 3 0 ksi), d e p e n d i n g on
p r o c e s s i n g , h e a t t r e a t m e n t , s e c t i o n size, a n d
c h e m i s t r y ( p r i m a r i l y oxygen).
A l m o s t all t i t a n i u m c a s t i n g s a r e h o t i s o s t a t i cally p r e s s e d ( H I P ' e d ) t o h e a l i n t e r n a l porosity n o t
linked to t h e surface. This m i n i m i z e s t h e a m o u n t
of w e l d r e p a i r , i m p r o v e s t h e c o n s i s t e n c y of m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , a n d e n h a n c e s t h e fatigue perf o r m a n c e . Ti-6A1-4V c a s t i n g s a r e g e n e r a l l y u s e d i n
t h e ( a + ) - a n n e a l e d c o n d i t i o n , a l t h o u g h s o m e special h e a t t r e a t m e n t s c a n b e u s e d t o e n h a n c e t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e c a s t i n g s i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e
anneal.
A n n e a l e d C o n d i t i o n . A l t h o u g h Ti-6A1-4V is
c o m m o n l y u s e d i n t h e m i l l - a n n e a l e d condition,
o t h e r a n n e a l i n g t r e a t m e n t s a r e also utilized. F o r
e x a m p l e , a n n e a l i n g j u s t a b o v e t h e b e t a t r a n s u s , or
a n n e a l i n g h i g h i n t h e + p h a s e field, c r e a t e s a
W i d m a n s t a t t e n or l a m e l l a r + m i c r o s t r u c t u r e

w i t h good f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s , s t r e s s - c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e , a n d c r a c k g r o w t h r e s i s t a n c e , a n d creep
resistance.
Recrystallization
annealing
of
w r o u g h t alloy i m p r o v e s t e n s i l e ductility a n d fatigue performance.
S o l u t i o n T r e a t e d , Q u e n c h e d a n d A g e d Ti6A1-4V A l l o y . S o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d a n d q u e n c h e d alloys m a y e i t h e r h a v e a n a c i c u l a r a ' - m a r t e n s i t e
s t r u c t u r e ( q u e n c h e d from a b o v e - t r a n s u s ) or
m i x e d a ' + a m i c r o s t r u c t u r e ( q u e n c h e d from 9001 0 0 0 C) or m i x e d a " + a m i c r o s t r u c t u r e ( q u e n c h e d
from 8 0 0 - 9 0 0 C), of w h i c h t h e l a t t e r is exceptiona l l y soft a n d ductile. T h e y s e r v e a s s t a r t i n g condit i o n s for s u b s e q u e n t a g i n g t r e a t m e n t s . Q u e n c h e d
components contain high residual stresses which
m a y n o t b e fully r e l i e v e d u p o n a g i n g a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s . Such components m a y distort during
m a c h i n i n g . Ti-6A1-4V h a s e x c e l l e n t h a r d e n a b i l i t y
i n s e c t i o n s u p t o a b o u t 2 5 m m (1 in.) thick;
s t r e n g t h s a s h i g h a s 1140 M P a (165 k s i ) m a y b e
achieved a t aging t e m p e r a t u r e s between 300 a n d
6 0 0 C.

Applications

D e s i g n e d p r i m a r i l y for h i g h s t r e n g t h a t low t o
m o d e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s , Ti-6A1-4V h a s a h i g h specific s t r e n g t h ( s t r e n g t h / d e n s i t y ) , s t a b i l i t y a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 4 0 0 C (750 F ) , a n d good corrosion
r e s i s t a n c e . C o s t c o n t i n u e s t o b e a n i n h i b i t i v e fact o r for i t s u s e i n i n d u s t r i e s w h e r e w e i g h t a n d corrosion a r e n o t critical considerations.
A e r o s p a c e A p p l i c a t i o n s . Ti-6A1-4V w a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e 1 9 5 0 s a n d i n i t i a l l y u s e d for comp r e s s o r b l a d e s i n g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e s . Today,
w r o u g h t Ti-6A1-4V i s u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y for t u r b i n e
e n g i n e a n d a i r f r a m e a p p l i c a t i o n s . E n g i n e compon e n t s i n c l u d e b l a d e s , discs, a n d w h e e l s . W r o u g h t
f o r m s a r e u s e d for a i r f r a m e c o m p o n e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s u p e r p l a s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of fineg r a i n e d , e q u i a x e d Ti-6A1-4V i s b e i n g u s e d i n c r e a s i n g l y for a e r o s p a c e a p p l i c a t i o n s . I t also h a s good
diffusion-bonding c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , which, w h e n
combined with superplastic forming, enables t h e
f a b r i c a t i o n of v e r y c o m p l e x s t r u c t u r e s . Significant
a m o u n t s of s u p e r p l a s t i c a l l y f o r m e d a n d diffusionb o n d e d s t r u c t u r e s a r e u s e d t o d a y , p a r t i c u l a r l y for
m i l i t a r y aircraft.
Aerospace casting applications include t h e

r a n g e from m a j o r s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s w e i g h i n g
m o r e t h a n 1 3 5 k g (300 lb) e a c h t o s m a l l s w i t c h
g u a r d s w e i g h i n g less t h a n 3 0 g (1 oz).
Ti-6A1-4V c a s t i n g s a r e u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y for
large, complex housings in t h e turbine engine ind u s t r y . T h e y a r e u s e d i n a v a r i e t y of a i r f r a m e a p plications, including cargo-handling equipment,
flow d i v e r t e r s , t o r q u e t u b e s for b r a k e s , a n d helic o p t e r r o t o r h u b s . I n m i s s i l e a n d s p a c e applicat i o n s , t h e y a r e u s e d for w i n g s , m i s s i l e b o d i e s , optical s e n s o r h o u s i n g s , a n d o r d n a n c e . Also, Ti-6A1-4V
c a s t i n g s a r e u s e d t o a t t a c h t h e m a i n e x t e r n a l fuel
t a n k s t o t h e S p a c e S h u t t l e a n d t h e b o o s t e r s to t h e
external tanks.
S u r g i c a l I m p l a n t s . W r o u g h t Ti-6A1-4V i s a
u s e f u l m a t e r i a l for s u r g i c a l i m p l a n t s b e c a u s e of i t s
l o w m o d u l u s , good t e n s i l e a n d f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h ,
a n d biological compatibility. I t i s u s e d for b o n e
s c r e w s a n d for p a r t i a l a n d t o t a l h i p , k n e e , elbow,
j a w , finger, a n d s h o u l d e r r e p l a c e m e n t joints. W h e r e
fatigue p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t a n i s s u e , t h e cast alloy also
h a s h a d m i n o r u s e a s a n i m p l a n t product.
A u t o m o t i v e A p p l i c a t i o n s . In t h e automot i v e i n d u s t r y , w r o u g h t Ti-6A1-4V i s u s e d i n special

Ti-6AI-4V / 485

applications i n high-performance and racing cars

where w e i g h t i s critical, u s u a l l y i n reciprocating
and rotating parts, such a s v a l v e s , valve springs,
connecting rods, and rocker arms. It also h a s b e e n
u s e d for drive shafts and s u s p e n s i o n springs. Cast
Ti-6A1-4V also h a s h a d minor u s e i n automotive
applications.
M a r i n e a p p l i c a t i o n s of wrought Ti-6A1-4V
include a r m a m e n t s , sonar equipment, deep-submergence applications, hydrofoils, a n d capsules
for telephone-cable repeater stations. C a s t i n g applications include water-jet inducers for hydrofoil
propulsion a n d s e a w a t e r ball v a l v e s for nuclear
submarines.
P / M A p p l i c a t i o n s . The B E m e t h o d produces a
product w i t h l e s s t h a n full d e n s i t y t h a t c a n be a s
strong a s w r o u g h t material, but t h a t generally h a s
lower ductility, t o u g h n e s s , a n d fatigue strength.
Process modifications can improve t h e s e latter

properties, even m a k i n g t h e m comparable to

w r o u g h t , but t h e y increase costs.
T h e B E approach h a s found a n i c h e for t h e production of near-net-shape c o m p o n e n t s or of lowcost preforms for subsequent processing, such a s
forging. Applications include s i d e w i n d e r missile
h o u s i n g , m i s s i l e fins, connecting rods, turbine
blade preforms, h e x stock preforms for fittings,
n u t s , mirror hubs, and lens h o u s i n g s .
H i g h cost h a s t h u s far limited potential applications o f PA technology to, for t h e m o s t part, t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e of critical aerospace components. A
n u m b e r of demonstration parts a r e n o w flying i n
t h e F - 1 5 a n d t h e F - 1 8 airplanes, b u t n o n e i s m a d e
on a production basis. The increased d e m a n d for tit a n i u m a l u m i n i d e s i n higher-temperature applications i s creating interest in PA technology of P/M
titanium.

T i - 6 A I - 4 V and equivalents: specifications and compositions

Specification
UNS
UNS
UNS

Designation

Description

R56400
R56401
R56402

Weld Wir

-63

ShStrp Pit Bar

Ann

Fill Met

Al

Fe

OT

Other

5.5-6.75
6
5.5-6.75

0.1

0.4

0.015

0.05

0.2

0.04

0.15

0.005

0.012

0.1

3.5-4.5
4
3.5-4.5

balTi
balTi
balTi

5.5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.01

0.05

0.2

3.5-4.5

0.4

balTi

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5 5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.1 max

0.3 max

0.015 max

0.05 max

0.22 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.05 max

0.2 max

3.5-4.5

0.4 max

OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi
OE 0.1
balTi

5.5-7
5.5-7

0.08
0.08 max

0.25
0.25 max

0.012
0.12 max

0.07
0.07 max

0.2
0.2 max

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.3

0.0125-0.015 0.05

0.2

3.5-4.5

0.4

balTi

0.3
0.3

0.015
0.015

0.2
0.2

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4

balTi
balTi

Europe
AECMA
prEN2517
AECMA
prEN2530
AECMA
prEN2531
AECMA
prEN3310
AECMA
prEN3311
AECMA
prEN3312
AECMA
prEN3313
AECMA
prEN3314
AECMA
prEN3315
AECMA
prEN3352
AECMA
prEN3353
AECMA
prEN3354
AECMA
prEN3355
AECMA
prEN3456
AECMA
prEN3457
AECMA
prEN3458
AECMA
prEN3464
AECMA
prEN3467

Bar Ann
Frg Ann
FrgNHT
Bar Ann
Frg Ann
FrgNHT
Bar STA
Frg STA
Inv Cast Ann
HIP
Bar Wir STA
ShAnn
Ext Ann
ShStrp Ann
FrgNHT
Bar Wir Ann
Pit Ann
RemeltNHT

max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;
max;

France
T-A6V
T-A6V

Bar Rod Frg

Bit

DIN

3.7164

DIN
DIN 17850

3.7264
3.7165

ShStrp Pit Bar

5.5-6.75
Frg Ann
5.5-6.75
CastAnn
Pit ShStrp Rod 5.5-6.75
Wir Ann

AIR9183
AIR9184

balTi
balTi

Germany

0.1
0.08

0.05
0.05

(continued)

486 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

T1-6AI-4V and equivalents: specifications and compositions (continued)

Specifi-

Desig-

cation

nation

DIN 17851

3.7165

DON 17860
DIN 17862
DIN 17864

3.7615
3.7615
3.7615

Description

Sh Pit Strp Rod

Wir Ann
ShStrp
Rod
Frg

Al

Fe

OT

Other

5.5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

balTi

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.2 max
0.08 max
0.08 max

0.3 max
0.3 max
0.3 max

0.015 max
0.015 max
0.015 max

0.05 max
0.05 max
0.05 max

0.2 max
0.2 max

3.5-4.5
3.54.5
3.5-4.5

balTi
balTi
balTi

Sh Pit Strp Foil

Rod Ann
Sh Pit Strp Foil
Rod Frg Ann
Cast

5.3-6.8

0.08

0.25

0.007

0.05

0.015

3.5-4.5

0.3

5.5-7

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

4.2-6

0.3

5-6.5

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.15

3.5-4.5

0.3

Zr0.3;Si0.15;
W0.2;balTi

Sh Pit Strp Bar

Ex Ann
Sh Pit Strp Bar
ExHT

5.5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.125

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

0.4

balTi

5.5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.125

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

0.4

balTi

BS2TA.10

ShStrpHT

5.5-6.75

0.3

0.01

BS2TA.11

Bar

5.5-6.75

0.3

0.01

0.05

0.2

BS2TA.12
BS2TA.13
BS 2TA.28

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.3
0.3
0.3

0.01
0.01
0.01

0.05

0.2
0.2
0.2

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3-5

0.2 max

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

BSTA.59

Frg
FrgHT
Wir Frg HT
Quen
Srglmp
Pit to 100 mm
HT
ShStrp

DTD 5303
DTD5313
DTD 5323
DTD 5363

Russia
GOST 19807-74

VT6S

OST 1.90000-70

VT6

OST 1.90060-72

VT6L

Zr0.3;Si0.15;
balTi
Si 0.15; bal Ti

Spain
UNE 38-723

L-7301

UNE 38-723

L-7301

UK

BS 3531 Part 2
BSTA.56

0.05

V. 3.5 -4.5; Ti
88.18 max;
O+N=0.25
V. 3.5-4.5; Ti
88.18 max;
Ti 88.19 max;
Ti 88.18 max;
88.19 max;
balTi
Ti 88.2 max;
O+N=0.25
N+O=0.25;
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
N+O=0.27;
balTi

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max
0.3

0.015 max

5.5-6.75

0.08 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

Bar Ann
Frg Ann
Frg Ann
Cast

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.2 max

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

0.0125 max
0.01 max
0.015 max
0.15 max

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

max
max
max
max

0.2 max
0.2 max
0.25 max

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

AMS 4905A

ELI Pit

5.6-6.3

0.05 max

0.25 max

0.0125 max

0.03 max

0.12max

3.6-4.4

0.4 max

AMS 4905A
AMS 4906

Pit Beta Ann

ShStrp

5.6-6.3
5.5-6.75

0.05
0.08 max

0.25
0.3 max

0.0125
0.0125 max

0.03
0.05 max

0.12
0.2 max

3.6-4.4
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4 max

AMS4907D

ELI ShStrp Pit

Ann
ShStrp Pit Ann
Frg Ann
Bar Wir Frg Bil
Rng Ann
ELI Bar Wir
Frg Bil Rng
Ann
ELI Bar Frg
Bil Rng
Ex Rng STA
Ex Rng Ann
Fill met gasmet/W-arc
weld
ELI Fill Met
Wir
Bar Frg Rng
STA/Mach
Press ves
Bar Frg Rng
Mach/STA
Press ves
Cast Ann
Cast Ann
Powd Sint Nuts

5.5-6.5

0.08

0.25

0.0125

0.05

0.13

3.5-4.5

0.3

Y 0.005 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balFe
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005 max;
balTi
Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.08
0.1
0.1

0.3
0.3
0.3

0.015
0.0125
0.0125

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.2

3.54.5
3.54.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4
0.4

balTi
Y 0.005; bal Ti
balTi

5.5-6.5

0.08

0.25

0.0125

0.05

0.13

3.5-4.5

0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.5

0.08

0.25

0.0125

0.03

0.13

3.5-4.5

0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.1
0.1
0.05

0.3
0.3
0.3

0.0125
0.0125
0.015

0.05
0.05
0.03

0.2
0.2
0.18

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4
0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75

0.03

0.15

0.005

0.012

0.08

3.5-4.5

0.1

Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.0125

0.05

0.2

3.5-4.5

0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.0125

0.05

0.2

3.5-4.5

0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.3
0.3
0.3

0.015
0.015
0.01

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.3

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4
0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Si 0.05; Na
0.15; CI 0.15;
balTi

max
max
max
max

3.5-4.5

USA

AMS 491 IF
AMS 4920
AMS4928K
AMS4930C

AMS 4931
AMS4934A
AMS4935E
AMS4954D

AMS4956B
AMS4965E

AMS4967F

AMS 4985A
AMS 4991A
AMS4993A

(continued)

Next Page
Ti-6AI-4V/487

Ti-6AI-4V and equivalents: specifications and compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

(continued)

Fe

OT

Other

AMS 4996

Bill Powd Ann

5.5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.0125

0.04

0.13-0.19

3.5-4.5

0.2

AMS 4996

ELI Bil

5.5-6.75

0.1 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.13-0.19

3.5-4.5

0.2 max

AMS 4998

ELIPowd

5.5-6.75

0.1 max

0.3 max

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.13-0.19

AMS 4998

Powd

5.5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.012

0.04

0.13-0.18

3.5-4.5

0.2

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.5

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.08

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.25

0.015
0.0125
0.015
0.0125
0.012

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.25
0.2
0.13

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75

0.1 max
0.1 max
0.05
0.04

0.4 max
0.4 max
0.25
0.15

0.0125 max
0.0125 max
0.008
0.005

0.05 max
0.05 max
0.02
0.012

0.2 max
0.2 max
0.15
0.1

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

5.5-6.5

0.04

0.25

0.0125

0.02

0.14

3.5-4.5

0.4

balTi

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.75
5.5-6.5

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.3
0.3
0.2-0.25
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.25

0.015
0.015
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125
0.015
0.0125
0.0125
0.0125

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2
0.13
0.13
0.2
0.2
0.13
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.13

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

5.5-6.75
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.75
6.18

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.023

0.3
0.25
0.3
0.22

0.015
0.0125
0.015
0.008

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.026

0.2
0.13
0.2
0.097

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

0.4
0.3
0.4

Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
Y 0.005; bal Ti
balTi

Fe

ShStrpPltAnn
BarBil Ann
Cast
Frg Ann
ELI Wrought Ann
for Surg Imp
BltScrStd
ASTMF467-84 Grade 5
ASTMF468-84
BltScrStd
Weld fill met
AWSA5.16-70 ERTi-6Al-4V
ELI Fill Met Wir
AWSA5.16-70 ERTi-6A14V-l
Rod
Weld armor pit
MTLA46077D
Ann
MILF-83142A Comp 6
Frg Ann
FrgHT
MILF-83142A Comp 6
ELI Frg Ann
MILF-83142A Comp 7
MILF-83142A Comp 7
ELI FrgHT
MTLT-81556A CodeAB-1
Ex Bar Shp Ann
MILT-81556A CodeAB-1
EX Bar Shp STA
MILT-81556A CodeAB-2
ELI Ext Bar Ann
Type HI Comp A Cast Ann
MTLT-81915
CodeAB-1
ShStrpPltAnn
MTLT-9046J
Sh Strp Pit STA
CodeAB-1
MILT-9046J
ELI Sh Strp Pit
CodeAB-2
MTLT-9046J
Ann
Bar Bil STA
MTLT-9047G
ELI Bar Bil Ann
MILT-9047G
MTLT-9047G
MIL-T-9047G
Bar Bil Ann
SAEJ467
ELI
ASTM 265
ASTM 348
ASTM 367
ASTM 381
ASTM F136

Grade 5
Grade 5
Grade C-5
Grade F-5

0.2 max

Mo 0.1 max;
Sn0.1max;Zr
0.1 max;Mn
0.1 max; Cu
0.1 max; Y
0.001; bal Ti
Y 0.001 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
Y 0.001 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
Mo 0.1 max;
Sn0.1max;Zr
0.1 max; Mn
0.1 max; Cu
0.1 max; Y
0.001; bal Ti
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Ti-6AI-4V commercial equivalents: compositions

Specification

Designation Description

Al

OT

Other

France
Ugine

UTA6V

Ugine

UTA6V

5..5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.07

0.2

3.5-4.5

balTi

5..5-6.75

0.08

0.3

0.015

0.07

0.2

3.5-4.5

balTi

5..5-6.5
6
6
5,.5-6.75

0.08

0.25

0.013

0.07

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

3.5-4.5
4
4
3.5-4.5

balTi
balTi
balTi
balTi

Pit Bar Frg STA 5..5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

balTi

0.05

0.13

3.54.5

balTi

Sh Strp Pit Bar

Frg Ann
Sh Strp Pit Bar
Frg STA

Germany
DeutscheT.
Fuchs
Fuchs
Thyssen

LT31
TL64
TL64ELI
Contimet AlV
64
Contimet AlV
64
Contimet AlV
64 ELI

Ann
Frg
ELI Frg
Pit Bar Frg Ann

ELI Pit Bar Frg

Pip Ann

5..5-6.75

0.06

0.15

0.013

Daido

DAT 5

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

3.54.5

balTi

Daido

5..5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

balTi

Daido

DT5

RodBarRng
Frg Ann
RodBarRng
Frg STA
Rod Bar Frg
RngSTA

5..5-6.75

DAT 5

5..5-6.75

0.1

0.3

0.015

0.05

0.2

3.54.5

balTi
(continued)

Thyssen
Thyssen

Japan

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 637

I Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn
Common Name: Ti-662
UNS Number: R56620

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn was developed at New York University on a U.S. Army contract as a higherstrength version of Ti-6A1-4V. It is a corrosion-resistant, high-strength alloy which offers an
ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa (175 ksi) in

the heat treated condition in sizes up to 25 mm (1

in.) diameter. This grade is used in applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratios at temperatures up to 315 C (600 F).

Ti-662 contains a total of about 1% (Cu + Fe) in

approximately equal proportions, which give it
much-improved heat treatability. Its nominal 6%
aluminum content stabilizes the alpha phase and
increases the hot workability range by raising the
beta transus temperature to approximately 945 C
(1735 F). Cooling from above this temperature
with little concurrent or subsequent deformation
generally results in inferior ductility. As a neutral
stabilizer, the 2% tin strengthens both the alpha
and beta phases, and in combination with the aluminum, provides better room- and elevated-temperature strength properties t h a n those of -614V and other lower-alloy alpha-beta compositions.
Beta stabilization is accomplished by nominal additions of 6% vanadium, 0.5% copper, and 0.5%
iron. Acting together, these elements permit heat
treatment of the alloy to high strength levels by solution treatment and aging.
Density. 4.54 g/cnr%.164 lb/in. )

Alloy Segregation. Ingot composition must

be controlled within specified limits, and special
melting practices, particularly for the final melt,
are required to miiumize segregation during solidification. Excessive macrosegregation results in
"beta flecks," which are harder, less-ductile areas
after heat treatment. Detrimental effects of beta
flecks have not been demonstrated for this alloy.
E x c e e d i n g Composition Limits. As for all
alpha-beta alloys, excessive amounts of aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen can decrease ductility
and fracture toughness. Excessive amounts of beta
stabilizers (molybdenum and vanadium) affect the
stability of the alloy and increase its heat treatability, therefore making control of properties more
difficult. Excessive impurity levels may raise yield
strength above maximum permitted values or decrease elongation or reduction in area below minim u m values.

Ti-662 is produced by all U.S. titanium melters

as bar and billet for forging stock. Plate, sheet,

wire, and extrusions are also available,

In forged sections and plate up to 25 mm (1 in.)

thick, solution-treated-and-aged material has a
guaranteed minimum ultimate tensile strength of
1170 MPa (170 ksi). For forged sections between 75
and 100 mm (3 and 4 in.) thick, the corresponding
ultimate tensile strength is 1035 MPa (150 ksi).
The response to heat treatment may vary from
heat to heat and the correct aging temperature is
best determined by tests on the heat in question.
Cooling from above the beta t r a n s u s with concurrent or subsequent deformation generally results

in inferior ductility.
Annealing treatments at temperatures of 640
to 790 C (1200 to 1450 F) are applied to produce
maximum stability at temperatures up to 450 C
(600 F). The strengthening response to the precipitation-hardening reaction is dependent on the
ability to retain the beta phase during quenching
from t h e solution temperature, and this alloy is
sufficiently beta stabilized to attain heat treated
properties through section thicknesses up to 100
m m (4 in.).

Ti-662 is used in applications requiring high

strength at temperatures up to 315 C (600 F) in
the forms of sheet, light-gage plate, extrusions,
and small forgings. This alloy is used for airframe
structures where strength higher than t h a t of Ti6A1-4V is required. Usage is generally limited to
secondary structures because the attractiveness of
higher strength efficiency is rninimized by lower
fracture toughness and fatigue properties. Ti-662
is used for aircraft structural members, centrifuge
parts, and rocket-engine parts.
Limitations i n U s e . As is characteristic of
other titanium alloys, exposure to stress at ele-

vated temperature produces changes in the retained mechanical properties. The stress and temperature limits below which these changes will not
occur have not been established for this alloy.
Structural applications should be based on a
knowledge of the low toughness characterizing the
higher-strength conditions of this alloy and the
limited toughness of welds. Particular attention
should be given to the influence of aggressive environments in the presence of cracks. Such environments include aqueous solutions of chlorides and
possibly certain organic solvents such as methanol.

638 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: Equivalent specifications

Specification Designation
UNS
R56620

Description

Al
5.5

Cu

Fe

Sn
2

5.5-6.5

0.5

0.5

0.015 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

V
5.5

Other
balTi(a)

China
GB 3620

TC-10

5.5-6.5 C0.1max;Si
0.15 max;bal

Europe
AECMATi-P64

prEN3316

Sh Stop Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

AECMAT1-P64

prEN3317

Pit Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

AECMAri-P64

prEN3318

FrgNHT

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

AECMAT1-P64

prEN3319

Bar Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

AECMAT1-P64

prEN3320

FrgAnn

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

Sh Stop Pit Bar Frg

Ann
Sh Stop Pit Bar Frg
STA

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125-0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125-0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

Sh Stop Pit Bar Ext

Ann
Sh Stop Pit Bar Ext
HT

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.0125

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

AMS4918F

Sh Stop Pit Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

AMS4936B

Ext Rng Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

AMS4936B

ExtRngSTA

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

AMS4936C

Beta Ext Ann Rng

FlshWld

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

AMS4971C

Bar Frg Wir Rng

BilAnn
Bar Wir Frg Bil
Rng Ann
Bar Erg Rng Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015 max

0.04 max

0.2 max

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

C 0.05 max;
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi

Germany
WL3.7174
WL3.7174

C0.05;OT0.4;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
balTx

Spain
UNE 38-725

L-7303

UNE 38-725

L-7303

C 0.05; OT 0.4;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
balTi

USA

AMS4978B
AMS4978C

AMS4979B
MILF-83142A

Comp8

FrgAnn

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILF-83142A

Comp8

FrgHT

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILT-81556A

CodeAB-3

Ext Bar Shp Arm

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILT-81556A

CodeAB-3

Ext Bar Shp STA

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILT-9046J

CodeAB-3

Sh Stop Pit Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILT-9046J

CodeAB-3

Sh Stop Pit ST

5-6

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

MILT-9046J

CodeAB-3

Sh Stop Pit STA

5-6

MILT-9047G

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Bar Bil Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

02

1.5-2.5

5-6

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

(a) OT, o t h e r s total; O E , o t h e r s each; s i n g l e v a l u e s a r e m a x i m u m s .

C 0.05; OT 0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT0.4max;Y
0.005 max;OE
0.1max;balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C 0.05 max;
OT0.4max;Y
0.005 max; OE
0.1max;balTi
C0.05;OT0.4;
Y0.005;balTi
C0.05;OT0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
balTi
C 0.05; OT 0.3;
Y0.005;balTi

(continued)

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/639

Ti-662: Equivalent specifications

Specification
UNS

Designation
R56620

MILT-9047G

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn BarBilSTA

(continued)

Description

Al
^5

Cu

Fe

Sn
2

V
5.5

Other
balTi(a)

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-25

5-6

C0.05;OT0.3;
Y0.005;balTi

5.5
(nom)

0.7
(nom)

0.7
(nom)

...

0.02 max

2
(nom)

55
(nom)

C 0.02 max; Ni
0.006 max; Si
0.1max;balTi

USA (continued)
SAEJ467

662

(a) OT, others total; O E , others each; single v a l u e s a r e m a x i m u m s .

Ti-662: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Cu

Fe

Sn

Sh Pit Frg Ann

ShPltFrgQA

5-6
5-6

0.35-1
0.35-1

0.35-1
0.35-1

0.015
0.015

0.04
0.04

0.2
0.2

1.5-2.5
1.5-2.5

5-6
5-6

balTi
balTi

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

15-2.5

5-6

Deutsche

ContimetAlVSn 6-6-2 Pit Bar Frg Pip

Ann
ContimetAlVSn 6-6-2 Pit Bar Frg Pip
STA
LT33
Frg Aged

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

Deutsche

LT33

Frg Ann

5-6

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.015

0.04 0.2

15-2.5

5-6

C0.05;bal
Ti
C0.05;bal
Ti
C0.05;bal
Ti
C0.05;bal

KS6-6-2
KS6-6-2
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
662AT

Pit Sh Ann
Pit Sh STA

5-6
5-6

0.35-1
0.35-1

0.35-1
0.35-1

0.0125
0.0125

0.04
0.04

0.2
0.2

STA

5-6

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.12-0.2

Other

France
Ugine
Ugine

UT662
UT662

Germany
Deutsche
Deutsche

Japan
Kobe
Kobe
Sumitomo
Toho

5-6
5-6
1.5-2.5

5-6

balTi
balTi
C0.05;bal
Ti

USA
OREMET
RMI

6-6-2
RMI6Al-6V-2Sn

RMI

RMI6Al-6V-2Sn

Mult Forms STA

5-6

Timet

TIMETAL 6-6-2

Ann

5-6

Timet

TIMETAL 6-6-2 STA BilBarPltShStr

STA

Mult Forms Ann

5-6

5-6

0.35-1
0.35-1

0.35-1

0.35-1

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

0.35-1

0.01250.015
0.01250.015
0.015

0.05 max

0.2 max

15-2.5

5-6

0.35-1

0.015

0.04

0.2

1.5-2.5

5-6

0.35-1

0.04

C0.08;bal
Ti
C0.08;bal
Ti
C0.05
max;balTi
C0.05;bal
Ti

Single v a l u e s a r e m a x i m u m s .

Phases and Structures

Alloy Ti-662 is normally processed in the +

two-phase field, resulting in primary equiaxed
and some . For example, annealing treatments
(-760 C or 1400 F) moderately low in the twophase + field after normal a + processing result in microstructures with a high volume percentage of primary with stabilized a t the
equiaxed grain boundaries. If the processing involves less exposure time or less working in the a
+ region and is subsequently annealed a t approximately 760 C (1400 F), the primary grains
appear more elongated, and the volume percentage is high. Both structures develop acceptable
mechanical properties.

Totally transformed structures are often considered unacceptable, although acicular products
do have advantages. Annealing temperatures and
cooling rates determine the presence and the
coarseness of secondary (transformed ). For solution treatments up to 825 C (1515 F), is sufficiently enriched with vanadium to prevent decomposition into martensitic a. At temperatures above
900 C (1650 F), decomposes completely to
martensitic a. Between these two temperatures,
partial transformation of occurs (see the isothermal TTT diagram after quenching from 850 C or
1560 F). From above the transus, the M temperature is about 420 C (790 F).
s

640 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Crystal
Structure

Transformation
Products

Beta Transus: 945 10 C (1733 20 F) to

955 5 C (1750 10 F)

Ti-662: Time-temperature transformations from

850 C (1560 F)

Ti-662: Isothermal transformation diagram

850
800

650
600

y <*

+ +

750
700

H1600

+ +

.' + +

a'

\ A

'

450
400

a + +
I
5

550
500

41200 ^

>

- +

H1400

-M000

I *\
15

30

Seconds

I
1

800
\

I
15

I \
1
2

30

'

.1.

Minutes

Time

I I
4

H600

*-

Dilatometric t e s t s indicated M t e m p e r a t u r e o f 6 4 0 C (1185 F), a n d

X-ray m e a s u r e m e n t s indicated that a ' m a r t e n s i t e formed w h e n isothermal h o l d s w e r e s t o p p e d b y q u e n c h i n g b e f o r e line A. Beyond line
, is sufficiently enriched with v a n a d i u m t o p r e v e n t martensitic
transformation. M e a s u r e m e n t s indicated t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of
3() b e y o n d line C . 2 5 m m (1 in.) d i a m s p e c i m e n s solution
treated a t 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 h. Composition (wt%): 5.5 V, 5.65
Al, 2 . 3 5 S n , 0.5 C u , 0.62 F e .
S o u r c e : B. Hocheid et al., Isothermal Transformation of T1-6AI-6V2 S n Alloy After P r e h e a t i n g in t h e - R a n g e , Titanium Science and
Technology, R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, Ed., TMS-AIME, 1973,
1609-1619
s

Ti-662: Phase transformation diagram

830

I ill

\ \! I

z /

(ft-110 " Q

400

Hours

'

Primary

9 3 8 C

Low <
-High
Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
S o u r c e : Y. Murakami et al., P h a s e Transformation a n d Heat Treatm e n t in Ti Alloys, Titanium Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U.
Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde,
Germany, 1 9 8 5 , 1 4 0 5

Q u e n c h e d from field to t e m p e r a t u r e indicated.

S o u r c e : Titanium Alloy Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columb u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/641

Physical Properties
Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus

Ti-662: Electrical resistivity vs temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

94515C(173525F)
1650 to 1700 C (3000 to 3100 F)
4.54 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. )
1.57
1.00 (nonmagnetic)
635 J/kg (0.155 Btu/lb F)
5.5W/mK
- 9 l O - V C (-5 X W-^rF)

Melting (liquidus) point

Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

200

1.75

400

600

800
1

-1

1000

1.70

1.65

- 64

(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 20 to 2 5 C (68 to

-S?

1.60

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 100 C ( 2 1 2

F)
1.55

--162

1.501
200

400

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Solid line: 9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F), 1 h, w a t e r q u e n c h e d + 5 6 5 C (1050 F),
4 h, air cooled. D a s h e d line: 7 0 5 C (1300 F), 2 h, air cooled.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Vol 4,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 9

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Elastic
Properties

Typical tensile modulus at room temperature

is 110 GPa (16 10 psi) in the annealed condition.
6

Ti-662: Typical room-temperature tangent modulus

C o m p r e s s i v e t a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 1 0 psi
6

0
1200

5
1

10

1J

15

|i

20
1-- 1 1

Annealed extrusion

160
140

900
5

% h exposure

120

Longitudinal

100

600

80
60

Ramberg-Osgood
300

40

= 26

20
0
0

50

100

150

Compressive tangent modulus, G P a

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK-5E

LIVE GRAPH
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Chemical / Corrosion Properties

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has less corrosion resistance in

reducing media t h a n several other titanium alloys. It also is one of the least resistant titanium alloys to crevice corrosion in salt solution.

642 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: Corrosion comparison in HCI solutions

Ti-662: Crevice corrosion in saturated brine

Temperature, F
80
9

1 '

160

'

- i

180
200
r ' t

220

240

No c r e v i c e corrosion

8
7

100
120
140
*

'

Q.

'

0.5

1.5

2.5

>-

25

C o n c e n t r a t i o n of HCI, %

Crevice corrosion

BP
I

50

75

125

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

General corrosion of a n n e a l e d titanium alloys in naturally a e r a t e d

HCI solutions.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., ASM International, 1987, 6 8 0

S o u r c e : D. D e e s , "Crevice Corrosion of High-Strength Titanium Alloys in S a t u r a t e d Brine," Industrial Applications of Titanium andZrconium, ASTM S T P 8 3 0 , 1 9 8 4 , 1 3 3 - 1 4 2

LIVE GRAPH

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Stress-Corrosion
Cracking

100

Click here to view

-662: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Tensile yield
Heat
treatment

strength
MPa

MiU annealed
Duplex annealed
Solution treated and aged
solution treated and aged

ksi

Ki
MPavm

157
146
170
152

66
88
49
77

1082
1006
1172
1048

Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion Cracking of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , i n Stress-Corrosion

A S M International, 1 9 9 2

Ti-662: Delayed failure in salt water

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , ksi
120
160

120

140

160

180

200

2 2 m m ( 0 . 8 7 5 in.) d i a m e x t r u s i o n s
1 5 x 4 m m (0.62 1.62 in.)forging (L) _ |
5 0 x 6 4 m m (2 2 . 5 in.)forging (T)
2 6 m m (1 in.) p l a t e
_|

220

80h

1 2 0

1 0 0

80

-60

-40

40

-20

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a
C r a c k e d notch b e n d s p e c i m e n s e x p o s e d to 3 . 5 % NaCI. S p e c i m e n s
w e r e h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 5 5 to 8 8 5 C (1575 to 1 6 2 5 F), W Q or AC +
5 9 5 to 7 6 0 C (1100 t o 1 4 0 0 F), A C a n d a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 5 C (1300
F),2h,AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Vol 4,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, D e c 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH
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o r Kc
k s i Vi n .
60
80
45
70
Crocking:

MPaVm

KisccorKscc
ksiVin.

22
27
33
49
Materials

Performance

20
25
30
45
and

Evaluation,

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 643

Thermal Properties
Liquidus Temperature. 1650 C (3000 F),
reported in Metals Handbook, Vol 3,9th ed., 1978.
Solidus Temperature. 1627 C (2940 F).

Specific
Heat

Ti-662: Specific heat vs temperature

Ti-662: Specific heat

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

Specific heat

Temperature
J/kg

670
674
682
687
691
699
703
712

200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

93
150
205
260
315
370
425
480

Melting Point. 1700 C (3100 F), reported in

"RMI Titanium Basic Design."

A n n e a l e d condition. Source: Metals

Btu/lb F

400

800

1000

0.165

Vol 3 , 9 t h ed..

675

HO. 1 6 0

650
200

400

600

1000

800

Temperature,
1200

1400

Vol 4, C o d e 3715,

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, D e c 1975, 9

750
HO. 1 7 5
*

1200

2 70CM

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600

1000

725

Ti-662: Specific heat vs temperature

400

800

0.175
*

A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 9 7 8 , 3 9 2

200

600

750

0.160
0.161
0.163
0.164
0.165
0.167
0.168
0.170

Handbook,

200

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725
HO. 1 7 0

HO. 1 6 5

(0

700

> 6 7 5

HO. 1 6 0

650
200

400
Temperature,

600

800

S o u r c e : Metallic Materials and Elements

Structures, MIL-HDBK5E, J u n e 1 9 8 7

for Aerospace

Vehicle

LIVE GRAPH
Thermal
Expansion

Click here to view

Ti-662: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion at select
temperatures

Ti-662: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

ior/
93
205
315
425

9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5

200
400
600
800

Source: Metals Handbook,

1500

1000

11
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3

Vol 3 , 9 t h ed., A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y for Met-

als, 1978, 3 9 2

*"
c

"to
c

5.8
5.7

Temperature range

k t V f
0-100
0-315
0-540

32-212
32-600
32-1000

9.0
9.3
9.5

10

I-

Average coefficient

5.0
5.2
5.3

c
as
a.

5.6

5.5

10.5

(0
Q.

Ti-662: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

5.9

/
9.5
200

B e t w e e n 2 0 C (70 F)
a n d indicated t e m p e r a t u r e
400

600

800

5.4

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : Metallic Materials and Elements
Structures, MIL-HDBK5E, Vol 2 , 1 9 8 7

for Aerospace

LIVE GRAPH
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Vehicle

644 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-662: Thermal conductivity v s temperature

Ti-662: Thermal conductivity

Temperature
93
205
315
425

Conductivity
W/m-K
Btu/ft h

200
400
600
800

6.6
8.12
9.86
11.9

Temperature, F
200

400

600

800

3.8
4.7
5.7
6.9

A n n e a l e d condition. Source: Metals Handbook,

A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y for M e t a l s , 1978, 3 9 2

Vol 3 , 9 t h ed.,

200

600

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Mechanical Properties

S o u r c e : Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace

Structures, MIL-HDBK 5E, Vol 2 , J u n e 1 9 8 7

See also "Heat Treatment" and "Forging" for

mechanical properties.
Design
Allowables

1000

Vehicle

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Ti-662: Design bearing strengths

Bearing yield strength
e/D = 1.5
e / D = 2.0

Ultimate bearing strength

e/D = 1.5
e/D = 2 . 0

Thickness
MPa

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

236
241
247
250

2027
2089
2151
2185

294
303
312
317

1330
1351
1372
1392

193
196
199
202

1482
1537
1613
1654

215
223
234
240

264

2234

324

1634

237

1834

266

1847-1937

268-281(a)

1351-140

196-203(a)

1565-1620

227-235(a)

ksi

Annealed sheet, strip, and plate (AMS 4918, MIL-T-9046)

4.75-13.0
13-25
25-38
38-50

0.1875-0.500
0.50-1.00
1.0-1.50
1.5-2.00

1627
1661
1703
1723

STA sheet, strip, and plate (MIL-T-9406)

4.75-38

0.1875-1.500

1820

Extruded bar a n d shape, annealed (MIL-T-81556)

<50

<2.00

1503-1580

218-229(a)

(a) A- a n d B - b a s i s v a l u e s , respectively. Source: M E L - H D B K 5 , D e c 1 9 9 1

Ti-662: Design compression and shear strengths

Thickness

Compressive yield strength

L direction
LT direction
MPa
MPa
ksi

Ultimate shear strength

MPa
ksi

Annealed sheet, strip, and plate (MIL-T-9046, A M S 4918)

4.75-13
13-25
25-38
38-50

0.1875-0.50
0.50-1.00
1.00-1.50
1.50-2.00

958
979
1006
1020

139
142
146
148

1040
1013
972
937

151
147
141
136

627
641
655
655

91
93
95
95

170

1172

170

696

101

STA sheet, strip, and plate (MIL-T-9406)

4.75-38

0.1875-1.50

1172

Extruded bar a n d shapes (MIL-T-81556), annealed

<50
50-75
75-100

<2.0
2.0-3.0
3.0-4.0

944-993(a)
965
930

137-144(a)
140
135

937-979(a)
965
930

136-142(a)
140
135

641-668(a)

93-97(a)

STA extruded bar and shapes (MIL-T-81556)

4.7-13
13-38
38-64
64-100

0.188-0.50
0.50-1.50
1.5-2.50
2.5-4.00

1137
1103
1068
999

165
160
155
145

1137
1103
1068
999

165
160
155
145

N o t e : All m i n i m u m s are S-basis v a l u e s u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e n o t e d , (a) A- a n d B - b a s i s v a l u e s , respectively. S o u r c e : M I L - H D B K 5 , 1 Dec 1991

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 645

Ti-662: Design tensile properties of extruded bar and shapes

Thickness
an
in.

Ultimate tensile
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

Basis

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

FJongation(b),
%
L
LT

Reduction of
area(b),%
L
LT

Annealed extrusions
<50.0

<2.00

50-75
75-100

2.0-3.00
3.^4.00

S
S

0.188-0.500
5.0-1500
1.50-2.50
2.5-4.00

S
S
S
S

980-972(c)
1020
999
965

142-141(c)
148
145
140

890-882(c)
930
930
896

129-128(c)
135
135
130

10

20

15

10
10

8
8

20
20

15
15

8
8
8
8

6
6
6
6

15
15
15
15

12
12
12
12

STA extrusions
4.78-13
13-38
38-63
63-100

1172
1137
1103
1034

170
165
160
150

1103
1068
1034
965

160
155
150
140

(a) L i s t e d v a l u e s a r e for l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d l o n g - t r a n s v e r s e (LT) d i r e c t i o n u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e noted, (b) S-basis. (c) Values i n L a n d LT direction, respectively. Source: M T L - H D B K 5 , 1 D e c 1 9 9 1

Ti-662: Design tensile properties of bar and forgings

Thickness
im
in.

Ultimate tensile
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

Basis

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%
L
LT

Reduction
of area, %
L
LT

10

20

15

10

8(c)

20

15(c)

10

8(c)

15

15(c)

Air-cooled annealed (b) bar (AMS 4978)

<38

<1.5

38-75

1.5-3.0

75-100

3.0-4.0

993-1013
1035-1048
958-986
999-1020
937-965
979-999

144-147
150-152
139-143
145-148
136-140
142-145

903-937
951-972
868-903
910-937
848-875
889-910

131-136
138-141
126-131
132-136
123-127
129-132

S
S

1035
1000

150(e)
145(f)

965
930

140(e)
135(f)

10
10

8
8

20
20

15
15

S
S
S
S

1205
1172
1068
1035

175(e)
170(e)
155(f)
150(f)

1103
1068
1000
965

160(e)
155(e)
145(f)
140(f)

8
8
8
8

8
8
6(c)
6(c)

20
20
20
20

15
15
15(c)
15(c)

Annealed forgings (AMS 4978)

<50
50-100

<2.0
2.0-4.0

STA bar and forgings(d)

<25
25-50
50-75
75-100

<1.00
1.0-2.0
2.0-3.0
3.0-40

(a) Listed v a l u e s are for l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d long-transverse (L-T) v a l u e s , respectively. LT v a l u e s applicable providing LT or S T d i m e n s i o n
i s g r e a t e r t h a n 63.5 m m (2.5 in.), (b) 7 0 0 to 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 0 0 to 1 3 5 0 F) for 1 to 3 h, AC to room t e m p e r a t u r e , (c) Applicable to S T direction, (d)
P e r A M S 4 9 7 1 a n d 4 9 7 9 . (e) L a n d LT direction, (f) L, LT, a n d S T direction. Source: MTL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1 9 9 1

Ti-662: Design tensile properties for sheet, strip, and plate

Thickness

in.

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Elongation(b),
%
L
LT

Annealed per MIL-T-9046 and A M S 4918

<4.7
4.7-13
13-50
50-100

<0.1875
0.1875-0.50
0.50-2.00
2.00-4.00

1068(c)
1034
1034
999

155(c)
150
150
145

999(d)
965
965
930

145(d)
140
140
135

10(e)
10
10
8

8(f)
8
8
6

8
8
6
6

6
8
6
6

Solution treated and aged per M1L-T-9406

<4.7
4.7-38
38-63
63-100

0.1875-1.50
1.50-2.5
2.5-4.0

1172
1172
1103
1034

170
170
160
150

1103
1103
1034
965

160
160
150
140

(a) S-basis v a l u e s for l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d long-transverse (LT) d i r e c t i o n s except w h e r e specified, (b) S-basis. (c) -basis v a l u e i n L a n d LT
direction; B - b a s i s v a l u e s a r e 1100 M P a (160 ksi) i n L direction a n d 1 0 3 5 M P a (150 ksi) i n LT direction, (d) - b a s i s v a l u e i n L a n d LT direction;
B - b a s i s v a l u e s a r e 1050 M P a ( 1 5 2 ksi) i n L a n d 1 0 6 0 M P a ( 1 5 4 k s i ) i n LT direction, (e) Longitudinal <0.6 m m ( 0 . 0 2 5 in.) i s 8%. (f) Long-transv e r s e <0.6 m m (0.025 in.) i s 6%. Source: MTL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1 9 9 1

646 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Hardness

Ti-662: Typical hardness at room temperature

Material condition

Rockwell C hardness, HRC

Unwelded sheet(a)
Single-bead weld(a)
Mill annealed sheet(b)
Weldments with heat treatments of(c):
760 C (1400 F) for 4 h, air cooled
870 C (1600 F) for 4 h, air cooled
925 C (1700 F) for 4 h, air cooled
25 m m (1 in.) bar annealed(d)
2 h at 690 to 720 C (1275 to 1325 F)
Mill annealed bar(d)

Knoop hardness, HK

34
46.
36
38
34
33
34
38

( a ) F r o m Metals Handbook,
Vol 3 , 9 t h e d . , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y for M e t a l s , 1 9 7 8 , 3 6 8 . (b) F r o m Metall. Trans., Vol 5, 1974, 2 4 0 5 . (c) F u l l p e n e t r a t i o n w e l d m e n t s w e r e p r o d u c e d o n 3 . 5 - m m ( 0 . 1 i n . ) t h i c k s h e e t u s i n g t h e g a s t u n g s t e n - a r c w e l d i n g p r o c e s s (205 A, 12 V D C S P , 0 . 1
c m / s ) . A f t e r w e l d i n g , c o u p o n s w e r e h e a t t r e a t e d i n v a c u u m . S p e c i m e n s w e r e m a c h i n e d so t h a t t h e w e l d fusion z o n e w a s o r i e n t e d a l o n g t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s , (d) F r o m Alloy Digest, C o d e 6 1 a n d 7 9 , S e p t 1 9 8 0 . S o u r c e : Scnpta Metall., Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 9 , 1125

Ti-662: Variations in Rockwell C hardness

Ti-662: Knoop hardness after oxidation

LIVE GRAPH
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D i s t a n c e from s u r f a c e ,
51

20

As quenched

60

700

A g e d 4 8 0 C (900 F), 3 h
48

40

80

120

100

Depth of visible c a s e
16 h, 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) (A)

A g e d 6 2 0 C ( 1 1 5 0 F ) , 3 h

600h

10 h, 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F ) ( B )

8 h , 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F) (C)

45

500h

42

6 h , 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F) (D)

400h

39

300h

36
0

12 h, 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F ) ( E )
8 h , 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F ) ( F )

200
6

12

18

24

30

D i s t a n c e from q u e n c h e d e n d of J o m i n y bar, /

36

1 6

in.

C h e m i c a l composition (wt%): 5.08 Al, 0.66 Cu, 0.55 Fe, 0 . 0 0 2 H,

0 . 0 2 N, 0.172 0 , 1 . 7 8 S n , a n d 5.41 V. J o m i n y b a r s with d i a m e t e r of
2 8 . 5 5 m m (1.125 in.) a n d length of 1 2 5 m m (5 in.) w e r e t r e p a n n e d
longitudinally from a position approximately halfway from t h e c e n t e r
of a 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) d i a m e t e r forging. B a r s w e r e solution t r e a t e d at
8 7 0 C (1600 C) for 2 h, followed by a conventional J o m i n y e n d
q u e n c h . A g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e held at indicated t e m p e r a t u r e s for 3
h a n d air cooled. H a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e performed a l o n g
t h e length of t h e b a r o n which a surface flat h a d b e e n ground a t t h e
c e n t e r line of t h e bar.
S o u r c e : C. Hickey a n d P. Fopiano, S o m e O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e Hardenability of Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn, Metall. Trans., Vol 1 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 7 7 5

D i s t a n c e from s u r f a c e , mils
S o u r c e : A. Marrocco, "Investigation of Depth of Oxide C o n t a m i n a tion on Titanium a s a Function of Thermal Exposure," G r u m m a n Aircraft Engineering Corporation, Beth p a g e , N e w York, S e p t 1970, reported in Titanium Alloys Handbook, R. Wood a n d R. Favor, Ed.,
MCIC-HB-02, M e t a l s a n d C e r a m i c s Information Center, Battelle
C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-662: Variation in Vickers hardness after aging

420
400

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380
360
340
320
300
280
1

10

10

10

10

10

10

Holding time, s
Alloy used a s 2 5 m m (1 in.) diameter forged bar. Chemical com position
(wt%): 5.65 Al, 0 . 2 2 1 5 C, 0.0050 Cr, 0.5 Cu, 0.62 Fe, 0.0010 H, 0.0050
Mg, 0.0100 Mo, 0.0110N, 0.0050 Ni, 0.0400Si, 2.35 Sn, a n d 5 . 5 V. Beta
transus temperature w a s determined to b e 9 3 5 to 945 C (1725 to 1730
F). S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution treated at 8 5 0 C (1560 F) in salt baths
a n d q u e n c h e d in ice water. Surfaces were machined to remove contaminants.
Source: B. Hocheid, C . Fontalirand, C. Beauvais, C. Roux, a n d J. Ft
delle, "Isothermal Transformations of T(-6AI-6V-2Sn Alloy after Preheating in the Alpha-Beta Range," in Titanium and Titaniim Alloys, J. Williams a n d A Belov, Ed., Plenum Press, 1976, 1609

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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/647

Typical
Strengths

Ti-662: Typical RT bearing and shear strengths

Ultimate shear
Product form

Condition

1 2 5 x 1 5 0 mm ( 5 x 6 in.)
Forging
Plate

MPa

Sheet

ksi

724
668
765
710
758

STA(b)
Annealed(c)
STA(b)
Annealed
STA

Ultimate

Bearing yield

105
97
111
103
110

MPa

ksi

MPa

2330
1579
1806
1648
1806

338
229
262
239
262

2550
1980
2250
2060
2250

ksi
370
287
326
299
326

(a) e/D = 2. (b) 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F) for 1 h, W Q , p l u s 5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F) for 4 h, A C . (c) A n n e a l e d a t 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F). Source: Aerospace

Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , Code 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Dec 1 9 7 5

Structural

Ti-662: Typical tensile properties of plate, bar, and forgings

Product form

Heat treatment(a)

50 mm (2 in.) plate

C
A
A

38 mm (1.5 in.) bar

Large-die forging

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi

1110
1089
1027
1082
1041
999

1082
1034
958
1055
993
951

161
158
149
157
151
145

Elongationflb),
%

157
150
139
153
144
138

Reduction
of area,
%

10
13
15
14
18
19

22
26
28
44
44
45

(a) H e a t t r e a t m e n t s : A: mill a n n e a l e d . B: 9 1 0 C (1675 F) 2 h, A C + 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F) 1 h, F C . 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), 4 h, A C + 7 6 0 C (1400 F), 1

h, A C . (b) E l o n g a t i o n i n 2 5 m m (1 in.). Source: Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories,
Dec 1975

Ti-662: Notched strength of STA forgings

Specimen location(a)
Edge

Midradius
Center

Direction
L
LT
ST
LT
ST
L

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1261
1241
1310
1213
1227
1275

N o t c h e d (Kt = 3.9)
strength(b)
MPa
ksi

183
180
190
176
178
185

1213
1179
1268
1199
1179
1365

176
171
184
174
171
198

(a) 6.3 m m (0.25 in.) d i a m s p e c i m e n s t a k e n from 125 1 5 0 m m (5 6 in.) forged section a n d t h e n h e a t t r e a t e d a s follows: 8 7 0 C (1600 F)
for 1 h, W Q , p l u s 5 9 5 C (1100 F) for 4 h. (b) 6 0 circumferential notch to a d e p t h of 4.47 m m ( 0 . 1 7 6 in.) w i t h a notch r a d i u s of 0.013 m m
(0.005 in.). Source: Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook,
Vol 4 , Code 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 2 3

Ti-662: Tensile properties of investment cast specimens

Condition
Ascast+595C(1100F),lh,AC
870 C (1600 F ) , l h , W Q , 650 C
(1200 F), l h , AC
980 C (1800 F), 1 h, WQ, 595 C
(1100F),4h,AC

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1061
1151

154
167

972
1089

141
158

1303

189

(a)

(a)

(a) S p e c i m e n broke before 0.2% yield. Source: Aerospace

1975

Tensile y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi

Structural

Metals Handbook,

Elongation,
%

R e d u c t i o n of
area,%

8
4

18
10

1.2

Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories,

648 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: Tensile strengths vs aging temperature

Ti-662: Strength vs thickness

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
940

960

T h i c k n e s s , in.

9 8 0 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100

1400

0
|200

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1500
210

Ultimate tensile strength!

190
1400

200

180
170

Solution t r e a t e d at:

8 5 5 C ( 1 5 7 5 F)

1000

8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F)
8 8 5 C ( 1 6 2 5 F)
4 h age, A C
525

190 1

13001

150

180

550

575

170"

140
1100

130

150

1000

600

10

20

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Ti-662: Effect of solution treatment on aged
strength

Ti-662: Strength of cracked specimen

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F

30

A g e d t e n s i l e strength w a s determined on solution treated a n d aged

plate, 8 4 5 t o 9 0 0 C (1550 to 1650 F), W Q + 5 9 5 C (1100 F), 4h,
AC.

LIVE GRAPH

1500

40

Thickness, mm

Beta forged a t 1 0 9 5 C ( 2 0 0 0 F) followed by a 1 h solution treatm e n t at indicated t e m p e r a t u r e s , W Q .

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

1450

160

\ T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

1400

2 1200|
w

120

800
500

a A1 6 0

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

1550

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1600

1650

600

1400

1600

1300

1200

12001

1100

700

800

900 10001100 1200 1 3 0 0 1 4 0 0

800

400

1000
750

800

850

900

300

400

5 6 cm (22 in.) wide e x t r u d e p a n e l s , a g e d 4 h a t 5 4 0 C (1000 F).

T h e thickest portion of t h e p a n e l w a s 18 m m (0.71 in.).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH

500

600

700

800

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 3 m m (0.125 in.) double e d g e c r a c k s h e e t treated

a t 8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F), 3 0 min, W Q + a g i n g 4 h. Composition: 0.16 0 ,
0 . 0 2 5 N , 0 . 0 0 7 H , 0 . 0 2 6 C, a n d 0.072 F e . T e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d in
t h e longitudinal direction.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3715,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975
2

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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 649

High-Temperature Strength

Tensile
Strengths

Ti-662: Design tensile strengths of plate

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

Temperature, F
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

100

900

200

300

400

100 ~ v
1

Annealed plate

500
'

600

700

S T A plate

800

900

D)
C

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

-xn^

00
IDC

Ultimate t e n s i t e s t r e n g t h

80

S? 7 0

Strength at temperature
E x p o s u r e u p to 14 h j

60

Strength at t e m p e r a t u r e
Exposure up to % h

60

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h
50

50
100

400

300

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

500

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(a)

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(a) A n n e a l e d , (b) Solution treated a n d a g e d .

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5,1 D e c 1 9 9 1 .

200

100

300

400

500

(b)

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

Temperature, F
200

400

Ti-662: Effect of temperature on tensile strengths

Ti-662: Tensile strengths of STA specimens

100

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

500

600

100

700
1350

200

300

>v

400

500

600

700

800
'

-190

Ultimate t e n sile s t r e n g t h

1200

180
170

- 160
105CM

150

800

9oq

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_ J 9 0

600

100

200

400

300

Ti-662: Effect of temperature on tensile strength of

sheet
Temperature, F
500

600

1200

5 min W Q + 5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F), 4 h
7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 1 5 min, A C

180

Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h

900
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

J 1 2 0

7 5 0 | _

250

300

750

120
110

150

300

450

S p e c i m e n w a s a 3 3 c m ( 1 3 in.) d i a m by 3.1 m m (1.25 in.) thick h a m m e r forged disk t e s t e d in t h e tangential direction. S p e c i m e n s w e r e

forged at 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), W Q + 5 9 5 C (1100 F), 4 h.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 2 7

LIVE GRAPH

Sheet

1200

200

700

8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F),

1350

1 4 0 55

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Metals Handbook, Vol 3,9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1 9 7 8

400
1500

130
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h :

LIVE GRAPH

350

400

Temperature, C
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 0.3 m m (0.120 in.) s h e e t h e a t t r e a t e d a s indicated.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 31

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650 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: Design allowables for ultimate shear and
compressive yield strengths vs temperature

Compressive
Yield and
Ultimate Shear
Strengths

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

100
Ultimate s h e a r s t r e n g t h ,

annealed

90

C o m p r e s s i v e yield s t r e n g t h ,

80

annealed

70

a.

60
S t r e n g t h at t e m p e r a t u r e
E x p o s u r e u p t o Vz h

50

100

Plate

200

400

300

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

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S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5, D e c 1991

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Ti-662: Compressive yield strength of STA forging

Ti-662: Effect of temperature on shear and compressive strength

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-200
150

200

400

600

200

800

800

400

Annealed extrusions
; Strength at t e m p e r a t u r e

'125

E x p o s u r e u p t o Vz h

1500

100
Ultimate s h e a r s t r e n g t h

75

C o m p r e s s i v e yield s t r e n g t h

50
-150

150

300

450

-150

150

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-662: Compressive yield strength vs temperature
-200

450

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
200
400

Effect of test t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s p e c i m e n location on compressive

yield strength of solution treated a n d a g e d s p e c i m e n s . S p e c i m e n s
w e r e taken from 125 by 150 m m (5 by 6 in.) forgings a n d heat
treated a s follows: 8 7 0 C (1650 F), 1 h + W Q + 5 9 5 C (1100 F),
4h.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3715,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 3 2

Ti-662: Compressive yield strength v s temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

1500
100

200

300

400

500

1200
1200
1050

900

900

750
600
-150

Longitudinal
150
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

300

S p e c i m e n s w e r e extrusion a n n e a l e d at 7 0 5 C (1300 F), 4 0 to 6 0

min, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975

LIVE GRAPH
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600
100

200

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3715,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/651

Ti-662: Ultimate shear strength vs temperature

Temperature, F
0

-200
900

200

1 :

400
'

600

800
130

i Double shear
_120
H
800

H110

co 7 0 0 I

100

H90
600

500
150

-150

300

450

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e o n double s h e a r strength of e x t r u s i o n s a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F ) , 4 0 to 6 0 min, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5 , 3 3

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-662: Design bearing strength vs temperature

Bearing
Strength

Ti-662: Design bearing strength v s temperature

Temperature, F
200

Temperature, F

400

100

110

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

100

100

90

80

70

S t r e n g t h at t e m p e r a t u r e
E x p o s u r e u p to % h i

r.

S t r e n g t h at t e m p e r a t u r e
E x p o s u r e u p t o Vz h

60
-150

150

60

B e a r i n g yield s t r e n g t h

50
450

300

200

100

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

300

400

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , D e c 1 9 9 1 . e/D ratio unspecified.

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , D e c 1 9 9 1 . e/D ratio unspecified

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Ti-662: Bearing strength vs temperature

Temperature, F

Temperature, F

200
2700

'

200

400
(

600

'

2400

Ti

e/D

21001

ff 1800

55

800

400
'

600

e/D

800

2100

H350
1.5

H300

H250

-250 W

i5oq
Ultimate ! b e a r i n g s t r e n g t h

1200

H200

Bearing yield strength

1200

1200

150

300

-150

450

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

200

1 :

H350

1500

-150

H300

-200

150

T e m p e r a t u r e , "C
(b)

(a) Ultimate bearing strength, (b) Bearing yield strength.

Effect of test t e m p e r a t u r e o n extrusions, a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F ) , 4 0 to 6 0 min, AC.
S o u r c e : A e r o s p a c e Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH
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300

450

652 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Creep
Properties

Ti-662:0.2% creep strain curves

Ti-662:0.2% creep comparison

100-h E x p o s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e , F
800

700

900
120
3 1 5 C (600 F)
600

900

1000

1100

1200

Solution treated a n d a g e d

100

0.2% creep

- 80
- 60

300
3 7 0 C (700 F)"

425C(800F)

^""---^

40
20

"

Ti-6242

-.^o

10
10

10

10

10

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Larson-Miller p a r a m e t e r , = 7(20 + log f) 10"

Time, h
Bar, solution treated a n d a g e d at 8 8 5 C ( 1 6 2 5 F), 1 h, W Q + 6 0 5
C ( 1 1 2 5 F ) , 4 h , A C .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 3 7

36

R e s u l t s reported after 100-h e x p o s u r e at t e m p e r a t u r e .

S o u r c e : Military Handbook: Titanium and Titanium Alloys, MILHDBK 697A, 1974, 3 7

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Ti-662: Creep deformation of STA sheet
Stress
Exposure

MPa

Total
ksi

creep, %

Condition 1(a)
315C(600F), 150 h

455 C(850F),47h

413
482
689
172

60
70
100
25

0.07
0.08
0.21
0.44

827
344
241

120
50
35

0.12
0.08
0.10

758
241
207
220

110
35
30
32

0.13
0.11
0.55
0.54

Condition 2(b)
285 C(550F),150h
315 C(600F), 150 h
345C(650F),150h
Condition 3(c)
285 C(550F),150h
345C(650F),307h
455 C(850F),22h
455 C(850F),24h

(a) C o n d i t i o n 1: 885 C (1625 F) for 0.25 h, W Q , p l u s 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0

F) for 4 h, A C . (b) Condition 2 : 9 1 5 C ( 1 6 7 5 F) for 0.25 h, W Q , p l u s
5 9 5 C (1100 F) for4 h, A C . (c) Condition 3 : 8 4 5 C (1550 F) for 0.25
h , W Q , p l u s 5 9 5 C (1100 F) for 4 h, A C . Source: Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s
Laboratories, D e c 1975

Ti-662: Creep deformation of annealed extrusion

Exposure temperature

Exposure time,

'C
315

F
600(a)

h
100

315

600(a)

500

425
425

800(b)
800(b)

100
500

Stress
MPa
800
820
772
800
840
820

Total creep
ksi
116
119
112
116
122
119

strain, %
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
2.0

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e a n n e a l e d at 7 0 0 C ( 1 3 0 0 F) for 4 0 to 6 0 m i n , A C . (a) Yield s t r e n g t h at 3 1 5 C w a s 6 5 5 M P a (95 ksi). (b) Y i e l d s t r e n g t h

a t 4 2 5 C w a s 6 2 0 M P a (90 ksi). Source: Aerospace

Structural

Metals Handbook,

Vol 4, Code 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, D e c 1975

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/653

Ti-662: Creep stability of annealed or aged bar

Tensile properties after exposure:
Creep conditions
Stress
Time,
h
ksi

Temperature
MPa

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Total strain,

Tensile
yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

Elongation
in
2 5 m m (1 i n . ) ,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

Annealed bar(a)

600
600
700
700
800
800

1110
1110
1290
1290
1470
1470

606
103
275
138
103
69

No exposure
88
15
40
20
15
10

149
955
148
630
144
357

0.450
0.176
0.318
0.120
0.300
0.176

1110
1330
1324
1324
1337
1261
1282

161
193
192
192
194
183
186

1055
1110
1117
1158
1213
1206
1227

153
161
162
168
176
175
178

17
14
12
11
11
12
13

51
32
23
23
24
30
30

1110
1110
1290
1290
1470
1470

862
689
448
120
310
138

No exposure
125
100
65
17.5
45
20

143
191
143
1144
142
461

0.749
0.217
0.481
0.173
0.765
0.365

1289
1337
1296
1379
1282
1337
1344

187
194
188
200
186
194
195

1255
1324
1227
1268
1241
1248
1296

182
192
178
184
180
181
188

10
9
11
8
14
6
6

31
4
32
14
26
10
11

Alloys Handbook,

MCIC-HB 02, Metals and

gedbar(b)

600
600
700
700
800
800

(a) 1 h, 760 C (1400 F), AC. (b) 1 h, 8 8 5 C ( 1 6 2 5 F), W Q + 4 h, 6 0 5 C (1125 F), A C . Source: R. Wood a n d R. Favor, Titanium
Ceramics Information Center, C o l u m b u s , Ohio, 1985

Low-Cycle Fatigue
Ti-662: Low-cycle axial fatigue

Ti-662: Strain cycling for annealed bar

10

10
RT, 0 % m e a n strain

R=0

RT, 1.0% m e a n
3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F), 0 %
3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F), 1.0%

Tension-tension
18 t o 1 2 0 cycles/min
0.1
10

0.1
1

10

10

10

10

10

Cycles
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 2 5 m m (1 in.) diam b a r v a c u u m a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 5
C ( 1 3 0 0 F ) , 2 h , F C .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH
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10'

10

N u m b e r of c y c l e s
Stock a n n e a l e d 2 h at 7 0 0 C (1300 F) a n d furnace cooled.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Vol 3 , 9 t h e d . , American Society for Met
als,1978

LIVE GRAPH

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High-Cycle Fatigue
Ti-662: Axial fatigue strength of notched specimens

(R=-1)

Tensile strengths,
M P a (ksi):
UTS

TYS

Test conditions(a),
N o t c h f a c t o r (Kt)

10
cycles
s

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h , M P a (ksi), at:
107
10
cycles
cycles
6

R T test t e m p e r a t u r e
1100(160)

1055(153)

3.4
5.7
10.0

186(27)
131(19)
138 (20)

145 (21)
82(12)
69(10)

138(20)
76(11)

717(104)

3.4
5.7
10.0

144 (21)
110(16)

138(20)
76(11)
69(10)

131(19)
69(10)
62(9)

315 C (600 F) test t e m p e r a t u r e

875(127)

(a) S p e c i m e n from 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) bar; s p e c i m e n v a c u u m a n n e a l e d at 7 0 0 C ( 1 3 0 0 F) for 2 h, F C . 6 0 n o t c h w i t h a r a d i u s o f 0 . 0 2 5 , 0 . 1 3 , a n d

0.38 m m (0.001, 0.005, a n d 0 . 0 1 5 in.). Source: Aerospace
Dec 1975

Structural

Metals

Handbook,

Vol 4 , Code 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories,

654 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: Axial fatigue strength of STA forging (f?= 0.1)

Material
condition
0.16% 0 , 0 . 6 6 % Fe
2

Test
condition

cycles

Smooth, RT
Smooth, 285 C (550 F)
AT =3.9,RT
Smooth, RT
# = 3.9,RT

1068(155)
827(120)
537(78)
1068(155)
537(78)

0.10%O ,1.0%Fe
2

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h . M P a (ksi). at:

cycles
cycles

10
cycles

896(130)
724(105)
289(42)
896(130)
310(45)

744(108)
641(93)
207(30)
724(105)
241(35)

551(80)
172(25)
620(90)
172(25)

N o t e : T e s t s w e r e conducted o n 125 x 150 m m ( 5 x 6 in.) forged section w i t h s p e c i m e n s h e a t treated a s follows: 8 7 0 C (1600 F) for 1 h, WQ;
p l u s 5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F) for 4 h. Source: A F M L - T R - 6 5 - 2 0 6

Ti-662: Axial fatigue strength of extrusions (f?= 0.1)

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h , M P a (ksi), at:
10
10
cycles
cycles

10?
cycles

Material
condition

Test
condition

10
cycles

Mill annealed, yield strength 945 to 993 MPa

(137 to 144 ksi)

Smooth, RT

965 (140)

827(120)

731 (106)

689(100)

K = 4,KT
Smooth, RT
AT = 3.3,RT

482(70)

289(42)
724(105)
310(45)

220(32)
655 (95)
207(30)

220(32)
620(90)
200(29)

T-extrusion, STA(a), L direction

(a) 8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F), WQ; p l u s 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 4 h, A C . Source: Aerospace

l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , Dec 1975

Structural

Metals Handbook,

Vol 4 , Code 3 7 1 5 , Battelle Co-

Ti-662: RT axial fatigue strength of annealed plate (f7= 0.1)

Test
Product form/condition
25 mm (1 in.), mill annealed, 1055 MPa (153 ksi)
yield strength
0.18% 0 , 3 . 2 mm (1.25 in.), annealed(b)
2

conditions
Smooth

10
cycles
4

1034(150)(a)

Smooth, Land
direction
tf = 3.5,LandT
direction
Smooth, Land
direction
K =3.5,LandT
direction

848 (123)

241 (35)

0.11% Q , 2 5 m m (1 in.), annealed(b)

F a t i g u e strength, M P a (ksi), at:

10
10
cycles
cycles

275 (40)

(a) E x t r a p o l a t e d value, (b) 7 3 0 C (1350 F) a n n e a l e d for 8 h, A C . Source: Aerospace

Structural

10'
cycles

689(100)

606(88)

758(110)

593(86)

193 (28)

179(26)

793(115)

620(90)

310(45)

207(30)

Vol 4, Code 3 7 1 5 , Battelle

Metals Handbook,

C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Dec 1975

Ti-662: Axial RT fatigue strength of STA plate

Test
conditions

Product form/condition
25 mm (1 in.) STAplate(a), 1180 MPa (171 ksi)
yield strength
0.18% 0 , 3 . 2 m m ( 1 . 2 5 in.), STAcondition(c)
2

R = 0 . 1 , Smooth
R = -l, Smooth
= 0.1, Smooth,
L direction
Smooth, direction
K = 3.5, Ldirection
AT =3.5,Tdirection
Smooth, Land
direction
# = 3.5,LandT
direction
Smooth, Land
direction
K = 3 . 5 , Land
direction
t

0.11% 0 , 2 5 m m ( l in.), STAcondition(d)

2

0.18% 0 , 5 0 m m (2 in.), STAcondition(e)

2

10
cycles
4

1068 (155) (b)

882(128)

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h . M P a (ksi). at:
10
10
cycles
cycles
5

10
cycles
7

951(138)

827(120)

744(108)

620(90)

551(80)
917(133)

386(56)
724(105)

275(40)
207(30)

827(120)
220(32)
193 (28)

655 (95)
193 (28)
172(25)
793(115)

344(50)

296(43)

275 (40)
655 (95)

207(30)

193(28)

172(25)

(a) 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F), WQ, plus 5 6 5 to 5 9 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 to 1100 F) for 4 h, A C . (b) E x t r a p o l a t e d value, (c) 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 8 h, A C . (d) 8 4 5 C
( 1 5 5 0 F), 1 h, W Q + 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F), 4 h. (e) 8 8 5 C ( 1 6 2 5 F), W Q + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F), 4 h. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,
Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , B a t t e l l e Columbus Laboratories, D e c 1 9 7 5

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/655

Ti-662: Axial fatigue strength of sheet

RT tensile strengths,
M P a (ksi):
UTS

Test
conditions(a)

TYS

10
cycles
4

F a t i g u e strength, M P a (ksi), at:

10
10
cycles
cycles
5

cycles

Mill annealed sheet(b)

1090(158)

R=0.1, smooth, RT
/f=0.1,At=4,RT
R=0.25, smooth, RT
R=0.1, smooth, 450 F
/?=-0.1,AT =4,450F

1070(c) (155)
358(52)

R=0.1, smooth, RT
R=0.1, smooth, 450 F
= 0 . 1 , AT,=4.2, RT
/?=0.1,AT =4.2,450 F

US m m (0.1 in.) sheet, annealed

1130(164)

1070(155)

3.2 m m (0.125 in.) STA sheet

1248(181)

= 0 . 1 , smooth, RT
/?=0.1,A: =4.2,RT

1220(177)

882(128)
372(54)

860(125)
220(32)
862(125)
786(114)
193 (28)

758(110)
193(28)
793(115)
710(103)
165 (24)

710(103)
193(28)
758(110)
668(97)
165(24)

1103(160)
895 (130)
344(50)
365 (53)

862(125)
772(112)
207(30)
193 (28)

758(110)
689(100)
193 (28)
165 (24)

703(102)
655(95)
193(28)
165(24)

310(45)

827(120)
213 (31)

786(114)
207(30)

786(114)
207(30)

(a) C o n d i t i o n s i n c l u d e l o a d t y p e / s t r e s s r a t i o / n o t c h factor (IQ/ t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e / e t c . (b) S h e e t 0 . 5 , 2 . 5 , a n d 3.2 m m ( 0 . 0 2 , 0 . 1 0 , a n d 0 . 1 2 5 in.)

t h i c k , a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 0 t o 7 6 0 C ( 1 3 0 0 t o 1 4 0 0 F). (c) E x t r a p o l a t e d . S o u r c e : Aerospace

Structural

Metals

Handbook,

Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 , B a t -

telle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Dec 1 9 7 5

Ti-662: Typical axial fatigue strength

Ti-662: RT axial fatigue strength of forgings

1200

1000

Axial load:
A = 0.82

f?=0.1
1000h

RT

160

H140

= 0.1
S T A condition

-20

800r140
Unnotched

120

800h

H100 *

600h
H80

Annealed

100

60

400h

600h
+ , a n n e a l e d , 1 0 4 8 M P a
+ , STA, 1220 MPa

400h

N o t c h e d (K; = 3.5)

80

, a n n e a l e d , 9 8 6 M P a
60

440

200h

20

, S T A , 1 1 9 3 M P a
H40
200

10*

10'

Notched
K, = 4 . 0

10

20

10

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure
S m o o t h a n d n o t c h e d fatigue strength a t room t e m p e r a t u r e for +
a n d for p r o c e s s e d forging. Beta forging involved b e t a block forging
followed by - finish forging. H e a t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e a s follows: ann e a l e d a t 7 0 5 to 7 6 0 C (1300 to 1 4 0 0 F), 2 h, AC; solution treated
a n d a g e d at 8 5 5 C (1575 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3715,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

LIVE GRAPH
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10

10

10'

N u m b e r of c y c l e s
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Vol 3 , 9 t h e d . , American Society for Metals, 1 9 7 8

LIVE GRAPH
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656 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Constant Lifetime Diagrams

Ti-662: RT smooth axial fatigue of mill annealed plate

-500

LIVE GRAPH

500

1000

Minimum s t r e s s , ksi

Click here to view

S o u r c e : Aerospace

Minimum s t r e s s , M P a
0

Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

Ti-662: RT notched axial fatigue of mill annealed plate

-500

Minimum s t r e s s , M P a
0

500

LIVE GRAPH
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Minimum s t r e s s , ksi
S o u r c e : Aerospace

Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

1000

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 657

Ti-662: RT smooth axial fatigue of STA plate

-500

Minimum s t r e s s , M P a
0

500

1000

LIVE GRAPH
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Minimum s t r e s s , ksi
S o u r c e : Aerospace

Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

Ti-662: RT notched axial fatigue of STA plate

Minimum s t r e s s , M P a
-500

500

LIVE GRAPH
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Minimum s t r e s s , ksi
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

1000

658 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Fatigue Crack Propagation

Ti-662: Average crack growth rates

Line
No.
1
2
3
4
5

10
AK, ksiVin.

100

Fatigue c r a c k growth r a t e s a t room temperature, tested in laboratory air at 5 0 to 7 0 % relative humidity. S e e table for treatments a n d
yield s t r e n g t h s .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975

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Ti-662: Crack growth rates for annealed plate

10
AK, ksiVin.

100

1 3 m m (0.5 in.) mill a n n e a l e d plate w a s t e s t e d at room t e m p e r a t u r e

in air at 5 0 to 7 0 % relative humidity.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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Yield strength
Treatment

MPa

ksi

Mill anneal
Mill anneal
1010 C( 1850 F) in vacuum
925C(1700 F) + 760 C( 1400 F)
915 C (1675 F), WQ, 595 C
(1100 F)

1095
1124
965
1041
1193

159
163
140
151
173

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 659

Ti-662: Crack growth rates at -54 C for STA specimens

Ti-662: Crack growth of annealed plate

10!
;
.

ASTM E 3 9 9 - 7 2 C T
B e t a = 2 5 m m (1 in.)

a = 1.3

10'k

^SrV^

fl=0.05
-54 C (-65 F)

10"
10

20

30

40

AK, ksiVin.

AK, ksiVin.
13 m m (0.5 in.) a n n e a l e d plate w a s t e s t e d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e in
air a n d 3 . 5 % NaCI.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

9 6 m m (3.8 in.) s q u a r e forged b a r h e a t treated at 8 7 0 C (1600 F),

3 0 min, W Q + 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 6 h.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3715,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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Ti-662: Crack growth in simulated body environments

10"'

10

Ti-662: Crack growth range at several temperatures

R=0.1
1 0 Hz

10"

H a n k s solution

10

Air

10"
^ 0 . 1 7 M NaCI
10
10'

10
AK

ksiVin.

A n n e a l e d s h e e t a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . Tensile yield strength, 9 8 6

M P a ( 1 4 3 ksi).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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10
AK, ksiVin.
1 3 m m (0.5 in.) mill a n n e a l e d plate t e s t e d a t - 6 2 to 82 C ( - 8 0 to 180
F).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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660 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Fracture Properties

Import
Toughness

Ti-662: Impact toughness of STA bar

Ti-662: Impact toughness of annealed extrusions

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-200 -100
0
100
200
300
['r
3 0 ~i

400

60

.Q

20

15*
10

ct toughr

(fl

q.

10

"

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

200

1000

1200

75
20

Charpy V-notch
*

-200

500

CO
a.

>

(
(0

5 5 5 C ( 1 0 3 0 F)

6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F)

6 7 5 C ( 1 2 5 0 F)

H50

H40

30

to

2 0 t3

45

ti 30
a.

15

H10

Charpy V-notch
0

-150

300

150
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

150

-150

Extrusions w e r e a n n e a l e d at 7 0 5 C (1300 F), 4 0 to 6 0 min, AC. RT

yield s t r e n g t h - 9 3 0 M P a (135 ksi).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975

Ti-662: Impact toughness of plate

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

Tensile yield strength, ksi

150

200

-400

250
30

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn (ELI), a n n e a l e d
A n n e a l e d high-purity Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V

-200

200

400

Mill a n n e a l e d

20

1 6 5 0 F, 1 h W Q + 1 0 5 0 F, 4 h

120.

1 6 5 0 F, 1 h W Q + 1 1 2 5 F, 4 h

Trend line for S T A alloys: 1 0 0

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
80

8> 1 0 0 h

/
50

750

Click here to view

Ti-662: Fracture toughness/yield strength

150

600

LIVE GRAPH

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100

450

Effect of temperature on impact t o u g h n e s s of bar heat treated at 8 8 5 C

(1630 F), 9 0 min, W Q and a g e d 4 h, at temperature indicated.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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Fracture
Toughness

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Ti-5AI-6Sn
2Zr-1Mo-0.2Si

15

-0

60

40
T r e n d line
\ ^ \ - ~ T i - 6 A I - 6 V - 2 S n , STA
for Ti-6AI-4V
^
20
p l a t e a n d forgings,
STA and annealed
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, S T A

500

1000
1500
T e n s l i e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

2000

S o u r c e : Titanium and Titanium Alloys, MIL-HDBK 697A, 1 9 7 4

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H5

Charpy V-notch
-270

-180

-90

180

90

270

T e m p e r a t u r e , "C
2 5 m m ( 1 in.) plate composition: 0 . 0 8 1 0 , 0 . 0 1 8 N , 0 . 0 0 6 H , 0 . 0 1 5
C, 0.59 F e . Approximate RT yield strengths: A, 9 9 9 M P a (145 ksi);
B, 1241 M P a (180 ksi); C, 1172 M P a (170 ksi).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5
2

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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn/661

Ti-662: Influence of yield strength on fracture

toughness

Ti-662: Fracture toughness vs temperature

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , ksi

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-100

100

200

140

300

150

160

170

1 1
1

150

'

120

80

.100

190

200

210

100

180

- '

A n n e a l e d forging ELI

S T A forging ELI
A n n e a l e d plate ELI
S T A p l a t e ELI
" 0.15

STA plate

Forging-"""'
60
50

Plate

0.1

*2|

40

0.05
20

-100

200

0
100
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

900

1050

1200

1500

1350

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

9 6 m m (3.8 in.) s q u a r e forged bar. Plane-strain fracture t o u g h n e s s

d e t e r m i n e d a s p e r ASTM E399-72. C o m p a c t tension t e s t s , LT direction with s t a n d a r d s p e c i m e n = 2 5 m m (1 in.), a = 3 3 m m (1.3 in).
Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 7 0 C
(1600 F), 3 0 min, W Q + 5 4 0 C (1000 C), 6 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5

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Ti-662: RT fracture toughness of plate

F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s ( b ) CKlc)
Condition(a)

Direction

MPaVm

ksiVin.

870 C (1600 F), l h , water quench, 565 C(1050 F), 4 h, air cool

L-T

32.7+0.55

29.8 + 0.5

900 C (1650 F), l h , water quench

L-T

37.3 + 3.8

34.0 3 . 5

(a) 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) plate, (b) M e a n standard deviation. Source: J. Gallagher, Damage

Laboratories, 1 9 8 3

Tolerant

Design Handbook,

Vol 1, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s

Ti-662: RT fracture toughness of plate, forging, and billet

mm

Thickness
in.

Plate
9.6
13

0.38
0.50

13

0.50

13
15.7

0.50
0.62

32

1.25

Forging
96.5

3.80

96.5

3.80

Billet
55.8
55.8
305

Condition
STOAat 925 C(1700 F), l h , water quench, 760 C (1400 F), l h , air cool
anneal at 985 C (1810 F), 1 h, argon cool
Duplex anneal
Mill anneal
anneal + STOAat 980 C (1800 F), 30 min, air cooL 855 C (1575 F),
30 min, water quench, 565 C (1050 F), 8 h, air cool
STAat 915 C (1675 F), 15 min, water quench, 595 C (1100 F), 4 h

L-T

47.1 + 1.3

42.9 1 . 2

50.6 3 . 4

46.1 3 . 1

T-L

59.6 2 . 2

54.3 2 . 0

T-L

71.5 + 2.2

65.1 2 . 0

T-L

38.4 5 . 7
55.01.9

35.0 5 . 2
50.1 1 . 8

T-L
L-T

37.4 4 . 1

34.1 3 . 8

T-L

64.4 2 . 9

58.6 2 . 7

L-T

STAat 870 C (1600 F), 30 min, water quench, 540 C (1000 F), 6 h,
air cool

33.8 0 . 7

30.8 0 . 7

L-T

57.4 7 . 0

52.3 6 . 4

L-T

Mill anneal at 540 C (1000 F), 2 h, air cool

62.7 2 . 4

57.1 2 . 2

69.0 7 . 6

62.8 6 . 9

L-T
L-T

62.6 4 . 0

57.03.7

T-L

2.20
2.20
12.00

F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s f l b ) (Kic)
MPaVm
ksiVin.
Direction

Source: J. G a l l a g h e r , Damage

Tolerant Design Handbook,

Vol 1, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 8 3

662 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-662: RT fracture toughness of plate and forgings

Product form
and specimen
25 mm (1 in.) plate; (three-point bend = 1 in., a = 1 in.,
W=2in.)(a)

1 1 4 x 1 1 4 mm (4.5 x 4.5 in.) forging (double edge crack

= 0.5 in., 2a = 1 in., W = 3 in.)(b)
25 mm (1 in.) ELI plate; (three-point bend = 0.25 in.,
a=0.2in.,W=0.5in.)(c)
75 X 228 mm (3 X 9 in.) forging (center crack = 1 in.,
2a=3in.,W=9in.)(d)

A p p a r e n t Kir.
MPaVm
ksiVin.

Yield stress
ksi

Condition

MPa

1550 F, 30 min, WQ + 900 F, 4 h, AC

1289

187

21

19

1550 F 30 min, WQ + 1000 F, 4 h, AC

1550 F, 30 min, WQ + 1100 F, 4 h, AC
1550 F, 30 min, WQ + 1300 F, 4 h, AC
1650 F, 1 h, WQ + 1050 F, 4 h, AC

1261
1193
999
1027

183
173
145
149

27
34
43
66

25
31
39
60

1600 F, 1 h, WQ + 1050 F, 4 h, AC

1234

179

33

30

1650 F, 1 h, WQ + 1125 F, 4 h, AC
Annealed at 1300 F, 2 h, AC

1179
979

171
142

37
61

34
56

1575 F, 1 h, WQ + 1200 F, 4 h, AC

1186(e)
1310(e)

172(e)
190(e)

30(e)
30(e)

28(e)
28(e)

(a) J. S t r a w l e y , M. J o n e s , a n d W. Brown, Jr., "Determination of P l a n e S t r a i n Fracture I b u g h n e s s , " Mater. Res. Stand., Vol 7 , 1 9 6 7 , 2 6 2 . (b)
R. B u b s e y , N A S A L e w i s R e s e a r c h Center, (c) T. DeSisto a n d C. H i c k e y , Jr., "Low T e m p e r a t u r e M e c h a n i c a l Properties a n d Fracture Toughn e s s of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn,"Proc. ASTM, Vol 6 5 , 1 9 6 5 , 6 4 1 . (d) J. S h a n n o n , Jr., a n d W. B r o w n , Jr., "Thick Section Fracture Toughness," AFMLT D R - 6 4 - 2 3 6 , 1 9 6 4 , r e p o r t e d i n "A R e v i e w of Factors Influencing t h e Crack Tolerance of T i t a n i u m Alloys," i n Applications
Related
Phenomena in Titanium Alloys, A S T M S T P 4 3 2 , A S T M , 1968, 3 3 . (e) A t - 8 0 C ( - 1 1 0 F)

Plastic Deformation

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Effect of thermal history on hot ductility

Test temperature, F
1000
1 0 0

1200

1400

1600
~

Test temperature,

1800
2000
>
r

1000
100

1200

'

1400

1600

2000
'

1800

-6 I-4V

80

80

60

60

40

40
T i - 6 M-6V-2 >n

20

500

Q u e n c h e d from 1200 C
Reheated to test temperature
I
I
I
I
I
600

700

800

900

1000

Q u e n c h e d from 1 2 0 0 C

R e h e a t e d to t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e

1100

1200

500

Test temperature, C
3

(a)

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , 'C
(b)

In Ti-6AI-4V, hot ductility is improved, a n d a ductility trough b e c o m e s narrow w h e n rapidly cooled from t h e region. In t h e m o r e hardenableTi-6AI6V-2Sn alloy, excellent ductility is obtained down to 7 0 0 C (1290 F) in t h e sensitized m o d e . T h e r e h e a t e d m o d e p r o d u c e s poorer ductility than
t h e s e n s i t i z e d m o d e , a n d ductility improves m o r e in alloys that exhibit m o r e retardation of t h e to transformation on cooling. Sensitized specim e n s w e r e q u e n c h e d from 1 2 0 0 C (2190 F) to the test t e m p e r a t u r e . Strain r a t e w a s 5/s.
S o u r c e : H.G. Suzuki et al., Effect of P h a s e Transformation o n t h e Hot Workability of Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn, Ti-5AI-2.5Sn a n d Other Alloys, Sixth World
Conference on Titanium, P. L a c o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e Physique, Paris, 1988, 1 4 2 7 - 1 4 3 2

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Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 663

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: True stress-strain curves

^1100

500

400

300^

200

100

0.2

0.3

T r u e strain

LIVE GRAPH

(a)

Click here to view

(b)

In t h e sensitized m o d e , s m o o t h stress-strain c u r v e s a r e s h o w n a b o v e 7 5 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 F), a n d work hardening occurs b e l o w 6 6 5 C (1220 F). At

8 5 0 C (1560 F), for e x a m p l e , t h e s t r e s s level of t h e r e h e a t e d material is a l m o s t twice that of t h e sensitized material a t low strain. T h e sensitized
m o d e involved q u e n c h i n g from 1 2 0 0 C (2190 F ) to t h e test t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e h e a t e d m o d e involved heating to t h e t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e in 6 0 s.
S o u r c e : H.G. Suzuki et al.. Effect of P h a s e Transformation o n t h e Hot Workability of Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn, Ti-5AI-2.5Sn a n d O t h e r Alloys, Sixth World
Conference on Titanium, P. L a c o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e Physique, Paris, 1988, 1 4 2 7 - 1 4 3 2
C

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Tensile stress strain

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Tensile stress-strain

=1200

1400
RT

1200

93 C
1000

205 C ~

150

""" 3 1 5
800

- 100
2

600|
400|

- 50

200

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

Strain, m m / m m

Strain, m m / m m

Elevated t e m p e r a t u r e tension stress-strain c u r v e s for s h e e t a n nealed 4 h at 7 6 0 C (1400 F).

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 5 , 2 5

E l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e tension stress-strain c u r v e s for a g e d bar,

h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 7 0 C (1600 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 4 h.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 5 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 2 5

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Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is a high-strength, highly betastabilized, deep-hardenable - alloy whose primary commercial application is in aerospace structural components. The alloy can be fabricated into
all forging product types, although closed-die forgings predominate.
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is a reasonably forgeable alloy
with lower unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeability, and less crack sensitivity t h a n

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Forging process temperatures

Metal temperature
Process
Conventional forging
Supra-transus forging

845-915
(a)

1550-1675
(a)

N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4 : Forging" for r e c o m m e n d e d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , (a) S u p r a - t r a n s u s m a y b e u s e d i n early forging operat i o n s , b u t i t m u s t be followed by sufficient s u b t r a n s u s reduction.

664 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Effect of thermomechanical processing on properties

Micro-structural observations for thermomechanical processing options of Ti-662 suggested that morphology is the key microstructural feature affected by the TMP route. However, less significant grain size modification was realized than observed for alloy T1-6AI-6V. Cost and product uniformity implications parallel those observed forTi-6AI-4V.
Tensile yield
strength
Alloy
Ti-6Al-6V-2SnStd

TMP option
+ forge/MA
a+Pforge/RA

Ti-6Al-6V-2SnELI

a+Pforge/RA

Ti-6Al-6V-2SnStd

PprefomvMA
preform/block/MA

Direction

MPa

ksi

1094
1049
1041

158
152
151
149
148.2
144
150
148.0
148.5
141

1028
1022
993
1032
1021
1024
973

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1164
1128
1110
1095
1089
1068
1094
1090
1110
1076

169
163
161
159
158
155
158.6
158.1
161
156

Elonga- Reduction
tion,
of area,
%
%
18
15
17
16
19
15
11
12
9
10

31
24
33
29
37
29
22
23
19
22

KTc
MPaVnT ksiVin.
39

35

50

45

74
68
58
59
71
69

67
62
52
53
64
63

the - alloy Ti-6A1-4V (see figure). The final microstructure of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn forgings is developed by conventional thermomechanical processing in forging manufacture. Thermomechanical
processes for the alloy use a combination of subtransus forging followed by subtransus thermal
treatments to fulfill mechanical-property criteria.
Final t h e r m a l t r e a t m e n t s for forgings include annealing (A), solution treatment and annealing (STAN), and solution treatment and aging
(STA), with final thermal t r e a t m e n t selected based
on strength requirements. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn forgings
may be supplied in an annealed condition to facilitate machining and subsequently solution treated
and aged to optimum strength levels.
Annealing is conducted at 705 to 760 C (1300
to 1400 F). Solution t r e a t m e n t is subtransus, at
845 to 900 C (1550 to 1650 F), foUowed by water
quenching. Forgings may t h e n be annealed or
aged. Aging is conducted a t 510 to 620 C (950 to
1150 F) depending on strength mechanical-property objectives for the STA condition. Subtransus
thermomechanical processes (forging and thermal
treatment) for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn forgings achieve
equiaxed in transformed matrix microstructures t h a t enhance strength, ductility, and highcycle fatigue properties. Annealed microstructures
consist of 40 to 80% a, whereas solution treated
and aged microstructures are 10 to 20% equiaxed
a.
Deformation o b j e c t i v e s in forging -616V-2Sn are to obtain the final forging shape and
desired final microstructure a t least cost with the
conventional subtransus ( + ) forging thermomechanical processes most widely used. To
achieve desired equiaxed structures, subtransus
reductions of 50 to 75%, accumulated through one
or more forging steps, are required. Supra-transus

() forging for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn may be used in early

forging operations, including upsetting and open
die preforming, to reduce unit pressures and ease
forging fabrication. However, higher temperature
initial forging operations m u s t be followed by sufficient subtransus reduction to achieve the desired
predominately equiaxed structure. Conventionally forged Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is then subtransus solution treated, quenched and aged as noted above.
Due to the high iron and copper content (up to
1.0%) of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, it may be susceptible to the
formation of flecks, or small fully transformed areas resulting from excessive microsegregation. To
avoid excessive flecking, which may adversely affect ductuity and toughness, metal temperature in
forging and solution treatment are targeted at the
low end of the temperature ranges cited above.

Forming. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is readily formable in

the annealed condition. For sheet or plate, it is
generally used in the annealed condition, although
the alloy is capable of h e a t treatment to higher
strength levels with some loss of toughness. When
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn sheet and plate are hot formed at

any temperature over 540 C (1000 F) and air

cooled, the material should be stabilized by reheating to 540 C (1000 F) followed by air cooling.
Welding. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is difficult to weld.
Like all titanium alloys, it is weldable by all methods except shielded arc welding and submerged

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Flow stress comparison

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10

20

30

TiC.P., 800 C

40
50
Strain, %

60

70

80

90

Flow s t r e s s of c o m m o n l y forged titanium alloys at 107s strain rate

c o m p a r e d to 4 3 4 0 alloy steel at 2 7 / s strain rate.

Fabrication

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn / 665

arc welding (because no flux is permitted).

The ductility of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn weldments is
poor unless a postweld annealing treatment is
used. Solution heat treatment followed by water
quenching does not improve weld ductility, and
subsequent aging of such conditioned material results in weld metal embrittlement. Solution of the
weld metal ductility problem is possible in some
applications by using an annealing treatment. The
treatment of 4-h exposure at 725 C (1340 F), followed by air cooling has been recommended.
M a c h i n i n g of titanium alloys is comparable to
machining a good grade of stainless steel. In general, very sharp tools with a slightly larger rake
angle and a very keen edge work quite well. Slower
speed and heavier cuts are preferred because they
keep tool temperatures down and produce coarse
chips, which are more difficult to ignite.
Drilling of thin-walled titanium is not much of
a problem as long as the drill is sharp. Thicker
walls require a heavy flood of coolant to remove

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Temperatures for hot forming

Forming temperature
Alloy
CP (all grades)

480-705

900-1300

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

790+15
620-815

1450 2 5
1150-1500

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

790 1 5

1450 2 5

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

605-790

1125-1450

Alpha and near-alpha alloys

T1-8AI-IV-IM0
Alpha-beta alloys
Beta alloy

N o t e : A n n e a l e d or s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d material. Source: "Fabrication

Practices for T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys," Lockheed Corporate
P r o c e s s Specification L C P 7 0 - 1 0 9 9 , Revision B , Lockheed-Californ i a C o m p a n y , Oct 1 9 8 3

heat and chips. General information on the machining of titanium alloys is covered in "Technical
Note 7: Machining."

Heat Treatment
Annealing. Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn is one of the strongest titanium grades available in the annealed condition, which consists of about 2 to 8 h of exposure
at 705 to 760 C (1300 to 1400 F), followed by air
cooling or furnace cooling. This alloy is so highly
beta stabilized that annealing should ideally be
terminated by slow cooling from the annealing
temperature to an intermediate temperature.
Slow cooling, such as furnace cooling, produces
maximum annealed strength. Air cooling may be
used from annealing temperatures below 760 C
(1400 F), but strength will generally be lowered.
Annealing at temperatures higher t h a n 760 C
(1400 F) is also possible (see table).

Solution h e a t treatments vary for some

products. The typical 885 C (1625 F) temperature is a workable solution temperature for a wide
range of products and applications. About 30% primary a, balance phase, is found in the microstructure after this treatment. Water quenching is
the standard method of terminating solution heat
treatment, although fast air cooling achieved by
forced air stream may be satisfactory for thin-section material because the phase in this alloy is
fairly stable. Solution treatment above the transus
results in a severe loss of ductility (see figure next
page).

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Stress relief and annealing treatments

Heat
treatment
Typical stress relief range
50 to 90% relaxation of residual stress
Typical anneal
Extended anneal range

Temperature
C
480-650
595
700-760
700-815

Time,

F
900-1200
1100
1300-1400
1300-1500

h
1-4
2
2-8
0.75-4

Cooling
method
Air or slow cool
Air cool
Air or slow cool
Air or slow cool(a)

(a) A n n e a l i n g at t h e higher t e m p e r a t u r e , followed by a furnace cool to 5 9 5 C (1100 F) t h e n air cooling t o room t e m p e r a t u r e i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Solution treatment and aging

Temperature
Treatment

Solution treatments

Typical for most products

Sheet <3.22 mm (0.125 in.) thick
Sheet >3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thick
Bar, forging, extrusions
Aging
Typical
Low aging temperature
Overage
Flat rolled products
Bar, forging, extrusions

Cooling
F

Duration

method

885 1 5
830-870
845-885
845-900

1625 2 5
1525-1600
1550-1625
1550-1650

60 min
5 to 15 min
30 min
60 min

WQ
WQ
WQ
WQ

540-620
480-540
595-650
565-620
510-595

1000-1150
900-1000
1100-1200
1050-1150
950-1100

4-8 h

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

4h
4-12h

666 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Effect of 565 C (1050 F) aging on tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn: Effect of solution treatment on tensile properties

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e ,
1300 1400
1
1500P

1500

1600

1700

<

UTS

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e ,

1800

1900
->

2000
'
r

1300
40I

1400

1500
- 1

1600
1

30

200 _

U)

190
c

-1300
0.2%; yield sstrength

1100
700

0)

180

\~~

RA

Elongation
101

1000

160
1100

700

800

900

1000

1100

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

\ s forged
900

H170

\"
800

1 20j

eta t r a n s u s .

As> forged

2000

e t a t r a n s u s

"(0

1200

F
1800
1900
---

210

1400

1700
1
r

(b)

Effect of solution h e a t treatment t e m p e r a t u r e (1 h e x p o s u r e terminated by w a t e r quenching) o n t h e a g e d tensile properties of die forgings a g e d 3

h, 5 8 5 C ( 1 0 8 5 F), air cooled.
S o u r c e : R. A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-7AI-4Mo/667

I -7-4
UNS Number: R56740

Ti-7Al-4Mo is a heat-treatable alpha-beta alloy

with roughly 10% higher strength than Ti-6A1-4V.
In the annealed condition, Ti-7Al-4Mo also offers a
considerable improvement in creep resistance at
temperatures up to 480C (900 F) over Ti-6A1-4V.

Short-term high-temperature tensile properties

are improved as well. Ti-7Al-4Mo is used up to 455
C (850 F), although it offers good stability under
stress at temperatures at least as high as 480 C
(900 F) for prolonged loading times.

The molybdenum addition, in stabilizing the

beta phase, improves heat treatment and
strengthens beta by solid solution. Compared with
Ti-6A1-4V, both the alpha and beta phases are
more highly alloyed and consequently stronger.
The replacement of vanadium with molybdenum
and the addition of 1% aluminum are the reasons

why the elevated-temperature properties of this

alloy are better than those of Ti-6A1-4V. This improvement reflects itself in increased resistance to
deformation at forging temperatures in comparison with Ti-6A1-4V, although this difference may
be small.
Density. 4.48 g/cm (0.162 lb/in. ).

Billet, bar, plate, wire, extrusions are available. Ti-7Al-4Mo is used primarily in the form of

light and intermediate forgings and extrusions.

Welding is not recommended.

Ti-7Al-4Mo is an alpha-beta alloy with more

beta in the annealed condition than Ti-6A1-4V because of the much lower solubility of molybdenum
in alpha. The strength of Ti-7Al-4Mo is about 100
MPa (15 ksi) higher t h a n Ti-6A1-4V in the an-

nealed condition and about 170 MPa (25 ksi) in the

solution treated and aged condition. The depth of
hardening is similar to that of Ti-6A1-4V. Guaranteed minimum tensile properties for reforge and
upset tests are 10% higher than those of Ti-6A1-4V.

This alloy has limited use today, being used primarily for horns on ultrasonic welding equipment.
Given the alloys combined high-temperature

strength a n d stability, bar, forgings, and forging

stock are in h'mited current use for jet engine
disks, compressor blades and spacers.

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Equivalent specifications

Specification
UNS

Designation Description

Al

Fe

Mo

R56740

Other
balTi

OT

USA
AMS4970E
MTLF-83142A
MTLT-9047G

Comp9
Ti-7Al-4Mo

Frg Bar Wir Bil

STA
FrgHT
Bar Bil STA Ann

6.5-7.3

0.1

0.3

0.013

3.5-4.5

0.05

0.2

0.4

Y 0.005; balTi

6.5-7.3
6.5-7.3

0.1
0.1

0.3
0.3

0.013
0.013

3.5-4.5
3.5^.5

0.05
0.05

0.2
0.2

0.4
0.4

Y 0.005; balTi
Y 0.005; balTi

OT

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Mo

0.0125

3.5^.5

0.5

0.2

0.01
0.13 max

3.5-4.5
3.5^1.5

0.05 max
0.05 max

Other

France
Ugine

UTA7D

Frg Quen Aged

6.5-7.3

0.08

0.25

-71-4
TTMETAL7-4

Bil
Ann

6.5-7.5
6.5-7.3

0.08 max
0.1 max

0.25 max
0.3 max

balTi

USA
RMI
Timet

0.2 max

balTi
balTi

668 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Physical Properties
Ti-7AI-4Mo: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus

1005 15 C(1840 2 5 F )
~1650 C (3000 F)
4.48 g/cm (0.162 lb/in. )
1.7
Nonmagnetic
515 J/kg (0.123 Btu/lb F)
6.1 W / m K ( 3 . 5 B t u / f t h - F)
6
9.7 10" / C (5.4
F)
0

Melting (liquidus) point

Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)

Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

1CT /

(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 4 5 5 C (850
F).

Elastic
Properties

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Typical RT elastic moduli

Poisson's
Condition

Tensile modulus
GPa
10psi

ratio

Annealed
STA

0.32
0.32

111
116

Shear modulus

Compressive modulus

16.2
16.9

GPa

10 psi

GPa

10psi

111
116

16.2
16.9

42
44

6.1
6.4

S o u r c e : M I L - H D B K 5, D e c 1991

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Dynamic tensile modulus of bar

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Static tensile modulus of bar

Temperature,
200

400

600

Temperature,
1000

800

600

800

700

F
1000

900

1100

110

ce 1 0 0

100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

200

300

400

500

600

400

600

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Bar forged at 9 8 0 to 1 0 1 0 C (1800 to 1 8 5 0 F) + 7 8 5 C (1450 F),

1 h, FC to 5 6 5 C (1050 F), AC + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , 1 9 7 2

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Electrical resistivity

Electrical
Resistivity

300

Temperature, C

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Dynamic shear modulus of bar

Temperature, F
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Temperature,

1400

2.000

200

400

100

200

600

800

1000

1200

75
1.875

H70

1.750

H65S

1.625

60

1.500
200

400

600

800

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 9

LIVE GRAPH
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300

400

500

600

700

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-7AI-4Mo/669

Corrosion
General corrosion d a t a on Ti-7Al-4Mo are limited, although molybdenum additions may increase corrosion resistance in reducing (nonoxidizing) environments at the expense of less resistance
in oxidizing environments. Molybdenum also is
usually beneficial for stress-corrosion cracking
(SCC) resistance, but SCC thresholds in salt solutions are comparable to Ti-6A1-4V with similar
yield strengths (see table). Hot-salt SCC of a Ti7Al-4Mo power plant component has been observed in conjunction with silver coatings (Metals
Handbook, Corrosion,Vol 13,9thed., 1987, 10391040).
Erosion-Corrosion. Extensive erosion-corrosion testing of Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, and Ti-7A1-

4Mo alloys has been conducted in high-velocity

wet steam environments for use in low-pressure
steam turbine blading in power plants. These alloys demonstrated superior resistance to type 403
stainless steel (12 to 13% Cr steel) in operating turbines and in water droplet erosion and water jet
impingement tests. (R.A. Wood, "Status of Titanium Blading for Low Pressure Steam Turbines,"
EPRI AF-445, Final Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Feb 1977). Single-shot water jet
impingement testing has shown t h a t annealed Ti7Al-4Mo alloy is significantly more erosion resist a n t t h a n 12% Cr steel, type 303 stainless steel, or
Stellite alloy 6 at jet velocities of 610 and 915 m/s
(2000 and 3000 ft/s).

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Alloy

Thickness
mm
in.

-71-4

13

0.50

T1-6A1-4V
(standard
grade)

15

0.06

13

0.50

Heat
treatment

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Mill annealed
STA
Mill annealed

993
1151
944

144
167
137

80
39
165

Duplex
annealed
STA
STA
Mill annealed
Duplex
annealed
STA
STA

917

133

1103
1068
944
917
1103
1068

or Ac
ksiVin.

MPa\m

ksiVin.

73
36
150

34
28
121

31
26
110

165

150

121

110

160
155
137
133

104
104
66
77

95
95
60
70

71
71
38
57

65
65
35
52

160
155

51
77

47
70

27
49

25
45

MPaVm

S o u r c e : R. S c h u t z ^ S t r e s s C o r r o s i o n C r a c k i n g of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , " i n Stress-Corrosion

A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1992

Cracking,

Thermal Properties
Melting (Liquidus) Temperature. -1650 C
(-3000 F)
Specific Heat. At 20 C (68 F); 515 J/kg
(0.123 Btu/lb F) (Metals Handbook, Vol 3, 9th
ed., 1978, 393).

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Specific heat

Temperature, F
200
900|

400
'

I'

200

600
"

'

800
' I

1000
'

400

1200

'

600

1400

'

' I

800

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5, S e p t 1 9 7 6

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

670 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Thermal
Expansion

Temperature
o
C

Average coefficient
lO^/K
10 /F

S o u r c e : Metals
1990, 6 2 0

Handbook,

200

_ 6

70-212
70-400
70-600
70-800
70-1000
70-1200
70-1500

20-100
20-205
20-315
20-425
20-540
20-650
20-815

Thermal
Conductivity

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.7
10.1
10.4
11.2

400

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200

1400

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.2

Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l ,

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Thermal conductivity

200
200

Temperature, F
400
600
800 1000

1200

1400

400
600
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5, Sept 1 9 7 6

800

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Thermal conductivity

Temperature
W/m

200

400
Temperature, C

MIL-HDBK 5, S e p t 1976

S o u r c e : Metals

600

Handbook,

3.5
6.0
7.0
8.0

6.1
10.4
12.1
13.8

68
600
800
1000

20
315
427
540

Conductivity
Btu/ft h

Vol 3 , 9 t h ed., A m e r i c a l Society for M e t -

als, 1 9 7 8

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Mechanical Properties

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Design tensile properties for extrusions

Thickness
mm
Annealed
<50
50-100
<13
STA
13-25
25-50
50-64
64-100

in.

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength(a)
MPa

ksi

Elongation
(a), %

<2.0
2.01^.0
<0.5

1000
965
1172

145
140
170

930

135

10

896
1103

130
160

10
6

0.51-1.0
1.01-2.0
2.01-2.5
2.51^.0

1103
1034
1000
965

160
150
145
140

1034
965
930
896

150
140
135
130

6
6
6
6

(a) D a t a a r e for S - b a s i s v a l u e s i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) d i r e c t i o n for e x t e n d e d b a r , r o d , a n d s p e c i a l - s h a p e d s e c t i o n p e r MTL-T-81556. S o u r c e :

M I L - H D B K 5, Dec 1991

Ti-7AI-4Mo/671

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Design tensile properties for MIL-T-9047 bar

Ultimate tensile
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)

Thickness
mm

in.

Annealed
<50
50-75
STA
<25
25-50
50-100

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)

Elongation, %

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

LT

<2.00(b)
2.0-3.0O(b)

1000
965(c)

145
140(c)

930
896(c)

135
130(c)

10
10

10
10(c)

<1.00
1.0-2.00
2.0-4.00

1172
1103
1034(c)

170
160
150(c)

1103
1034
965(c)

160
150
140(c)

8
8
8

8
8
8(c)

(a) D a t a are S-basis v a l u e s i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d l o n g - t r a n s v e r s e (LT) direction u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e noted, (b) M a x i m u m o f 6 5 0 0 m m (10

i n . ) cross-sectional area, (c) Applicable i n S T direction. Source: M I L - H D B K 5, D e c 1 9 9 1
2

Hardness

Typical
Tensile
Properties

Reported typical hardness value range is 32 to

38 HRC for solution treated and aged material.

Typical room-temperature tensile properties

are higher t h a n the guaranteed minimums (see table), which vary with section size. Lower strengths
occur in the annealed condition, or when STA material has been worked in the phase field prior to
heat treatment.

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Vickers hardness

Heat
treatment
845 C (1550 F ) l h , W Q ,
480C(900F)16h,AC

870 C (1600 F ) l h , W Q ,
480C(900F)16h,AC

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Hardness, HV

1148
1147
1138
1135
1128
1139
1146
1168
1196

166.5
166.4
165.1
164.7
163.3
165.2
166.3
169.5
173.5

400
360
388
376
373
365
349
366
386

1165
1168
1148
1145
1150
1153
1174
1198
1248

169.0
169.5
166.6
166.1
166.8
167.2
170.3
173.8
181.0

348
347
355
348
348
356
360
367
364

N o t e : M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e from consecutive 9.5 m m (0.375

in.) locations o n a s t a n d a r d J o m i n y bar. Source: "High S t r e n g t h Tit a n i u m A l l o y F o r g i n g s , B o e i n g Airplane Company, N o v 1956, reported i n The Engineering
Properties of Commercial
Titanium
Alloys, M. M o t e , R. Hooper, and P. Frost, Ed., T M L Report 9 2 ,
B a t t e l l e M e m o r i a l Laboratory, 1 9 5 8

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Minimum RT tensile properties in STA condition

Thickness as
rolled or forged
mm
in.

Thickness as
heat treated
mm
in.

<13
>13-25
>25-50
>50-100
>100(a)
>100(b)

<0.5
>0.5
>l-2
>2-4
>4(a)
>4(b)

<13
>13-25
>25-50
>50-100
25
22

>100-150

>4-6

<25

<0.5
>0.5-l
>l-2
>2-4
1
0.875
square
<1

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile properties (guaranteed minimum)

Tensile yield
strength
Elongation in
4D,%
(0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
L

1240
1170
1105
1035
1170
1170

180
170
160
150
170
170

1105
1035
965
1105
1105

1135

165
160
150
140
160
160

8
8
8
8

1105

160

1035

150

Reduction of
area, %
L

20

6
6
8

20
20
20

12
10
15

20
4

15

12

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e h e a t treated, (a) U p s e t forged to 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) m a x i m u m u s i n g 3 t o 1 ratio, (b) Reforged to 22 m m (0.875 in.) square.
Source: R. Wood, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

672 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-7AI-4Mo: RT tensile strength of aged bar

Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ,
1500

1600

1700

1800

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Strength of unaged bar

Solution t r e a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e ,

1900

2000

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

1

1
1
1
. r- > r
1

1300

- extrutJed

'
extruded
Ultimsi t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h
160

to 1 1 0 0

150

900

130

T e n s i l e yield streri g t r i ^
A s extru(l e d
700

800

LIVE GRAPH

900

1000

600

1100

700

800

900

1000

1100

Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Solution t r e a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Bar a g e d at 4 8 0 C, 8 h.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3708,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 7

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3708,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1967, 7

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
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High-Temperature Strength

up to 455 C (850 F) in the STA condition. Thermal stability is good if annealing includes sufficient exposure and if the aging temperature is just
above the proposed service temperature.

The typical aged tensile strengths at elevated

temperature are high percentages of the roomtemperature strength, as shown in the table below.
Thermal Stability. Ti-7Al-4Mo may be used

Strength

3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)

P e r c e n t a g e of R T s t r e n g t h s at:
4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 T )

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F )

88
72

82
66

70
56

Ultimate tensile strength

Yield strength (0.2% offset)

Tensile and
Comprehensive

Ti-7AI-4Mo: STA strength v s temperature

200

400

2000

Temperature, F
600

1000

800
1

'

Forged to 19 m m (0.7J5 in.) d i a m a t 9 5 5 C ( 1 7 5 0 F

F o r g e d to 1 1 4 m m (4.i5 in.) d i a m a t 1 1 5 0 C ( 2 1 0 0 =)

>

1200

a n d 19 m m (0.75 in.) cl i a m a t 9 5 5 C ( 1 7 5 0 F )

Forged to 19 m m (0.75 in.) d i a m a t 1 1 5 0 C ( 2 1 0 0

=)

1500

Ultima e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

1000
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n j t h

500
-100

For ged rod

100

300

500

Temperature, C
Forged a s indicated from 1 9 0 m m (7.5 in.) diam and then h e a t treated 1 h at 9 5 5 C (1750 F), W Q , a n d a g e d 4 h at 5 9 5 C (1100 F).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1967, 14

LIVE GRAPH
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700

-7-4/673

Ti-7AI-4Mo: STA tensile strength

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Annealed compressive properties

Temperature, F
400
600
800

'
' -

200
1400

1000

Temperature,
400
600

200

>-

1200

Rb -50%

F
800

1000

H160
-

180

1200
Ultinr a t e t e n s le s t r e n 3th
RA - 7 0 %

10

9= 1 0 0 0
l e n s i e yield trength

H140 -*

-160
"

\ ;

140

co"

900I

<n
a>
120 J=
in
;o.2%)-

H100 "2
600

100
600
80

T e n sile yielcI s t r e n g t (0.02%0

400
0

100

200
300
400
Temperature, C

1- 1 2 0 ~

in

0 . 7 0 s ec a n t

0 . 2 0 % yield

0 . 8 5 s ec a n t

300

60
600

500

H80

H60
-

200

600

400

Temperature, C

S o u r c e : R. Wood a n d R. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

MCIC-

C o m p r e s s i v e modulus ranged from about 110 G P a (16 10 psi) at

RT to a b o u t 7 0 G P a ( 1 0 x 1 0 p s i ) at 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F).
S o u r c e : R. Wood a n d R. Favor, Ttanium Alloys Handbook, MCICHB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972
6

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Bearing
and Shear
Strengths

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Annealed ultimate shear strength

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Annealed bearing strength

Temperature,
200
220d

V
\

400

Ultimate

bearing strength

200

1000

800
.

'

Temperature,
400
600

600

( 3 = 2.0)

800

800

1000

--m o

Pin s h e a r

300
| 2 8 0 ._

700

-POO

1800
H90

600
H220 >
1400

/
Bearing yield

- "
strength
(e/D = 1.5

-M80
-H60

1000
200
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Source: R. Wood a n d R . Favor, Ttanium Alloys Handbook,
HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

5oo

H80
H70

400

600

200

600

400

Temperature, C
MCIC-

S o u r c e : R. W o o d a n d R. Favor, Vtanium Alloys Handbook,

HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Click here to view

Click here to view

The creep strength of solution treated plus

aged Ti-7Al-4Mo alloy may be altered by fabrication and heat treatment procedure, in t h a t processing or heat treatment improves creep resistance. Typical creep strengths after 150-h
exposure for bar solution heat treated at 955 C
(1750 F) and aged at 595 C (1100 F) (8 h) are:

MCIC-

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
Creep
Properties

<

Exposure
stress
MPa
ksi
345
205
275

50
30
40

Exposure
temperature
C
F
455
540
540

850
1000
1000

Total
strain, %
0.18
0.72
1.94

674 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Creep and creep-rupture curves

1000

I
S m o o t h , rupture

_
_

Test temperature ranae:

7 tn " p

k v.

( 7 0 0 tc
Rupture

S m o o t h , 0.4% c r e e p

/
T e s t l e m p e r a t u r e ange:
4 2 5 tc) 5 9 5 C

100

S m o o t i. 0 . 3 % c r e e o

( 8 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 ~F) ,

Sn 100th, 0.25/

> creep

S mooth, 0 . 2 % c r e e p

LIVE GRAPH

10

Click here to view

24

25

26

27

28

29

31

30

P = ( 7 + 4 6 0 ) ( l o g r + 2 0 ) 10~

32

34

33

Aged c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e forgings forged at 9 2 5 to 9 5 5 C (1700 to 1 7 5 0 F), S T 8 5 0 C (1560 F), 3 0 min argon, AC + a g e at 5 5 0 C (1020 F), 24
h,AC.
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1967

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Minimum creep rate curves of STA bar

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Rupture stress of STA bar

1000

1000
5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F)

loot

5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F)

100h

8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F), 2 4 h, W Q ,
6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F)

9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F), 2 4 h, W Q ,

simplex a g e
10|
10

Click here to view

100

9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F), 2 4 h,
W Q + simplex a g e

10

LIVE GRAPH

8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F), 2 4 h,
W Q + duplex a g e

duplex a g e

1000

Time, h
Duplex a g e w a s 4 8 h at 5 5 0 C (1020 F), AC, plus 4 8 h at 6 5 0 C
(1200 F), A C . Simplex a g e w a s 4 8 h at 5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F), AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1 9 6 7

10

10"-

10^

10

10"'

10"

Rate, mm/mm/h
Duplex a g e w a s 4 8 h at 5 5 0 C (1020 F), AC, plus 4 8 h at 650 C
( 1 2 0 0 F), AC. Simplex a g e w a s 4 8 h a t 5 5 0 C (1020 F), AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3708,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1 9 6 7

LIVE GRAPH
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Fatigue and Fracture

Fracture Toughness. Ti-7Al-4Mo in the STA

condition achieves higher strength t h a n Ti-6A1-4V
at the expense of fracture toughness. Typical fracture toughness in the STA condition is 39 MPaVnT
(36 ksiVin.) for a 13 mm (0.5 in.) specimen with a

yield strength of 1151 MPa(167 ksi). Mill annealed

Ti-7Al-4Mo has a toughness of about 80 MPaVin
(73 ksWinT) for a yield strength of 993 MPa (144
ksi).

-7-4 / 675

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Typical fatigue strengths at 10 cycles

7

RT fatigue strength
Product condition

Test c o n d i t i o n

Annealed bar, 13 to 19 mm (0.5 to 0.75 in.)

Smooth specimen, bending load, R= - 1

Notched ( , = 3.9), bending load, R = -l
Round specimen, bending
Round specimen, torsional loading

STAbar(a)

MPa

ksi

668
200
617
310

97
29
89.5
45

(a) H e a t t r e a t m e n t consisted of 1 h at 7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) i n argon, f u r n a c e cool to 5 6 5 C (1050 F), A C , p l u s a g i n g 2 h at 550 C ( 1 0 2 0 F).

Source: Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook,
Vol 4 , Code 3 7 0 8 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1967

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Charpy impact toughness of bar

Temperature, F
0
500
1 '
' ' ' , , .
arpy V-nol
Ch
ch

-500

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Low-cycle fatigue at RT

4.0

1000

60

430

40

3.5

3.0\

2.5

2.0

R T f a i g u e s t r e n g t h it 1 0 c y c l e s :
7

Bendi ng, 6 1 7 M P a ( 8 9 .5 ksi)

Torsio n, 3 1 0 ^APa ( 4 5 .0 ksi)

|20|
H10
c

Hes t treated

-400

-200

600

10

10"

10

10

>

1.0

400

200

1.5

A n ne a l e d

10

10

10'

10

N u m b e r of c y c l e s

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1 9 6 7

LIVE GRAPH
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Low-cycle fatigue e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of o v e r s t r e s s ratio = applied

stress/fatigue strength at 1 0 cycles. R o u n d s p e c i m e n s from STA
b a r solution treated a t 7 8 5 C (1450 F), 1 h, argon, FC at 166 C/h
(300 F/h) m a x to 5 6 5 C (1050 F), A C + 5 5 0 C (1020 F), 2 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1 9 6 7
7

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-7AI-4Mo: Stress range diagram at 250 h

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Stress range diagram for 1000 h

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
0

20

40

60

80

100

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
120

140

160

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-too

400

800

1200

400

800

1200

Mean stress, MPa

Mean stress, M P a

For calculation p u r p o s e s , 1 h = 1.08 1 0 c y c l e s for a m e a n s t r e s s

of 4 8 2 M P a (70 ksi), or 1 h = 6 1 0 c y c l e s for a m e a n s t r e s s of zero.
A n n e a l e d b a r a t room t e m p e r a t u r e to 4 8 0 C (900 F)
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1 9 6 7

For calculation p u r p o s e s , 1 h = 1.08 1 0 c y c l e s for a m e a n s t r e s s

of 4 8 2 M P a (70 ksi), or 1 h = 6 1 0 c y c l e s for a m e a n s t r e s s of z e r o .
A n n e a l e d bar at room t e m p e r a t u r e t o 4 8 0 C (900 F).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Mar 1 9 6 7

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676 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Fabrication

M a c h i n i n g of titanium alloys is comparable to

machining a good grade of stainless steel. In general, very sharp tools with a slightly larger rake
angle and a very keen edge work quite well. Slower
speed and heavier cuts are preferred because they
keep tool temperatures down and produce coarse
chips. Drilling of thin-walled titanium is not much
of a problem as long as the drill is sharp. Thicker
walls require a heavy flood of coolant to remove
heat and chips. More information on machining

can be found in "Technical Note 7: Machining."

Welding. Weldability of Ti-7Al-4Mo is fair.
Like all titanium alloys, Ti-7Al-4Mo is weldable by
all methods except shielded arc welding and submerged arc welding (because no flux is permitted).
Recommended filler metal is the same as the base
metal. Welding is not recommended.
Heat Treatment. Ti-7Al-4Mo is used in the
annealed or solution treated and aged condition.
Typical treatments are shown below (see table).

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Heat treatment conditions

Heat

Forging

op

Cooling

Time,

Temperature

treatment

method

Stress relief
Annealing range
Recommended anneal

480-700
700-790
790

900-1300
1300-1450
1450

1-8
1-8
1

Solution treatment range

Recommended solution treatment
Aging range (min to max)
Typical age

870-980
925-955
510-620
565

1600-1800
1700-1750
950-1150
1050

0.5 to 1.5
1
Up to 24
4-8

Ti-7Al-4Mo is used primarily as a forging alloy

for sonic horns (and once turbine engine components). It can be fabricated into all forging product
types, although closed die forgings predominate.
Ti-7Al-4Mo is commercially fabricated on all types
of forging equipment.
This titanium alloy is reasonably forgeable,
with higher unit pressures (flow stresses), less
forgeability, and higher crack sensitivity t h a n the
- alloy Ti-6A1-4V. The final microstructure of Ti7Al-4Mo forgings is developed by conventional
thermomechanical processing in forging manufacture. Thermomechanical processes use a combination of subtransus forging followed by subtransus
t h e r m a l treatments to fulfill mechanical-property
criteria.
F i n a l thermal t r e a t m e n t s for forgings include annealing and solution treatment and aging,
with final thermal treatment selected based on
strength requirements. Forgings may be supplied
in an annealed condition to facilitate machining
and subsequently solution treated and aged to opt i m u m strength levels.
Annealing is conducted at 815 C (1500 F), followed by furnace cooling to 565 C (1050 F) and
t h e n air cooling. Solution treatment is subtransus
at 925 to 955 C (1700 to 1750 F), followed by
water quenching. Forgings may then be annealed

Air or slow cool

Air cool
Furnace cool to 565 C (1050 F), then air
cool
WQ
WQ
AC
AC

or aged. Aging is typically at 535 to 620 C (1000 to

1150 F), depending on strength mechanical-property objectives for t h e STA condition. Subtransus
thermomechanical processes (forging and thermal
treatment) for forgings produce equiaxed in
transformed matrix microstructures that enhance strength, ductility, and high-cycle fatigue
properties. Annealed and solution treated and annealed microstructures consist of 40 to 80% a,
whereas solution treated and aged microstructures are 10 to 20% equiaxed a.
Deformation objectives in forging Ti-7A14Mo are to obtain the final forging shape and de-

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Tensile stress-strain curves for bar

1

700

100

Exposure:
1 h

600

3 1 5 C-

- 80

-1000h
500

60

<5

H40

400
4 2 5 C
300
/ /

200

Ti-7AI-4Mo: Forging process temperatures

Metal temperature
Process
Conventional forging
Supra-transus forging

100
540 C
0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

Strain, mm/mm
900-985
(a)

1650-1800
(a)

N o t e : S e e T e c h n i c a l N o t e 4: Forging" for r e c o m m e n d e d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , (a) B e t a forging c a n be performed i n early forging operat i o n s i f i t i s followed by s u b s t a n t i a l s u b t r a n s u s working.

I s o c h r o n o u s stress-strain c u r v e s in tension at 3 1 5 to 5 4 0 C (600 to

1 0 0 0 F) for bar. S p e c i m e n s w e r e forged at 980 to 1010 C (1800 to
1 8 5 0 F) + 7 8 5 C (1450 F), 1 h, FC to 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 24 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 0 8 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1967, 2 0

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Ti-7AI-4Mo/677

sired final microstructure at least cost with the

conventional subtransus (a + ) forging thermomechanical processes most widely used. To
achieve desired equiaxed structures, subtransus
reduction of 50 to 75%, accumulated through one
or more forging steps, are required. Supra-transus
() forging for Ti-7Al-4Mo may be used in early

forging operations, including upsetting and open

die preforming, to reduce unit pressures and ease
forging fabrication. However, higher temperature
initial forging operations must be followed by sufficient subtransus reduction to achieve the desired
predominately equiaxed structure.

TIMETAL * 62S / 679

1

I TIMETAL 62S
Ti-6AI-1.7Fe-0.1Si
62S
UNS Number: Unassigned
T.O'Connell, TIMET

Because iron is used as a stabilizer in lieu of

more expensive elements, alloy 62S h a s a lower
formulation cost than most titanium alloys, yet the
properties and processing characteristics of 62S
are equivalent to or better t h a n those of Ti-6A1-4V.
The combination of reasonable cost and excellent
mechanical properties makes 62S a practical substitute for other engineering materials in numerous industrial applications t h a t require low weight
and high corrosion resistance. The microstructural response of 62S to heat treatment is quite similar to that of Ti-6A1-4V. Alloy 62S has a relatively
high modulus-to-density ratio.
Chemistry Formulation. From alloy formulations used to assess the acceptable limits of alloying elements, the aluminum level of 6% (nominal) appeared optimum, based on evidence of poor
strength at low aluminum levels and poor ductility
at higher levels. Silicon was also felt to be optimized at 0.1 wt% because higher levels contribute
to melting difficulties (hence cost). Thus, iron and
oxygen contents were selected for further study.
The chemistries melted and processed to study
the effects of iron and oxygen supported the following conclusions:

On average, an increase of about 0.07 wt% oxygen is equivalent to (or provides) about a 60
MPa increase in strength (i.e., about 8.5 MPa
per 0.01 wt% oxygen).

On average, a 1 wt% change in iron content resulted in only about a 40 MPa increase in
strength.

For all heat treated conditions, the combination of high iron (2.4%) and high oxygen
(0.25%) resulted in unacceptable post-creep
ductility.

Although annealing treatment had only a minor effect on creep properties (700 C anneal
was worse t h a n 790 C), the solution treated
and aged condition provided substantially better properties than both annealed conditions.

Post-creep ductility was maximized by the 790

C (1455 F) anneal, low oxygen, and in general
low iron.

Product Forms. Ingot is available in 710, 815

or 865 mm (28 to 34 in.) diameter in masses ranging from 3180 through 6365 kg. Bloom is a semifinished form forged from above the transus. Forging billet and bar are available as rounds, squares,
or rectangles. Sheet and plate are also available.
Plate is available in thickness from 4.8 to 102 mm
(0.2 to 4 in.) in widths up to 3.05 m (10 ft) and
lengths up to 10.67 m (35 ft). Not all these maxima
are available simultaneously. The distinction between plate and sheet is made at 4.8 mm ( /i6 in.).
The standard sheet thickness minimum is 0.41
mm (0.016 in.). Sheet widths are available up to
1220 mm (48 in.). Cut lengths beyond 4880 mm
(192 in.) are not standard. Finish grinding on both
sides is standard procedure.
Product Conditions. 62S is typically processed to plate or billet either in the or - temperature fields. Beta processing is used to improve
yield and reduce the cost of processing in cases
where the structure is acceptable such as industrial applications (in which the corrosion resistance and low density are the primary reasons for
use) and automotive applications (in which improved creep strength may be used). Alpha-beta
processing is used for applications such as armor
for improved ballistic response.
3

62S: Typical composition range

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

5.5
6.5
6.0

Composition, wt%
Fe
Si
1.3
2.0
1.65

0.07
0.13
0.10

0.15
0.20
0.18

Physical Properties
P h a s e s a n d Structures. The microstructural
response of 62S to heat treatment is quite similar
to that of Ti-6A1-4V The transformed microstructure is typically a colony structure after air cooling,
but can be Widmanstatten for more rapid cooling.

Alpha-beta processing results in a structure consisting of primary with transformed . The

transformed structure varies with the cooling
rate.

680 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

62S: Summary of typical physical properties

62S: Elastic properties at room temperature

Beta transus
Liquidus (calculated)
Solidus (calculated)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

Modulus of elasticity
Shear modulus
Poisson's ratio
Bulk modulus

1000 to 1025 C (1840 to 1880 F)

1611 C (2932 F)
1555 C(2831F)
4.44 g/cm (0.160 lb/in. )
1.62-
Nonmagnetic
565 J/kg (0.135 Btu/lb F)
7.75 W/m (4.48 Btu/ft h F)
6
8.35 10" / C (4.6
F)
3

62S: General corrosion rates for - processed sheet

10 /

127 GPa (18.4 x l 0 p s i )

48.7 GPa (7.06 10 psi)
0.301
105.6 GPa(15.3 x l 0 p s i )

Corrosion rate,
mm/year

Solution/condition
(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to
7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 5 0 C (120 F)

Temperature
Effects

The electrical resistivity (R) of beta-processed

material between 25 and 815 C (77 and 1500 F)
has been determined to fit the expression:
R (10 m) = 160 + 8 - 6 . 3
-2

-5

62S: Electrical resistivity v s temperature

500
1.9|

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1000

1.19
2.3475
8.35
1.15
4.675
11.45
5.45
0.00375
0.000
1.775
3.625

0.25% H Q , boiling
0.5% HCL boiling
1.0% HCL boiling
1.0%HCL65C(145F)
3.0%HCL65C(145F)
5.0%HCL65C(145F)
Seawater, pH 1.5, boiling
Seawater, pH 3.0, boiling
Seawater, pH 3.5, boiling
50 vol% acetic acid, 50 vol% formic acid, boiling
10 vol% acetic acid, 10 vol% formic acid, boiling

62S: Specific heat vs temperature

1500

500

Temperature, F
1000

1500

1.80

>
go

'en

1.70

i.6oi"
0

;
200

400
600
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

800

1000

- 5

200

400

600

800

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Resistivity (fl) for b e t a - p r o c e s s e d material b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d 8 1 5 C

(77 a n d 1 5 0 0 F) h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d to fit t h e expression:
R ( 1 0 m) = 160 + 8 1 0 " - 6 . 3 1 0

82.5 mm (3.25 in.) plate, b e t a forged, a n d h e a t treated a t 9 7 0 C

(1780 F), 2 h, force air cool plus 7 9 0 C (1455 F), 2 h, air cool
-8

LIVE GRAPH
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T h e specific h e a t ( C y for b e t a - p r o c e s s e d material b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d

8 1 5 C (77 a n d 1 5 0 0 F) can b e e x p r e s s e d a s :
C (cal/g C) = 0.130 + 5.26 1 0
8 2 . 5 m m (3.25 in.) plate, b e t a forged, a n d h e a t t r e a t e d a t 9 7 0 C
(1780 F), 2 h, force air cool plus 7 9 0 C (1455 F), 2 h, air cool
- 5

LIVE GRAPH
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TIMETAL^ 62S / 681

62S: Thermal conductivity

62S: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

1000

1500

500

1000

1500

8.0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

200

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

800

1000

Thermal conductivity (Q) for b e t a - p r o c e s s e d material follows t h e

equation:
Q ( W / m C) = 7.54 + 1 . 2 4 x 10~
8 2 . 5 (3.25 in.) plate, b e t a forged, a n d h e a t treated a t 9 7 0 C (1780
F), 2 h, force air cool plus 7 9 0 C (1455 F), 2 h, air cool

T h e thermal coefficient of linear e x p a n s i o n for b e t a - p r o c e s s e d

material is given by:
10" T + 1 . 1 4 x 1
a ( p p m / C ) = 7.89 + 1.1 x 1 0 T-1.78
8 2 . 5 m m (3.25 in.) plate, b e t a forged, a n d h e a t treated at 9 7 0 C
(1780 F), 2 h, force air cool plus 7 9 0 C (1455 F), 2 h, air cool
- 2

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

- 8

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Mechanical Properties

In both the beta- and alpha-beta procesed conditions, the tensile properties of 62S are comparable to those of Ti-6A1-4V. Creep properties and Lar-

son-Miller plots are also expected to be essentially

the same as similarly processed Ti-6A1-4V.

62S: Minimum tensile properties

Alloy

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

62S
Ti-6AMV

930
895

895
825

10
10

135
130

130
120

N o t e : A n n e a l e d p l a t e a n d forgings to 7 5 m m (3 in.) thick. 6 2 S a n d Ti-6A1-4V - p r o c e s s e d p l u s a n n e a l e d at 7 0 0 to 7 9 0 C (1290 to 1455 F)

for 2 h, air cooled

62S: Typical tensile properties of bar

Tensile yield
strength

Test
temoerature
Processing
- processed bar

-processed bar

C
24

F
75

300

570

24

75

300

570

MPa

ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength

Elongation,

MPa

ksi

991

143

1052

152

16.5

991
667
646
996
1000
625
641

143
96
93
144
145
90
93

1043
798
807
1024

151
115
117
148

1028
741
747

149
107
108

15.5
17.5
17.0
14.5
15.5
17.0
15.5

N o t e : 4 5 - m m (1.7-in.) bar a- 5 a n d -processed p l u s a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 0 C ( 1 2 9 0 F) for 2 h, air cooled

Reduction
of area,
%
37.3
36.8
44.5
41.1
26.6
29.2
49.8
48.8

682 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature
Strength

62S: High-temperature and post-creep mechanical properties

Alloys were double melted as 35-kg (77-lb) ingots then beta-processed (forged and rolled above the transus) to 1.2-cm
(0.47-in.) diam rod and subsequently heat treated as indicated.

Tensile p r o p e r t i e s at:
Composition, wt%
Fe

STAcondition(b)
2.4
0.25
2.0
0.24
1.4
0.24
2.3
0.18
1.9
0.17
0.17
1.4
Annealed(c)
2.4
0.25
2.0
0.24
1.4
0.24
2.3
0.18
1.9
0.17
1.4
0.17

RT
Yield strength
ksi
MPa

Reduction
of area,
%

480C(900F)
Yield strength
MPa
ksi

Reduction
of area,

Creep(a)
Post-creep
tensile properties
Yield strength
T i m e 0.2% c r e e p , h
MPa

Reduction
of
area,
ksi

1180
1055
1040
1115
1005
980

171
153
150
161
145
142

7
19
17
8
19
24

635
595
570
610
580
540

92
86
82
88
84
78

70
56
52
71
72
57

500
740
500
330
780
690

1080
1050
1140
1010
1000

156
152
165
146
145

9
8
6
18
17

1100
1055
1050
1050
1013
980

159
153
152
152
147
142

26
30
32
26
33
29

595
575
550
580
600
540

86
83
79
84
87
78

73
71
64
70
68
66

25
13
22
12
17
26

1060
1040
1030
1020
985

153
151
149
148
143

9
12
8
5
16

N o t e : (a) C r e e p t e s t r u n a t 4 8 0 C (895 F), 5 7 9 M P a , 8 4 k s i for approximately 5 0 0 h. (b) Solution t r e a t e d for 1 h a t 6 0 C (110 F) below t h e
t r a n s u s followed b y w a t e r q u e n c h i n g a n d a g i n g a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h. (c) A n n e a l e d 7 0 0 C ( 1 2 9 0 F) for 2 h. Source: A. J. H u t t , R.E. A d a m s ,
W.M. Parris, a n d P.J. B a n i a , " A N e w L o w C o s t T i t a n i u m Alloy," 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n Diego, July, 1 9 9 2 .

62S: Property comparisons from alloy development

Alloy
Ti-6AMV

Ti-3Al-1.5Cr1.5Fe

Ti-6Al-2Fe

Ti-6Al-2Fe-0.1Si

Ti-6Al-2Fe0.02Y

Ti-6Al-lFe-lCr

Ti-8Al-2Fe

Temperature
op
C

Ultimate tensile
is t r e n g t h
ksi
MPa

Reduction
of area,
%

Elongation,
%

137
115
94
81
115

37.2
53.0
58.1
60.4
41.5

13.5
16.5
15.0
18.5
17.5

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

24
150
300
480
24

75
300
570
895
75

989
858
715
650
863

143
124
103
94
125

150
300
480
24
150
300
480
24
150
300
480
24

300
570
895
75
300
570
895
75
300
570
895
75

744
610
491
1047
922
793
650
1059
950
816
661
1019

108
88
71
152
133
115
94
153
137
118
96
147

625
479
407
990
815
643
547(a)
1024
838
668
562(b)
987

90
69
59
143
118
93
79(a)
148
121
97
81(b)
143

54.6
64.0
83.0
30.6
39.9
39.7
63.7
31.3
36.0
37.4
63.9
31.1

23.0
21.0
27.0
15.5
15.0
15.0
21.0
14.5
15.0
14.0
23.0
15.0

150
300
480
24
150
300
480
24
150
300
480

300
570
895
75
300
570
895
75
300
570
895

901
775
655
1015
907
769
675
1164
1072
972
808

130
112
93
147
131
111
98
169
155
141
117

791
626
559
969
793
636
566
1120
973
816
687

114
90
81
140
115
92
82
162
141
118
99

38.1
46.8
66.2
29.1
38.9
40.0
57.7
5.8
10.6
28.3
42.8

15.5
15.5
21.0
14.5
15.0
14.5
18.5
4.0
5.0
3.5
19.5

950
795
652
558
793

N o t e : 1.2-cm (0.42-in.) d i a m bar b e t a rolled a n d a n n e a l e d a t 7 0 0 C (1290 F) for 2 h, A C . (a) 0.2% creep deformation observed after 172 h a t
4 8 0 C ( 8 9 5 F) a n d 5 7 9 M P a (84 ksi). (b) 0.2% creep deformation observed after 3 3 1 h a t 4 8 0 C ( 8 9 5 F) a n d 5 7 9 M P a (84 ksi). Source: A. J.
H u t t , R.E. A d a m s , W.M. Parris, a n d P.J. B a n i a ^ A N e w L o w C o s t T i t a n i u m Alloy," 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n Diego, J u l y , 1992

TIMETAL* 62S / 683

Fatigue and
Fracture

62S: Fracture toughness

Fracture

Yield
strength
Condition

MPa

Alpha-beta forged + recrystallized annealed

Beta forged+recrystallized annealed
Beta forged + mill annealed

960
950
950

t o u g h n e s s (Klc)
MPaVm
ksi\in
139
138
138

45
59
55

41
53
50

Source: A.J. H u t t , R . E . A d a m s , W.M. Parris, a n d P.J. B a n i a , "A N e w L o w C o s t T i t a n i u m Alloy," 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n Diego, July,
1992

62S: Crack growth at room temperature

10

100

AK, MPaVm
B e t a - p r o c e s s e d p l u s a n n e a l e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d in both t h e
T-L a n d L-T directions at 2 5 C (77 F); R = 0 . 1 ; frequency, 2 0
H z . B e t a - p r o c e s s e d plus a n n e a l e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d in both
t h e T - L a n d L-T directions at 2 5 C (77 F); R= 0 . 1 ; frequency, 2 0 Hz.

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Plastic
Deformation

62S: Stress versus diametral strain at 24 C (75 F)

62S: Stress versus axial strain at 24 C (75 F)

0

500

1000

Strain, pin./in.
1500 2000

2500

3000

200

3500

Strain, pin./in.
400
600
~i

800

1000

70
60

E = 1 >6.7 GF a ( 1 8 1 3

psi)

430

1 3 0 CO
~

= 0.301

500

1000

1500 2000
Strain, p m / m

2500

3000

3500

Alpha-beta c r o s s forged 4 4 . 5 m m (1.7 in.) thick plate with 7 9 0 C

(1455 F), 2 h a n n e a l

LIVE GRAPH
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20
10

200

400
600
Strain, p m / m

800

1000

Alpha-beta c r o s s forged 4 4 . 5 m m (1.7 in.) thick plate with 7 9 0 C

(1455 F), 2 h a n n e a l . P o i s s o n ' s ratio (v) is 0.301 for t h e axial a n d
diametral strains.

LIVE GRAPH
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684 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Processing
Bulk working, forming, machining, and welding of 62S should be similar to Ti-6A1-4V, although

no data are available. Heat treatments are

marized in the accompanying table.

Burn-

62S: Typical heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment
Stress relief(a)
Mill anneal
Recrystallization anneal
Solution treatment
Age
(a) S t r e s s relief s a m e a s Ti-6A1-4V

op

Duration, h

480-650
700-790
970
,-60
540

900-1200
1290-1455
1780
3 -110F
1000

lto4
2
1
1
8

Cooling method
Air cool
Air cool
Furnace cool to 760 C (1400 F), hold 2 h, fan air cool
Water quench
Air cool

Ti-4.5AI-3V-2Mo-2Fe / 685

I Ti-4.5AI-3V-2Mo-2Fe
Common Name: SP-700
UNS Number: Unassigned

SP-700 is a -rich - titanium alloy designed

to offer superplastic formability properties that
are superior to those of Ti-6A1-4V. The low flow stress
of the alloy, together with its fine microstructure,
r e s u l t s in excellent s u p e r p l a s t i c formability
a t a t e m p e r a t u r e level of 700 C (1290 F),
which provides the origin of the name SP-700.
The fine microstructure results in an excellent
combination of mechanical properties. The alloy
exhibits excellent heat treatability, cold formability, and hot forgeability.
Product Forms. SP-700 is available in all mill
product forms (plate, sheet, round bar, etc.), as well
as in cast and powder metallurgy (P/M) forms. The
alloy can be fusion and spot welded.

Physical Properties

Product Conditions. SP-700 is specified in

either the annealed or the solution-treated and
aged condition. The alloy consists of a very fine microstructure in all heat treatment conditionsfor
example, the primary a grains are typically
smaller than 3 um in the recrystallization annealed condition. It can be hardened to 450 HV or
higher by solution treatment in the + region followed by short-time aging.
Applications. SP-700 is superplastically
formed into such components as aerospace parts,
metal wood heads, and metal balloons. Other uses
include working tools, automobile parts, wrist
watch casings, and mountain-climbing equipment.

SP-700: Composition requirements

Element

Internal Friction. A Q value of 9.3 10~

was measured at a vibration frequency of 400 Hz
using the flexural vibration method.
Young's m o d u l u s for material in the mill-annealed condition at room temperature is 110 GPa
(16xl0 psi).
Poisson's ratio for material in the mill-annealed condition at room temperature is 0.33.
Magnetic Susceptibility. 3.51 1 0 cm /g
Magnetic Permeability. 1.00020
1

- 6

Wt%

Aluminum
Vanadium
Molybdenum
Iron
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Yttrium
Other
Each
Total
Titanium

4.0-5.0
2.5-3.5
1.8-2.2
1.7-2.3
0.15 max
0.08 max
0.05 max
0.01 max
0.005 max
O.lOmax
0.40 max
bal

SP-700: Effect of temperature on resistivity

200

400

1.9

Temperature, F
600
800 1000 1200
'

1400

SP-700: Summary of typical physical properties

1600

74

R e n e rting. 72
1.8

70 .

&

Beta transus

900 5 C ( 1 6 5 0 9 F )

Melting (liquidus) point

Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)

1 5 9 3 5 C ( 2 9 0 0 + 9F)
4.54 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. )
3

Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity (a)

495 J/kg (0.12 Btu/lb F)

7W/mK(4Btu/fth F)

Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

1.7
_

1.6

1.64 m
1.0020
0

7.7 x lO^rCiUS

x 1(HVF)

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 20 t o 25 C (68 t o

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 100 C (212
F)

1.S
100

200

LIVE GRAPH

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Click here to view

General Corrosion. The corrosion resistance

of SP-700 depends on the formation of a protective
oxide layer, such as commercially pure titanium.
SP-700 resists corrosion under a salt environment
and has slightly higher corrosion resistance in hot
or concentrated solutions of reducing acids such as
hydrochloric and sulfuric acid than pure titanium
and Ti-6A1-4V (see table). Corrosion resistance in

acid solutions depends on concentration and temperature (see table).

Crevice Corrosion. SP-700 resists crevice
corrosion in boiling 5% NaCl aqueous solution.
Hot Corrosion. SP-700 has excellent resistance to hot salt cracking. A specimen with a salt
coating 15.5 g/m (0.05 oz/ft ) did not crack under a
stress of245 MPa (35.5 ksi) at 350 C (660 F).
2

686 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

SP-700: Effect of boiling environment on general corrosion rate

G e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n r a t e , m m / y r (in./yr). i n :
25% NaCI
6% H C I
6%H S0

Alloy

SP-700
CPGrade2Ti
Ti-6A1-4V

0(0)
0(0)
0(0)

51.4(2.0)
77.3(3.0)
68.4(2.7)

45.9(1.8)
55.9(2.2)
56.3(2.22)

G e n e r a l corrosion r a t e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d from weight loss after a

24-hr exposure.

Thermal
Properties

T h e h e a t capacity of SP-700 is slightly lower

t h a n that of pure titanium and Ti-6A1-4V (see figure).
The thermal coefficient of linear expans i o n of SP-700 is about 7.7 l O ^ C at 25 to 100

G e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n r a t e , m m / y r (in./yr), i n :
2%H2SQ
e%H S0

Temperature

20C(70F)
Boiling

0(0)
20.49(0.80)

0.04(0.0016)
45.87(1.80)

G e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n r a t e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d from w e i g h t loss after a

24-hr exposure.

C (75 to 212 F) and 8.9 l O ^ C at 25 to 600 C

(75 to 1110 F) (see table),

SP-700: Thermal conductivity

SP-700: Specific heat

500

SP-700: Effect of H S 0 concentration on general corrosion rate

Temperature, F
1000
1500

500

2000

Temperature, F
1000
1500

2000

700

>600

y 500

400
0

200

400
600
800
Temperature, C

1000

1200

L a s e r flashing w a s performed on a s p e c i m e n 10 m m (0.4 in.) in dia m e t e r a n d 2 m m (0.08 in.) thick.

200

400
600
800
Temperature, C

LIVE GRAPH

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SP-700: Coefficients of linear expansion

25-100
25-200
25-300
25-400
25-500
25-600

75-212
75-390
75-570
75-750
75-930
75-1110

SP-700: Thermal diffusivity

Coefficient of linear expansion

lO^/T
7.71
8.15
8.53
8.82
8.95
8.90

1200

L a s e r flashing w a s performed on a s p e c i m e n 10 m m (0.4 in.) in dia m e t e r a n d 2 m m (0.08 in.) thick.

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature range
F
C

1000

500

Temperature, F
1000
1500

2000

4.3
4.5
4.7
4.9
4.97
4.94

8000

H7000

H6000 a

D i f f e r e n t i a l e x p a n s i o n w a s m e a s u r e d o n a s p e c i m e n 5 m m (0.2 i n . )
i n d i a m e t e r a n d 2 0 m m (0.8 i n . ) long.

H5000

H4000

Mechanical Properties
200

See also"Heat Treatment" for tensile data.

Hardness. Mill-annealed SP-700 has a hardness of 300 to 330 HV. Recrystallization-annealed

SP-700 h a s a hardness of 280 to 320 HV. Solution
treated and aged SP-700 offers a wide range of
hardness, from 350 to 510 HV, depending on solution treating and aging conditions.

400
600
800
Temperature, C

1000

1200

L a s e r flashing w a s performed on a s p e c i m e n 10 m m (0.4 in.) in dia m e t e r a n d 2 m m (0.08 in.) thick.

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Ti-4.5AI-3V-2Mo-2Fe / 687

Minimums of annealed SP-700 sheet:

Ultimate tensile strength
Tensile yield strength
Elongation in 0.50-2.00 mm (0.02-0.078 in.)
Elongation in 2.01-5.00 mm (0.079-0.2 in.)

960 MPa (140 ksi)

900 MPa (130 ksi)
8%
10%

SP-700: Typical tensile properties of sheet

mm

Thickness
in.

0.8

0.03

2.0

0.08

3.0

0.12

3.8

0.15

0.2% Y i e l d
strength
Direction(a)
L

MPa

Tensile
strength
ksi

1023
1023
953
924
910
1009
949
929

MPa

148
148
138
134
132
146
137
135

Elongation,
ksi

1073
1073
1014
996
1020
1042
1025
1015

156
156
147
144
148
151
149
147

10.4
10.2
13.2
15.0
18.5
19.7
22.8
21.0

(a) L, longitudinal; T, t r a n s v e r s e . M i l l - a n n e a l e d s h e e t . Tensile t e s t i n g w a s performed o n r e c t a n g u l a r s p e c i m e n s w i t h a 6 m m (0.24 in.) w i d t h

a n d a 2 5 m m (1 in.) g a g e l e n g t h .

SP-700: Comparison of annealed tensile properties among product forms

Product
form
Plate
Sheet
Bar

0.2% Y i e l d
strength

Tensile
strength

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

990
949
936

144
138
136

1028
1025
1007

149
148
146

16.8
22.8
18.4

Mill-annealed material. Tensile t e s t i n g w a s performed on 6.25 m m (0.25 in.) d i a m r o u n d s p e c i m e n s w i t h a 2 5 m m (1 in.) g a g e l e n g t h for a

15 m m (0.6 in.) thick p l a t e a n d a 2 2 m m (0.9 in.) bar, a n d o n r e c t a n g u l a r s p e c i m e n s w i t h a 6 m m (0.24 in.) w i d t h a n d a 25 m m (1 in.) g a g e
l e n g t h for a 3.8 m m (0.15 in.) thick sheet.

SP-700: Properties of heat-treated 15 mm (0.6 in.) plate

Alloy
SP-700

Ti-6A1-4V

0.2% Y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi

Heat
treatment
Mill annealing (720 C/1 hr/AC)
Recrystallization annealing (800 C/1 hr/AC)
ST (WQ) and aged (850 C/1 hr/WQ + 560 C76 hr/AC)
ST (AC) and aged (850 C/1 hr/AC + 510 C/6 hr/AC)
Mill annealing (720 C/1 hr/AQ
STA (955 C/1 hr/WQ + 538 C/6 hr/AC)

972
917
1240
1114
945
1129

141
133
180
162
137
164

Tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1023
966
1377
1213
1003
1205

148
140
200
176
145
175

Tensile t e s t i n g w a s performed o n 6.25 m m (0.25 in.) d i a m round s p e c i m e n s w i t h a 2 5 m m (1 in.) g a g e l e n g t h .

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Elongation,
%
19.0
20.8
11.6
14.4
19.6
10.5

Reduction
of area,
%
61.9
61.6
28.0
39.6
38.0
31.4

688 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Fatigue and Fracture Properties

Fatigue
Life Data

The fatigue strength of SP-700 is higher t h a n

t h a t of Ti-6A1-4V because of its fine microstructure
(see figures).
SP-700: Fatigue strength, compared with -6-4V
1200

1
Ti-6 AI-4V (Mill a rineal)
S P - 700 (Mill a n n eal)

160

1100

- 150
1000

1300

170

1200

in

- 140 a
130

OO

800

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10

1000

10

-H170

.-

160

H150
- 140

900

~A

-M80

CO
120

S P - ' 0 0 (STA)

S 1100

OS.

Ti-6;M-4V (STA)

900

<

10

130

c~

110

10

10'

10*

10

N u m b e r of c y c l e s to failure

10

10'

: 120
10

N u m b e r of c y c l e s to failure

(a)
(b)
(a) Mill annealing, (b) Solution treating a n d aging. 2 0 m m (0.8 in.) diam bar. Fatigue testing w a s performed on 7 mm (0.28 in.) diam round specim e n s . T h e loading wave-form w a s sinusoidal, a n d all t e s t s w e r e performed at a frequency of 10 Hz a n d a s t r e s s ratio of R - 0. Surface roughness:
^ = 0.1

Fatigue
Crack
Propagation

SP-700: Fatigue crack propagation behavior

IO"

1000

-2I

u
iio-

SP-700: Fatigue strength (R = -1)

^ 10
n3
S -5|

>

1 0

-'

oo

900

S P - 7' 0 0 (Mill a n n eal)

S P - 7' 0 0 (STA)

800

700

600

&

2 10"'

10"

S 10"
-m-7|
CD

500|
10

100

S t r e s s intensity (), M P a Vm
1 5 m m (0.6 in.) thick mill-annealed plate. Fatigue testing w a s performed on a 12.5 m m (0.5 in.) thick c o m p a c t s p e c i m e n . T h e loading
wave-form w a s sinusoidal, a n d all t e s t s w e r e performed at a freq u e n c y of 1 0 Hz a n d a s t r e s s ratio of R = 0.05.

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Fracture
Properties

F r a c t u r e Toughness. SP-700 h a s excellent

fracture toughness compared to Ti-6A1-4V because

10'

10
10
10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s to failure

10

2 0 m m (0.8 in.) diam bar. Fatigue testing w a s performed on 7 mm

(0.28 in.) diam round s p e c i m e n s . T h e loading wave-form was
sinusoidal, a n d all t e s t s w e r e performed at a frequency of 10 Hz and
a s t r e s s ratio of R = - 1 . Surface r o u g h n e s s : R = 0.1 m
a

LIVE GRAPH

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of its superior ductility (see figure).

Impact Toughness, (see figure )

Ti-4.5AI-3V-2Mo-2Fe / 689

SP-700: Fracture toughness compared with T1-6AI-4V

160

140

SP-700: Effect of temperature on impact strength

Temperature, F
-400 -300 -200 -100
0
100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0
. . . . , . ,
1
20
-M40

T - L c irection

Mill a n n e a l

anneal
Recrystallization a n n e a l

120

>;150

D)

100

80

40

50

- .. Ti-6AI-4V l o w e r b o u n d

o<

100|

Ti-6AI-4V u p p e r b o u n d

60

20
-250

0
800

1000
1100
1200
1300
0 . 2 % Yield strength, M P a
15 m m (0.6 in.) thick plate. S P - 7 0 0 w a s a n n e a l e d ; Ti-6AI-4V w a s
either a n n e a l e d or solution treated a n d a g e d . Fracture t o u g h n e s s
testing w a s performed on 12.5 m m (0.5 in.) thick c o m p a c t specim e n s . Kq d e n o t e s invalid v a l u e s that d o not m e e t t h e validity requirements in t e r m s of limitations on P^Pq
a n d s p e c i m e n size.

-150

150

-50
50
Temperature, C

900

250

15 m m (0.6 in.) thick mill-annealed plate. Impact testing w a s performed on C h a r p y s p e c i m e n s with a 2 m m (0.08 in.) V-notch.

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Plastic D e f o r m a t i o n

Flow
Stresses

SP-700 produces a much lower flow stress than

Ti-6A1-4V at temperatures between 500 and 900
SP-700: Effect of temperature on flow stress
Temperature, F
1400
1500

1300

10

C (930 and 1650 F) (see figures).

SP-700: Strain-rate sensitivity index, m

1600

1300
1.0

1
O p e n : L direction
1

-7.2

10V

40

0.6
Strair r a t e , s
4.8 1 0 "

_ 1

0.4
1.6 X 1 0
- - A 7.2 x i o "
- -<j> 2 . 4 x 1 0 " ^ '
- 3

'
750

800
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

- 4

850

900

3 m m (0.12 in.) thick mill-annealed s h e e t . High-temperature tensile

testing w a s performed on 5 m m ( 0 2 in.) wide rectangular specim e n s with a 5 m m ( 0 2 in.) g a g e length.

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Forging

1600

0.8

60

700

Temperature, F
1500

'

Solid: direction

80

20

1400

Forgeability. SP-700 exhibits much higher resistance to hot deformation cracking t h a n -614V (see figure).

0.2
700

750

1.6 - 4 . 8

10"V

O p e n : L direction
Solid: direction
800
Temperature, C

850

900

T h e m v a l u e s w e r e determined from t h e log strain rate v e r s u s log

flow s t r e s s diagram.

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690 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

SP-700: Forgeability, compared with Ti-6AI-4V

SP-700: Cold formability versus T1-6AI-4V

Temperature, F
800
1

900
1

1000

1100

1200

1300

C o l d rolling

1400

SP-700

Ti-6/ \\-A\ f

Direction(a)

(RJt)

limit, %

SP-700

L,

2.1
2.1
4

69
58
20

Ti-6AMV

reduction

Alloy

10
Crack

B e n d factor

(a) L , l o n g i t u d i n a l ; T , t r a n s v e r s e . S P - 7 0 0 w a s recrystallization ann e a l e d ; Ti-6A1-4V w a s m i l l a n n e a l e d . B e n d factors w e r e determined

Crack

b y b e n d i n g t e s t s o n s p e c i m e n s 20 m m (0.8 in.) w i d e , 140 m m (5.5 in.)

l o n g , a n d 4 (0.16 i n . ) t h i c k . M a x i m u m r e d u c t i o n limits were obt a i n e d b y cold r o l l i n g t e s t s .

No c r a c k

400

500

600

700

Temperature,

800

Hot c o m p r e s s i o n testing w a s performed on s p e c i m e n s 6 m m (0.24

in.) in d i a m e t e r a n d 10 m m (0.4 in.) long with a circumferential notch.
O p e n circles d e n o t e s a m p l e s that did not exhibit cracking at 7 0 %
height reduction. Closed ci rcles d e n o t e s a m p l e s that s h o w e d cracking.

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Forming

Cold Formability. SP-700 has much better

cold formability in comparison with Ti-6A1-4V (see
table).

Superplastic Formability. SP-700 shows excellent formability at 775 C (1425 F), more than
100 C (180 F) lower t h a n Ti-6A1-4V (see figure).

SP-700: Superplastic formability, compared with Ti-6AI-4V

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
3000

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1800

1'/
/

\
SP-700

300

Strain r a t e = 3 x 1 0 ~ V

2000

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 5 0 0 1600 1700 1800

1

1
Strain r a t e = 3 x l O ^ s "

30

200
SP-700

|20 g
0)

1000

100
/

Ti-6AI-4V \

10

\
\

0
500

\j

Ti-6AI-4V
;

600

700

800

900

1000

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

600

700
800
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

900

1000

(b)

Data for Ti-6AI-4V a r e not necessarily representative, a s elongations u p to 2 0 0 0 % h a v e b e e n reported for this material.
13.5 m m (0.53 in.) diam mill-annealed bar. Tension testing w a s performed on 5 m m (0.2 in.) diam round s p e c i m e n s with a 6 mm (0.24 in.) gage
length.

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Heat Treatment
SP-700 is specified either in the annealed condition or in the fully heat-treated condition.
A n n e a l i n g Temperatures. Mill annealing
requires 0.5 to 2 h at 650 to 750 C (1200 to 1380
F) followed by furnace or air cooling. Recrystallization annealing (see table) provides maximum
cold working capability. The highest volume fraction of phase, 40%, was retained for the annealing at 800 C(1470 F).
Solution Heat Treatment Temperatures.
Solution treating requires 0.5 to 2 h at 800 to 850

C (1470 to 1560 F), foUowed either by water

quenching to obtain very high strength or by air
cooling to obtain high strength with good ductility.
A g i n g Temperatures. Aging requires 1 to 6 h
at 450 to 600 C (840 to 1110 F), followed by air
cooling (see figures). A relatively short aging period is enough to achieve an excellent combination
of strength and ductility (see figure).

Ti-4.5AI-3V-2Mo-2Fe / 691

SP-700: Recommended heat treatments

op

Duration,
hr

Cooling
method

650-750
750-850
800-850
450-600

1200-1380
1380-1560
1470-1560
840-1110

0.5-2
0.5-2
0.5-2
1-6

FCorAC
FCorAC
WQorAC
AC

Temperature
Treatment
Mill anneal
Recrystallization anneal
Solution treatment
Aging

SP-700: Effect of aging temperature on hardness and tensile properties

Aging
Effects

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
800

550

900

1000

1100

' " " " " "

1200

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e ,
900
1000

800

1100

Solid:

O p e n : AC

WQ
50
RA
0

?40
450

CD
C

400

-cr

"

40

30

30

2 0 -

D
C

EL

i*

o
ui 2 0

350

1200
160

S o lid: W Q

500

10

10

300
400

450

500

600

550

650

400

450

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

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500
550
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

650

600

(b)

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Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
900
1000
1100

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450

(c)

500
550
600
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

A 1 5 m m (0.6 in.) thick plate w a s solution treated at 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by either w a t e r q u e n c h i n g or air cooling. Aging w a s d o n e a t
t e m p e r a t u r e s from 4 5 0 t o 6 0 0 C ( 8 4 0 to 1110 F) for 1 hr, followed by air cooling.

SP-700: Effect of aging time on tensile properties

80

80

S o id: W Q

1500
60

1600

Open: AC

Solid: W Q
TS

O p e n : AC

1600
1500

60

CO
Q.

1400

1400
U0

IS 4 0

RA
20

ti

130

1200

{20

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D>

0.2% YS

1300

o-

1100

1200 '

"

zr

0.2% YS

1000

c>

TS

EL

1100
1000
8

Aging t i m e , hr

Aging time, hr

(a)
(b)
A 1 5 m m (0.6 in.) thick plate w a s solution treated at 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by either w a t e r q u e n c h i n g or air cooling. Aging w a s d o n e at
5 1 0 C (950 F) for 1 to 6 hr, followed b y air cooling.

692 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

SP-700: Aging response

SP-700: Effect of delay time of quenching on

strength

500
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e

450

>

510 c

>v

4001

CO

54(

3501
300
0.1

100

10

10
Delay time of q u e n c h i n g , s

Aging time, hr
Solution treatment w a s performed at 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by water q u e n c h i n g . Aging w a s d o n e at 4 8 0 to 5 4 0 C (895 to
1 0 0 5 F) for 0.25 to 4 8 hr, followed by air cooling.

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Solution treatment w a s d o n e o n 12.5 m m (0.5 in.) thick plates, followed by a q u e n c h delay ranging from 2 to 3 0 s before water
quenching. S P - 7 0 0 : Solution treated a t 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by w a t e r quenching; a g e d a t 5 1 0 C (950 F) for 6 hr, followed
b y air cooling. Ti-6AI-4V: Solution treated at 9 5 0 C (1740 F) for 1
hr, followed by water quenching; a g e d at 5 3 8 C (1000 F) for 6 hr,
followed by air cooling.

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Quench
Effects

SP-700: Effect of cooling rate on strength

SP-700: Effect of quenched section size on strength

Cooling rate, C / s

1600

1600

CO

0.

1 4 0 0 co

1400

xf
B)
c

to 1 2 0 0

SP-700
1 2 0 0 S?

TS

10

5.0

4.0

30

1500

1300
0 . 2 % YS

SP-700

>- 1 1 0 0

0 . 2 % Yi

'

TS <

'

0.2%

10"

1000
-6 -4V

YS

1
10
Cooling rate, C / s

800
10'

10

Solution treatment w a s d o n e o n 1 2 . 5 m m (0.5 in.) thick plates, followed by cooling a t a rate that varied from 0.06 to 1 5 0 C/s (0.1 to
2 7 0 F/s) for S P - 7 0 0 a n d from 1 to 1 5 0 C/s (2 to 2 7 0 F/s) forTi-6AI4V. S P - 7 0 0 : Solution treated at 8 5 0 C (1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by
water quenching; a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950 F) for 6 hr, followed by air
cooling. T1-6AI-4V: Solution treated at 9 5 0 C (1740 F) for 1 hr, followed by water quenching; a g e d a t 5 3 8 C (1000 F) for 6 hr, followed by air cooling.

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Hardenability

GO

>

10

TS ~

"D
CU

800|

5030 20

1300

0)

CM 1 0 0 0

Pa

1500

SP-700 has better hardenability t h a n Ti-6A14V. SP-700 is also less sensitive to section size on
quenching. The greater stability of the phase of
SP-700 compared to Ti-6A1-4V provides greater
flexibility during heat treatment. SP-700 is rela-

5?
CM

1100

Ti-6/ J-4V

0 . 2 % YS
900

900
20

40
60
Thickness, mm

80

100

Solution treatment w a s d o n e o n p l a t e s with thicknesses ranging

from 12.5 to 8 0 m m (0.5 to 3 in.) for S P - 7 0 0 a n d from 12.5 to 32 mm
(0.5 to 1.3 in.) for Ti-6AI-4V. S P - 7 0 0 : Solution treated at 850 C
(1560 F) for 1 hr, followed by w a t e r quenching; a g e d at 510 C (950
F) for 6 hr, followed by air cooling. T1-6AI-4V: Solution treated at 950
C (1740 F) for 1 hr, followed by water quenching; aged at 538 C
(1000 F) for 6 hr, followed by air cooling.

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tively insensitive to quench delays of up to 30 s. It

is also less sensitive t h a n Ti-6A1-4V with regard to
cooling rate down to about 1 C/s (2 F/s) and relatively insensitive to cooling rate in the range of
about 7 to 150 C/s (13 to 270 F/s).

IMI367/693

IMI 367

I Ti-6AI-7Nb
IMI 367 is a high-strength titanium alloy with
excellent biocompatibility for surgical implants.
The alloy was developed specifically for the manufacture of femoral component items for hip prostheses.
Hot forging procedures and mechanical work-

ing practices are the same as the standard interstitial Ti-6A1-4V. IMI 367 is available as rod and bar
(8 to 100 mm, diam) and rectangular bar (25 x 75
mm). Heat treatment is a 1-hr anneal at 700 C
(1290 F), air cool.

IMI 367: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

Al

Nb

Ja

Fe

O2

N2

5.50
6.50
6.0

6.50
7.50
7.0

0.50
...

0.25
...

0.08
...

0.20
...

0.05
...

H2
0.009
...

Ti_

bal

D e n s i t y of 3 6 7 i s 4.52 g / c m ( 0 . 1 6 3 l b / i n . ) .
3

IMI 367: Mechanical properties

IMI 367: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Elastic modulus
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

1 0 1 0 + 1 5 C(1850 + 30F)
Not Available
4.52 g / c m (0.163 lbf7in. )
105 GPa (15.2 x l O p s i )
Not Available
Nonmagnetic
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 t o 2 5 C (68 t o

7 8 F).

Property
0.2% yield stress
Tensile strength
Elongation on 5D
Reduction of area
Fatigue

800 MPa (min) to 900 MPa (typ)

900 MPa (min) to 1000 MPa (typ)
10% (min) to 12% (typ)
2 5 % (min) to 3 5 % (typ)
The 1 0 cycle fatigue strength of IMI 367
in rotating bending is 500 MPa (+ 72.5
ksi) which is in the range of -61-4V
7

IMI 550 / 695

I IMI 550

Ti-4AI-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si
Trade names: IMI 550 (Previously Hylite 50)

castings. It is a relatively easy alloy to forge compared with other titanium alloys. With careful control of welding parameters, it is considered to be
weldable. IMI 550 is normally used in the solution
treated and aged (STA) condition, which possesses
a microstructure of primary alpha, transformed
beta, and silicide.
Applications. The major use for IMI 550 is in
t h e aerospace industry, both as airframe and
aeroengine components. Typical components are
flap-tracks and engine compressor discs.

IMI 550 is an alpha-beta titanium alloy of medium strength with a typical ultimate tensile
strength of 1100 MPa (159 ksi) and temperature
capability up to about 400 C (750 F). The alloy derives its properties from solid solution strengthening and age hardening. Because of the significant
level of beta stabilizer content, IMI 550 exhibits a
useful aging response in sections up to 150 m m (6
in.) thick.
P r o d u c t Forms a n d Condition. IMI 550 is
available in the form of bar, billet, plate, sheet and
IMI 550: Typical composition range (wt%) and density
Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

Sn

3.0
5.0
4

1.5
2.5
2

Fe

Mo

...
0.2
...

3.0
5.0
4

Si

+2N

0.3
0.7
0.5

0.27

0.0125

D e n s i t y of I M I 5 5 0 i s 4 . 6 0 g / c m ( 0 . 1 6 6 l b / i n . ) .
3

Physical Properties

IMI 550: Young's modulus (dynamic)

IMI 550: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity (a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

975 1 0 C ( 1 7 8 7 1 8 F )
Not Available
4.60 g/cm (0.166 lbf/in. )
1.59 - m
Nonmagnetic
Not Available
7.5 W/m (4.35 Btu/ft h F)
8.8x 1 0 C ( 4 . 9 x 10~ F)
3

_ 6

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

1000

a. 1 1 0
O

(a) T y p i c a l v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 t o 2 5 C (68 t o
7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 1 0 0 C ( 2 1 2
F)

200
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C
H e a t treated bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 b r o c h u r e

600

LIVE GRAPH
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696 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

IMI 550: Electrical resistivity

IMI 550: Thermal conductivity

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
100

200

300

400

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600

700

100

1.80

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

14
^

13

1.70

12

11

10

1.60

1.50
100

200

400

300

200

100

H e a t t r e a t e d bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 b r o c h u r e

300

500

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

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LIVE GRAPH

H e a t t r e a t e d bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 brochure

Click here to view

IMI 550: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature
range
C
20-100
20-200
20-300
20-400
20-500
20-600

68-210
68-390
68-570
68-750
68-930
68-1110

M e a n coefficient of
thermal expansion
10"*/C
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.7
10.1

lO^/T
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6

H e a t treated bar

Mechanical Properties
H a r d n e s s of h e a t t r e a t e d IMI 550 i s t y p i c a l l y
360 HV (50 k g ) .
N o t c h t e n s i l e ratio i s t y p i c a l l y 1.5 (Kt = 3).
Fracture t o u g h n e s s of IMI 550 i s t y p i c a l l y
60 MPaVm (55 k s i V i n T ) .

IMI 550: U-notch Charpy impact values

Temperature

Energy absorbed

J ft-nrf

-60
-40
-20
+20

-76
-40
-4
+68

19
22
22
23

14
16
16
17

H e a t t r e a t e d b a r . S o u r c e : I M I T i t a n i u m 550 b r o c h u r e

IMI 550 Bar: Minimum tensile properties

Typical UTS in 75 mm section is 1100 MPa (160 ksi).

Diameter
L e s s t h a n 2 5 m m (1 i n . )
0.2% yield strength, M P a (ksi)
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)
Elongation (in 5D)
Reduction in area, %

960
1100
9
25

(139)
(160)
(9)
(25)

L e s s t h a n 1 0 0 m m (4 in.)
920 (133)
1050(152)
9 (9)
20 (20)

IMI 550/697

IMI 550: Tensile strength v s temperature

High-Temperature Strength

Temperature, F
200

400

600

800

1000

1500

Tensile properties up to 600 C (1110 F) are

shown (see figure). IMI 550 is regarded as having
useful creep performance up to about 400 C (750
F) giving less than 0.1% total plastic strain in 100
hours at 465 MPa (67 ksi).

-00

7P50
CD
-1100
2

500

600

200
400
Temperature, C
H e a t treated bar.
Source: IMI Titanium "Medium Temperature Alloys" brochure

LIVE GRAPH
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IMI 550: Tensile properties up to 600 C

200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100

200

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

(a)
H e a t t r e a t e d bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 brochure

Temperature, F
400
600
800

1000

400

500

600

Temperature, "C

(b)

LIVE GRAPH
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IMI 550: Creep properties at 100 and 300 C

IMI 550: Flow stress below 900 C

Temperature, C
H e a t t r e a t e d bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 brochure

LIVE GRAPH
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H e a t treated b a r tested with p l a s t o m e t e r a t a strain rate of 15/s.

Ti-64 flow s t r e s s below 950 C c o m p a r e d .

LIVE GRAPH
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698 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Fatigue Properties
IMI550: High-cycle fatigue

IMI550: Low-cycle fatigue properties

10001

1100
1000

20C(68F)

140

900

1 3 0 '>

800
3 0 0 C ( 5 7 2 F)

- 110

C
O

700
600

LIVE GRAPH

10

10

10'
Cycles

Click here to view

H e a t treated bar; t e s t s a t 2 0 C (68 F) a n d 3 0 0 C (572 F); s m o o t h

s p e c i m e n s ; axial loading; z e r o minimum s t r e s s .
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 b r o c h u r e

H e a t treated bar; room t e m p e r a t u r e , axial loading, zero minimum

stress.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 b r o c h u r e

LIVE GRAPH
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IMI 550: Rotating bending fatigue

Temperature, F
200

400

600

800

1000

-MO

200
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C
H e a t treated bar.
S o u r c e : IMI Titanium 5 5 0 b r o c h u r e

600

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

IMI 5 5 0 / 6 9 9

Processing
Casting

IMI 550 can be cast using the normal techniques developed for titanium alloys. It has similar flow and "castabiHty" performance to t h a t of Ti6A1-4V(IMI318).
Mechanical property levels of cast IMI 550 are

generally equivalent, or superior, to the wrought

product and therefore superior to cast Ti-6A1-4V.
Tensile ductility and low-cycle fatigue performance are inferior to those of the wrought product as
is the case with cast Ti-6A1-4V.

Bulk
Working

Extrusion. IMI 550 can be alpha beta or beta

extruded, and typical properties after such extrusions are shown (see table). Property levels in the
alpha beta extruded condition are similar to those
of the forged or rolled forms. Beta extruded materials exhibit lower ductility, but better fracture
toughness t h a n the equivalent alpha beta extruded product.
Forging. IMI 550 is readily forgeable by con-

ventional hammer, press, or isothermal forging

and is one of the easier titanium alloys to forge.
Typical forging temperature is 900 C (1650 F).
Flow stress of IMI 550, around its typical forging temperature, is slightly stiffer than Ti-6A1-4V
at their respective forging temperatures. The flow
stress of IMI 550 increases slightly more rapidly
t h a n Ti-6A1-4V as temperature falls. IMI 550 is,
however, regarded as a very easy alloy to forge.

IMI 550: Typical mechanical properties of extrusions

Section shape and

extrusion type(a)
Extruded in + field
Extruded in field

0.2% P r o o f
stress
ksi
MPa

Testpiece(a)
direction
L

957
1016
998
1009

Tensile
strength
MPa

139
147
145
146

1107
1127
1183
1236

Elongation,

Reduction
in area,

ksi

161
163
172
179

14
14.5
12.5
10.5

40
40
24.5
16

Fracture
toughnc iSS
MPaVm
ksiVin.
53.6 T-L
46.3 L-T
62.9 T-L
64.7 L-T

48.7
42.0
57.1
58.8

(a) Testpieces t a k e n from h e a t t r e a t e d w e b sections

IMI 550 can, in general, only be formed hot and

it can be treated in the same way as other highstrength alpha-beta alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V. Plate
and sheet can be produced by conventional rolling
techniques. IMI 550 is also very amenable to su-

perplastic fonning; its fine grain size giving good

flow characteristics and high m values (about 0.8).
Typical tensile properties of superplastically
formed IMI 550 sheet are shown (see table).

IMI 550: Tensile properties of superplastically formed sheet

0.2% Y i e l d

Approximate
SPF strain
Condition
SPF
SPF
SPF
SPF + STA

MPa
0(a)
100
100
100

908
937
965
1126

Elongation
(in 50 mm),

Tensile
strength

stress
MPa
132
136
140
163

1097
1109
1123
1338

ksi
159
161
163
194

(a) Testpieces t a k e n from t h e flange w e r e n o t deformed i n t h e superplastic formed ( S P F ) condition b u t w e r e exposed to t h e S P F h e a t cycle.
STA, solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d . Material/Test conditions: 2 m m (0.08 in.) s h e e t , a n n e a l e d prior to forming, strain r a t e 2 x 10~*/s. Source: IMI
T i t a n i u m "Medium T e m p e r a t u r e Alloys" brochure

700 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Heaf
Treatment

The recommended heat treatment (see table)

for IMI 550 consists of alpha-beta solution treatment followed by aging, and stress relieving if re-

quired during manufacture. Typical properties after such treatments are shown.

IMI 550: Tensile properties after various heat treatments

0.2% P r o o f
stress

Treatment
MPa
Solution treated 900 C/l/2h/AC
FuUy aged, 900 C/l/2h/AC + 500 C/24h/AC
Stress-relieved 650 C/2 h/AC

930
1070
1020

Tensile
strength
ksi

MPa

ksi

135
155
148

1080
1200
1130

157
174
164

Elongation
( i n 5D)

Reduction
i n area,

12
14
12

40
42
42

IMI 550: Recommended heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment
Alpha-beta solution treatment
Aging
Stress relief

Welding

C
900
500
650

IMI 550 is weldable using controlled electron

beam or laser welding techniques. The limiting
factor is fracture toughness of the weld due to high
cooling rates obtained after welding. The use of

op
1625
930
1200

Duration
1 hour
24 hours
2 hours

C o o l i n g method
Air cool
Air cool
Air cool

slower welding speeds to produce lower cooling

rates gives adequate weld properties. Electron
beam welded compressor discs are in service in
military aeroengines.

IMI 551 /701

IMI 551
Ti-4AI-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si
frame structural forgings and machined parts
such as undercarriage components, mounting
brackets, and pump casings where the strength is
required at low weight; and for gas-turbine engine
components. This alloy is also suitable for general
engineering and chemical applications such as
steam-turbine blades, axial and radial compressor
parts, connecting rods, and other high-speed rotating and reciprocating components. Relevant British standard specifications for IMI 551 are listed
(see table).

IMI Titanium 551 is an alpha + beta alloy containing 4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si, and belongs to the
same alloy group as IMI 550; however, the higher
alloying content of IMI 551 gives increased
strength at room temperature, while still preserving good forging characteristics. IMI 551 is one of
the strongest of the commercially available titanium alloys, with room-temperature strengths
ranging from 1250 to 1400 MPa (181 to 203 ksi),
and useful creep properties up to 400 C (750 F).
The alloy is not normally regarded as weldable.
Applications. Primarily intended for air-

IMI Titanium 551: British Standard Specifications

Limiting
ruling section

Bar for
machining

Up to 25 m m (1 in.)
Over 25 and up to 75 m m
(1 to 3 in.)

Forging
stock

TA38

TA39

TA40

TA41

Forgings

TA42

IMI 551: Typical composition range (wt%) and density

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

3.0
5.0
4.0

Sn

Mo

Si

3.0
5.0
4.0

3.0
5.0
4.0

0.3
0.7
0.5

Fe

0.20

0.05
0.20

0.25

0.125(a)

0.05

(a) 0.15 w t % m a x i m u m of Fi^ i n forgings. T y p i c a l d e n s i t y i s 4 . 6 2 g / c m (0.167 lbffin. ).

3

Physical Properties

IMI 551: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansionfb)

1050 15 C (1920 30 F)
Not available
4.62 g/cm (0.167 lbf7in. )
1.7
Nonmagnetic
370 J/kg (0.088 Btu/lb F)
7W/mK(4Btu/ft-hF)
3

IMI 551: Elastic properties

200

Temperature,
400
600

F
800

1000

8.4 X 1 0 -" C (4.7 X ICT /

6

F)

(a) T y p i c a l v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 t o 2 5 C ( 6 8 t o
7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient f r o m r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 100 C ( 2 1 2
F)

100

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

A c u r v e of t h e d y n a m i c e l a s t i c m o d u l u s of IMI 5 5 1 , m e a s u r e d at
a low level of strain, s h o w n below. Torsional testing g i v e s a s h e a r
m o d u l u s of 4 3 G P a (6.2 1 0 psi), which l e a d s t o a v a l u e for P o i s s o n ' s ratio of 0.30.
6

LIVE GRAPH
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702 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

IMI 551: Electrical resistivity

Temperature,
400
600

200

F
800

1000

1.9

1.8

17

iel

LIVE GRAPH

100

200

300

400

500

600

Temperature, C

Click here to view

T h e relatively high alloy c o n t e n t l e a d s to a slightly higher resistivity

t h a n other titanium alloys.

Thermal
Properties

IMI 551: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Mean coefficient
of thermal expansion
lO^/'F
10 */C

Temperature range
op
C
20-100
20-200
20-300
20-400
20-500
20-600

68-212
68-390
68-570
68-750
68-930
68-1110

8.4
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.6
9.7

4.7
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

LIVE GRAPH

T h e relatively high alloying content l e a d s to a thermal conductivity

slightly lower than that of m a n y titanium alloys.

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
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Mechanical Properties
IMI 551 rod and bar: Guaranteed properties (BS TA 38-41)

Limiting ruling
section
U p to 25 m m (1 in.)
Over 25 and up to 75 m m (1 to 3 in.)

0.2% yield
stress (min.)
MPa
ksi
1095
1065

159
154

Tensile
strength
MPa

ksi

1250-1420
1205-1375

181-206
175-199

E l o n g a t i o n o n Reduction hi
a r e a (min.)
5D ( m i n . )
%
%
8
8

20
20

IMI 551/703

IMI 551: Typical tensile properties for various section sizes

Product

Sample

175 mm (7 in.) diam billet

100 to 125 mm (4 to 5 in.) square billet
75 mm (3 in.), square bar heat treated
25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 in.) rod
16mm( 4in.)rod
5

Transverse, 3:1 upset, heat

treated
Transverse, 3:1 upset, heat
treated
Longitudinal, surface
Longitudinal, center
Longitudinal, center
Center

02% y i e l d
stress
MPa
ksi

Tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
on5D
%

Reduction
in area
%

1140

165

1300

188.5

25

1200

174

1310

190

10

30

1210
1150
1140
1340

175
167
165
194

1320
1260
1300
1480

191
183
188.5
214.5

13
16
12
10

40
37
40
28

800

1000

IMI 551: Elevated-temperature tensile properties

200
1400

Temperature, F
4' 0 0
600
800

Tensile

1000

strength

60

10001
H120 =2

8001

20

600
\

Elongati

400
0

Reducti an in a r e s

40

0 . 2 % oof stre,5S
i

80

1200
co

Temperature,
400
600

200

>-

60
100

(a)

200
300
400
Temperature, C

500

600

100

Dn

200

on 5D
300

400

Temperature, C

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(b)

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2 5 m m (1 in.) d i a m rod

LIVE GRAPH
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500

600

704 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Fatigue

I M I 5 5 1 :

Rotating-bending fatigue properties

1200

1000

800

ii

a"v^

nT^s.

1 in. d i a m e t e r rod

Plain s p e c i m e n s

3 in. s q u a r e billet, long.

600

<

400

r 1

^~-Znr
Notched specimens

, ,

1
[

__

r-r
J

!
i:;,
'Rod
3 in. s q u a r e billet, t r a n s . ,

>

Billet

200
-1

LIVE GRAPH

10

10'

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure

Click here to view

Rotating-bending fatigue properties of 2 5 m m (1 in.) diameter rod a n d 7 5 m m (3 in.) s q u a r e billet in IMI 551 (notched s p e c i m e n s , K| = 3.2). The
results give a ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength of b e t w e e n 0.45 a n d 0 . 5 5 .

Processing
Forging. IMI 551 has a higher beta transus
temperature than most other titanium alloys.
This permits a fairly high forging temperature to
be used so that, despite the high room-temperature strength of the alloy, it is only marginally
more difficult to forge t h a n Ti-6A1-4V.
To obtain good properties in a finished component, the alloy should be given at least a 4:1 forging reduction in the alpha + beta phase field. So as
to ensure t h a t no part of the forging exceeds the
beta t r a n s u s temperature as a result of internal
work, it is recommended t h a t the initial forging
preheat temperature should not exceed 950 C
(1740 F). The preheat temperature should be reduced to 930 C (1700 F) for subsequent forging
operations to obtain the optimum combination of
strength and ductility.
H e a t Treatment. The recommended heat

treatment for IMI 551 consists of solution treatment at 900 C (1650 F) for 1 hour per 25 mm of
section thickness (1 h/in.), followed by air cooling
and aging for 24 hours at 500 C (930 F) and again
air cooling.
When small-diameter sections of 16 mm (5/8
in.) or less are air cooled, or when thicker sections are
water or oil quenched, higher tensile strengths can
be developed on aging, but only at the expense of ductility and creep strength. It is therefore better to slow
down the cooling rate ofthin sections (for example, in
a box filled with refractory material) to avoid the undesirable effects of an excessive cooling rate (see table). Various solution-treatment temperatures have
been suggested for 551, but 900 C followed by
air cooling has been found to give the best strength,
while avoiding the low ductility brought about by oil
or water quenching.

Typical tensile properties after various heat treatments of small rod, 16 mm diameter (s/b in.)
0.2% y i e l d

Tensile
strength

stress
Treatment
1 h 900 C, WQ, 24 h 500 C, AC
1 h 900 C, AC, 24 h 500 C, AC
1 h 900 C, cool in vermiculite, 24 h 500 C, AC

MPa
1390
1310
1240

ksi

MPa

ksi

201.5
190
180

1650
1450
1410

239
210
204.5

Elongation
on5D
%
3
10
13

Reduction
i n area
%
9
28
47

C o r o n a 5 / 705

Corona 5
Ti-4.5AI-5Mo-1.5Cr
UNS Number: Unassigned

Compiled by Elihu Bradley

Corona 5 is an experimental alloy. It is a versatile alloy capable of being processed to conditions

covering a broad range of strength/fracture toughness combinations. Typical toughness values are
well above the minimum required levels for fracture-controlled titanium alloy parts and offer potential cost savings in terms of quality assurance
through a reduction in toughness verification testing frequency. At current design minimum requirements for fracture toughness, Corona 5 can
be produced to significantly greater strength levels t h a n Ti-6A1-4V is capable of achieving without
an acceptable reduction in toughness.

Chemistry. Corona 5 requires less restricted

chemistry control (particularly oxygen) and can be
processed at lower temperatures than Ti-6A1-4V.
Product Forms. Corona 5 has been produced
for experimental Navy programs in productionsized ingots and has been converted to forgings
and flat rolled plate. Sheet and rod also have been
produced in limited quantities.
Applications. Corona 5 was intended for
structural applications, especially for fracturecritical components used primarily in the aerospace industry.

Physical Properties

Chemical/
Corrosion
Properties

P h a s e s a n d Structures. Corona 5 is an -
alloy with a transus of approximately 925 C
(1700 F). Its microstructure is characterized by
the phase within the matrix. In the development of Corona 5, both and stabilizers were
studied. Aluminum was selected as the stabilizer, and the 4.5% level was chosen to avoid problems with stress-corrosion resistance, which might
be lowered at high aluminum contents. Molybdenum and chromium were used as strong stabilizers. The composition allows about 50% phase
to be easily precipitated at temperatures within
100 C (200 F) of the transus in discrete lenticular form rather t h a n in pockets or colonies.
The morphology strongly influences mechanical properties. Two basic processing operations are available: (1) beta processing, carried out
completely above the transus or in which finish
processing is completed below the transus, but at
a high enough temperature so t h a t very little
phase is present, or (2) - processing carried out
below the transus temperature in the presence of
the phase. Subsequent annealing below the
t r a n s u s within about 175 C (300 F) of the transus
temperature results in a distribution of primary a,
which is related to the processing sequence and annealing temperature. With -processed material,
lenticular morphology is achieved and maintained. With - processing, the primary - becomes globular during subsequent heat treatment.
The changes in the morphology of from len-

ticular to globular is a direct result of the prior deformation of the a. The strain energy in the after
- working causes it to recrystallize and relax to
the lower surface energy globular form. The rate at
which lenticular transforms to globular is a
function of annealing temperature and time and
the amount of work the has received. Lightly
worked remains lenticular longer than heavily
worked (see figure on next page).
The strength of Corona 5 is virtually unaffected
by the shape of the primary a, but other properties
such as fracture toughness a n d elevated-temp e r a t u r e flow characteristics are strongly influenced. High fracture toughness is associated
with having a high aspect ratio (i.e., lenticular), whereas lower fracture toughness at the
same strength level corresponded to with a low
aspect ratio (i.e., globular). Optimum superplastic forming and diffusion bonding are found in
material with a globular microstructure.

Corona 5 has excellent resistance to general corrosion and stress corrosion. It also has excellent corrosion

resistance in saline and physiological environments (see figure on next page).

Corona 5: Summary of typical physical properties

Density at20C (68 F)
Melting point (approximate)
Beta transus
Modulus of elasticity

4.54 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. )

1750 C (3180 F)
925 C (1700 F)
114 GPa ( 1 6 . 6 x 1 0 psi)

Source: Corona 5 Alloy, Alloy Digest, M a y 1 9 7 8

706 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Corona 5: Anodic polarization curves

Corona 5: Alpha morphology v s annealing time

and temperature
A n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1650

1600

1550

1500

1450

1400

: Globular

10% strain^
' ' " ' ' " 3 0 % strairr

V
N

7 0 % strain

Lenticular
0.1
900

875

850

825

800

775

750

0.4

0.8

A n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C

1.2

1.6

2.4

2.8

Applied potential, V v s S C E
Potentiostatic m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e in Hanks' solution. T h e
solution w a s in a c l o s e d v e s s e l a n d w a s not a e r a t e d o r deaerated.
S o u r c e : A.C. F r a k e r era/., S u r f a c e Preparation and Corrosion of Titanium Alloys for Surgical Implants

After various a m o u n t s of deformation in t h e - field.

S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s et al., S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 (Ti-4.5AI-5Mo1.5Cr), JOAf, May 1980

LIVE GRAPH

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Mechanical Properties
Corona 5: Elevated-temperature tensile strength

Corona 5: Mechanical properties for fracture-critical

applications

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
Property

Corona 5

Ultimate tensile strength

(UTS), MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength,
MPa (ksi)
Elongation, %
Reduction of area, %
Fracture toughness
MPaVnT ( % , ksiVin7)
Modulus of elasticity GPa
(lO^si)
Density, g/cm (lb/in. )
Critical crack length design parameter: (2a ),
m m (in.)
,2
3

895 (130)

895 (130)

825 (120)

795(115)

12.0

12.0

25.0

25.0

110(100)

88 (80)

110(16.0)

110(16.0)

100

H-6A1-4V

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1500
-Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

-feoo

C o r o n a 5, - p r o c e s s e d
C o r o n a 5, p r o c e s s e d

180
160

140

4.5(0.164)

4.4(0.160)

21.5 (0.848)

13.7(0.542)

900r-

120

2a

100

/ xUTSj

100

200

300

500

400

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : F . H . F r o e s et al., S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 (-4.51-51.5Cr),JOAf, M a y 1980

E l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e tensile properties of C o r o n a 5 a n d -62Sn-4Zr-6Mo.

S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s ef al., S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 (Ti-4.5AI-5Mo1.5Cr), J O M , M a y 1 9 8 0

LIVE GRAPH

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Corona 5: Weld and base-metal property comparison

Corona 5

Property

Base metal(a)

Weldmentflb)
7 0 5 C
(1300 F),
4h

Weldmentflb)
7 7 5 C
(1425 F ) ,
4h
e

Ti-6A1-4V
W e l d m e n t f l b ) 6 7 5 C
Base metal

(1250 F)

(mill annealed)

30 min

Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)

1137(165)

1220(177)

1220(177)

979(142)

951(138)

Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)

1055(153)

1179(171)

1144(166)

910(132)

910(132)

Elongation, %

21

Toughness (J^Q), MPa\m"(ksi\in7)

81(74)

2-3

3-4

57(52)

67(61)

14
...

8
41^4(38^10)

( a ) 9 1 5 C ( 1 6 7 5 F ) , 3 0 m i n , F C , 8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F ) , 4 h . (b) L o n g i t u d i n a l f u s i o n z o n e w i t h p o s t - w e l d h e a t t r e a t m e n t a s i n d i c a t e d . Source: F.H.

F r o e s et al., S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 ( T i - 4 . 5 A l - 5 M o - l . 5 C r ) , JOM, M a y 1 9 8 0

C o r o n a 5 / 707

Corona 5: Effect of processing on tensile properties

Temperature
C (F)

Time,
h

Direction(a)

High-temperature processing route

0.25(b)
L

970(1780)

855 (1570)

4.0(c)

830(1525)

4.0(c)

830(1525)

16.0(c)

Low-temperature processing route

970(1780)
0.25(b)
L

855 (1570)

4.0(c)

4.0(c)

830(1525)

16.0(c)

Ultimate
tensile strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile
yield strength
MPa
ksi

Elomjation,
%

Reduction
of area,
Modulus of elasticity
10 psi
%
GPa
6

865
898
800
822
854
861
803
830

125.6
130.3
116.1
119.3
124.0
125.0
116.6
120.5

777
811
719
756
761
812
695
765

112.7
117.7
104.3
109.7
110.4
117.9
100.8
111.0

16.0
14.0
21.5
18.5
19.5
19.0
20.5
19.0

30.4
30.1
62.3
39.7
53.5
55.2
67.7
49.5

103
110
109
113
111
111
99
107

15.0
16.0
15.8
16.4
16.1
16.1
14.4
15.5

794
814
773
835
785
830
777
828

115.3
118.1
112.2
121.2
114.0
120.5
112.8
120.2

722
738
741
810
760
801
727
798

104.8
107.1
107.5
117.5
110.3
116.2
105.5
115.8

16.0
19.0
24.0
22.5
22.5
20.0
24.0
20.5

34.2
35.9
64.9
60.1
69.7
59.1
61.0
60.6

105
103
99
101
103
110
114
113

15.2
15.0
14.3
14.7
15.0
16.0
16.6
16.4

(a) L, l o n g i t u d i n a l ; T, t r a n s v e r s e , (b) A i r cooled a n d s t a b i l i z e a n n e a l e d 4 h , 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F), a i r cooled, (c) F u r n a c e cooled 3 8 C (100 F)/h t o

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), a i r cooled. S o u r c e : J . C . W i l l i a m s et al.,Development
of High Fracture Toughness Titanium Alloys, A S T M Special P u b l i c a tion 6 5 1

Corona 5: Mechanical properties of HIP'd compacts

HTP
cycle(a)

Type(b)

955 C (1750 F)
900C(1650F)

Beta
Alpha-beta

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
985
999

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

143
145

917
930

Elongation, R e d u c t i o n of
%
area, %

133
135

8.5
19

15
50

Toughness
(jKq)
MPaVm
ksiVin
-71
-71

-65
-65

(a) F o l l o w e d b y a n 8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F), 8 h , A C + 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F), 4 h , A C . (b) B e t a t r a n s u s , - 9 4 5 C ( - 1 7 3 5 F). S o u r c e : F . H . F r o e s et al., Synt h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 ( T i - 4 . 5 A l - 5 M o - l . 5 C r ) , JOM, M a y 1 9 8 0

Corona 5: Thermal stability of tensile properties after creep exposure

Processing
Alpha-beta

Beta

Ti-6A14V(a)

Creep
exposure
As-processed, RT
370 C (700 F), 100 h, 689 MPa
(100 ksi)
As-processed, RT
370 C (700 F), 100 h, 689 MPa
(100 ksi)
As-processed, RT
370 C (700 F), 100 h, 689 MPa
(100 ksi)

Plastic
strain, %

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

3.2

962
1121

139.6
162.6

1148
1154

166.6
167.4

33.0
7.0

27.3
19.7

0.7

1046
1076

151.7
156.1

1114
1116

161.6
161.9

14.0
11.0

30.6
23.8

0.11

1220
1179

177
171

1282
1255

186
182

8
6

39
32

(a) D a t a from D M I C R e p o r t 4 6 , N o v 1 9 5 8 , 1 3 . Ti-6A1-4V a n n e a l e d 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), 2 0 m i n , W Q , a g e d 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 4 h , A C . S o u r c e :

F.H. F r o e s etal., S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 ( T i - 4 . 5 A l - 5 M o - l . 5 C r ) , JOM, M a y 1980

708 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Corona 5: Elevated temperature ductility

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

10
-Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
C o r o n a 5, - p r o c e s s e d

80

C o r o n a 5, p r o c e s s e d

R e d u c t i o n of a r e a

Elongation
0

100

200

300

400

500

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
p r o c e s s e d material is m o r e ductile, which is not normally true.
S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s et al., Synthesis of C o r o n a 5 (Ti-4.5AI-5Mo1.5Cr), J O M , May 1 9 8 0

LIVE GRAPH

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Fatigue Life

Corona 5: Fatigue comparison of mill annealed alloy

10

10

10

10

10

10

Corona 5: Smooth and notched fatigue behavior of

material for post-superplastic forming applications

. . .....Jq

'

"

. ......i

N u m b e r of c y c l e s t o failure
10
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman era/., Fatigue Crack Growth in a Ti-4.5AI-5Mo1.5Cr Alloy with M e t a s t a b l e P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol 21

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

10

10

10

10

10

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e axial Nfatigue;
u m b e r Fof? =c0y. c0 l5e;slongitudinal data.
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman ef al., Fatigue C r a c k Growth in aTi-4.5AI-5Mc1.5Cr Alloy with M e t a s t a b l e - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol 21

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Corona 5 / 709

Corona 5: Fatigue life for powder

3001
10

,
4

10

10

10

I
10

C y c l e s t o failure
S m o o t h axial fatigue; R=0.1; 8 0 Hz.
S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s et al., Effect of Microstructure Strength a n d Oxyg e n C o n t e n t o n Fatigue C r a c k Growth R a t e of Ti-4.5AI-5.0Mo-1.5Cr
( C o r o n a 5), Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 5 , J a n 1 9 8 4

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Corona 5: Fatigue of shear-strained material in air
Anneal temperature
C
F
870
900
915
955

1600
1650
1680
1750

M e a n life,
cycles
21,041
24,738
50,808
17,489

M i n i m u m life,
cycles

Standard deviation,
cycles

18,006
20,536
40,981
15,484

1919
2018
4646
1584

N o t e : A x i a l load, 4 5 0 g. Cycled a t a s h e a r s t r a i n of 0.02 a t 0.2 H z i n air. Source: L u c k e y a n d Kubli, T i t a n i u m Alloys i n Surgical I m p l a n t s ,

A S T M Publication 04-796000-54

Corona 5: Corrosion fatigue for possible implant application

Anneal temperature
C
F
760
815
845
870
915

1400
1500
1550
1600
1680

M e a n life,
cycles
10,218
22,408
22,780
20,650
30,332

M i n i m u m life,
cycles
10,165
20,111
20,356
14,714
26,483

Standard deviation,
cycles
75
2018
2934
8340
5443

N o t e : C y c l e d a t a s h e a r s t r a i n of 0 . 0 2 0 a t 1 H z . Source: L u c k e y a n d Kubli, T i t a n i u m A l l o y s i n Surgical I m p l a n t s , A S T M Publication 04796000-54

710 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Fatigue Crack Growth Rates

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth rate comparison

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth

JO"

,10"'

C o n v e n t i o n a l - alloys

10"

Upper bound

10>

\ ,

1(T>

/f
//'

i T r e n d for c o n d i t i o n s
\ s t u d i e d in cited s o u r c e
10" fc3

10

/ /

10>

ft

10"

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth

,10"'

L o w oxygen, low-strength condition

Sample A

Sample

10"

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a in air; R=0.10; 5 Hz.

S o u r c e : M.A. Iman, ef al., O n Fatigue C r a c k Growth in a Ti-4.5AI5Mo-1.5Cr Alloy with M e t a s t a b l e - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

Click here to view

Lower b o u n d

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (), MPaVm

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a in air; f ? = 0 . 1 0 ; 5 Hz.
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman ef al., O n Fatigue Crack Growth in a -4.55Mo-1.5Cr Alloywith M e t a s t a b l e - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

-%-

10

S t r e s s intensity r a n g e (), M P a V m

JO"'

'

10
10

High oxygen, high-strength

10-%-

Sample A

Sample

condition

1(f>

10

10"

0t-

IO

10
1

10
S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (), MPaVm

10"

8 2 5 M P a ( 1 2 0 ksi) UTS. R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a ; R= 0.10; 5 Hz.

S o u r c e : M.A. Iman et al., O n Fatigue Crack Growth in a "-4.55Mo-1.5Cr Alloy with Metastable - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

10

10"

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (), MPaVm
1100 M P a (160 ksi) U T S . R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e data; R=0.10; 5 Hz.
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman, et al., O n Fatigue C r a c k Growth in a "-4.55Mo-1.5Cr Alloy with M e t a s t a b l e - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Corona

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth

5/711

Corona 5: Fatigue crack growth

.1(T

,10"

Upper bound

Upper bound

X .

A v e r a g e of a%

E = 83 GPa (a )
c

10"

1 (-

JS
Lower b o u n d

10

10

10'

E, = 9 5 G P a ( a )
3

Invalid

Jfr

,

Valid
Lower bound

10

10'

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (), MPaVm

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (), MPaVm

T h e effect of helium cooled from 9 0 0 C (1650 F) v s t h e u p p e r

b o u n d (UB) a n d lower b o u n d (LB) of different h e a t t r e a t m e n t s . A
transition point (7) is noted a l o n g with t h e transition s t r e s s intensity
range / .
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman ef al., O n Fatigue C r a c k Growth in a -4.55Mo-1.5Cr Alloy with Metastablep^-Phase, Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

T h e effect of w a t e r q u e n c h i n g from 9 0 0 C (1650 F) to t h e upper

b o u n d (UB) a n d lower b o u n d (LB). No transition w a s o b s e r v e d
within t h e valid region of testing.
S o u r c e : M.A. Iman ef al, On Fatigue Crack Growth in a Ti-4.5 Al5Mo-1.5Cr Alloy with Metastable - P h a s e , Fracture Mechanics, Vol
21

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Fracture Toughness

Corona 5: Fracture toughness comparison

Corona 5: Fracture toughness vs strength

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
120

140

160

180

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
200

160

160

* Ti-Corona 5
" Ti-662
Ti-64ELI
Ti-6246

120

60
40r-

200

Predominantly
lenticular

Predominantly
globular

to

80

180

~Z

80r-

140

200

140

Upper boundary
Q.
5 120

120

Lenticular

g>

H40

-20

Lower b o u n d a r y '
750

900

1050

1200

1350

1500

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , M P a

O p e n s y m b o l s represent postweld h e a t t r e a t m e n t s of 7 0 5 C (1300

F) a n d below; solid s y m b o l s a r e 7 0 5 C (1300 F) a n d higher.
S o u r c e : W.A. Baeslack ef al., Weldability of a High T o u g h n e s s
Titanium AlloyA Metallurgical Evaluation

750

900

1050

1200

1350

S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s ef al.. S y n t h e s i s of C o r o n a 5 , JOM, May 1 9 8 0

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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1500

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , M P a

712 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Corona 5: Fracture toughness comparison of base

and welded materials

S o u r c e : W.A. B a e s l a c k et al., Weldability of a High T o u g h n e s s Titanium AlloyA Metallurgical Evaluation

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Corona 5: Fracture toughness of plate

Processing
route
Beta anneal
Beta processed

Alpha-beta processed

Fracture
toughness
M P a > Im
ksiVin.
129
156
130
145
160
111

117
142
118
132
145
101

S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s et al., S y n t h e s i s o f C o r o n a 5 ( T i - 4 . 5 A l - 5 M o - l . 5 C r ) , JOM,

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
775
860
920
760
890
905
M a y 1980

112
125
134
110
129
131

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa
865
950
980
855
1000
935

126
138
142
124
145
136

Ti-6-22-22-S/713

Ti-6-22-22S
Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
UNS Number: Unassigned
Compiled by P. Russo, RMI Titanium Co., and R. Boyer, Boeing

Ti-6-22-22S was developed by RMI Titanium

Co., with additional development funded through
an Air Force Contract in the early 1970s. The alloy
was conceived to provide high strength in heavy
sections with good fracture toughness and to retain t h a t strength up to moderate temperatures
through the addition of silicon. The lack of any production applications precluded further developm e n t at that time. Interest in this alloy for fighter
aircraft applications, because of its strength advantage over Ti-6A1-4V and good damage tolerance properties, has been revived. A strong effort
is underway to develop thermomechanical processing procedures to optimize the strength, toughness, and crack growth rate properties of Ti-6-2222S in sheet, plate, and forged forms.
Some data report a relatively high elastic
modulus, which could be important for certain applications. Sheet can be formed at room temperat u r e and has excellent superplastic forming characteristics.
Effects of Impurities a n d Alloying. Exceeding impurity limits may result in decreasing the
ductility and fracture toughness below required
minimums due to the associated increase in
strength. As with other - titanium alloys, excessive aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen can reduce
ductility and fracture toughness. High amounts of

the stabilizers, chromium and molybdenum, may

result in higher strength t h a n desired.
Product Forms. Ti-6-22-22S has been produced in standard wrought product forms such as
sheet, plate, bar, and forgings. Sheet exhibits excellent superplastic forming characteristics.
Product Condition. Ti-6-22-22S can be used
in the annealed and heat treated conditions; solution treatment and aging can provide significant
strengthening. The main emphasis at present, except for sheet, is on a triplex heat treatment involving a solution treatment with a controlled cooling
rate followed by an - solution treatment followed by aging to maximize damage-tolerant properties. Sheet should be used in the - processed
condition.
Applications. There are no production applications for Ti-6-22-22S at this time, but it is bill-ofmaterial for the aft fuselage of the F-22 ATF
fighter. The primary interest in this alloy lies in its
improved damage tolerance properties with respect to strength in relation to Ti-6A1-4V.
Specifications a n d Compositions. The only
specifications for Ti-6-22-22S to date are those
written by Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics
for the ATF fighter. The composition limits are established as follows (except Si content may be reduced):

Composition, wt%
Minimum
Maximum

Selected
References

Al

Sn

Zr

Mo

Cr

Si

Fe

5.25
6.25

1.75
2.25

1.75
2.25

1.75
2.25

1.75
2.25

0.20
0.27

0.15

0.13

0.04

0.03

H.R. Phelps and J.R. Wood, "Correlation ofMechanical Properties and Microstructures of Ti6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si Titanium Alloy,"
Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego,
TMS/AIME, June 1992, to be published
R.R. Boyer and A.E. Caddey, "The Properties of
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr Sheet," Proc. Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego, TMS/AIME, June
1992, to be published

R.C. Bliss, "Evaluation of Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr2Mo-0.23 Si Sheet," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium

Conf., San Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to be
published
G.W. Kuhlman et al., "Characterization of Ti-622-22S: AHigh-Strength Alpha-Beta Titanium
Alloy for Fracture Critical Applications," Proc.
7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego,
TMS/AIME, June 1992, to be published

"Mechanical-Property Data: Ti-6Al-2Zr-2Sn2Mo-2Cr Alloy Solution Treated and Aged

Plate," F33615-72-C-1280, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, Apr 1973

A K Chakrabarti et al, "TMP Conditions-Microstructure-Mechanical Property Relationship in Ti-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7th Int.
Titanium Conf., San Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e
1992, to be published

G.W. Kuhlman, Beta Processed Ti-6-22-22S

Aging Studies, Alcoa Report, Mar 1992

L.J. Bartlo, H.B. Bomberger, and S.R. Seagle,

Deep Hardenable Titanium Alloy, AFML-TR73-122, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, May
1973

O.L. Deel, RE. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, J u n e 1975

714 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Physical Properties
Phases and
Structures

Elastic
Properties

Triplex heat treatment results in a coarse lamellar structure in a transformed matrix.

Cooling rates from the solution treatments must
be controlled within a given window to provide desired strengths.The retained contains a fine
acicular precipitate due to aging. Very fine, submicron-size suicides have been observed in this alloy.
Sheet can be used in the annealed or solution
treated and aged condition. An air cool from the solution treatment temperature provides adequate
heat treatment response. The annealed condition
consists basically of equiaxed with intergranular
(see figure). Material in the solution treated and
aged condition is very similar to t h a t of Ti-6A1-4V,
with equiaxed in a matrix. With solution treatments below about 850 C (1560 F), phase a t
temperature will be retained upon cooling (for
sheet gages with an air cool), which provides a
strength minimum in t h e solution treated condition. Solution treating at temperatures above this
results in increased amounts of martensite formation as t h e temperature is increased and higher
strengths.

Ti-6-22-22S: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity
Magnetic permeability(a)
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

960 1 5 C(1760 25F)

Not available
4.65 g/cm (0.164 lb/in. )
Not available
Nonmagnetic
Not available
Not available
9.2xl0-VC(5.1xl0-fyF)
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 25 C (68 to

78 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 425 C (800
F)

Ti-6-22-22S: Mill annealed microstructure

Young's Modulus. The high modulus reported by Battelle (see table) has never been explained and has not been duplicated. The F-22 program is now working with a modulus of 113.8 GPa
(16.5xl0 psi).
Poisson's ratio. 0.33
6

Ti-6-22-22S: Elastic properties of forgings

1.2 mm (0.050 in.) sheet annealed at 730 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 15 min, AC

Young's modulus
Conventionally processed
Beta processed (a)
Bulkmodulus
Shearmodulus
Poisson's ratio

122 1 0 MPa (17.7 x 1 0 ksi)

3

115 1 0 MPa (16.8 1 0 ksi)

1 1 7 x 1 0 M P a ( 1 7 . 0 x 10 ksi)
4 6 x l0i 'MPa(6J l O ^ s i )
0.33
3

(a) C o n v e n t i o n a l s u b t r a n s u s forging w i t h a triplex h e a t t r e a t m e n t

c o n s i s t i n g of treat/fan cool/ + treat/fan or a i r cool/and a g i n g

Ti-6-22-22S: Variation in Young's modulus

Test t e m p e r a t u r e
Room temperature(a)
Room temperature(b)
200
315
425

Transverse

Longitudinal
GPa

400(b)
600(b)
800(b)

110
123
110
107
99

10"psi
15.9
17.9
15.9
15.6
14.4

GPa
112
122
112
110
100

10 psi
b

16.2
17.8
16.2
16.0
14.6

(a) B e t a processed. F r o m G.W. K u h l m a n et al., "Characterization of Ti-6-22-22S: A H i g h - S t r e n g t h A l p h a - B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy for Fracture

Critical Applications," Proc. 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n Diego, T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1992, to be published, (b) F r o m "Mechanical-Property
D a t a : Ti-6Al-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Cr Alloy," A F M L , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Apr 1 9 7 3

Corrosion

Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Boeing has reported the stress-corrosion threshold for this alloy
to be about 55 MPaVnT (50 ksiVin.) in an aqueous

3.5% NaCI solution. Previous work (Battelle, Apr

1973) reported a value of 80% of the tensile yield
strength.

TJ-6-22-22-S/715

Tensile Properties

on processing history and on the solution treatment and aging temperature (although strength is
not very sensitive to aging temperature over a
fairly wide temperature range).

Because Ti-6-22-22S is an age-hardenable alloy, a range of tensile properties is attainable. The

alloy can be heat treated in sections u p to 75 to 100
m m (3 to 4 in.) thick. Tensile properties will depend

Ti-6-22-22S: Typical mechanical properties for - processed STA products

Product
Sheet(a)
Plate(b)
Billet(b)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1331
1204
1200

Tensile yield
strength

193
175
174

MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

1193
1131
1089

173
164
158

7.5
12.0
15.0

Reduction
of area,
%
35
41

Source: G A . B e l l a , R M I T i t a n i u m Co., 8 M a y 1 9 9 1 . (a) S u b t r a n s u s ( , , - 5 0 F) solution t r e a t m e n t w i t h 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) a g e , 8 h. (b) Suprat r a n s u s a n d s u b t r a n s u s treat p l u s aging

Ti-6-22-22S: Typical mechanical properties for -processed STA products

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Product
50 mm (2 in.) plate
100 mm (4 in.) plate
150 mm (6 in.) plate

1138
1103
1076

165
160
156

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1020
979
958

Elongation,
%

148
142
139

10
10
10

Reduction
of area,
%
17
15
15

Source: J.R. Wood, R M I T i t a n i u m Co., 15 A u g 1 9 9 1 . - 2 8 C ( 5 0 F) for 1 h, A C / 5 4 0 C (1000 F) a g e , 8 h, A C

Ti-6-22-22S: Typical mechanical properties for - processed mill annealed products

Product

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

MPa

Sheet
Plate

1103
1076

160
156

1034
1014

Elongation,

Reduction
ofarea,

ksi

150
147

10
13

Tensile yield
strength

28

Source: G.A. B e l l a , R M I T i t a n i u m Co., 8 M a y 1 9 9 1 . M i l l a n n e a l 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 2 h, A C

Plate and
Forgings

The F-22 program has established a minimum

tensile strength of1035 MPa (150 ksi), a n d it is felt
t h a t t h e strength should be controlled within t h e
range of 1070-1137 MPa (155 to 165 ksi) to meet
the minimum fracture toughness requirement.

This has resulted in a cooling rate window (see figure). The effect of slower cooling rates is a coarser
lamellar and lower strength. Oxygen content has
the expected influence on strength and toughness.

716 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Sheet

T1-6-22-22S: Determination of acceptable processing window

T i m e to 1/2 t e m p e r a t u r e , min
Beta p r o c e s s i n g i m p r o v e s fracture a n d c r a c k growth resistance,
a n d this s t u d y identified through-transus b e t a forging followed by STA a s t h e optimum T M P route.
B e t a - p r o c e s s e d plate - solution treated a n d a g e d a t 5 4 0 C (1000
F), 8 h. T i m e to 1/2 t e m p e r a t u r e refers to time from S T to 1/2 S T
temperature.
S o u r c e : H.R. P h e l p s a n d J.R. Wood, "Correlation of Mechanical
Properties a n d Microstructures of Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
Titanium Alloy," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

Ti-6-22-22S: Effect of oxygen content on tensile

strengths

Oxygen content, %
F o r g e d p a n c a k e s - forged + - solution a n n e a l e d + 540 C
(1000 F), 8 h, a g e d , AC.
S o u r c e : A.K. Chakrabarti et al., T M P Conditions-MicrostructureMechanical Property Relationship in Ti-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7th
Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to be published

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The solution treat temperature h a s a very

strong effect on the mechanical properties of Ti-622-22S (see figures). The yield strength rninimum
is associated with the retention of t h e maximum
amount of . The effect of superplastic forming
T1-6-22-22S: Strength and ductility v s solution treating temperature

Solution treating t e m p e r a t u r e , C
1.2 m m (0.050 in.) s h e e t solution treated 3 0 min, AC, n o aging.
S o u r c e : R.R. Boyer a n d A.E. Caddey, T h e P r o p e r t i e s of "-62Sn-2Zr-2Mc-2Cr Sheet," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

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temperature is similar to t h a t of solution treat

temperature, and superplastic formed parts can
be aged to higher strengths (see section on superplastic forming).

Ti-6-22-22-S/717

T1-6-22-22S: Effect of solution temperature on tensile properties

Solution treating t e m p e r a t u r e , F

Solution treating t e m p e r a t u r e , F

Solution treating t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

Solution treating t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(b)

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) thick s h e e t h e a t t r e a t e d a s indicated.

S o u r c e : R.C. Bliss, "Evaluation of Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-0.23Si Sheet," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e 1 9 9 2 , to b e
published

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Ti-6-22-22S: Yield strength v s aging temperature
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
1.2 m m (0.050 in.) s h e e t h e a t treated a s indicated.
S o u r c e : R.R. Boyer a n d A.E. C a d d e y , T h e P r o p e r t i e s of -62Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr Sheet," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

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718 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature Strength

Ti-6-22-22S: Effect of temperature on tensile, compressive, and shear properties

Room-temperature ratio of tensile strength and compressive and shear strength should be similar for different heat treatments and product forms.

Properties

RT

2 0 5 "C ( 4 0 0 F)

Temperature
3 1 5 "C ( 6 0 0 F )

4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

Tension
Ultimate tensile strength
]^ngimdinal,MPa(ksi)
Transverse, MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength
Longitadinal,MPa(ksi)
Transverse, MPa (ksi)
Elongation in 25 mm (1 in.)
Longitudinal, %
Transverse, %
Reduction of area
Longitudinal, %
Transverse, %
Young's modulus
Longitudinal, GPa (10 psi)
Transverse, GPa(10 psi)

1160(168.3)
1163(168.7)

1002(145.3)
1006(146.0)

958 (139.0)
963 (139.7)

910(132.0)
910(132.0)

1073(155.6)
1079(156.6)

799(116.0)
825(119.7)

737 (107.0)
749(108.7)

697(101.2)
717(104.0)

18.0
17.7

19.5
19.7

18.5
18.2

21.3
21.0

24.8
26.2

33.2
33.7

34.9
33.3

42.1
41.4

123(17.9)
122(17.8)

109(15.9)
111(16.2)

107 (15.6)
110(16.0)

99(14.4)
100(14.6)

1170(169.7)
1195(173.3)

884(128.3)
891 (129.3)

772(112.0)
793(115.0)

728 (105.7)
733 (106.3)

125(18.1)
127(18.5)

115 (16.7)
112(16.3)

109(15.8)
109(15.8)

100(14.6)
100(14.6)

Compression
Compressive yield strength
Longitudinal, MPa (ksi)
Transverse, MPa (ksi)
Compressive modulus
Longitudinal, GPa (10 psi)
Transverse, GPa (10 psi)
Ultimate shear strength
Longitudinal, MPa (ksi)
Transverse, MPa (ksi)
6

746 (108.3)
744 (108.0)

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 3 8 m m (1.5 in.) t h i c k p l a t e i n t h e STA condition h e a t t r e a t e d a t 9 5 0 C ( 1 7 4 0 F), 1 h , A C + 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 8 h.

Source: "Mechanical-Property D a t a : Ti-6Al-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Cr Alloy S o l u t i o n Treated a n d A g e d Plate," F 3 3 6 1 5 - 7 2 - C - 1 2 8 0 , Battelle Columb u s Laboratories, A p r 1973

Ti-6-22-22S: High-temperature tensile strength of

STA billet
100

200

Temperature, F
300 400 500
600

Ti-6-22-22S: High-temperature tensile strength

Temperature,

700

800

200

400

600

800

1000

1000

170
160

900r-

150
140

800

1 3 0 f>
w

120

800h

700h

110

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

100
90

600
10

120

230

340

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : G.A. Bella, RMI Titanium C o . , 8 M a y 1991

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450

600
500
240

360

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Forgings h e a t t r e a t e d a t , + 3 0 C (50 F), 3 0 min, FC + , - 40 C
(70 F), 1 h, AC + 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h.
S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman etal., "Characterization of Ti-6-22-22S: A
High-Strength Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy for Fracture Critical Applications," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, June
1992, to b e published

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Ti-6-22-22-S/719

High-Temperature Strength

Creep Strength/
Creep Rupture

The hmited creep data available on Ti-6-2222S are presented below. In general, t h e creep

properties a r e similar to those of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr6Mo and a r e superior to Ti-6A1-4V.

Ti-6-22-22S: Stress-rupture and creep properties for STA billet

Temperature
Property

2 0 5 C (400 F)

Stress to rupture
Stress, MPa (ksi)
Time,h
Creep
Stress, MPa (ksi)
Time,h
Creep, %

3 1 5 C (600 F)

425 C (800 F)

979(142)
100

910(132)
100

841(122)
100

841(122)
100
0.2

827(120)
100
0.2

572(83)
100
0.2

Source: O.L. D e e l , P . E . Ruff, a n d H . M i n d l i n , " E n g i n e e r i n g D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e S t r u c t u r a l M a t e r i a l s , " A F M L - T R - 7 5 - 9 7 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m bus Laboratories, J u n e 1975

Ti-6-22-22S: Creep properties of solution treated and aged forgings

Temperature
F

MPa

Stress
ksi

0.1%

Time, h
0.2%

Rupture

370
425
480

700
800
900

415
345
240

60
50
35

225
190
69

687
606
251

687
606
251

N o t e : F o r g i n g s w e r e p r o c e s s e d a t 3 0 C ( 5 0 F) a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e , 3 0 m i n , f a n cooled + 4 0 C ( 7 0 F) below t h e t r a n s u s , 1 h ,
A C + 540 C ( 1 0 0 0 F ) , 8 h . S o u r c e : G.W. K u h l m a n et al., " C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of T i - 6 - 2 2 - 2 2 S : H i g h - S t r e n g t h A l p h a - B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy for
F r a c t u r e C r i t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n s , " P r o c . 7 t h I n t . T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n D i e g o , T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1 9 9 2 , t o b e p u b l i s h e d

Ti-6-22-22S: Larson-Miller creep curves

Ti-6-22-22S: Creep of STA plate

100

1000

Ti-6-22-22S
(1150 MPa)
yield s t r e n g t h
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
STA

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)
H70

100

3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)
4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

10
26

27

28

29

P = 7(20 + logf)x10"

30
3

Larson-Miller c r e e p c u r v e s a t 0 . 2 % deformation for s p e c i m e n s h e a t

treated at 9 5 0 C ( 1 7 4 0 F, 1 h, A C + 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h.
Source: L J . BartJo, H.B. Bomberger, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , " D e e p Hard e n a t d e Titanium Alloy," AFML-TR-73-122, Battelle C o l u m b u s
Laboratories, M a y 1 9 7 3

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10

0.2% c r e e p
10'
Time, h

10

3 8 m m (1.5 in.)( thick plate; 9 5 0 C (1740 C), 1 h, A C + 5 4 0 C (1000

F),8h,AC.
S o u r c e : "Mechanical Property Data: Ti-6AI-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Cr Alloy
Solution T r e a t e d a n d A g e d Plate," F33615-72-C-1280, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, Apr 1 9 7 3

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720 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-6-22-22S: Creep and stress rupture of forged billet

10

10

CL

colour1.0% c r e e p

1.0% c r e e p

0.5% creep

0.5% creep

0.2% creep

0.2% creep

315

10

10

425 C (800 F)

C(600F)

10'

10

10

10

10

10

10

10'

10

Time, h

Time, h

(a)
(b)
Duplex a n n e a l e d ; test direction, long t r a n s v e r s e . S o u r c e : O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, a n d H. MincKin, "Engineering Data on N e w Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 5

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High- and Low-Cycle Fatigue

The axial fatigue data on duplex annealed (DA)

forged billet given below represent data generated
in the early 1970s during initial alloy development/characterization and should be repre-

sentative of - processed material. There is some

doubt about the 38 mm (1.5 in.) plate data. The
last two curves are representative of the -processed material being studied today.

Ti-6-22-22S: Transverse axial fatigue of STA plate

Fatigue

Temperature
2 0 5 C
(400 F )

RT

3 1 5 C
(600 F)

Unnotched, I? = 0.1
1 0 cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
3

1158(168)
930(135)
517(75)

1034(150)
848(123)
517(75)

924(134)
799(116)
517(75)

868(126)
413(60)
289(42)

703(102)
379(55)
255(37)

620(90)
344(50)
255(37)

Notched, At = 3.0, = 0.1

1 0 cycles, MPa (ksi)
1 0 cycles, MPa (ksi)
10 cycles, MPa (ksi)
3

N o t e : 38 mm (1.5 in.) plate, 950 C (1740 F), 1 h, AC + 540 C (1000 F) for 8 h. Source: "Mechanical-Property Data of Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo2Cr," AFML, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Apr 1973
DA

Forged
Billet

Ti-6-22-22S: Notched axial fatigue of DA forged billet

Th6-22-22S: Unnotched axial fatigue of DA forged billet

840

1260
RT

1120

S.

980

3 1 5 C (600 F)

740

1 4 0 jo

640

120

840
700

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)

CO

8
I

160

560
420
280
10

RT

100

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)

10

S e e a l s o a c c o m p a n y i n g t a b l e s o n next p a g e .

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- \

-J100
1

\ /

80 \

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)
3 1 5 C (600 F)

440

240

Unnotched transverse
ff=0.1,20
Hz

Lifetime, c y c l e s

540

= 0.1
/ = 3.0, 20 H z

RT

60

340

315C(600F)

10'

2
to

Notched transverse

RT
2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)
315C(600F)

.j

140
10

10'

10

10

10

10

Lifetime, c y c l e s

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10

TT-6-22-22-S/721

Ti-6-22-22S: Unnotched axial fatigue of DA forged billet (R= 0.1)

145
135
125
115
105
95
85
75
65

600 F

4 0 0 F

RT
ksi

cycles

ksi

cycles

ksi

52,730
37,730
159,300
303,270
392,790
429,580
4,527,700
2,268,600
10,003,500(a)

145
135
125
115
105
95
85

6,400
12,900
15,800
47,900
212,400
1,277,700
10,130,900(a)

135
125
115
105
95
95
75
70

cycles
(b)
15,400
14,700
218,300
836,600
1,912,100
9,789,300
13,808,600(a)

(a) D i d n o t fail, (b) F a i l e d o n loading. Source: O.L. D e e l , R E . Ruff, a n d H . M i n d l i n , "Engineering D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 5

Ti-6-22-22S: Notched axial fatigue of DA forged billet (f?= 0.1, K = 3.0)

x

RT
ksi
95
85
75
65
55
50
45
40
35

4 0 0 "F
cycles

600 F

ksi

3,600
8,600
11,400
23,400
89,100
89,900
153,200
5,069,900
ll,645,200(a)

cycles

85
75
65
55
47.5
45
40
35

ksi

3,700
6,850
14,700
33,300
141,200
417,400
237,000
17.270.800(a)

cycles

85
75
65
55
50
47.5
45

2,900
4,000
8,600
22,500
194,600
527,800
10,084,900(a)

(a) D i d n o t fail. Source: O.L. D e e l , P.E. Ruff, a n d H . Mindlin, " E n g i n e e r i n g D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-75-97,
B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 5

574 Plate

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue behavior of unnotched STA

plate

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue of notched STA plate

900

1300

- 180

120

1150
\
5

1000

CD

140 o
01

3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)

850

to

120

550

600

315C(600F)

450

300

ft =0.1

80

400
10

60
10*

10
Lifetime, c y c l e s
s

10

10'

3 8 m m (1.5 in.) thick plate h e a t treated at 9 5 0 C ( 1 7 4 0 F), 1 h, A C

+ 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 8 h, AC; t e s t direction, t r a n s v e r s e ; R=0.1.
S o u r c e : "Mechanical Property Data: Ti-6AI-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Cr Alloy
Solution Treated a n d A g e d Plate," F33615-72-C-1280, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Apr 1 9 7 3

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80

H60 g

100

700

1 0 0

2 0 5 C (400 F)
2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)

O)
in

to

750

160

RT

ff = 0.1, K, = 3.0

40

150
10

10

10
Lifetime, c y c l e s
s

10

10'

3 8 m m (1.5 in.) thick plate h e a t treated a t 9 5 0 C (1740 F), 1 h, AC

+ 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h, AC; t e s t direction, t r a n s v e r s e ; R=0.1; KJ =
3.0.
S o u r c e : "Mechanical Property Data: Ti-6AI-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Cr Alloy
Solution T r e a t e d a n d A g e d Plate," F 3 3 6 1 5 - 7 2 - C 1 2 8 0 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, Apr 1 9 7 3

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722 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Beta-Processed
Material

Ti-6-22-22S: Notched high-cycle fatigue

Ti-6-22-22S: Smooth high-cycle fatigue

1150

1000

a!
5

Ti-6AI-4V a n n e a l e d

Ti-6AI-4V a n n e a l e d

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a h e a t t r e a t e d

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a forged

,\

850

120

840

160

120

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a h e a t t r e a t e d

700

140

"

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a forged

100

560

80

55 4 2 0

60

280

40

ol

700

--"

100

5 5

550
80
400

60

10*

10

10

10'

10"

140
10

10"

10

10"

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure

C y c l e s to failure

Close-die forgings; p r o c e s s e d a s noted. R= 0 . 1 ; Kj = 1 . 0 , 3 0 Hz.

S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman et al., "Characterization of T1-6-22-22S: A
High-Strength Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy for F r a c t u r e Critical Applications," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e
1992, to b e published

Close-die forgings; p r o c e s s e d a s n o t e d . R=0.1, KJ = 3 . 0 , 3 0 Hz.

S o u r c e : "Characterization of T1-6-22-22S: A High-Strength AlphaBeta Titanium Alloy for Fracture Critical Applications," Proc. 7th Int.
Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

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Fatigue-Crack Propagation

The first figures represent early data on -

processed STA plate, whereas the remaining figures are for -processed material. The crack propagation rates of the latter are similar to t h a t of -annealed ELI Ti-6A1-4V. It is readily apparent t h a t
t h e rapid cooling rates, which refine the trans-

Billet

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate in forged

billet

a> 1 0 "

Ti-6AI-4V
fl=0.05,

5cycles/s

If : \
tl '

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn
fl = 0 . 1 , 1 0 c y c l e s / s

ul 10"
10

10'
S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor range,ksiVin.

150 m m (6 in.) d a m billet; 9 5 0 C (1740 F), 1 h, water q u e n c h e d + 5 4 0

C (1000 F), 8 h, AC; test direction, L-S; yield strength, 1083 M P a (157
ksi); R = 0.044; 2 5 Hz.
Source: L J . BarOo, H.B. Bomberger, a n d S.R. Seagle, "Deep Hardenabie Titanium Alloy," AFML-TR-73-122, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, May 1 9 7 3

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formed structure, detract from fatigue-crack

growth resistance. The effect of thermomechanical
processing is also illustrated. Basically, the data
indicate t h a t the lamellar - structure, i.e., processed material, provides the slowest crack
growth rates.

Ti-6-22-22-S/723

STA Plate

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue cracking in 3.5% NaCI of STA

plate

TI-6-22-22S: Fatigue cracking in air of STA plate

10''

10'

fl = 0 . 1 0 0
Frequency = 20.00 Hz

10

N o . of d a t a points = 7 3

10"

N o . of s p e c i m e n s = 1
2 10"

F r e q u e n c y = 1.00 Hz

N o . of s p e c i m e n s = 1

No. of s p e c i m e n s = 1

N o . of d a t a points = 101

No. of d a t a p o i n t s = 6 4
R=
10"

R = 0.100
F r e q u e n c y = 1.00 Hz

fl=0.100

-S 10

0.100

8*

F r e q u e n c y = 2 0 . 0 0 Hz
3J0"

No. of s p e c i m e n s = 1
No. of d a t a p o i n t s = 7 4

10

10
10

10"

10

10'

10

10'

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor r a n g e , ksiVin.

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor r a n g e , ksiVin.
16 m m (5/8 in.) thick plate; test direction, longitudinal transverse; environment, 2 0 C (70 F), 3 . 5 % NaCI; yield strength, 1 0 8 3 M P a (157 ksi);
specimen, 3.8 m m (0.15 in.) thick.
Source: Damage Tolerant Design Handbook, Part 2 , Metals a n d C e ramic Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, J a n 1975

16 m m (5/8 in.) thick plate; test direction, longrtudinal transverse; environment, 2 0 C (70 F), 9 5 % relative humidity; yield strength, 1083 MPa
(157 ksi); specimen, 3.8 m m (0.15 in.) thick.
Source: Damage Tolerant Design Handbook, Part 2, Metals and C e ramic Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, J a n 1975

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Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue cracking in 3.5% NaCI of STA
plate

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue cracking in 3.5% NaCI of STA

plate

_ 2

10"

R=

y i o >
c

10"

R=

S 10"%
c

,
If 10"
Q.

Q.
-S '

0.100

F r e q u e n c y = 1.00 H z
No. of d a t a p o i n t s = 9 5
S 10"

No. of s p e c i m e n s = 1
R = 0.100
F r e q u e n c y = 1.00 H z

S 10"

No. of s p e c i m e n s = 1

N o . of d a t a points = 1 0 7
N o . of s p e c i m e n s = 1

CD

"

0.100

F r e q u e n c y = 1.00 Hz

R = 0.100
Frequency = 20.00 Hz
N o . of s p e c i m e n s = 1
N o . of d a t a points = 1 1 0

<D

2J0

No. of d a t a p o i n t s = 1 3 2

10

10
10

10'

10

10

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor r a n g e , ksiVin.
16 m m (5/8 in.) thick plate; test direction, longitudinal transverse; environment, 2 0 C (70 F), 3 5 % NaCI; yield strength, 1 0 8 3 M P a (157 ksi);
specimen, 3.8 m m (0.15 in.) thick.
Source: Damage Tolerant Design Handbook Part 2, Metals a n d C e ramic Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, J a n 1 9 7 5

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10"

10

10'

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor r a n g e , ksiVin.
16 m m (5/8 in.) thick plate; test direction, longitudinal transverse; environment, 2 0 C (70 F), 3 . 5 % NaCI; yield strength, 1083 M P a (157 ksi);
specimen, 3.8 m m (0.15 in.) thick.
Source: Damage Tolerant Design Handbook, Part 2, Metals a n d Ceramic Information Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, J a n 1975

LIVE GRAPH
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724 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Beta-Processed
Condition

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate of forgings

10"

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate comparison

10"

Ti-6Ai-4V ELI b e t a a n n e a l e d

Ti-6-22-22 S T A

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a forged
10"

Ti-64

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a h e a t t r e a t e d (fan cool)

Ti-6-22-22S p F

Ti-6-22-22 b e t a h e a t treated(oil q u e n c h )

Ti-6-22-223
10

10"
10"

10

10
10

10'

10

AK, ksh/in.
Forged p a n c a k e s p r o c e s s e d a s indicated. f ? = 0 . 1 , 2 0 H z , lab air; Ti6AI-4V ELI, R= 0 . 0 1 .
S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman ef al., "Characterization of T1-6-22-22S: A
High-Strength Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy for Fracture Critical Applications," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e
1992, to b e published

F ? = 0 . 0 1 , 1 0 H z , lab air.
S o u r c e : A.K. Chakrabarti, R. Pishko, V.M. S a m p l e , a n d G.W. Kuhlm a n , "TMP Conditjons-Microstructure-Mechanical Property Relation in T1-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

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Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate v s applied

stress intensity of forgings
1 -

10
Stress-intensity range, MPaVm

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate of plate

10"

Specimen 1

Beta annealed

Specimen 2

Beta STA

Specimen 3

Duplex a n n e a l e d

10

Specimen 4

"

10"'

10
10

10"

10'
10

10
Stress-intensity range, MPaVm

Forged p a n c a k e s , triplex b e t a h e a t treated with varying cooling

rates.
S o u r c e : A.K. Chakrabarti, R. Pishko, V.M. S a m p l e , a n d G.W. Kuhlm a n , "TMP ConditJons-Microstructure-Mechanical Property Relation in T1-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

LIVE GRAPH
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10
AK, ksiVin.

10'

S p e c i m e n s w e r e - rolled 14 m m (0.58 in.) plate in three conditions: (1) a n n e a l e d at 3 5 C (65 F) a b o v e t h e transus, 1 h, AC;
(2) solution treated a n d a g e d a t 3 5 C (65 F) a b o v e the transus,
1 h, AC + 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 8 h; or (3) duplex h e a t treated by annealing + 3 0 C (50 F) below t h e t r a n s u s , 1 h, AC + 540 C (1000
F), 8 h. Beta a n n e a l e d : tensile strength, 9 3 0 M P a (135 ksi); K^, 100
MPaVnT (91 ksh/). Beta solution treated a n d aged: tensile
strength, 1 0 2 7 M P a (149 ksi); Kg, 81 MPaVrrT(74 ksh/inT). Duplex
a n n e a l e d : tensile strength, 1 0 3 4 M P a (150 ksi); /,, 71 MPaVnT(65
ksiVinT). R= 0 . 1 , lab air.
S o u r c e : H.R. P h e l p s a n d J.R. Wood, "Correlation of Mechanical
Properties a n d Microstructures of Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
Titanium Alloy," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

LIVE GRAPH
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T1-6-22-22-S/725

3.5%

Ti-6-22-22S: Fatigue crack growth rate comparison

in 3.5% NaCI

NaCI

10

20

30

AK, ksiVin.
40
50

60

70

~i

10"

80

10"

forged +

10"

forged + - S T A
- forged +

10"
10

20

30

40
50
AK, MPaVm

60

70

80

90

S p e c i m e n s w e r e - rolled 14 m m (0.58 in.) plate in t h r e e conditions: (1) a n n e a l e d at 3 5 C (65 F) a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s , 1 h, AC;

(2) solution treated a n d a g e d at 3 5 C (65 F) a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s ,
1 h, AC + 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 8 h; or (3) duplex h e a t t r e a t e d by annealing + 3 0 C (50 F) below t h e t r a n s u s , 1 h, AC + 5 4 0 C (1000
F), 8 h. S p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d in the L-T direction, R = 0 . 1 , 2 Hz.
S o u r c e : H.R. P h e l p s a n d J.R. Wood, "Correlation of Mechanical
Properties a n d Microstructures of Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si
Titanium Alloy," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego,
TMS/AIME, J u n e 1992, to b e published

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Fracture Properties

The fracture properties of Ti-6-22-22S , as for

other + titanium alloys, are quite dependent on
strength and microstructure. In general, the processed/- annealed and --;887 annealed conditions produce better toughness t h a n
conditions t h a t result in fine + microstructures.
The effects of thermomechanical processing and
oxygen content on fracture toughness are shown
below. Similar to the results for fatigue crack
propagation rates, the data show t h a t the trans-

formed structure provides the maximum fracture toughness. It also illustrates an unexplained
drop in fracture toughness as the aging temperature is increased. Similar behavior has been observed for plain-stress or mixed mode fracture
toughness in sheet, as shown below. It is speculated t h a t this drop in toughness is related to an ordering reaction in the alpha and/or silicide precipitation.

Ti-6-22-22S: Fracture toughness of sheet

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Aging temperature
C
"F

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Toughness
(K&pp)
MPaVm
ksiVin.

480

900

1275

185

1160

168

11.7

165

565

1050

1240

180

1170

170

11.2

109

150
99

675

1250

1140

165

1078

155

10.4

112

102

N o t e : Tensile properties a r e t h e a v e r a g e of six v a l u e s e a c h , a n d t o u g h n e s s v a l u e s are t h e a v e r a g e s of t w o t e s t s each. 1.2 m m (0.05 in.) s h e e t

w a s solution t r e a t e d a t 9 0 0 C for 3 0 m i n , a g e d 8 h. Source: R.R. B o y e r a n d A . E . Caddey, T h e Properties of Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr Sheet,"
Proc. 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n D i e g o , T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1 9 9 2 , to b e p u b l i s h e d

Ti-6-22-22S: Fracture toughness and impact toughness

Direction
Longitudinal
Transverse
L-T
T-L

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1160
1163
...
...

168.3
168.7
...
...

Elongation
i n 2 5 m m (1 in.),
%
18.0
17.7

Charpy V-notch
impact toughness
J
ft l b f
18.8
22.1

Fracture toughness
(file)
MPaVm
ksiVinT

13.9
16.3

...

...

...

96

88

...

...

...

102

93

3 8 m m (1.5 in.) thick plate, S T A condition. Source: A F M L , A p r 1973

726 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

TJ-6-22-22S: Typical fracture toughness of -processed STA products

Ultimate tensile
strength

Yield
strength

Product

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

50 m m (2 in.) plate
100 m m (4 i a ) plate
150 m m (6 in.) plate

1138
1103
1076

165
160
156

1020
979
958

148
147
139

Elongation,

Reduction

F r a c t u r e toughness

ofarea,

(JTlc)
MPaVnT

17
15
15

10
10
10

ksiV&7

85
89
98

77
81
89

S o u r c e : J . R . W o o d , R M I T i t a n i u m Co., 15 A u g 1991

Ti-6-22-22S: Fracture toughness of + processed STA products

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Product
50 m m (2 i a ) plate
150 m m (6 in.) billet

1207
1200

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

175
174

1131
1089

Elongation,

164
158

Reduction
ofarea,

F r a c t u r e toughness
UYlc)

MPaVm

ksiVinT

12
15

35
41

67
65

61
72

S o u r c e : J . R . Wood, R M I T i t a n i u m Co., 15 A u g 1991

Ti-6-22-22S: Effect of oxygen content on K\

1150

1100

-1050

1000h

950h

900
0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

O x y g e n content, %
Specimens were forged pancakes - forged + - solution treated
+ 540 C (1000 F), 8 h, aged, A C .
Source: A . K . Chakrabarti ef al., T M P Conditions-MicrostructureMechanical Property Relationship in Ti-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7th
Int. Titanium Conf., S a n Diego, T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1992, to b e published

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-6-22-22S: Typical m-values

Click here to view

Forming temperature,
1400
1 1

Plastic Deformation

Strain
Hardening

Flow Stress

1500
1

" ;

1600
1

1700

0.8|
2 10"

The m-values, indicators of the superplasticity

of material, from 790 to 925 C (1450 to 1700 F) a t
two strain rates are illustrated.
The flow stress over the temperature range of
790 to 925 C (1450 to 1700 F) over the range of
strain rates from 8 10~ to 2 IQ~* is illustrated.

0.6

J
>

\ 5x10

0.4

0.2

750

800

850

900

950

Forming temperature, C
Data are s h o w n for two different strain rates. 2.5 mm (0.10 in.)
sheet, as annealed, 75% total strain using a step-strain-rate tensile
test.
Source: R . C . Bliss, "Evaluation of Ti-6-22-22S Sheet," Proc. 7th Int.

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Ti-6-22-22-S/727

Ti-6-22-22S: Flow stress

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500
1600

1400
1

60

1700

'

2 x 1 or*

50

-7
6

o_ 4 0
5x10"*

co"

-5 8

30
to

4
8x10"

\ .

20

to

2
10

0
750

800

850
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

950

900

2.5 m m (0.10 in.) s h e e t , a s a n n e a l e d , step-strain-rate tensile t e s t s

u n d e r argon.
S o u r c e : RMI Titanium C o . , unpublished d a t a

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Stress-Strain
Curves

Ti-6-22-22S: Tensile stress-strain curves for STA

plate

0.000
4ool

0.002
1'

Click here to view

0.012
=1200
-

200

RT

\
150
/205

CO

0.010
1

1000

CO
CO

LIVE GRAPH

Strain, in./in.
0.004 0.006
0.008
1'
^1
1

1200

Ti-6-22-22S: Compressive stress-strain for STA

plate

(400 F)-

800
600 -

/ / /

400

3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F ) ;
4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

100 S
2

H50

200

LIVE GRAPH
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'
0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.000

0.012

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

Strain, m m / m m

Strain, m m / m m

Test direction, longitudinal.

S o u r c e : O . L Deel, R E . Ruff, a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle
C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 3

Test direction, longitudinal.

S o u r c e : O.L. Deel, R E . Ruff, a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle
C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 3

Ti-6-22-22S: Compressive stress-strain for STA

plate

Ti-6-22-22S: Tensile stress-strain curves for STA

plate
0.000
1400f

^- 2 0 0

1400
R

1200
X

1000

205C

0.002
I
'

Strain, in./in.
0.004
0.006
0.008 0.010
1
1
I
I
'
^
'
'
RT

2 0 0

1200
"

0.012
'

150

1000

/2m

(400 F)-

CO

800

1
\

600

3 1 5 c 1 0 0 $
2
35
425 C

400 200 -

LIVE GRAPH
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50
^

Transverse

600

3 1 5 C (600 F ) ;
4 2 5 C (800 F)

OT

400h
200

0
0.000

800

CO
CO

0
0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

Strain, m m / m m

Strain, m m / m m

Test direction, t r a n s v e r s e .
S o u r c e : O.L. Deel, R E . Ruff, a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle
C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 3

Test direction, t r a n s v e r s e .
S o u r c e : O.L. Deel, R E . Ruff, a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle
C o l u m b u s Laboratories, J u n e 1 9 7 3

LIVE GRAPH
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728 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Forging

Ti-6-22-22S is a high-strength, highly -stabilized, - alloy whose primary commercial application is aerospace and airframe structural and turbine engine components. The alloy can be
fabricated into all forging product types, although
closed die and precision forgings predominate. Ti6-22-22S is commercially fabricated on all types of
forging equipment at the process temperatures indicated (see table).
Ti-6-22-22S is a reasonably forgeable alloy
with comparable unit pressures (flow stresses),
forgeability, and crack sensitivity to the - alloy
Ti-6A1-4V. The final microstructure of Ti-6-22-22S
forgings is developed by thermomechanical processing in forging manufacture tailored to achieve
specific microstructural and mechanical property
objectives (see table). Thermomechanical proc-

esses for the alloy use combinations of conventional (subtransus) and/or (supra-transus) forging followed by subtransus and/or supra-transus
thermal treatments to fulfill critical mechanical
property criteria.
T1-6-22-22S: Recommended forging process temperatures
Process

Temperature

parameter
Metal temperature
Conventional forging
Betaforging(a)
Die temperatures

865-925
1590-1700
980-1015
1800-1860
See "Technical Note 4: Forging"

(a) B e t a t r a n s u s , 9 6 0 C ( 1 7 6 0 F)

Ti-6-22-22S: Forging TMP conditions and mechanical properties

Preform
forging
-
-

Finish
forging

Tensile yield
strength
M P a (ksi)

Ultimate tensile
strength
M P a (ksi)

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

F r a c t u r e toughness
(fie)
M P a V m (ksiVm7)

finish 28 C(50
F) above transus
50 (90 )
above transus

(-22 (40),11,
+ 540C(1000F),8h,AC

993(144)

1110(161)

11

21

90.4(82)

(-22 (40),11,
+ 540C(1000F),8h,AC

1000(145)

1117(162)

12

21

87.6(79)

- finish (25%)

-22(40),11,^:
+ 540C(1000 F),8h,AC
fy-22C(40F),lh,FAC
+ 540 C(1000F),8h,AC
p \ + 2 8 C (50 F), 1/2 h, FAC
+ 540C(1000F),8h,AC
(+28 C (50 F), 1/2 h, FAC
+
ft-50C(90F),lh,AC
+540 C(1000F),8h,AC

1034(150)

1124(163)

12

25

68.0(62)

1027(149)

1117(162)

12

25

58.4(53)

958 (140)

1110(161)

10

15

75.1(68)

972(141)

1096(159)

10

17

85.1(77)

preform

Heat
treatments

preform

- finish (50%)

- preform

- finish (50%)

- preform

- finish (50%)

N o t e : H e a t t r e a t m e n t s e q u e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e , t i m e , cooling m e t h o d . Source: A . K Chakrabarti, R. P i s h k o , V.M. S a m p l e , a n d G.W. K u h l m a n , "TMP Conditions-Microstructure-Mechanical Property R e l a t i o n i n Ti-6-22-22S Alloy," Proc. 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., S a n D i e g o , T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1992, to b e p u b l i s h e d

Thermomechanical
Processes

Conventional Forging. The objectives in

forging Ti-6-22-22S are to obtain the final forging
shape and desired final microstructure at the least
cost. Conventional, subtransus (a + ) forging
thermomechanical processes followed by triplex
heat treatment are the most widely used in commercial forging manufacture. To achieve conventional equiaxed structures in preparation for final heat treatment, subtransus reductions of at
least 50 to 75%, accumulated through one or more
forging steps, are required. Supra-transus forging for Ti-6-22-22S may be used in early operations
such as upsetting and preforming, to ease fabrication. However, higher temperature initial forging
operations must be followed by sufficient subtransus reduction to achieve the desired predominately equiaxed structure prior to heat treatment. Conventionally forged Ti-6-22-22S is then
subtransus solution treated, cooled, and aged, or
preferably, for optimum fracture-related properties, triplex heat treated as noted above.
Supra-transus forging thermomechanical
processes for Ti-6-22-22S are used for applications

to achieve transformed, Widmanstatten structure desired for improved toughness and fracturerelated properties. Successful forging thermomechanical processes for Ti-6-22-22S forgings
include controlled forgings followed by subtransus solution treatment and aging as noted above.
Beta forging the alloy may entail supra-transus
forging in all stages, but the preferred process is
subtransus reduction (e.g., 20 to 50%) in early forging (preform or blocker die) stages followed by a
controlled, single forging step, that achieves 30
to 50% reduction. Beta forging Ti-6-22-22S requires careful control of forging process conditions,
particularly preheat times at temperature, to
avoid excessive prior grain growth. Because of inherent variations in forging conditions, forged Ti6-22-22S may exhibit more final forging product
variation t h a n conventionally subtransus forged
and heat treated or conventionally subtransus
forged and triplex heat treated Ti-6-22-22S
forged product.
Hot d i e and/or isothermal forging techniques may be an important commercial method

Next Page
TJ-6-22-22-S/729

al, "Characterization of Ti-6-22-22S: A HighStrength Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy for Fracture

Critical Applications," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium
Conf., San Diego, TMS/AIME, J u n e 1991, to be
published) consisting of processing 30 to 40 C (50
to 75 F) above the transus temperature, followed by fan cooling plus 30 to 50 C (50 to 90 F)
below the transus, followed by air or fan cooling
and aging (stabilization) at 480 to 540 C (900 to
1000 F). Subtransus thermomechanical processes
(forging and thermal treatment) for Ti-6-22-22S
forgings achieve equiaxed (10 to 30%) in transformed matrix microstructures that enhances
strength, ductility, and low-cycle fatigue properties. Supra-transus thermomechanical processes
( forging followed by subtransus thermal treatments or subtransus forging followed by supratransus thermal treatments) achieve either transformed Widmanstatten microstructure ( forged,
subtransus heat treatment) or colony (subtransus forged, triplex heat treated) that enhances
creep and particularly fracture-related properties
such as fatigue crack growth resistance. The latter
thermomechanical process is preferred for current
large structural airframe forging applications due
to superior fatigue crack growth resistance and enhanced final forging product uniformity over
forging.

for fabrication of Ti-6-22-22S rotating turbine engine discs to reduce final component cost (from less
machining) and/or improve final component microstructural and property uniformity through improved control of forging process conditions. The
axisymmetric shapes and designs of such engine
components are well suited to these forging methods. Isothermal forging of Ti-6-22-22S discs frequently is accomplished in a single forging step
from bar or billet stock, under carefully controlled
supra- or subtransus metal and die temperatures,
levels of strain, and strain rate profiles. Hot die
forging, where die temperature approaches but is
not equivalent to metal temperature, also is used
to reduce unit pressures, enhance forgeability, and
produce more sophisticated final shapes in fewer
forging operations.
Final thermal t r e a t m e n t s for Ti-6-22-22S
forgings include two- or three-step practices of single or two-step (duplex) solution treatments followed by controlled cooling and aging (stabilizing).
Subtransus thermal treatments, used in combination with conventional and/or forging processes,
are done at 30 C (50 F) below the transus temperature, followed by air or fan cooling. Aging (stabilization) is at 480 to 540 C (900 to 1000 F). For
conventional subtransus forgings, a triplex heat
treatment has been developed (G.W. Kuhlman et

Other Fabrication Methods

Rolling. The rolling schedule for Ti-6-22-22S

is very much like that for Ti-6A1-4V. Sheet is rolled
below the t r a n s u s and has a very small grain
size.
F o r m i n g is similar to Ti-6A1-4V with slightly
higher pressure required for hot forming due to
higher strength of Ti-6-22-22S. Superplastic formSuperplastic
Forming

ing is similar to Ti-6A1-4V with same pressure and

strain rates.
Machining characteristics are very similar to
those of Ti-6A1-4V, and preliminary investigations
indicate that Ti-6-22-22S may machine slightly
easier t h a n Ti-6A1-4V.

Ti-6-22-22S: Effect of post superplastic forming aging on 1.2 mm (0.05 in.) sheet
Aging

Ultimate tensile

Tensile yield

temperature

strength

strength

Elongation,

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

950
1000
1045

1247
1197
1216
1024

180
173
176
148

1110
1069
1111
949

160
155
161
137

11.0
9.2
10.0
10.0

950
1045

1349
1431
1236

195
207
179

1271
1282
1051

184
186
152

7.5
6.0
8.0

F o r m e d a t 800 C (1470 F)
510
540
565
No age
F o r m e d a t 885 C (1620 F)
510
565
N o age

N o t e : A g i n g t i m e w a s 8 h. Source: R.R. B o y e r a n d A . E . C a d d e y , T h e Properties o f Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr Sheet," Proc. 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m

Conf., S a n D i e g o , T M S / A I M E , J u n e 1 9 9 2 , to b e p u b l i s h e d

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1V/733

I-4-3-1V
Ti-431

4Al-3Mo-lV may be used in the annealed, solution

treated, or solution treated plus aged conditions.

This alpha-beta alloy is considered a sheet alloy t h a t was also available in plate thicknesses. Ti-

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1 V: Summary of typical physical properties

4.5 g/cm (0.163 lb/in. )
117GPa(17xl0 psi)
Nonmagnetic

Density(a)
Modulus of elasticity (aged)
Magnetic permeability

(a) Typical v a l u e s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 20 to 2 5 C (68 to

7 8 F). S e e also Alloy D i g e s t , Ti-26

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1V: Minimum mechanical properties

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Condition
Solution treated
STA
Annealed

895
1100
860

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

130
160
125

1275
860

Elongation
i n 50 m m (2 in.),

Bend
radius

3.5-4.0

10
3-5
10

185
125

3.5-4.07

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1 V: Creep strength of aged sheet

Temperature
C

op

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) gage

315

600

425

800

2.3 m m (0.090 in.) gage

315

600

425

800

MPa

ksi

200
200
200
200

689
551
448
241

100
80
65
35

0.18
0.09
0.50
0.15

200
200
200
200

689
551
448
241

100
80
65
35

0.22
0.12
0.75
0.17

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1 V: Tensile strength of aged sheet

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

Creep
deformation,

lime,
h

Stress

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1 V: Bearing and shear of aged sheet

1000

Temperature, F
400
600

800

1000

100

100

100

200
300
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

500

LIVE GRAPH
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600

200

300

400

Temperature, C

LIVE GRAPH
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500

734 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-4AI-3Mo-1 V: Axial fatigue

1200
Unnotched
cl

140

1000
-

r,

800

600

Notched, K = 3 . 5
L-T

120

Transverse
400

Longitudinal

100
^0

^60

H40
200
10'

10

10
10
F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

10'

10

Notched a n d u n n o t c h e d tension-tension fatigue properties of Ti4AI-3Mo-1 V s h e e t , solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d . R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e

ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h s w e r e 1 3 4 0 a n d 1 3 5 0 M P a (194 a n d 1 9 6
ksi) in t h e longitudinal a n d t r a n s v e r s e directions, respectively. Yield
strengths (0.2%) w e r e 1117 a n d 1170 M P a (162 a n d 1 7 0 ksi), respectively, a n d elongation w a s 6 a n d 5 % , respectively. R= 0.4.

LIVE GRAPH
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-5-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo / 735

-5-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo
I Ti-155A
Also known as Ti-155A, this alloy was dropped
from production.

Ti-5AI-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo: Summary of typical physical

properties
Beta transus
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
Shear modulus

985 to 1007 C
10.3 x 10-<V C

(1805 to 1845 F)
(5.71 xl0-<VF)

114 GPa
0.327
42.9 GPa

(16.5 x l O psi)

(6.22 x l O p s i )
6

-5-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo: Typical tensile properties

Condition
Mill annealed
880 C (1625 F), 1 h, WQ + 540 C
(1000 F), 8 h, AC

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1020
1172

148
170

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1061
1227

154
178

Elongation,
%
14
11

Reduction
of area,
%
42
40

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe/737

I Ti-5AI-2.5Fe
Trade Name: Tikrutan LT 35
DIN 3.7110
Prof. Dr. Jurgen Breme

Materials used for permanent implants in the

human body m u s t exhibit corrosion resistance,
biocompatibility, amenability to osseointegration,
and biofunctionality (a high ratio of fatigue
strength to Young's modulus). These requirements
are met by Ti-5Al-2.5Fe, which does not contain
Chemistry/
Density

any toxic or allergenic constituents or decomposition products. Potential applications for this alloy
include total hip endoprostheses, knee joints, spinal implants, dental implants, and all types of
joint prostheses, as well as bone nails, screws, and
plates.

4.45 g/cm (0.160 lb/in. )

3

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Chemical composition of annealed sheet or bar

Minimum
Maximum

Al

Fe

C o m p o s i t i o n , wt.%

3.0
5.0

2.0
3.0

0.2

0.05

0.015

C
0.08

Source: T i t a n i u m T i k r u t a n C a t a l o g u e , D e u t s c h e Titan, 1 9 9 1

Product

Forms

Product
Condition
and
Microstructure

The formability of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe is poor at room

temperature. Good formability (even superplastic
deformation) is achieved in the + phase field at
850 to 950 C (1560 to 1740 F), as well as good formability in the phase field at temperatures above
950 C (1740 F).
Weldability. Like other titanium alloys, Ti5Al-2.5Fe can be welded, but preferably by the
more sophisticated methods such as gas tungstenarc and electron beam welding. Other precautionary procedures such as preheating, postheating,
control of interpass temperature, and control of environmental conditions should be used.
Machinability. Ti-5Al-2.5Fe is readily machinable, but only under well-controlled conditions in terms of requirements for rigid machine
tools, tool materials, tool geometry, and specially

prepared cutting fluids. Like other titanium alloys, reduced rates of speed, feed, and depth of cut
should be used.
Wrought Forms. Hot rolled strip, sheet, or
plate can be manufactured upon request. Hot
rolled, extruded, or drawn round bar is available,
as well as square and flat bar with a maximum
cross-sectional width-to-thickness ratio of 5:1.
Castability. Ti-5Al-2.5Fe exhibits similar behavior to other + alloys.
Cast Forms. Cast implant devices, such as
sockets of hip prosthesis, are readily produced
from Ti-5A1-2.5V.
Special Products. Special implant devices
t h a t are porous sintered to facilitate tissue ingrowth, e.g., heart pacemaker electrodes and dental implants, are manufactured upon request.

Deformation in the + phase field and annealing at 850 C (1560 F) produces a fine-grained

+ microstructure. Age hardening is also possible.

Phases and Structures

Crystal

Structure

Beta Transus. The + t r a n s u s is 950 C

(1740 F) for an alloy composition of 5.15 wt.% Al,

2.45 wt.% Fe, 0.14 wt.% 0, 0.09 wt.% N, 0.01 wt.%

Si, and 0.025 wt.% H.

738 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Al and Fe contents of and phases

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Effect of temperature on and volume fraction

1400
120

1500
I

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1600
1700
1800
I

(+)/

1300
20

1900
'

15
80

O^

60

ill 1 0

ce
a

<

/(+) t r a n s u s

Al (

Fe

0
850

CO

40
20

"D

<C T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e

1800

1700

^ ^ ( )

750

100

"D
C

Temperature, F
1500
1600
1
1
1
1

1400

950

F e ()
800

1050

Composition: 4 . 8 Al wt.%, 2.2 F e wt.%, a n d 0.12 wt.% O.

U. Zwicker, J . B r e m e , a n d K. Nigge, Optimizing of t h e Microstructure of t h e Implant Alloy TiAI5Fe2.5 by Microprobe Analysis, Microchim. Acta Suppl., Vol 1 1 , 1 9 8 5 , 333-341

1000

900

Temperature, C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Alloy composition: 4.8 wt.% Al, 2.2 wt.% F e , a n d 0.12 wt.% O.

U. Zwicker, J. B r e m e , a n d K. Nigge, Optimizing of the Microstruct u r e of t h e Implant Alloy Ti AI5Fe2.5 by Microprobe Analysis,
chim. Acta Suppl., Vol 1 1 , 1 9 8 5 , 333-341

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Click here to view

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: 5 wt.% Al section in the Ti-AI-Fe system

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: T T T diagram

1000

2000

1800

/( + )

1800

1600
u.

1 6 0 0
1400

+ +

o"

1200
T i F e starts
1000

A1200
+ eta + T i F e
1000

i800

25

M.A. Volkava a n d J . J . Komilov, Inst. Metall. Akad. Nauk

1973, 7 7 - 8 0

S.S.R.,

LIVE GRAPH
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10
Time, min

10'

10

J . B r e m e a n d W. S c h a d e , P h a s e Transformation in TiAI5Fe2.5 Alloy, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 3 , G. Lutjering, U.

Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde,
e.V., 1 9 8 5 , 1 4 8 7 - 1 4 9 4

LIVE GRAPH

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Physical Properties

Elastic constants

Young's m o d u l u s in tension for Ti-5Al-2.5Fe

sheet rolled at 850 C (1560 F) is 105 to 120 GPa

(15 to 17 1 0 psi).

Electrical
Properties

D i e l e c t r i c Constants: r = 25 and i = 122

(Source: H.P. Thummler and R. Thull, Surface
Properties of Titanium and Its AlloysMechanical and Electrochemical Investigation, in Tlta-

nium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering,

U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., 1985, 1335-1342)

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe/739

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Current density-potential curves in

NaCI solution

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Effects of aging on electrical conductivity

1.6
1.2

^
w

r
.2
c

0-8

0.0

<d

pH2

0.4

-0.4

pH7

-0.8
1

LIVE GRAPH

10

-9

10

Click here to view

-8

-7

-6

-3

-5

C u r r e n t d e n s i t y , log (A/cm )
2

T i m e , min

Isothermally a g e d after annealing 1 0 min a t 1 0 0 0 C ( 1 8 3 0 F), a n d

water quenching.
J. B r e m e a n d W. S c h a d e , P h a s e Transformation in TiAI5Fe2.5 Alloy, in Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 3 , G. Lutjering, U.
Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde,
e.V, 1985, 1487-1494

Buffered to pH 2 by HCI-citrate.
J. Geis-Gerstorfer et al., Elektrochemische U n t e r s u c h u n g e n z u m
E i n f l u B d e s p H - W e r t e s a u f die Korrosionsbestandigkeitvon Implantatlegierungen, ZahnarzO. Implantalogie, Vol 4 , 1 9 8 8 , 31 -36

LIVE GRAPH
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Electrochemical
Properties

Thermal
Properties

Current d e n s i t y is 7.8 uA/cm in 0.9 NaCI

and 3.7 /cm in albumin (protein) solution (5 g
per 100 mL) (Source: H.P. Thummler and R. Thull,
Surface Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys
Mechanical and Electromechanical Investigation

in Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., 1985, 13351342)

Thermal Coefficient of Expansion. At 200

to 1000 C (390 to 1830 F), 11.9 10" /Kis an average value for the coefficient of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe.
(Source: J. Breme, V. Wadewitz, and K. Burger,

Verbund Titanlegierung/Al 03 fur Dentale Implantate, Entwicklung Geeigneter Legierungen,

Verbundwerkstoffe 1988, Deutsche Gesellschaft
fur Metallkunde, 1988, 123-132)

Mechanical Properties
Ti-5AI-2.5Fe Effects of aging on hardness

Hardness

Tensile

Properties

After undergoing deformation at 850 C (1560

F), Ti-5Al-2.5Fe has a typical Vickers hardness of
320 to 340 HV.
Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tensile properties of centrifugally cast
specimens
Ultimate

Tensile
yield

tensile

s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
820

strength

ksi

MPa

ksi

120

900

130

Elongation
at fracture,'

Reduction
of area, ,
c

and

J.

Breme,

Evaluation

18

of

Centrifugally

TiA15Fe2.5 Alloy for I m p l a n t M a t e r i a l , i n Titanium,

Technology,

10'

T i m e , min

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s h a d 1 4 . 5 m m (0.57 i n . ) d i a m e t e r . S o u r c e : U .
Zwicker

10

Science

Cast
and

Vol 1, G. L u t j e r i n g , U . Z w i c k e r , a n d W. B u n k , E d . ,

D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t f u r M e t a l l k u n d e , e.V. 1 9 8 5 , 1 7 1 - 1 7 8

Isothermally a g e d after a n n e a l i n g 1 0 min at 1 0 0 0 C (1830 F), a n d

water quenching.
J. B r e m e a n d W. S c h a d e , P h a s e Transformation in 71AI5Fe2.5 Alloy, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 3 , G. Lutjering, U.
Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde,
e.V., 1 9 8 5

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

740 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tensile properties of annealed sheet at room temperature

Tensile yield

Minimum tensile

Minimum elongation

M i n i m u m reduction

strength

strength

at fracture,

of area,

Thickness
mm

MPa

ksi

MPa

0.2to2
2to6
<80

780
780
780

115
115
115

860
860
860

125
125
125

8
10
10

25

<160

780

115

860

125

20

Source: T i t a n i u m T i k r u t a n C a t a l o g u e , Deutsche Titan, 1991

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tensile properties of aged bar at room temperature

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

Heat treatment
10 min at 1000 C (1830 F)/WQ
10 min at 1000 C (1830 F)/AVQ
+ 65hat600C(1110F)
10 min at 1000 C (1830 F)/ W Q +
+ 65hat700C(1290F)
lhat900C(1650F)/WQ
+ 2hat700 C(1650F)
o

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
at fracture,

Reduction
of area,

1173

170

1314

190

1035

150

1079

156

11.7

955

140

1018

145

14

21

920

135

1050

152

15.5

38

S o u r c e : U . Z w i c k e r , M e t a l l k u n d l i c h e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n a n d e r I m p l a n t a t l e g i e r u n g T i 5 A l F e 2 . 5 , Z. Metallkunde,

Vol 7 7 , 1 9 8 6 , 714-720

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Effect of rolling temperature on tensile properties

Rolling
temperature
C

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

850
800
600

1560
1470
1110

853
820
1103

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

123
119
160

1006
1035
1273

Elongation
at fracture,
%

Reduction
o f area,
%

16
17.5
8

42
43
22

146
150
184

S o u r c e : U . Z w i c k e r , M e t a l l k u n d l i c h e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n a n d e r I m p l a n t a t l e g i e r u n g T i 5 A l F e 2 . 5 , Z. Metallkunde,Vol

77,1986,

714-720

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Effect of orientation on tensile properties of sheet rolled at 850 C (1560 F)

Position of the
sample with
respect to the
rolling direction
Parallel
45
Perpendicular

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
784
876
926

113
127
134

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
967
913
1015

140
132
147

Elongation
at fracture,
%
13
12
12.5

Reduction
of area,
%
35
30
32.5

Young's
modulus
GPa
10 psi
6

109
116
124

15.8
16.8
17.9

S o u r c e : U . Z w i c k e r a n d J . B r e m e , I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e F r i c t i o n B e h a v i o r of O x i d i z e d Ti-A15Fe2.5 S u r f a c e L a y e r s of I m p l a n t Material, J.
Less-Common

Met., Vol 1 0 0 , 1 9 8 4 , 3 7 1 - 3 7 5

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe/741

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tensile strengths at elevated temperatures

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: RT mechanical properties

Temperature, F
100

200

300

400

500

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
700

800

900

1100

1200

1300

1400
~i

1000

1500
r

Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h

40

900
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

30

800
Elongation

20

700

LIVE GRAPH

600

Click here to view

200

300

10

550

650

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

850

750

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

LIVE GRAPH

Click here
Effect of a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e on RT properties.
S o u r c e : Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, 1 9 8 5 , 13931400

Private communication, D e u t s c h e Titan

Fatigue and Fracture Properties

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tension-tension fatigue of bar (R = 0.1)

Fatigue strength
Stress concentration
Condition

(>10

f a c t o r (Kt)

MPa

1.0
3.6
1.0
1.0
3.6

725
300
425
450
300

Annealed
lh at 900 C (1650 FVWQ + 2 h at 700 C (1290 F)
Cast (centrifugally)
Cast, hot
isostatically pressed

cycles)
105
43.5
61.6
65.2
43.5

Source: K H . B o r o w y a n d K . H . K r a m e r , O n t h e P r o p e r t i e s of a N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy (Ti-A15Fe2.5) a s I m p l a n t Material, Titanium,

Science
and Technology, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U . Zwicker, a n d W. B u n k , E d . , D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur M e t a l l k u n d e , e.V., 1985, 1 3 8 1 - 1 3 8 6

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: High-cycle fatigue of forged and cast

material
850

Forged (annealed), 985 MPa UTS

120

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: High-cycle notched fatigue

500

70
Forged (annealed)

450
110

750

60

400

C a s t (hot isostatic p r e s s e d )

100
650

350
C a s t (hot i s o s t a t i c p r e s s e d )
880 MPa UTS
Smooth specimen
A? = 0 . 1 , 1 4 0 H ,

40

/ = 3.6

250

fl=0.1,140

70

450

hL

200
10

10

Notched specimen

300 80

550

10

50

90

10

10

T)30
4

10

10

10

Cycles

Cycles

Tensile yield s t r e n g t h s of 9 0 0 M P a (130 ksi) for a n n e a l e d forging

a n d 8 2 0 M P a (119 ksi) forHIP casting.
K.H. Borowy a n d K.H. Kramer, O n t h e Properties of a N e w Titanium
Alloy (TiAI5Fe2.5) a s Implant Material, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e
Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., 1 9 8 5 , 1381-1386; a n d private
communication, D e u t s c h e Titan

A n n e a l e d forgings with ultimate tensile strength of 9 8 5 M P a (143

ksi) a n d a yield strength of 9 0 0 M P a (130 ksi). HIP casting h a d ultim a t e tensile strength of 8 8 0 M P a ( 1 2 7 ksi) a n d a yield strength of
8 2 0 M P a (119 ksi).
S o u r c e : K.H. Borowy a n d K.H. Kramer, O n t h e Properties of a N e w
Titanium Alloy (Ti-AI5Fe2.5) a s Implant Material, Titanium, S c i e n c e
a n d Technology, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed.,
D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., 1 9 8 5 , 1381 - 1 3 8 6

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LIVE GRAPH
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to view

742 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Rotating bending fatigue strength

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Rotating fatigue strength

H100

750
700

650

600h

100

H90

80

550
CO

Smooth specimen
500

Nap-structured specimen
70

450
10

10

Smooth specimens; annealed;

R=-1.
K.H. Borowy a n d K.H. Kramer, On t h e Properties of a N e w Titanium
Alloy (TiAI5Fe2.5) a s Implant Material, Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2 , G . Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e
Gesellschaftfur Metallkunde, e.V, 1 9 8 5 , 1 3 8 1 - 1 3 8 6 ; a n d private
communication, D e u t s c h e Titan

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Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Rotating fatigue in 0.9% NaCI

700

. 6 0 0 h

Rotating fatigue test

( 6 . 7 4 m m , or 0.26 in. d i a m )
Smooth samples
\

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Tension-tension fatigue in 0.9% NaCI

100

900
Smooth samples
800

H90

700

H80
. 5 0 0

H70

H60
Notched samples

K, = 3 . 3
400H50
300

300
10

10

10

NAP-structured s p e c i m e n s h a v e hemispherical cavities on the surface.

M. Merget a n d F. Aldinger, Influence of Technological Parameters
o n t h e Fatigue Strength of Ti5AI2.5FeA New Material for Endop r o s t h e s e s , Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering,
U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V, 1 9 8 5 , 1393-1400

LIVE GRAPH

Corrosion
Fatigue

10
Cycles

Cycles

10

10

10

10

Cycles
U. Zwicker et al., Mechanical Properties a n d T i s s u e R e a c t i o n s of a
Titanium Alloy for Implant Material, Titanium '80, Science and Technology, H. Kimura a n d O. Izumi, Ed., T h e Metallurgical S o c i e t y of
AIME, 1 9 8 0 , 5 0 5 - 5 1 4

LIVE GRAPH
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10

Notched samples,
K,= 3.3

Axial fatigue
( 3 . 5 7 m m , or 0.14 in. diam)
10

10"
Cycles

10

10

U. Zwicker et al., Mechanical Properties a n d T i s s u e Reactions of a

Titanium Alloy for Implant Material, Titanium '80, Science and Technology, H. Kimura a n d O. Izumi, Ed., T h e Metallurgical Society of
AIME, 1 9 8 0 , 5 0 5 - 5 1 4

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-5AI-2.5Fe/743

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Wohler curve of hip prostheses

1000

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Load c y c l e s , / 1 0
T e s t s in 0 . 9 % NaCI at 3 9 C (102 F) u n d e r service conditions,
s t e p p e d shaft p r o s t h e s i s with l a c u n a e (notch effect).
Forged Ti-5AI-2.5Fe with ultimate tensile strength of 9 9 0 M P a (145
ksi) a n d a tensile yield strength of 9 0 0 M P a (130 ksi).
J . B r e m e a n d G. Heimke, Corrosion Fatigue Test of TiAI5Fe2.5 Hip
Implant U n d e r High S t r e s s e s , 77tan/um, Science and Technology,
Vo\2, 1 9 8 5 , 1 3 5 1 - 1 3 5 7
6

LIVE GRAPH
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Toughness

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Fracture toughness

F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s (K"lc)
Condition

MPaVm

^
ksiVin.

38
56

34.5
51

Annealed
lhai900C(1650 F)WQ + 2hat700C(1290F)
o

S o u r c e : K . H . B o r o w y a n d R H . K r a m e r , O n t h e P r o p e r t i e s of a N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy (Ti-A15Fe2.5) a s I m p l a n t M a t e r i a l , Titanium,

and Technology,

Science

Vol 2 , G. L u t j e r i n g , U . Z w i c k e r , a n d W. B u n k , E d . , D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t fur M e t a l l k u n d e , e.V, 1 9 8 5 , 1 3 8 1 - 1 3 8 6

Plastic Deformation
Extrusion. Ti-5Al-2.5Fe exhibits better extrudability compared to Ti-6A1-4V in the + and

the phase fields due to lower flow stresses,

Forging. Ti-5Al-2.5Fe exhibits forgeability

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Flow stress at 700 and 850 C

0.00
160
140

0.50

Strain rate, in./min

1.00

2.00

1.50

- 5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F)

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe
T e s t e d a t 7 0 0 C

6 0 0 C (1110 F)

H20

- 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F)
120

7 0 0 C ( 1 2 9 0 F)
7 5 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 F)

S w a g e d at 6 0 0 C

8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 0 F)

o- 1 0 0
5

80

I
60I

H15

T i - 6 A I - 4 V at 850 C
S w a g e d at 7 5 0 C

4 0 20

H5
S w a g e d a t 8 0 0 C
S w a g e d a t 6 5 0 C
S w a g e d a t 6 0 0 C

0
0.00

-Ho

0.50

1.00
Strain r a t e , mm/miin

1.50

Effects of swaging t e m p e r a t u r e a n d strain rate.

U. Zwicker et al., Investigation on t h e Superplastic Behavior of T1AI6V4 a n d T i A I 5 F e 2 . 5 (Rod Material), Advanced
ger, 1 9 8 7 , 3 6 3 - 3 7 2

LIVE GRAPH
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2.00

Technology of Plasticity, Sprin-

744 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

compared to Ti-6A1-4V in the + and the phase

fields due to lower flow stresses.
Forming. This alloy exhibits better formability compared to Ti-6A1-4V in the + and the
phase fields due to lower flow stress.

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Stress strain curves of porous sintered specimens

'

Bulk
materal

/
/

Click here to view

0.00

-1

Sintered 4 5 h
a t 1 0 5 0 "C

.^^

_r

Ho.
/ 8
-c

Sintered 20 h
a t 1050

^\^^^

Bone _

'

LIVE GRAPH

/
/

Sintered 6 5 h
at 1 0 5 0 ^

Bone cement

0.01

0.02

,
0.03

Strain, %
Effects of sintering p a r a m e t e r s o n bulk Ti-5AI-2.5Fe, bone, and
b o n e cement.
U. Zwicker, Metallkundliche U n t e r s u c h u n g e n a n der Implantatlegierung Ti5AIFe2.5, Z. Metallkunde, Vol 7 7 , 1 9 8 6 , 714-720

Hot

Ductility

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Superplastic behavior at 850 C

Strain r a t e , in./min
0.00
17001

0.25

0.75

0.50

1.00

1.50

1.25

1.75

Swaging t e m p e r a t u r e
1500

7 0 0 C ( 1 2 9 0 F)
6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F )
6 0 0 C ( 1 1 1 0 F)

' T e s t e d at 8 5 0 C

1300

- 5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F)

nom

900

700

500
0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75
1.00
Strain r a t e , mm/min

1.25

U. Zwicker era/., Investigation o n t h e Superplastic Behavior of TiAI6V4 a n d TiAI5Fe2.5 (Rod Material), Advanced
ger, 1987, 3 6 3 - 3 7 2 . Hot rolled a t 8 0 0 C a n d s w a g e d a s indicated. Test a t 7 0 0 C s h o w n for comparison

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Swaging temperature v s ductility

Click here to view

Swaging temperature, F
1000

1100

1200

1300

1600
1500
Testing temperature
8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F)

1400
5

ts
2 1300
<3

1200

CO
>

11100

Strain rate
(0.03 I n V m l n )

UJ

1000
900|_
500

550

600

650

700

750

S w a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : U. Zwicker et al., Investigation o n t h e Superplastic Behavior
of T1AI6V4 a n d TiAI5Fe2.5 ( R o d Material), Advanced Technology of
Plasticity, Springer, 1987, 3 6 3 - 3 7 2

LIVE GRAPH
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1.50
Technology

1.75

of Plasticity, Sprin-

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe/745

Net Shaping

Casting. Castability of Ti-5Al-2.5Fe is similar

to other alloys. Titanium investment casting is
possible with t h e use of special molding materials
t h a t exhibit a limited reaction with the molten material, such as graphite artificial resin, thermodynamic stable oxides or oxide binders (Th02, Y 2 O 3 ,
CaO), and high-melting metals/oxide binders
(tungsten and molybdenum). Centrifugal casting

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Effects of porosity produced by cold

compression

is possible with permanent molds of copper, which

do not react due to a high heat conductivity.
P o w d e r Metallurgy. A special application of
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe is t h e porous sintering of implant devices. Due to sufficient pore size (>50um), securing
of the implants is provided by tissue ingrowth. Examples for such devices are heart pacemaker electrodes and dental implants.

Ti-5AI2.5Fe: Effect of sintering time at 1100 C

(2010 F)

90

900
Compression strength

800

800h

70

600

0.
60

CO

to

JZ

600

5 0 -o

400

40

300

30

400

200

20

300

15

20

25

H80

700h

500

10

Young's modulus

700

Young's modulus

90

900

80

500

70'

Compression strength

60
10

10

Porosity, %

Sintering t i m e , h a t 1 1 0 0 C ( 2 0 1 0 F)

HDH p o w d e r (90 to 2 0 0 u m ) sintered 6 0 min at 1100 C ( 2 0 1 0 F).

J . B r e m e ef al., OptJmierung d e r m e c h a n i s c h e n E g e n s c h a f t e n
p o r o s e r Sinterkorper a u s d e r ImplantatJegierung TiAI5Fe2.5 mit
d e m Ziel d e r Herstellung von Zahnimplantaten, Z. Zahnorzti. Implantologje, Vol 3 , 1 9 8 7 , 41 - 4 6

R E P p o w d e r ( 3 0 0 t o 4 5 0 ).
J. B r e m e et al., Optimierung d e r m e c h a n i s c h e n E g e n s c h a f t e n
p o r o s e r Sinterkorper a u s d e r Implantatiegierung TiAI5Fe2.5 mit
d e m Ziel d e r Herstellung von Zahnimplantaten, Zahnorzti. Impiantotogie, Vol 3 , 1 9 8 7 , 41 - 4 6

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Treatments

Heat
Treatment

A n n e a l i n g at 850 C (1560 F)
Solution t r e a t m e n t at 800 to 920 C (1470 to
1690 F), or in the phase field a t 1000 C (1830 F)

aging at 400 to 700 C (750 to 1290 F)

A g i n g at 400 to 700 C (750 to 1290 F)

746 / Alpha-Beta Alloys

Surface Treatments

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Surface laser gas nitriding

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Surface hardening by oxidation

1200

10

50

1500

Hardness

1100
_ 1000
3
io
L 9 0 0 -

Oxidation, 2 h
1000 C In a i r

T\

10

1300r-

|40
1100

>

800
700r-

10

\ /V

600r--

900

~?v"~*

\ .

30^

B o r d e r line of
diffusion of o x y g e n : 1

10

700
Longitudinal section

400

1
100

200

1
300

400

IO'

J20

500

10

500

15

D i s t a n c e from m e t a l s u r f a c e , p m

20

25

30

35

40

45

Angle of n o z z l e , d e g r e e s
Influence of t h e a n g l e incidence.
S.Z. L e e a n d H.W. B e r g m a n n , L a s e r Surface Alloying of Titanium
a n d Titanium Alloys, Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. Lac o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G . Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1 9 8 8 , 1811-1816

Oxidation o c c u r r e d after a n a n n e a l i n g of 2 h at 1 0 0 0 C (1830 F),

and water quenching.
U. Zwicker era/., Abrasive Properties of Oxide L a y e r s o n TiAI5Fe2.5
in C o n t a c t with High Density Polyethylene, Titanium, Science and
Technology, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., Deuts c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e . V , 1 9 8 5 , 1 3 4 3 - 1 3 5 0

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Ti-5AI-2.5Fe: Friction behavior

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe 3 0 min,
8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F), oil q u e n c h e d
,,

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe
2 h , 1 0 0 0 C ( 1 8 3 0 F)

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe
inductive hardened

oil q u e n c h e d , p o l i s h e d ^

Ti-5AI-2.5Fe
1 0 min, 8 5 0 C (1560 F)
011 q u e n c h e d

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Load,
Friction b e h a v i o r of Ti-5AI-2.5Fe hip p r o s t h e s i s h e a d s c o m p a r e d to a n A l 0 h e a d .
U. Zwicker e r a / . , Abrasive Properties of Oxide L a y e r s o n TiAI5Fe2.5 in C o n t a c t with High Density Polyethylene, Titanium, Science and Techndogy, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e . V , 1 9 8 5 , 1 3 4 3 - 1 3 5 0
2

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Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si / 747

I Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si
Common Name: Ti-5522-S
UNS Number: R54560
Reviewed by P. Russo, RMI Titanium Company

This semicornxnercial alloy was developed by

RMI in a program sponsored by the Air Force Materials Laboratory in the e a r l y 1970s for use in aircraft components subjected to prolonged exposure
near 500 C (930 F). It is a beta-lean - alloy with
relatively low content of -stabilizing elements. Ti5522-S exhibits good tensile, stress rupture, and
creep properties at elevated temperature into the
425 to 540 C (800 to 1000 F) range. It can be
welded, formed at room temperatures, or warm
formed temperatures 540 to 700 C (800 to 1300
F).
Effects of Impurities a n d Alloying. Exceeding impurity limits may result in raising yield
strength above maximum permitted or in lower
elongation or reduction in area below minimum.
As for all - alloys, excessive aluminum, oxygen,
and nitrogen can reduce ductility and fracture
toughness. Excessive beta stabilizers (for example, molybdenum or vanadium) affect the stability

of the alloy and increase its heat treatability,

therefore making it more difficult to control properties.
P r o d u c t Forms a n d Conditions. Alloy Ti5522-S is available in standard wrought product
form as a forged billet or bar. In addition, it is produced as a special wrought product in the form of
plate and sheet. The alloy cannot be hardened or
strengthened by any thermal treatment. After cold
or warm foraiing, it may need stress relief or a full
anneal.
Applications. Alloy Ti-5522-S is a semicommercial product for high-temperature applications
in the range of 425 to 540 C (800 to 1000 F). The
alloy was developed for high creep strength and
elevated-temperature stability in applications
such as jet-engine components.
Specifications. Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si is
listed in government specifications MIL-T-9046,
MIL-T-9047, and MIL-T-81556.

Ti-5522S: Typical composition

Min
Max
Aim

Al

Sn

Zr

Mo

Si

Fe

4.5
5.5
5

4.5
5.5
5

1.75
2.25
2

1.75
2.25
2

0.20
0.30
0.25

0.15

0.04

0.03

Ti

0.13
bal

Physical Properties
P h a s e s a n d Structures. Annealed Ti-5522-S
has a hexagonal closed-packed crystal structure
with a small amount of beta phase at room temperature. Microstructures resulting from cooling
through the -transus temperature typically consist of packets of -platelets, similarly aligned and
crystallographically oriented, t h a t are separated
by films of -phase. Beta annealing results in a

Ti-5522-S: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

9 8 0 15 C (1800 + 25 F)
- 1 7 0 0 C (3100 F)
4.51 g/cm (0.163 lbf/in. )
1.71
Nonmagnetic
Not available
Not available
3

10.2 ICT / C (5.7 10 /

6

F)

(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e o f about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0
F)

long -platelet structure while -working results

in a shorter -platelet structure.
Elastic properties:
.

Young's modulus (tension): 114 GPa (16.5 10

psi)

Poisson's ratio: 0.326

Corrosion/Chemical P r o p e r t i e s . The corrosion-resisting characteristics of Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr2Mo-0.25Si are comparable to unalloyed titanium

and to other near-alpha and - titanium alloys.
This alloy is unaffected after 1000 h in the standard ASTM salt-spray test.

748 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Mechanical Properties

Tensile
Properties

H a r d n e s s . 32 to 38 HRC (at room temperature).

Impact Strength. Charpy V-notch at room
temperature: 22 J (16 ft lbf).
P l a n e - S t r a i n Fracture Toughness. 82.4
MPaVraT (75 ksiVin. ) for forging with yield
strength of890 MPa (129 ksi).

Creep Properties:
Minimum creep strength: 345 MPa (50 ksi) for
0.1% creep in 100 h at 510 C (950 F).

Room temperature, minimum values (no heat

treatment specified): tensile strength, 900 MPa
(130 ksi); yield strength, 830 MPa (120 ksi); elongation, 10%; reduction in area, 25%. At 535 C

(1000 F), minimum values: tensile strength, 689

MPa (100 ksi); yield strength, 517 MPa (75 ksi);
elongation, 15%; reduction in area, 35%. Average
or typical values (see table).

Minimum rupture stress: 1170 MPa (170 ksi)

for rupture in 5 h at room temperature,
notched specimen.

Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si: Typical tensile properties

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Temperature
Condition
Mill annealed

975 C (1785 F)
1/2 h, A C + 595
C(1100F)2
h, AC

600
800
1000
RT

315.5
426.6
537.7

600
800
1000

Source: M.J. D o n a c h i e , Jr., Titanium:

Fatigue
Properties

A Technical

Guide, ASM,

Elongation,

i n area,

ksi

MPa

140
118
108
106
152
115
113
100

965
813
745
730
1048
793
780
690

RT
315.5
426.6.
537.7

Reduction

Yield
strength
868
586
558
552
965
565
530
503

12
18
20
20
13
15
17
19

126
85
81
80
140
82
77
73

1988, 4 4 9 ; a n d "Basic Design," RMI Titanium, RMI Company, Niles, OH

Although an equiaxed alpha morphology provides t h e best resistance to fatigue crack initiation, an acicular morphology produced by a beta
treatment may be desired for creep resistance.

Low-cycle fatigue strength of beta processed Ti5522-S depends on temperature, frequency and
the size of alpha platelets (see figure),

Ti-5522-S: Low-cycle fatigue strength

3.5
3.0

" 1 0

2.5
2.0

Frequency:

cpm

0.4 c p m

Alpha platelets:

10 c p m

0 . 0 7 5 m m (avg),

Alpha platelets:

0 . 0 2 5 m m (avg),

Condition A

vie*

0 . 0 7 5 mm (avg)

0 . 0 2 5 mm (avg)

Condition
,c*~

1.0

- -""

540 C i n air,

480 C in air,
R = -1.0

R = -1.0

0.0
10"

1.5

0.5 -

3.0

Frequency:
0.4 c p m

0.5|
10

10

10'

C y c l e s t o failure,

10
C y c l e s to failure,

(a)

(b)
Condition A a n d tested at (a) 4 8 0 C (900 F) a n d (b) 5 4 0 C (1000 F).
Condition A (0.075 m m a v e r a g e platelet length) w a s p r o d u c e d by alpha-beta working (6:1 extrusion, 3:1 swaging) followed by a beta anneal and
a stabilization treatment.
Condition (0.025 m m platelet length) w a s p r o d u c e d by b e t a working (6:1 extrusion, 3:1 swaging) a n d a stabilization treatment.
S o u r c e : D. Eylon, T. Bartel, a n d M. R o s e n b l u m , "High T e m p e r a t u r e Low Cycle Fatigue in B e t a P r o c e s s e d Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mc-0.25Si," Met Trans.
A 1 1 A, A u g u s t 1980, 1361

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Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si / 749

Processing

Forging. Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si should

be forged at the lowest possible temperature to
minimize surface contamination by oxygen. Heat
to and start forging at 925 to 955 C (1700 to 1750
F), finish at 790 to 815 C (1450 to 1500 F).
Forming. Most forming operations can be
done at room temperature but warm (425 to 700
C, or 800 to 1300 F) forming is sometimes employed.
Bend radius recommendations:
.

For t < 1.8 mm (<0.070 in.); 4 . 5 1

Fori>1.8mm(>0.070in.);5.0i

Cutting feeds and speeds of alloy Ti-5Al-5Sn2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si are similar to those of Ti-6242S
and Ti-6A1-4V. In turning operations, the typical
range of feeds and speeds are:
Roughing cuts at 0.4 to 0.75 mm/rev (0.015 to
0.03 in./rev) and 30 to 45 m/min (100 to 150
sfm)
Finishing cuts at 0.25 mm/rev (0.01 inVrev)
and 90 to 150 m/min (300 to 500 sfm)
Grinding. In grinding operations, alloy Ti5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si requires many of the
same precautions against surface damage as other
titanium alloys (see "Technical Note 7: Machining"
in this Volume).
Welding. Alloy Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si
can be welded readily by inert-gas shielded arc
welding, using it as the filler metal. Oxyacetylene
welding and other forms of welding using active
gases, electrode coatings, or fluxes are not recommended because the gases tend to embrittle the titanium and make it impossible to produce ductile
welds.

H e a t Treatment. The alloy is usually given a

full anneal with a reheat (see table). A beta anneal
enhances creep resistance and toughness.
Machining. Like many titanium alloys, Ti5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si has a seizing tendency
and therefore requires sharp tools, correct tool angles, heavy feeds and slow speeds; also rigid tool
supports and adequate coolant. Typical tool geometries are provided in "Technical Note 7: Machining" in this Volume.
Ti-5522-S: Typical heat treatments
Heat
Heat
treatment
Stress-relief anneal
Full anneal
Beta anneal

Temperature
C
F
595-650
955
1015

1100-1200
1750
1860

Source: "RMI 5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-Si," Ti-78, Engineering

Reheat

Time

Cooling
method

2
1
1

Air
Air
Air

Alloys

Digest,

J u l y 1980

Temperature
C
F
595
595

1100
1100

Time

Cooling
method

2
2

Air
Air

Ti-6.4AI.1.2Fe (RMI L o w - C o s t A l l o y ) / 7 5 1

-6.4-1.2Fe
| RMI Low-Cost Alloy
The RMI VM (virgin material) alloy was designed as a low-cost alternative to the industry
standard Ti-6A1-4V alloy. Iron, a low-cost beta stabilizer, was substituted for vanadium, which is
substantially more expensive. The amount of iron

added to the Ti-6.4A1 base was selected to provide

beta stability similar to Ti-6A1-4V. The alloy can
achieve strength similar to Ti-6A1-4V at ambient
temperatures.

Low-cost alloy: Typical tensile data

Heat
treatment

MPa

0.2% Y S
ksi

MPa

UTS
ksi

Elongation,
%

RA,
%

+
anneal

862
862

125
125

965
965

140
140

20
10

40
20

0.62 in. d i a m e t e r b a r a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . Source: R M I T i t a n i u m C o m p a n y

Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo/753

I Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo
Not produced since 1960, Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo was
developed by Timet in the mid-1950s as a commercial sheet alloy. It was capable of being heat
treated to increase strength and hardness, but was
replaced by Ti-6A1-4V. Applications requiring a
high strength-to-weight ratio at room temperature
and moderately elevated service temperatures
(e.g., jet engine compressor components) were
typical. Its corrosion resistance is essentially the
same as t h a t of unalloyed titanium.

The usual hot workingrange is 620to 950 C (1150

to 1750 F) with the preferred range between 785 to
900 C (1450 to 1650 F). Up to 90% reduction during
one heating may be accomplished without danger of
cracking. The recommended heat treatment for this
alloy is an isothermal anneal at 595 to 650 C (1100 to
1200 F) followed by air cooling.

Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo: Summary of typical physical properties

Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Magnetic permeability
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

1650 C
4.67 g/cm
Nonmagnetic
9 lQr^/C (5 x / ! )

(3000 F)
(0.169 lb/in. )

-6

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C ( 6 8 to 7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from 9 5 to 3 1 5 C (200 to 6 0 0 F)

Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo: Typical tensile properties

Test
temperature
C

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

300
500
700
900

917
751
634
551
393

RT
150
260
370
480

133
109
92
80
57

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
882
620
475
386
330

128
90
69
56
48

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.), %
26
29
30
25
40

Reduction
of area,%
55
58
61
60
83

Ti-8Mn/755

I Ti-8Mn
Common Name: 8Mn
Trade Names: No longer commercial; RMI 8Mn, Rem-Cru C-110M, MST9M, Republic RS-110A
UNS Number: R56080
Compiled by E. Bradley, Metallurgical Consulting Services

315 C (600 F) and is used in the annealed condition only. Heat treatment is not recommended. It
has excellent formability; severe forming is accomplished at 260 to 540 C (500 to 1000 F). Used extensively in the F9 fighter, the major application of
this alloy was for the tail section of the F8 fighter.
Ti-8Mn has been replaced by Ti-6A1-4V. Additionally, Ti-8Mn is not recommended for welding.

Although Ti-8Mn is no longer made in production quantities for commercial applications, this type sheet and plate titanium alloy was originally developed for its excellent formability and
intermediate strength by Rem-Cru and subsequently produced by RMI, Timet, and Republic.
Ti-8Mn was one of the first titanium material used
in airplane bodies. This alloy has good elevatedtemperature strength and stability up to about

Ti-8Mn: Chemical composition and equivalent specifications

Composition, wt%
Product
form

Mn

Fe

Other
elements

Ti

Sheet, plate, strip

6.0-9.0

0.2 max

0.015 max

0.07 max

0.3 max

0.8 max

Bal

Specification
AMS 4908
MILSPEC
MIL-T-9046

Physical Properties
P h a s e s a n d S t r u c t u r e s . Ti-8Mn is a n - tit a n i u m alloy containing both the and phases at
room temperature. The 8% manganese stabilizes a
considerable amount of t h e phase at room temperature. The alloy structure is entirely at temperatures above 800 C (1475 F).
The phase of this alloy is similar to t h a t of unalloyed titanium. The phase is the high-temperature phase of titanium, but a considerable amount
is stabilized to room temperature by the manganese content. The phase composition of the Ti8Mn alloy may be varied by solution treatment
above the transus and below the transus in the region, resulting in the phase containing 11 and
15% Mn, respectively.

The microstructure consists of equiaxed grains

of and phases, the volume fraction of which is
almost equal following the standard anneal. The
stabilized remains untransformed after very
long periods in the temperature range up to 375 C
(700 F) due to the sluggish eutectoid reaction. The
eutectoid temperature is 675 C (1248 F). It
should be noted t h a t Ti-8Mn behaves as a superplastic material at temperatures below the transus in the - region. (J.C. Williams et al., The Effect of Omega Phase on the Mechanical Properties
of Titanium Alloys, Metall. Trans., Vol 2, July
1971).

Ti-8Mn: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Densityfa)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability(a)
Specific heat capacity(a)

800 15 C
-1565 C
4.7 g / c m
0.92 m
Nonmagnetic
494 I/kg

(0.118 Btu/lb F)

Thermal conductivity(a)

11 W/m

(6.3 Btu/ft h F)

Thermal coefficient of
linear expansion(b)

8.6 x l O " / ^

(4.8 " /"! )

(1475 25 F)
(-2850 F)
(0.171bf7in. )
j

(a) Typical v a l u e s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to 7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 100 C ( 2 1 2 F)

756 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Elastic
Properties

Young's m o d u l u s of e l a s t i c i t y (Tension):
113 GPa (16.4 10

psi)

Ti-8Mn: Elastic modulus at elevated temperatures

Ti-8Mn: Elastic modulus at low temperature

-500
13|

-400
>

S h e a r m o d u l u s of elasticity (Torsion): 48
GPa (7.0 x l O psi)

Temperature, F
-300
-200
-100
0
100
-1
<
1
1

> '

Temperature, F
200
'

200

400

125

600

800
1

1000
'

1 :

16

18
100

14<u_

- 17

12
16

110

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

15

Static

100
-300

-200

-100

CO
75

T e n s i e (dynamic)

T e n s i e (static)

C o m pr e s s i v e

50
100

200

Temperature, C

600

400

Temperature, C

1.6 m m (0.064 in.) a n n e a l e d s h e e t t e s t e d in t h e longitudinal direction.

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

1.7 m m (0.070 in.) s h e e t after / to 1 0 0 h of e x p o s u r e at indicated

temperature.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

Ti-8Mn: Tangent modulus curves

Ti-8Mn: Electrical resistivity

Tangent modulus, 10
5

psi

10

15

50

100

500

20

Temperature,
1000

400

150

LIVE GRAPH
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F
1500

2000

1200

800

Temperature, C

Tangent modulus, G P a
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3 , 2

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Electrical
Resistivity

Ti-8Mn: Electrical resistivity

Ti-8Mn: Electrical resistivity

Temperature
"C
38
93
150
205
260
315
370
425
480
540

op

Resistivity,
-cm

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

93
100
108
115
122
128
135
141
146
151

Temperature
C
20
93
205
315
425
540
650
760
870
980
1095

op
68
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

Resistivity,
cm
90.7
101.6
117.3
131.0
141.3
149
154.7
156.2
153.9
155.3
157.0

N o t e : E x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s o f m e t a l s i n t h e mill a n n e a l e d condition. Electrical resistivity m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e u s i n g t h e

Source: W. L e p k o w s k i a n d J. Holladay, "Report on the Physical

voltage-drop m e t h o d . Source: H . D e a n , W. Wood, a n d C. P u c k s ,

Properties o f T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys," T M L Report No. 73,

"The R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n E l e c t r i c a l a n d T h e r m a l Conductivities

T i t a n i u m M e t a l l u r g i c a l Laboratory, B a t t e l l e Memorial Institute,

of T i t a n i u m Alloys," Trans. TMS/AIME,

Columbus, 1957, 44

A u g 1958, 520

Ti-8Mn/757

Corrosion Properties

Hydrogen
Embrittlement

The general corrosion resistance of Ti-8Mn is

excellent, being similar to t h a t of commercially
pure titanium. Corrosion resistance depends on
the formation of a protective oxide layer. General
corrosion becomes a concern in reducing acid environments, particularly as acid concentration and
temperature increase. In strong and/or hot acids,

the protective oxide film can deteriorate and dissolve. Oxidation resistance is similar to that of
pure titanium. Oxide films form in air at temperatures of 315 C (600 F and above). The oxide film
is barely perceptible after exposure at 315 C (600
F), but becomes darker and thicker with increasing temperature and time at temperature.

The accompanying figures show a slight influence of hydrogen content on tensile strength, but a
significant degradation in ductility with high hy-

drogen contents. Creep-rupture strength is also

strongly influenced by hydrogen content,

Ti-8Mn: Hydrogen content v s tensile ductility of annealed sheet

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LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-8Mn: Hydrogen content v s creep-rupture of
notched sheet

Ti-8Mn: Test temperature vs tensile ductility of

sheet with varying hydrogen contents
Temperature, F
-500

100

-400

V a c u u m a n n e a l e ii

80

j=

-200

-100

100

200

300

10 p p m

-300

100 ppm

1 7 0 ppr

"\

60

2 6 0 ppr

250 ppm
40
0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Time, h
A n n e a l e d s h e e t ; K| = 5.5. RT test
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

-300

-200

-100

100

200

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

LIVE GRAPH
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Stress-Corrosion
Cracking

The stress-corrosion crack velocity depends on

the heat treatment used. Ti-8Mn has slower crack

velocities t h a n Ti-13V-llCr-3Al or Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr4.5Sn.

758 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-8Mn: Crack velocity vs stress intensity in 0.6

KCI
S t r e s s intensity, ksi Vin.
10

20

30

10

40

50

30

60

70

50

80

70

90

S t r e s s intensity, M P a \ m
C r a c k velocity v s s t r e s s intensity of S E N s p e c i m e n s in 0 . 6 M KCI at
- 6 0 0 mV a n d 2 3 C (74 F)

LIVE GRAPH
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Thermal Properties
Ti-8Mn: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Ti-8Mn: Specific heat

Temperature, F

Temperature, F
500

1000

1500

500

2000
14|

200

400

600

800

1000

400|
0

Jo.1

1000

' " ' I'

1200

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-8Mn: Thermal conductivity

200

400

800

600

800

1000

M e a n coefficient of thermal e x p a n s i o n from RT to temperature

indicated.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F
600

1500

I " " '

Temperature, C

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

400

'

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

200

'

Click here to view

1000

1200

1400

Ti-8Mn: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

200

400

600

800

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

LIVE GRAPH
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Temperature

0-100
0-315
0-540
0-650
0-815

32-212
32-600
32-1000
32-1200
32-1500

m/m
8.6
9.7
10.8
11.7
12.6

Source: "Basic D e s i g n , " R M I T i t a n i u m

lO^nWin. "F
4.8
5.4
6.0
6.5
7.0

Ti-8Mn/759

-: Thermal conductivity

Temperature
F

20
93
205
315
425
540
650
760

W/m

68
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400

Btu/ft h

10.9
11.6
12.8
14.0
15.2
16.9
17.8
19.5

6.3
6.7
7.4
8.1
8.8
9.8
10.3
11.3

S o u r c e : W. L e p k o w s k i a n d J . H o l l a d a y , " R e p o r t o n t h e P h y s i c a l
P r o p e r t i e s of T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys," T M L R e p o r t N o . 7 3 ,
Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute,
C o l u m b u s , 1957, 25

Mechanical Properties

Ti-8Mn: Minimum mechanical properties of annealed

sheet per AMS 4908
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Elongation, %

827(120)
758(110)
10

200

Nominal

Minimum

1000(145)

827 (120)

930(135)

758(110)

Ultimate tensile strength,

MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength,
MPa (ksi)
Elongation in AD or 50
mm (2 in.), %
Reduction of area, %
Bend radius,
Hardness (annealed), HRC

15
30
3
33-36

Ti-8Mn: Compressive yield strength

Ti-8Mn: Tensile properties

Temperature,
400
600

Ti-8Mn: Typical room-temperature properties

F
800

Temperature,

1000

400

200

1200

900

600

>

F
800

1000

120
900

700

TYS

100

80

600

.500

300

300

CYS
H40

100
200

400

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e on tensile properties of a n n e a l e d s h e e t .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

LIVE GRAPH
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200
400
Temperature, C

600

Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e on c o m p r e s s i v e yield strength of a n n e a l e d 1.7 m m (0.070 in.) s h e e t after 0.5 t o 100 h of e x p o s u r e .

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

LIVE GRAPH
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760 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-8Mn: Bearing strength

Bearing
and
Shear
Strength

Ti-8Mn: Shear strength

Temperature,
200
1800

400

600

Temperature, F
800
f

'

1000

1400
,

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

-50

200

UBS

150

10001
BYS

H100
600

200
200

400

600

200

Temperature, C

Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e on bearing p r o p e r t i e s of a n n e a l e d 1.7 mm

(0.070 in.) s h e e t , e/D = 2.0, after 0.5 to 1 0 0 h of e x p o s u r e .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3712,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3

Effect of test t e m p e r a t u r e o n s h e a r strength of annealed 4.7 mm

( /i6 in.) s h e e t .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 3
3

LIVE GRAPH
Creep

300

Temperature, C

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-8Mn: Creep at 370 and 425 C (700 and 800 F)

Click here to view

1000
3 7 0 C

Rupture
1% Creep
0.5% Creep
0.2% Creep
0.1% Creep
100
0.1

10

1000

100

Time, h

1000h
425

100
Rupture
1% Creep
0.5% Creep
0.2% Creep
0.1% Creep

10
0.1

10
Time, h

C r e e p a n d creep-rupture c u r v e s for a n n e a l e d s h e e t .

100

1000

Ti-8Mn/761

Fatigue
-8: Cyclic stress-strain
Room-temperature test, material forged, extruded, swaged to
20.8 mm (0.8 in.) diam, heat treated 700 C, 6 h, water
quenched

Ti-8Mn: Cyclic stress-strain

1200
1000

Stress
MPa

Strain
amplitude,

amplitude
ksi

1050.0
1012.5
867.5
940.0

152.3
146.8
125.8
136.3

Cycles

to
failure

2.0000
1.5000
1.0000
1.2000

237.6
412.5
670.5
757.0

800

600

400

Total strain control, R = - 1 , electropolished surface. Source: Y.

S a l e h a n d H. Margolin, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 1 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 2 9 5 - 1 3 0 2

200

LIVE GRAPH
Ti-8Mn: Crack propagation

Ti-8Mn: Tension-tension fatigue of annealed sheet

Click here to view

1200

800

160

I.
030

- 140
120

100

CO
CD

CO

80

400

60

"2

H40
-

10

10

10'

10

Cycles
S
= 0-25 S ^ .
S o u r c e : "An Evaluation of t h e Fatigue Properties of Titanium a n d Titanium Alloys," Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial
Institute
m i n

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

AK, M P a V m
S p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d i n t h e L T a n d T L d i r e c t i o n s . Arrows indicates
e n d of s t a g e I. Letters indicate AK v a l u e s w h e r e S E M photomicrog r a p h s w e r e taken. S S refers to crack propagation r a t e s d e t e r m i n e d
from striation s p a c i n g s .
S o u r c e : H. Margolin ef a/., T h e Role of Alpha a n d B e t a in Fatigue
C r a c k Propagation of -Mn Alloys, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 15, J a n
1984

LIVE GRAPH
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762 / A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-8Mn: Rotating beam fatigue with 19 ppm

Ti-8Mn: Rotating beam reversed fatigue tests

Rotating
Beam

1000

1000

-1140
120

800

600

120

800

- 100
I

140

600I

- 80

Unnotched
100

80

I*.

&

60

400

ffi

$5

400|

Notched

-40

y-^-

200

200

m
m

60 55

40
20

10

10

10

10

10'

C y c l e s to failure
U n n o t c h e d 1 5 . 8 m m ( / in.) diam polished bar t e s t e d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 1 0 , 0 0 0 cycies/min. UTS, 917 M P a ( 1 3 3 ksi); T Y S , 841
M P a (122 ksi); 5 6 % RA; 4 2 - 4 4 HRC.
S o u r c e : "An Evaluation of t h e Fatigue Properties of Titanium a n d Titanium Alloys," Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial
Institute
5

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-8Mn: Rotating beam fatigue with 368 ppm

10

10'

15.8 m m (% in.) diam polished bar tested at room temperature and

10,000 cycles/min. Notched s p e c i m e n s : V, r = 0 . 1 m m (0.005 in.), Kj
= 3.0. H e a t treatment: 19 p p m H, v a c u u m a n n e a l e d 6 h at 820 C
(1510 F). UTS, 9 3 0 M P a (135 ksi); TYS, 8 6 8 M P a (126 ksi); 33%
EI;59%RA;304HV(10g).
Source:"An Evaluation of t h e Fatigue Properties of Titanium andTitanium Alloys,"Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial
Institute

Ti-8Mn: Effect of temperature on unnotched rotating beam fatigue

Unnotch ed

800

1000

10
C y c l e s to failure

'
110
- 4 0 C

700

100
RT

600I

90
80
70

3 1 5 C
!60

400

!50
300
10
C y c l e s to failure

10'

15.8 m m ( / in.) diam polished b a r tested at room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d

1 0 , 0 0 0 cycles/min. N o t c h e d s p e c i m e n s : V, r = 0.1 m m (0.005 in.),
; = 3.0. H e a t treatment: 3 6 8 p p m H, h y d r o g e n a t e d at 21 h a t 8 2 0
C ( 1 5 1 0 F). U T S , 9 4 5 M P a (137 ksi); T Y S , 8 9 0 M P a (129 ksi);
16%EI;16%RA;302HV.
S o u r c e : "An Evaluation of t h e Fatigue Properties of Titanium a n d Titanium Alloys," Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial
Institute
5

LIVE GRAPH
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10^

10

10
C y c l e s to failure

10'

10

Machine finished, h a n d polished a n n e a l e d rod tested at 5000 cycles/min at room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d 4 0 0 0 cycles at - 4 0 C (-40 F)
a n d 3 1 5 C (600 F). R o o m t e m p e r a t u r e UTS, 958 MPa (139 ksi);
TYS, 8 6 8 M P a (126 ksi); El, 1 6 % .
S o u r c e : "An Evaluation of t h e Fatigue Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory, Battelle Memorial
Institute

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-8Mn / 763

Plastic Deformation

Ti-8Mn: Stress-strain curves for a and phases

Ti-8Mn: Stress-strain comparison

1000

1000

140
Expen mental
120

800

100

F E M c alculated
600

35

- 80
60

400I

- 40
200

0.5

1.5

Strain, %

Strain, %

S o u r c e : H. Margolin era/., Calculations of Stress-Strain C u r v e s a n d

S t r e s s a n d Strain Distribution for a n Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater.
So. Eng., Vol 3 4 , 1 9 7 8 , 203-211

S o u r c e : H. Margolin etal., Calculations of Stress-Strain C u r v e s a n d

S t r e s s a n d Strain Distribution for a n Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater.
Sci. Eng., Vol 3 4 , 1 9 7 8 , 203-211

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

I Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 767

|Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Common Name: Beta III
UNS No. R58030
Beta III was developed in the 1960s by Crucible
Steel. This alloy was intended to supplement Ti13V-llCr-3Al. It has excellent cold workability,
heat treatability and mechanical properties, but it
is very difficult to melt without molybdenum segregation. Crucible stopped making Beta III when
they decreased their participation in the titanium
market.
Chemistry. The chemistry balance ultimately
selected for Beta III (11.5 Mo, 6 Zr, 4.5 Sn wt%) is a
solute-rich composition developed by a semi-empirical balancing of desired properties. Molybden u m is a strong beta stabilizing element completely soluble in beta titanium at elevated
temperatures, and the nominal composition of
Beta III contains enough of this element by itself to
stabilize the beta phase to room temperature. Zirconium and tin, often called neutral stabilizing additions to titanium, augment the beta phase stabilization in the quantities used in t h e Beta III alloy.
Both zirconium and tin strengthen the alpha and
beta phases of titanium and are soluble in both
phases. Molybdenum, zirconium, and tin were
combined in the Beta III formulation in quantities
which produce very sluggish beta-phase reaction
kinetics.
At the same time, t h e amount of beta stabilizers was limited by cost and density considerations. Also, the uniformity of tensile ductility in the
solution treated condition decreased with a more

highly stabilized beta phase.

Density. 5.06 g/cm (0.183 lb/in. )
Product Forms. Limited availability at present
in all mill product forms.
A p p l i c a t i o n s . Aircraft fasteners, especially
rivets, and sheet metal parts where cold formability and strength potential can be used to greatest
advantage. Commercial applications have included springs and orthodontic appliances. Possible use in plate and forging applications where
high strength, deep hardenability, and resistance
to stress corrosion are required and somewhat
lower ductility is acceptable.
P r o d u c t Condition. Beta III is solution
treated above and below the beta transus depending on the desired properties. Brief solution treatment above the t r a n s u s is sometimes used when
maximum cold formability or deep hardenability
is sought, but from the mill the Beta III alloy is
usually solution treated slightly below the transus
temperature. Solution treatment of worked material below or at the beta transus preserves a high
dislocation density, which in turn results in a fine
alpha dispersion upon subsequent aging. This condition generally gives the best combination of
strength and ductility. The microstructure of Beta
III is equiaxed beta when solution annealed above
the beta transus, while a mixture of equiaxed alpha in a beta matrix is present when solution annealing is performed in the + phase field.
3

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III): Specifications and compositions

Specification

Designation

Composition, wt%

Mo

0.1

0.35

0.02

10-13

0.05

0.18

ShStrBarFrg
Tube HT

0.1

0.35

0.02

10-13

0.05

0.18

3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5

OT 0.4; bal Ti

AMS4980B

BarWirSHT

0.1

0.35

0.015

10-13

0.05

0.18

3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5

AMS4980B

BarWirSTA

0.1

0.35

0.015

10-13

0.05

0.18

3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5

ShPltStrST
Pip ST
Tube Heat
Ex/Con SHT
Bar

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.35
0.35
0.35

0.02
0.02
0.02

10-13
10-13
10-13

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.18
0.18
0.18

3.75-5.25
3.75-5.25
3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5
4.5-7.5
4.5-7

OT 0.4; Y
0.005; bal
11
OT0.4;Y
0.005; bal
Ti
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi

0.1 max

0.35 max

0.02 max

10-13

0.05 max

0.18max

3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5

Bil

0.1 max

0.35 max

0.015 max

10-13

0.05 max

0.18max

3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5

Frg Ann
FrgHT
ST
Bar Bil SHT

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02

10-13
10-13
10-13
10-13

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18

3.75-5.25
3.75-5.25
3.75-5.25
3.75-5.25

4.5-7.5
4.5-7.5
4.5-7.5
4.5-7.5

R58030

Sn
3.75-5.25

Zr

Other

Fe

UNS

Description

4.5-7.5

Spain
UNE 38-730

L-7702

USA

ASTM B265
ASTMB337
ASTM B338

Grade 10
Grade 10
Grade 10

ASTMB348(10)87
ASTMB348(10)87
MILF-83142A
MTLF-83142A
MILT-9046J
MILT-9047G

Comp 13
Comp 13
CodeB-2
Ti-4.5Sn-6Zr-ll.5Mo

(a) M a x i m u m u n l e s s a r a n g e i s specified

OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
OT 0.4 max;
OE 0.1 max;
balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;Y
0.005; bal
Ti

768 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III): Commercial compositions

Composition. wt% (nominal c o n t e n t only)
Specification

Designation

Description

Fe

Mo

Sn

Zr

Other

France
Ugine
Ugine

TD12ZrE
TD12ZrE

BarShQuen
Bar Sh Quen Aged

11.5
11.5

4.5
4.5

6
6

balTi
balTi

Betam
Betam
Beta 3

Ann
HT

11.5
11.5

4.5
4.5

6
6

balTi
balTi

USA
Crucible
Crucible
Oremct

Phases and Structures

Crystal
Structure

Beta III solution annealed above the transus is

completely , which becomes enriched with molybdenum in some regions during aging through alloy
partitioning as alpha-phase precipitation occurs.
As with other alloys this enrichment affects the
lattice parameter and makes the phase more sta-

ble at lower temperatures. Consequently, decomposition can be sluggish in Beta III, as in other
alloys.
B e t a Transus. About 760 C (1400 F) at nominal molybdenum concentrations.

Beta III: Alloy element partitioning data

Heat
treatment
900 C (1650 F)/25h
705 C (1300 F)/25h
+ 760 C (1400 F)
/25h
705 C (1300 F)/25h
+ 705 C (1300 F)
/25h
705 C (1300 F)/25h
+ 650 C(1200 F)
/100h
705 C (1300 F)/25h
+ 595 C (1100 F)
/100h
705 C (1300 F)/25h
+ 540 C (1000 F)
/100h

P h a s e composition, wt%
Zr
Sn

Mo
11.37(a)
12.7

...
2.3

Ti

V o l %,
ct p h a s e

Lattice
parameter,
phase, n m

5.19(a)
5.2

...
5.0

4.13(a)
4.1

4.6

80.31(a)
79.6

0
12.5

0.3284
0.3282

26.0

0.3279

14.8

1.9

5.3

4.8

3.9

4.7

77.0

14.9

1.3

5.7

4.6

3.8

4.9

74.8

91.2

35.0

0.3274

17.2

1.2

5.7

4.6

3.6

4.7

72.0

91.2

44.0

0.3268

19.4

1.4

5.9

4.5

3.5

4.8

69.6

90.4

53.0

0.3264

(a) B y chemical a n a l y s i s . Source: F.H. F r o e s , J.M. C a p e n o s , a n d M . G . H . Wells, Alloy P a r t i t i o n i n g i n B e t a a n d Effect o n A g i n g Characteristics, Titanium Science and Technology, R.I. Jaffee, a n d H . M . B u r t e , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 7 3 , 1621-1633

Transformation
Products

Beta III forms athermal during quenching

and isothermal during aging at low temperatures. It is generally recognized t h a t phase formation leads to ductility losses, although proper
control of phase volume fraction can lead to high
strength and reasonable ductility.
Detailed microstructural work (F.H. Froes et
al, Metall Trans. A, Vol 11, 1980, 21-31) has
shown the following:

Supertransus solution treatment should be

avoided, because it removes the heterogeneous
nucleation sites, which accelerate the rate of
formation of -phase relative to t h a t of phase

The phase forms on aging at temperatures

up to 480 C (900 F), although at 480 C, it has
limited time of stability

In recovered and incompletely recrystallized

material, heterogeneous nucleation of phase
occurs at dislocations and subboundaries,
whereas phase is uniformly nucleated in the
matrix

It was also found that the hardening due to

phase formation exhibits very little overaging response as long as phase is present. The incubation time for phase formation is substantially
lengthened in directly aged samples compared to
quenched and aged samples. There is a critical
phase particle size and spacing above which only
very h'mited hardening is observed. Increasing
oxygen content accelerates the kinetics of phase
formation and retards those of phase formation.
Cold working prior to aging in the phase range
accelerates formation of phase, possibly from the

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta I I I ) / 7 6 9

Beta III: Ti-Mo section of the phase diagram

900

1600

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

- 400

700

^"x^^

1200

+
H1000

jo 5 0 0

CL

I300I

800

+ isothermal

\ .

Partition d a t a

Behavior of 1 7 . 3 % Mo B e t a III on 3 7 0 C a g i n g

U p p e r limit of i s o t h e r m a l in s t d Beta III

B e t a t r a n s u s for 0 . 2 8 0

100

600

400

B e t a III alloys

20
15
10
Molybdenum, wt%
S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s , J.M. C a p e n o s , a n d M.G.H. Wells, Alloy Partitioning in Beta III a n d Effect on Aging Characteristics, Titanium Science and Technology, R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, TMS/AIME, 1 9 7 3 , 1621 - 1 6 3 3
0

Beta III: Variation of lattice parameter with Mo

content
I

0.329

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

e
S

0.328

800

Partition s a n p l e s

- 1200 .
2 600
- 1000

CO

/c

- +
-

400
-> +

O ^ -

0.327I

/ O^V

15.0

17.5

- 600

15

Solution t r e a t e d
_
200

9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F)

12.5

_ 800

400

200|
to

0.326
10.0

Click here to view

1400

0 . 2 8 wt% 0

All b e t a alioy s

* /

"<1 0 /
/

LIVE GRAPH

Beta ill: ITT diagram

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F)
'

20.0

10

Mo c o n t e n t in p h a s e , w t %

1000

100
T i m e , min

S o u r c e : F.H. Froes, J.M. C a p e n o s , a n d M.G.H. Wells, Alloy Partitioning in Beta III a n d Effect on Aging Characteristics, Titanium Science and Technology, R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, Ed., TMS/AIME,
1973, 1621-1633

Solution a n n e a l e d a b o v e a n d below t h e t r a n s u s . Actual temperatures a r e indicated on t h e diagram.

S o u r c e : Metall. Trans. A, Vol 11, D e c 1980, 2 6

Beta III: ITT diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

800

creation of vacancies during cold working.

Duplex (low-high) aging has no advantage with
regard to strengthening potential in subtransus
solution treated material. In supertransus solution treated material, the potential advantage of
duplex aging is much greater. Duplex aging at low
and then at high temperatures results in very fine
phase particles, possibly due to an in situ to
transformation. Further studies on the effect of
quench history and varying amounts of cold work
on the kinetic balance between and phase formation are warranted, because they suggest additional ways of controlling phase formation.

0.17 wt/< o

1400
2

1200'

600
(

-M000
-

H800

v(

H600
-

cS

\
-

400

2 200

400

Solution t r e a t e d
8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)

0.1

H200
-

7 4 5 C ( 1 3 7 5 F)

10

2
CO

100

1000

T i m e , min
Solution a n n e a l e d a b o v e a n d below t h e t r a n s u s . Actual t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e indicated on t h e diagram.
S o u r c e : Metall. Trans. A, Vol 11, D e c 1980, 2 6

770 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Physical Properties
Beta III: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
760 C( 1400 F)
Melting (liquidus) point
1690 C (3075 F)
Density(a)
5.06 g/cm (0.183 lb/in. )
Electrical
resistivity(a)
1.56 m
Magnetic permeability
1.00 (nonmagnetic)
Thermal conductivity(a)
6.275 W/m (3.625 Btu/ft h F)
Thermal coefficient of linear ex7 . 6 x 1 O^rC
(4.2x10~^)
pansion(b)
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to 78

F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 100 C ( 2 1 2 F)

Elastic
Properties

The elastic (Young's) modulus of Beta III alloy

has been reported to be as low as 70 GPa (1 10
psi) for solution annealed and quenched tensile
samples. Values up to 110 GPa (16 1 0 psi) have
been reported for aged specimens. Young's modulus decreases with increasing test temperature to

about 98 GPa (14.2 1 0 psi) at 200 C (400 F),

and 83 GPa (12.1 1 0 psi) at 425 C (800 F). Compressive modulus values range almost 14 GPa (2
10 psi) higher than tensile modulus values at corresponding temperatures. (R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle, 1972, 125).
6

Beta III: Room-temperature elastic properties

Tensile m o d u l u s
GPa
10 psi

Material/Condition
STQbar(b)
Unaged
Aged 8 hat 480
Aged 8 h at 565
STQplate(c)
Unaged
Aged 8 hat 510
Aged 8 h at 540
STQsheet(d)
Unaged
Aged 8 h at 480
Aged 8 h at 590

Compressive modulus(a)
10 psi
GPa

Poisson's
ratio

C (900 F)
C (1050 F)

68
102
108

9.9
14.8
15.7

76.5-80
110-111.5
106

11.1-11.7
16.0-16.2
15.4

C (950 F)
C (1000 F)

79
109
110

11.5
15.8
15.9

81-83
115-117
109

11.8-12.0
16.7-17.0
15.8
0.359-0.368
0.312-0.313
0.325-0.335

C (900 F)
C (1100 F)

(a) C o m p r e s s i o n s p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m by 3 2 m m (1.25 in.) i n h e i g h t , (b) 13 m m (0.5 in.) bar solution treated at 770 C (1420
F) a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d , (c) 13 m m (0.5 in.) plate hot rolled from 2 8 m m (1.1 in.), solution t r e a t e d at 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) for 15 min, 15-s delay,
w a t e r q u e n c h e d , (d) 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t , solution t r e a t e d a t 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F). Source: Aerospace

Structural

Metah

Handbook

Beta III: Compressive elastic modulus of plate

Aging
temperature

Modulus
of elasticity
GPa
10 psi

Unaged

79

11.5

510

950

108

15.8

540

1000

109

15.9

Compressive
modulus(a)
GPa
82
81
115
117
108
108

10 psi
6

12.0
11.8
16.7
17.0
15.8
15.8

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m (0.5 in.) p l a t e h o t rolled to 3 0 m m (1.1 in.) to 13 m m (0.5 in.) + 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 15 m i n , 15-s delay, WQ + age,
8 h. (a) C o m p r e s s i o n s p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r b y 3 2 m m (1.250 in.) h e i g h t . Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3 7 2 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Beta III: Poisson's ratio for sheet

Condition

Poisson's ratio,

785 C(1450F),WQ
730 C (1350 F),WQ
730 C (1350 F), W Q + 4 8 0 C
(900F),8h,AC
730 C (1350 F), WQ + 595 C
(1100F),8h,AC

0.382
0.368,0.359
0.312,0.313
0.335,0.325

N o t e : All s p e c i m e n s w e r e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.).

Source: Aerospace

Structural

Metals

Handbook,

B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Vol 4, Code 3 7 2 2 ,

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 771

Beta III: Compressive modulus of sheet vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Test temperature, F
Click here to view

Beta III: Tensile modulus of bar vs temperature

200

LIVE GRAPH
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Test temperature, F
400
600
800
|

1000
r

100

200

300

140

400 500 600

>-

700

800

-119
2.

120
<i

100
^

900

18
6 120

80

- 16

(I

eo

60

"

1 7

40

RT

CO
CO

Cl

5 h a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e :
180 C
5 6 5 C

15 >

100!

"

-
80

'

100

200
300
400
500
600
Test temperature, C
1 3 m m (0.5 in) b a r solution treated at 7 7 0 C ( 1 4 2 0 F) for 15 min,
W Q , a n d a g e d a s indicated.

RT

12
400

200
300
Test temperature, C
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t solution treated a n d a g e d 8 h at 5 1 0 C
(950 F).
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3722,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

100

500

Beta III: Tensile modulus of sheet v s temperature

Test temperature,
140

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

400

600
I

1000

800
'"

ST + 8 h age

120
I
100

200

15

80

60

Aging t e m p e nature / Solution tern p e r a t u r e

40

4 8 0 C

730 C

4 8 0 C

7 8 5 C

5 4 0 C

730 C

5 4 0 C

7 8 5 C

20
*

RT

1
100

200

300

500

400

600

Test temperature, C
1.7 m m (0.067 in.) s h e e t , 4 6 % cold reduced, plus solution treated (ST) for 5 min a n d a g e d a s indicated.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Beta III: Compressive tangent modulus of sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

2
1600

1200

Beta III: Transverse compressive tangent modulus

T a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 10 psi
10
20

Longitudinal t a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 10 psi
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 1 1
RT
20C 1 C ( 4 0 0 F )
H200
-

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1600

1200

;<^r-I
H150

800

800
3 1 5 ( ( 6 0 0 F )

-- oo

455 C 8 5 0 F)

400

50

400

S T A s h e et
30
60
90
Longitudinal t a n g e n t m o d u l u s , G P a

120

Solution treated 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950 F) for

8h,AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

50
100
150
Tangent modulus, G P a
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1 9 7 2

200

Handbook,

772 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Electrical
Properties

Room-temperature resistivity is about 1.5

Beta III: Thermoelectric potential vs aging time

m.

Chemical/Corrosion Properties
The high molybdenum content of Beta III alloy
imparts excellent corrosion resistance under reducing conditions and should produce excellent
crevice corrosion resistance (because crevice corrosion is generally associated with acidification from
oxidant depletion in the crevice region). At room
temperature, the general corrosion of Beta III alloy in HCI of concentrations up to about 20% is acceptable, whereas for unalloyed titanium, the HCI
concentration limit is about 5%. A similar advantage was observed in boiling H 2 S O 4 (see table).
The enhanced corrosion resistance in reducing
environments from molybdenum is achieved, however, at the expense of corrosion resistance in oxidizing conditions. Therefore, pitting and repassivation potential are expected to be lower t h a n most
other titanium alloys, although no data are available.

1 min 4 min 16 min 1 h

4h

Time

16 h

64h

256h

*-

S o u r c e : R. Borellyand J. Merlin, "Application d e s MeasuresdePouvoir Thermoelectrique a la Characterization Metallurgique des Alliages d e Titane," J. Less-Common /fef., Vol 6 9 , 1 9 8 0 , p 4 9

Beta III: Corrosion rates in hydrochloric and sulfuric acids

C o r r o s i o n rate, m i l s p e r year, at:
Medium

RT

Acid

wt%

HCI

2
3
5
10
15
20
30
1
3
5
10
15

H SQ
2

Boiling

A70(a)
500-h test

B e t a 111(b)
1000-htest

0.034
0.104
7.45
26.55

0.062
0.062
0.078
0.164

72.0
316.5

B e t a 111(b)

A70(a)
48-htest

48-htest

297.0
569.0
1393
3155
5205

4.28
15.5
104.3
676.5
3093

456.5
1182
1830
2833
4055

1.80
15.05
38.89
135.1
241.0

8.69
17.55

(a) U n a l l o y e d t i t a n i u m g r a d e A 7 0 , mill a n n e a l e d s h e e t 2.2 m m (0.087 in.) thick, (b) B e t a m t i t a n i u m alloy, solution treated 760 C (1400 F),
W Q , sheet, 1.0 m m (0.040 in.) thick. Source: R A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 7 2 - 1 1 , Battelle, 1 9 7 2 , 164

Stress-Corrosion
Cracking

The high molybdenum content of Beta III is

also probably responsible for its relatively good resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in aqueouschloride and hot-salt environments. Beta alloys solution treated to contain 100% beta stabilized by
molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, or tantalum
are immune to aqueous stress-corrosion cracking.
In the solution treated and aged condition, however, Beta III has exhibited stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility in distilled water (B.F. Brown,
"Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength
Steels and in Titanium and Aluminum Alloys," Naval Research Labs, 1972). Addition of halide ions
such as Cl~, B r , and I increase susceptibility in
Beta III and can induce susceptibility in other alloys t h a t are immune to stress-corrosion cracking
in distilled water.
Studies of uncracked bend specimens of Beta
-

III aged sheet (8 h, 510 C, or 950 F) in 3.5% NaCI

solution showed a total lack of stress-corrosion reaction under stress equal to 80% of the tensile yield
stress. (AFML-TR-70-252, Oct 1970). On the other
hand, various degrees of immunity or susceptibility have been reported for Beta III materials where
precracked specimens were exposed under stress
to salt water (see table). In general, the susceptibility of titanium alloys to stress-corrosion cracking in aqueous media is influenced by the type and
concentration of species in solution, the pH, temperature, and viscosity of the solution, and the
metal potential in the solution. See "Technical
Note 2: Corrosion" for general information.
Effect of Potential. In most stress-corrosion
cracking susceptible titanium alloys, anodic or
cathodic polarization tends to inhibit stress-corrosion cracking and increase i i values (see figure).
scc

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 773

Increasing potential also increases cracking velocity in neutral halide solutions, but not in highly
acidic solutions. In highly acidic solution, stage II
crack velocity becomes independent of applied potential.
Hot-Salt Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Beta
III is highly resistant to hot-salt stress-corrosion
cracking, and hot-salt cracking only occurs at
stresses high enough to cause substantial creep

deformation (see figure).

Stress-Corrosion Cracking i n Methanol.
Titanium is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in methanol, but no instances of Beta III susceptibility have been obtained for this compilation. For general information on stress-corrosion
cracking in methanol, see "Commercially Pure
and Modified Ti" or "Technical Note 2: Corrosion"
in this Volume.

Beta III: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Processing/heat treatment

Product form

1034

13 mm (0.5 in.) plate

STA

Spar forging

1 h at 720 C (1325 F), WQ, + 8 h, at 510

C(950F),AC
Solution treated 8 h at 595 C (1100 F),
AC
Solution treated
Nonrecry stallized, processed from slab at
1035 C(1900F)
Recrystallized, processed at 925 C (1700
F) with 2 reheats

Unspecified
Unspecified
25 mm (1 in.) plate
13 mm (0.5 in.) plate

(a) X q . Source: R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

Stress-Corrosion

Cracking:

Yield s t r e n g t h
MPa
ksi

Material

Alloys,

Performance

1172-1275

150
170-185

1034

150

689
1255

100
182

1324

192

Kic
MPaVm

k s i Vin.

MPaVnT

ksiVbi

71

27

65-69

65
59-63

60-69

25
55-63

82

75

77

70

117(a)
>50

103
58

94
53

53

26

24

128(a)
>55
58

B a t t e l l e , 1972, 165; a n d R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of T i t a n i u m Alloys, in

and Evaluation,

A S M International, 1 9 9 2

Beta III: Effect of potential on aqueous S C C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
0.6M K C I at 24 C

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

Potential, m V

500

1000

1500

Within a narrow potential region (typically c e n t e r e d a r o u n d - 5 0 0 mV S C E ) , K j ^ r e a c h e d a minimum value that d e p e n d s on t h e alloy a n d its metallurgical condition.
S o u r c e : T.R. Beck, M.J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyri, a n d M.O. Speidel, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys: Electrochemical Kinetics, S C C
S t u d i e s With Ti: 8-1 - 1 , S C C a n d Polarization C u r v e s in Molten Salts, Liquid Metal Embrittlement, a n d S C C S t u d i e s With Other Titanium Alloys,"
Quarterly P r o g r e s s Report 14, Contract A S 7-489, Boeing Scientific R e s e a r c h Laboratories, D e c 1 9 6 9

774 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Beta III: Crack velocity vs KCI molarity at 24 C

10"

Beta III: Hot-salt S C C threshold for bar

Temperature, F
600
700

500

, 4 8 0 C (900 F ) 1 0 0
1200

KCI a t - 5 0 0 mV
SEN

800

- 160

Salt S C C threshold

10"'

7}

800

120
100 i

0.1 % c r e 3P

10"'

140

- 80

"

60

400

Distilled w a t e r ( o p e n circuit)

10
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

250

10

300

Molarity

350
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

40

Lo

450

400

100-h tensile c r e e p .
S o u r c e : J. Metals, Vol 2 3 , Apr 1 9 7 1 , 4 0 - 4 7

S o u r c e : M.J. Blackburn, J.A. Feeny, a n d T.R. Beck, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys," Boeing Report DI-82-1054, J u n e
1970, 9 6

Thermal Properties

Liquidus. -1690 C (3075 F)

Solidus. -1573 C (2863 F)
Thermal Conductivity. At room temperature, 6.275 W/m (0.015 cal/cm s C)
Thermal
Expansion

Beta III: Thermal expansion

200

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600
800

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
1000

1200

Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion.

At room temperature, 8 l O / ^ (4.4 ^ / )
- 6

Beta III: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature
op
C
20-95
20-205
20-315
20-425
20-540

M e a n thermal coefficient
7. F
um/m-K

68-200
68-400
68-600
68-800
68-1000

4.2
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.8

7.6
8.1
8.5
8.7
8.7

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e i n t h e STA condition. Source: R.R. B o y e r

a n d H.W. Rosenberg, E d . , Beta Titanium
Alloys in the
1980's,
AIME, 1984

250
500
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n behavior of Beta III alloy in the 1000 C (1830

F) solution a n n e a l e d a n d water q u e n c h e d condition. The irregularities in t h e heating c u r v e reportedly a r e related to t h e formation of
p h a s e . R e h e a t i n g of t h e s a m e s p e c i m e n after slow cooling results
in a heating curve without irregularities like t h e cooling curve shown.
T h e v a l u e of 7 uin./in. C ( 3 . 9 / . F) obtained from this work
c o m p a r e s r e a s o n a b l y well with other work.
S o u r c e : A.M. Adair a n d J.A. R o b e r s o n , AFML-TR-70-277,1971

Beta III: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

M e a n t h e r m a l c o e f f i c i e n t f o r a l l o y s p r o c e s s e d at:
Temperature

c
21-93
21-205
21-315
21-425
21-540

op

70-200
70-400
70-600
70-800
70-1000

Source: V.C. P e t e r s o n ef a / . , A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1 , 1 9 6 9

A g e d 8 h,
5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F )
/m
,/. F
7.6
18.9
19.7
20.1
20.1

4.2
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.8

7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) s o l u t i o n
annealed
,/in. F
/m
7.6
19.3

4.2
4.6

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 775

Mechanical Properties

Beta III: Minimum tensile properties

Diameter or
thickness
mm
in.

Condition
Annealed
As-quenched bar and wire for fastener stock(b)
As-quenched bar and wire(c) per AMS 4980
STA bar and wire per AMS 4980(c)(d)
STA fastener stock(b)(e) per AMS 4977
(a) Metals

Handbook,

Unspecified(a)
<41.3
<1.625
1.625-3.00
41.3-75
<41.3
<1.625
1.625-3.00
41.3-75
<41.3
<1.625
1.625-3.00
41.3-75
<41.3
<1.625

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Tensile yield
MPa

ksi

690
760
690

100
110
100

620
620
620

90
90
90

1240
1240
930

180
180
135

1205
1170
895

175
170
130

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.)

Reduction
of area,

or4D,%

15
15
15
15
8
4
12

50
50
50
50
22
10
40

Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., 6 2 2 . (b) 6 9 0 to 7 3 0 C ( 1 2 7 5 to 1 3 5 0 F) for 15 m i n , W Q . (c) 15 m i n a t 7 0 5 to 7 8 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 to 1450 F),

WQ. (d) A g e d 8 h at 4 8 5 to 5 0 5 C ( 9 1 0 to 9 4 0 F), A C . (e) A g e d 2 h m i n i m i i m at 5 6 5 to 5 9 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 to 1100 F), A C

Hardness

Beta III: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

480

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Beta III: Effect of aging on Rockwell hardness

85

0.136 w t % o x y g e n

10min315C(600F)

3 7 0 C (700 F)

440

2 min 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F) +
10 min 3 7 0 C (700 F)

4 2 5 C (800 F)
400h
4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)
o> 3 6 0 h

80h

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)

320r-

280h

5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F)
5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F)

240
0.01

2 min 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F) +
2 min 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F)

10

100

1000

5 min 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F)
75
0.01

Time, h

0.1

10

100

1000

8 4 0 F a g i n g time, min

Solution treated at 7 8 5 C (1450 F) ( a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s ) a n d a g e d

a s indicated. Material w a s obtained in t h e form of s h e e t or plate that
w a s fabricated by hot working a n d finishing a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s , but
a t a t e m p e r a t u r e w h e r e recovery a n d recrystallization w e r e relatively sluggish. Extensive w a r m work w a s retained in t h e material in
t h e as-rolled condition.
S o u r c e : J . C . Williams, F. F r o e s , a n d S. Fujishiro, "Microstructure
a n d Properties of t h e Alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III)," in 77fanium and nanium Alloys, J. Williams a n d A. Belov, Ed., 1 9 8 2 ,
1421

S o u r c e : L. R o s a l e s , K. O n o , A. S o m e r a n d L.A. Lee, "Microstruct u r e s a n d Mechanical Properties of Thermomechanically T r e a t e d

High-Strength Beta-Titanium Alloys," North American Rockwell
Corporation Report NA-72-232, F e b 1972; reported in Beta Titanium Alloys, R. W o o d , Ed., MCIC-72-11,1972, 118

Beta III: Effect of oxygen content on hardness

500
A g e d a t 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F)

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
400h

0.28 % o x y g e n

300r-

200|
10

Variation of h a r d n e s s with aging time a t 3 6 0 C (700 F) for Beta III

alloy containing two o x y g e n levels a n d solution treated a b o v e t h e
transus.
S o u r c e : F. F r o e s , C. Yolton, J. C a p e n o s , M. Wells, a n d J . C . Williams, "The Relationship B e t w e e n Microstructure a n d A g e Hardening R e s p o n s e in t h e M e t a s t a b l e Beta Titanium Alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr4 . 5 S n (Beta III)," Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 1 , 1 9 8 0 , 21

776 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta III: Effect of cold work and aging time on hardness

500

0.28 w t % o x y g e n

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Deformed 10% following
solution anneal
400h

300

Variation of h a r d n e s s with a g i n g time at 3 7 0 C (700 F) for alloy

q u e n c h e d from 9 0 0 C (1650 F). Several s p e c i m e n s of high oxyg e n content alloy w e r e solution t r e a t e d a b o v e t h e b e t a t r a n s u s ,
q u e n c h e d , cold worked 1 0 % a n d a g e d for various t i m e s . Data indic a t e that cold work prior to a g i n g a c c e l e r a t e d t h e a g i n g r e s p o n s e .
S o u r c e : F. F r o e s , C . Yolton, J . C a m p e n o s , M. Wells, a n d J . C . Williams, T h e Relationship B e t w e e n Microstructure a n d A g e H a r d e n ing R e s p o n s e in t h e M e t a s t a b l e B e t a Alloy Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
(Beta III)," Metall. Trans. A, 1 9 8 0 , 2 1

Typical
Tensile
Properties

Beta III: Typical mechanical properties

Aging

Ultimate tensile

Tensile yield

Elon-

Reduction

temperature

strength

strength(a)

gation(b),

o f area,

op

MPa

Rivet wire(c)
993
As solution treated
480
900
1365
510
950
1303
1186
540
1000
1089
565
1050
590
1100
986
Bar, 13.6 m m (0.522 in.) diam(c)
As solution treated
855
480
900
1386
1165
540
1000
1041
590
1100
Plate 13 a n d 2 5 m m (0.5 a n d 1.0 i L)mick(cXd)
As solution treated
896
480
900
1351
1289
510
950
1255
540
1000
1041
590
1100
Sheet 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) thick
Solution treated, 720 C (1325 F)
972
Air cooled
Water quenched
841
480
900
1413
540
1000
1158
Solution treated, 770 C (1425 F)
896
Air cooled
827
Water quenched
1310
480
900
1138
540
1000
L a b foil specimen(e)
A s solution treated, 760 C (1400 F>
0.010 in. thick
1000
0.005 in. thick
979
1014
0.002 in. thick
480
900
0.010 in. thick
1282
0.005 in. thick
1510
0.002 in. thick
1586
540
1000
0.010 in. thick
1158
0.005 in. thick
1262
0.002 in. thick
1344

ksi

MPa

ksi

144
198
189
172
158
143

792
1269
1213
1124
1034
945

115
184
176
163
150
137

24
15
18
21
25
27

65
36
38
44
56
65

124
201
169
151

752
1317
1096
1007

109
191
159
146

21
11
17
17

72
33
63
67

130
196
187
182
151

827
1262
1200
1179
979

120
183
174
171
142

22
3
5
4.1
11

62
6.4
10.7
12.3
24

141
122
205
168

882
738
1317
1089

128
107
191
158

17
20
7

45
52
29
45

130
120
190
165

834
745
1234
1062

121
108
179
154

145
142
147

958
924
958

139
134
139

8.0
8.5
6.5

186
219
230

1248
1413
1538

181
205
223

6.7
4.5
2.0

168
183
195

1082
1186
1276

157
172
185

6.5
8.2
4.0

45
48
35
42

( a ) 0 . 2 % offset, (b) I n 2 i n . o r 4d w h e r e d i s d i a m e t e r of r e d u c e d s e c t i o n of t e n s i l e t e s t s p e c i m e n , (c) S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d 7 3 0 t o 790 C (1350 to

1 4 5 0 F), w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a g e d 8 h . (d) L o n g i t u d i n a l p r o p e r t i e s , (e) S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d , d e s c a l e d a n d p i c k l e d , a g e d 8 h . S o u r c e : Metah Handbook, Vol 3 , 9 t h ed., 1980, 4 0 5

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 777

Beta III: Tensile properties of seamless tubing

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Condition
38 m m (1.5 in.) OD, 4.4 mm (0.173 in.) wall
As extruded(b)
As extruded + 510 C (950 F), 8 h
32 nun (1.26 in.) OD, 3 m m (0.120 in.) wall
Mill annealed(d)
Mill annealed + pickled
Mill annealed + 730 C (1350 F), WQ
Mill annealed + 730 C (1350 F), WQ + 510 C (950 F), 8 h
Mill annealed + 730 C (1350 F), WQ + 540 C (1000 F), 8 h
2Z4 m m (0.884 in.) OD, 1.3 m m (0.05 in.) wall
Mill annealed(d)
Mill annealed + pickled
Mill annealed + 730 C (1350 F), WQ
Mill annealed + 730 C (1350 F), WQ + 510 C (950 F), 8 h
Mill annealed+730 C (1350 F), WQ + 540 C (1000 F), 8 h
13 m m (0.5 in.) OD, 0.6 m m (0.024 in.) wall
As finish cold drawn(e)
Cold drawn + 785 C (1450 F), WQ
Cold drawn + 730 C (1350 F), rapid AC + 510 C (950 F), 8 h
Cold drawn + 730 C (1350 F), rapid AC + 540 C (1000 F), 8 h
Cold drawn + 730 C (1350 F), rapid AC + 565 C (1050 F), 8 h

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
Reduction
i n 50 m m (2 in.),
of area,
%
%

799
854
1381(c)
1376(c)

116.0
123.9
200.4(c)
199.6(c)

687
738
1270
1264

99.7
107.1
184.3
183.4

16.0
18.0
8.0
8.0

75.6
72.0
18.4
22.6

991
988
905
1278
1197

143.8
143.4
131.3
185.4
173.7

924
935
791
1215
1136

134.1
135.6
114.8
176.3
164.8

13.2
13.0
13.5
7.5
9.2

42.0
47.5
50.9
26.7
36.5

1066
1041
809
1244
1170

154.7
151.0
117.4
180.4
169.8

972
953
697
1165
1101

141.0
138.2
101.2
169.0
159.8

8.5
8.5
20.8
6.0
7.2

16.6
24.7
36.0
12.3
15.6

1117
841
1303
1268
1158

162
122
189
184
168

827
765
1261
1193
1034

120
111
183
173
150

7.0
18.0
5.5
7.5
9.5

(a) S p e c i m e n s m a c h i n e d from longitudinal sections of t u b i n g s u b t e n d e d by 19 m m (0.75 in.) cords. S p e c i m e n uniform section 13 m m (0.5 in.)
wide; g a g e l e n g t h 5 0 m m (2 in.), (b) 71 m m (2.8 in.) O D by 3 2 m m (1.260 in.) I D hollow billets c a n n e d i n m i l d steel, h e a t e d to 8 1 5 C (1500
F), e x t r u d e d to t u b e hollow (reduction 7.2 to 1) a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d , (c) M a c h i n e d r o u n d s p e c i m e n ; uniform section 3 m m (0.125 in.) diameter; g a g e l e n g t h 13 m m (0.5 in.), (d) l u b e h o l l o w s cold r e d u c e d to finished t u b i n g i n a s i n g l e p a s s w i t h t u b e reducers, followed by v a c u u m
a n n e a l of 7 3 0 C (1350 F), 1/2 h, rapid cool + 6 2 0 C (1150 F), 4 h, furnace cool to 5 3 0 C (900 F). (e) 2 6 m m (1.02 in.) d i a m e t e r bar g u n
drilled a n d cold d r a w n to finished tubing. Source: A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1

Beta III: Tensile properties of 50 mm (2 in.) as-quenched plate

Solution
temperature
op
C
760

1400

730

1350

Test
direction
L

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa
123.7
119.8
137.0

853
826
944

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
106.4
100.7
128.3

733
694
884

Elongation
i n 2 5 m m (1 i n . ) ,
%
22.3
25.0
11.0

Reduction
of area,
%
63.8
65.9
33.4

N o t e : B e t a t r a n s u s - 7 4 5 C ( - 1 3 7 5 F). Source: A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1

Beta III: Tensile properties of vacuum-arc melted plate

Heat treatment
Double vacuum-arc melted plate(a)
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, AC
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, WQ
760C(1400 F), 10min,WQ + 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F ) , 8 h
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, WQ + 565 C (1050 F), 8 h
Triple vacuum-arc melted plateia)
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, AC
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, WQ
760 C (1400 F), lOmin, WQ + 510 C (950 F), 8 h
760 C (1400 F), 10 min, WQ + 565 C (1050 F), 8 h

Test
direction

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
i n 2 5 m m (1 in.),
%

Reduction
of area,
%

923
950
881
917
1309
1352
1012

140.3
137.9
127.8
133.0
189.9
196.2
164.7

923
888
788
821
1215
1294
950

133.9
128.8
114.3
119.1
176.2
187.7
160.9

14.0
8.5
18.0
12.5
6.5
2.5
8.5

37.6
29.2
51.9
45.0
7.5
12.5
16.7

L
L

1012
908
914
1333
1352
1169
1187

146.8
131.7
132.6
193.4
196.2
169.6
172.2

950
784
792
1237
1275
1085
1120

137.8
137.8
114.9
179.4
185.0
157.4
162.5

11.0
15.0
15.0
5.5
4.0
6.7
7.0

29.5
37.7
41.5
9.0
10.5
8.6
14.5

N o t e : (a) 13 m m (0.5 in.) p l a t e hot rolled a t 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F) a n d h e a t t r e a t e d a s indicated. Source: A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1 (III)

778 / B e t a a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Beta III: Typical tensile properties of wire (see also "Fastener/Spring" section)
Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% o f f s e t )
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
2.3 mm (0.090 in.) diam
Cold drawn 67%
Cold drawn 67% + 455 C (850 F) 4
Cold drawn 67% + 480 C (900 F) 4
1.3 m m (0.050 in.) diam
Cold drawn 68%
Cold drawn 68% + 455 C (850 F) 4
Cold drawn 68% + 480 C (900 F) 4
0.76 m m (0.030 in.) diam
Cold drawn 83%
Cold drawn 83% + 455 C (850 F) 4
Cold drawn 83% + 480 C (900 F) 4
0.38 m m (0.015 in.) diam
Cold drawn 87%
Cold drawn 87% + 455 C (850 F) 4
Cold drawn 87% + 480 C (900 F) 4

Elongation
in4D,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

h
h

1245
1745
1585

181
253
230

770
1640
1530

112
238
222

15
10
10

80
57
63

h
h

1310
1750
1545

190
254
224

910
1645
1435

132
239
208

10
7.5
7.5

84
62
66

h
h

1460
1985
1840

212
288
267

10
7.5
10

81
54
55

h
h

1550
2205
2040

225
320
296

Source: R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., Beta Titanium

76
55

Alloys

in the 1980's, AIME, 1984

Beta III: Tensile properties of bar

Properties are for 13 to 38 mm (0.5 to 1.5 in .) diameter bar solution treated at 705 to 790 C (1350 to 1450 F), water q u e n c h e d
and aged as indicated.
Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% o f f s e t )
ksi
MPa

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Condition
As ST
ST + age 480 C (900 F) 8 h
ST + age 540 C (1000 F) 8 h
ST + age595 C(1100F)8h

124
201
169
151

855
1385
1165
1040

Source: R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., Beta Titanium

750
1315
1095
1005

Alloys

Elongation
i n 47), o f a r e a ,

109
191
159
146

Reduction

21
11
17
17

72
33
63
67

in the 1980's, AIME, 1984

Beta III: Tensile properties of sheet and foil

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Condi tion(a)
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) thick
ST720C(1325F),WQ
ST720C(1325F),AC
ST 720 C (1325 F) + age 480
ST 720 C (1325 F) + age 540
ST 775 C(1425F),WQ
ST 775 C(1425F)AC
ST 775 C (1425 F) + age 480
ST 775 C (1425 F) + age 540
0.3 m m (0.012 in.) thick
Mill ST
0.13 m m (0.005 in.) thick
Mill ST

C (900 F) 8 h
C (1000 F) 8 h

C (900 F) 8 h
C (1000 F) 8 h

ST 790 C (1450 F) + age 510 C (950 F) 8 h

ST 790 C (1450 F) + age 540 C (1000 F) 8 h

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),
%

Reduction

52
45
29
45
48
45
35
42

840
970
1410
1160
825
895
1310
1135

122
141
205
168
120
130
190
165

735
880
1315
1090
745
835
1235
1060

107
128
191
158
108
121
179
154

20
17
7
8
21
18
6
8

1005

146

925

134

12

990
1400

144
203

1180

171

915
1315
1150

133
191
167

12
3
4

Source: R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., Beta Titanium

Compressive
Strength

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% o f f s e t )
MPa
ksi

Alloys

of area,
%

in the 1980's, A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Beta III: Compressive yield strength

Compressive yield
Product form
13 mm (0.5 in.) bar

Material condition
As-quenched(a)

ST(a) at 8 h at 480 C (900 F)

ST(a) + 8 h at 540 C (1000 F)
13 mm (0.5 in.) plate
As-quenched(c)
ST(c) + 8 h at 510 C (950 F)
ST(c) + 8 h at 540 C (1000 F)
1.6 mm (0.063 in.) sheet ST + 8 h at 510 C (950 F)

Test c o n d i t i o n

MPa

13 X 31.75 mm (0.5 X 1.25 in.) compression

specimens

798
1370
1122
854
1284
1170
1344
1455

Compression specimens same as above

Longitudinal(d)
Transverse(d)

T e n s i l e yield
MPa

ksi

115.7(b)

689

99.9

198.7(b)
162.8
123.85(b)
186.2(b)
169.75(b)
195
211

1293
1073
728
1210
1124
1206
1275

187.6
155.6
105.6
175.5
163.0
175
185

ksi

(a) Solution treated a t 7 7 0 C ( 1 4 2 0 F), W Q . (b) Average of t w o t e s t r e s u l t s , (c) Solution treated 15 m i n a t 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 15-s delay, WQ.
(d) Compression s p e c i m e n s h a d four 90 V-notches 0.25 m m (0.010 in.) d e e p . Source: AFML-TR-70-252 a n d A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1 ()

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 779

Beta III: Compressive yield strength vs temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

900
0

100

200

300

400

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Shear
Strength

U l t i m a t e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of STA sheet was

805 MPa (117 ksi) in the longitudinal direction
and 815 MPa (118 ksi) in the transverse direction.

Beta III: Typical double shear strength and notched tensile strength of STA bar
Ultimate tensile
strength
Condition(a)

MPa

Solution treated
ST+480C(900F)8h
ST+510C(950F)8h
ST+540C(1000F)8h
ST + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F ) 8 h

896
1337
1303
1186
1103

Elongation
i n 4/J,

ksi

130
194
189
172
160

20
12
12
14
17

Double shear
strength

Notched tensile
s t r e n g t h ( K f = 6.1)

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

627
799
779
737
724

91
116
113
107
105

1461
1544
1592
1510

212
224
231
219

(a) B a r 2 5 to 3 8 m m (1 to 1.5 in.) i n d i a m e t e r t a k e n from four h e a t s w e r e solution treated at 7 0 5 to 7 3 0 C (1300 to 1350 F), w a t e r quenched,
a n d a g e d a s indicated. Source: V. P e t e r s e n , F. Froes, a n d R.Malone, "Metallurgical Characteristics a n d M e c h a n i c a l Properties of B e t a III, a
H e a t - T r e a t a b l e B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy," i n Titanium
Science and Technology, R. Jaffee a n d H . B u r t e , Ed., 1973, 1 9 6 9

Beta III: Double shear strength and tensile properties of STA rod

Condi tion(a)
As ST
ST + a g e 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) 8 h
ST+age510C(950F)8h
ST + age 540 C (1000 F) 8 h
S T + age565 C(1050F) 8 h
ST+age595 C(1100F)8h
o

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
990
1365
1300
1185
1090
985

144
198
189
172
158
143

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
790
1270
1215
1125
1035
945

115
184
176
163
150
137

Elongation
i n 41),

Reduction

Double shear
strength

of area,
%

MPa

24
15
18
21
25
27

65
36
38
44
56
65

625
790
780
750
725
655

ksi
91
115
113
109
105
95

(a) Mill processed rod w a s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d at 6 9 0 to 7 3 0 C ( 1 2 7 5 to 1 3 5 0 F), w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d a s indicated. Source: J. B e c k m a n

a n d C. Yolton, "Beta ( T i - l l . 5 M o - 6 Z r - 4 . 5 S n ) , " i n Beta Titanium Alloys in the 80's, R. B o y e r a n d H. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1984,
401

780 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature Strength
Beta III: Elevated temperature tensile properties of plate
Aging
temperature(a)
op
c

Test
temperature(b)
op
c

510

950

RT

540

1000

RT

510

950

205

400

540

1000

205

400

510

950

315

600

540

1000

315

600

510

950

425

800

540

1000

425

800

510

950

540

1000

540

1000

Specimen
direction
L

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
1299
1409
1210
1301
1131
1179
1064
1104
1078
1135
985
1042
1030
1079
967
1006
824
798
803
839

Tensile yield
Elongation
s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % o f f s e t ) i n 2 5 m m (1 i n . ) ,

ksi

MPa

188.4
204.4
175.6
188.8
164.1
171.1
154.3
160.2
156.4
164.7
142.9
151.1
149.5
156.6
140.3
145.9
119.5
115.8
116.5
121.7

1210
1354
1124
1253
992
1086
933
1024
939
1055
851
958
893
975
828
902
587
573
598
617

Reduction
i n area,

ksi

%
9.6
9.7
11.0
9.7
16.6
17.7
14.6
22.1
16.4
17.3
20.2
19.6
23.4
18.7
35.1
25.2
82.6
65.5
39.4
48.3

4.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
7.0
4.0
7.0
6.0
10.0
6.0
10.0
9.0
30.0
34.0
21.0
17.0

175.5
196.4
163.0
181.8
143.9
157.5
135.4
148.5
136.2
153.0
123.4
139.0
129.5
141.5
120.2
130.8
85.2
83.2
86.8
89.5

(a) 13 m m (0.5 in.) p a n e l s w e r e laboratory solution treated for 15 m i n a t 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d after a 15-s delay and aged 8
h a t t e m p e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e d , (b) All s p e c i m e n s h e l d 15 m i n a t t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e before loading. Source: R A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys,
MCIC 72-11,1972

Beta III: Elevated temperature tensile properties of hand mill sheet

A g i n g (8-h)
temperature(a)
op
C
510
540
510
540
510
540
510
540
510
540
510
540

900
1000
900
1000
900
1000
900
1000
900
1000
900
1000

Test
t e m p e r a t u r e (b)
op
"C
RT
315
315
370
370
425
425
480
480
540
540

600
600
700
700
800
800
900
900
1000
1000

Ultimate tensile
strength(c)
MPa
ksi
1397
1201
1082
958
1038
981
1009
970
857
853
666
693

202.7
174.3
157.0
139.0
150.6
142.3
146.4
140.7
124.4
123.8
96.6
100.6

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
1350
1117
1007
897
959
911
852
872
624
740
382
439

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),

195.8
162.1
146.1
130.2
139.1
132.2
123.6
126.5
90.5
107.4
55.4
63.7

3.7
6.0
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.5
8.0
5.0
14.0
6.5
28.5
28.5

Reduction

Elastic
modulus

of area,

%
18.5
37.1
28.5
44.9
41.2
46.7
42.8
38.5
46.6
67.7
89.1
92.8

GPa
111
113
92
87
83
88
89
84
78
72
64
57

10 psi
6

16.2
16.4
13.4
12.6
12.0
12.7
12.9
12.2
11.3
10.4
9.3
8.3

(a) 1.7 m m (0.067 in.) s h e e t cold reduced 4 6 % a n d s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d 5 m i n at 7 3 0 C (1350 F) a n d air cooled, (b) Tensile c o u p o n s h e l d 1 5 m i n a t t e s t temperatures prior to
loading, (c) Tensile properties are a v e r a g e of d u p l i c a t e l o n g i t u d i n a l t e s t s . Source: R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium. Alloys,

MCIC-72-11,1972

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T h e strength of Beta III is o u t s t a n d i n g up to 4 2 5 C (800 F).

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest, C o d e T i - 5 9 , 1 9 7 0

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 781

Beta III: Tensile and yield strengths of plate

Beta III: Tensile strength of STA plate

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

LIVE GRAPH

200

Click here to view

1500

400

600

800
'

1000

200

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h
-

^s . .

'RT

'

. .

1 , ,

-I

200

100

\.

c
CO

900

50

|_

140
CO

120

200

Click here to view

1200

600

400

S o u r c e : AFML-TR-69-171-(lll), J u n e 1969; Aerospace Structural

Metals Handbook, C o d e 3 7 2 2 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories,
1972

Beta III: Tensile strength of STA sheet

Temperature,

800

1000

200
00

13 m m (0.5 in.) plate

RT

100

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1400

- 180

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

Beta III: Yield strength of STA plate vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH

-|200

600

400

600

600

13 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m bar, solution treated 5 min at 7 7 0 C (1420 F),

WQ,+8hage.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

400

'

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

200

Tensile yield strength \

a 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F)
1

160

t A '

4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)

\7 1

"

500h
. Aging t e m p e r a t u r e

1000

\ 13 m m (0.5 in.) plate

in various S T A strengths

~
*

</>

Click here to view

800

Ck

150

Q.

600

1000

400

1500

H200

LIVE GRAPH

Temperature, F

in v a r i o u s S T A s t r e n g t h s

1500

400

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

600

800

1000

S T A sheet of v a r i o u s s t r e n g t h s

180
160

1000

140

120 J

800

CO

CO

100
600

I80
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

400

500

60
200

400

600

200

600

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Source: AFML-TR-69-171-(lll), J u n e 1969; Aerospace

Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 2 2 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

S o u r c e : AFML-TR-69-171-(lll), J u n e 1969; Aerospace Structural

Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Beta III: Yield strength of sheet

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
200
1500

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

400

800
<

1000
1

|200

S T A sheet of v a r i o u s s t r e n g t h s

180

1200
RT

cc
o.

600
1

160 ._

in

- 140

120

900I
A

A " >

0)

CO

CO

600
T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

100
A .

300

80
60

200

400

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : AFML-TR-69-171-(lll), J u n e 1969; Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

782 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Creep
Properties

Beta III: Creep properties

Plastic
creep
strain(a),

Creep
stress

Temperature

ksi

MPa

C
260
315
370

500
600
700

425

800

130
115
35
75
10
23

895
795
240
515
70
160

(a) For 100 h at t e m p e r a t u r e u n d e r l o a d . Source: Metals Handbook,

0.07
0.16
0.05
0.17
0.04
0.20

Vol 3 , 9 t h ed., 1980

Beta III: Creep strength comparison

C r e e p t e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

1000

600

700

800

900
H140

/ Beta i n a g e d
5

H120 r-

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

750r-- Ck

H100
, Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V .
/

500

/
0

250h
;

250

Ti-6AI-4V a g e d

300

mill a n n e a l e d

H60

H40

/
350

H80

H20

400

450

500

C r e e p t e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : V. P e t e r s e n , F Froes, a n d R. Malone, "Metallurgical C h a r acteristics a n d Mechanical Properties of B e t a III, A Heat-Treatable
Beta Titanium Alloy," in Vtanium Science and Technology, R. Jaffee
a n d H. Burte, Ed., 1 9 7 3 , 1969

Beta III: Creep and rupture behavior of STA sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000F

3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F)

S h e e t of 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) t h i c k n e s s w a s solution h e a t t r e a t e d a n d a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950 F) for 8 h.

S o u r c e : O. Deel a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering D a t a on N e w a n d E m e r g i n g Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252,1970; reported in Sefa Titanium
Alloys, R. W o o d , Ed., MCIC-72-11,1972, 1 5 6

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) 7783

Beta III: Elevated temperature stability for bar, sheet and plate

Creep
temperature
F
C

Condition(a)
Aged8h510C(950F)
(high strength)

Creep
stress
MPa

Plastic
creep,

ksi

As;aged

RT properties after creep:

Reduction
Ultimate tensile
Tensile yield
strength
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset) of area,
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
%

None

1317

191

1248

181

29.1

260
370

500
700

896
517
As;aged

130
75

0.13
0.16
None

1372
1358
1179

199
197
171

1324
1310
1117

192
190
162

22.4
22.1
35.0

260
370

500
700

827
482

120
70

0.16
0.12

1186
1234

172
179

1151
1165

167
169

32.2
33.6

Aged8h540C(1000 F)
(medium strength)
o

(a) Solution t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l w a s a g e d a s indicated, pickled, creep loaded for 1 0 0 h, a n d t e n s i l e t e s t e d w i t h o u t r e m o v i n g creep scale. Source:
V Petersen, F. F r o e s , a n d R. M a l o n e , "Metallurgical Characteristics a n d M e c h a n i c a l Properties of B e t a III, a H e a t - T r e a t a b l e B e t a Titanium
Alloy," i n Titanium Science and Technology, R. Jaffee a n d H. Burte, E d . , 1 9 7 3 , 1969

Beta III: Creep stability for STOA rod

Exposure data
Temperature
op

Time,
h

450
450
450
550
550
550
550

2000
4000
4000
2000
4000
8000
2000

MPa

ksi

Plastic
creep,
%

275
275
620

40
40
90

0.01
0.15
0.11

Stress

482

70

0.33

Tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

RT tensile properties after exposure:

Yield
Elongation
Reduction
s t r e n g t h ^ 0.2% o f f s e t )
i n 4D,
of area,
MPa
ksi
%
%

1011
1017
1026
1054
1022
1023

146.7
147.5
148.8
152.9
148.3
148.4

974
948
1013
1025
1008
1009

141.3
137.6
146.9
148.7
146.2
146.3

20.0
22.0
16.0
20.0

66.1
72.7
73.6
71.4
66.7
69.9

1019

147.9

1004

145.6

24.0

70.1

25.5

Double shear
strength
ksi
MPa
643

93.3

624
662
654
649

90.5
96.1
94.9
94.1

N o t e : C h e m i c a l composition w a s 0.03 wt% C, 0.03 w t % F e , 0 . 0 0 8 7 w t % H, 11.37 wt% Mo, 0.017 wt% N , 0.28 w t % 0 , 4 . 1 3 wt% S n , 5.19 wt% Zr. H i g h o x y g e n content resulted
i n a t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e of 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) (about 8 4 C, or 1 5 0 F h i g h e r t h a n usual). Rod of 6.4 m m ( 0 . 2 5 i n . ) d i a m e t e r w a s mill solution t r e a t e d a t 6 9 0 to 7 0 5 C (1275
to 1 3 0 0 F), w a t e r q u e n c h e d , t h e n overaged for 8 h a t 5 9 5 C (1100 F) before creep exposure. Temper s t r a i n w a s not r e m o v e d before t e n s i l e t e s t i n g . Source: F. Froes, J.
C a p e n o s , a n d M. W e l l s , "Alloy Partitioning and Effect o n A g i n g Characteristics," i n Titanium Science and Technology, R. Jaffee a n d H . B u r t e , E d . , 1 9 7 3 , 1 6 2 1

Beta III: Creep stability of STA bar

strength
ksi
MPa

R T tensile properties
after creep exposure
Tensile yield
Elongation
i n 2 5 m m (1 in.),
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
ksi
MPa
%

1376
1409

199.6
204.4

1293
1328

187.6
192.7

9.6
12.0

27.2
26.5

1462
1450
1490
1335
1379
1357
1317
1395
1179
1117
1122
1191
1219
1182

212.1
210.4
216.2
193.7
200.1
196.9
191.1
202.4
171.0
162.1
162.8
172.8
176.9
171.5

1372
1378
1439
1248
1310
1326
1259
1319
1130
1097
1077
1139
1139
1110

199.1
199.9
208.7
181.0
190.0
192.4
182.7
191.3
163.9
159.1
156.3
165.3
165.3
161.0

8.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
5.0
11.0
10.0
8.0
11.0
14.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
13.0

19.6
21.2
16.7
34.3
16.4
32.5
29.5
25.1
40.6
54.1
49.7
41.3
38.9
43.5

Creep data
Aging
temperature
C
F
480

510

565

Plastic
Temperature
op
C

Stress
MPa
ksi

900
260
315
425
260
370

500
600
800
500
700

862
724
103
862
551

260
260
370
370

500
500
700
700

862
965
413
620

260
260
315
425
370

500
500
600
800
700

758
758
620
103
413

950

1050

As aged
125
105
15
125
80
As aged
125
140
60
90
As aged
110
110
90
15
60

Time,
h

creep,
%

100
100
100
500
500

0.11
0.05
0.26
0.00
0.61

100
100
100
100

0.00
0.36
0.16
0.30

100
500
100
100
500

0.41
0.00
0.18
0.02
0.07

Ultimate tensile

Reduction
of area,
%

RAloss
after creep,
%
2.6
27.5
20.0
38.6
52.2
5.2
14.0
26.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
0.0

N o t e : B a r of 13 m m (0.5 in.) diameter w a s solution t r e a t e d a t 7 7 0 C ( 1 4 2 5 F) i n a continuous furnace, w a t e r q u e n c h e d a n d a g e d at t e m p e r a t u r e s i n d i c a t e d for 8 h. Tensile

t e s t i n g after e x p o s u r e w a s performed without r e m o v a l o f surface o x i d a t i o n . Source: V. P e t e r s e n , J. G u e r n s e y , a n d R. B u e h l , "Manufacturing P r o c e d u r e s for a N e w , HighS t r e n g t h T i t a n i u m Alloy H a v i n g Superior Formability," A F M L - T R - 6 9 - 1 7 1 , 1 9 6 9 ; R. Wood, reported i n Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , 1 9 7 2 , 1 5 5

784 / Beta a n d Near-Beta A l l o y s

Beta III: Creep stability of STA plate

Treatment

Creep data
Temperature
Stress
C
MPa
ksi

ST 730 C(1350F),WQ
+ 8h510C(950F)

Time,
h

RT tensile
p r o p e r t i e s after c r e e p exposure:
Plastic Ultimate tensile
Tensile y i e l d
Elongation
Reduction
RAloss
creep,
strength
s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % o f f s e t ) i n 5 0 m m ( 2 i n . ) , o f a r e a , a f t e r creep,
%
MPa
ksi
%
%
ksi
MPa
1299

188.4

1210

175.5

4.0

9.6

100
100
500
100
100
100
500
100
100

0.08
0.05
0.05
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.12
0.17

1292
1343
1275
1340
1379
1364
1336
1333
1347
1211

187.4
194.4
184.9
194.4
200.0
197.9
193.8
193.4
195.4
175.7

1215
1279
1199
1268
1322
1270
1250
1235
1258
1124

176.2
185.5
174.0
183.9
191.8
184.3
181.3
179.2
182.5
163.0

5.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
5.0

7.8
7.0
6.3
6.3
2.7
4.0
5.6
5.6
7.8
11.0

19.0
27.0
34.0
34.0
72.0
58.0
42.0
42.0
19.0

100
500
100
100
100
100
500
100
100
100

0.04
0.11
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.11
0.17
0.20
0.12
0.25

1230
1264
1254
1261
1260
1257
1268
1253
1271
1264

178.4
183.4
181.9
182.9
182.8
182.3
183.9
181.8
184.4
183.4

1149
1199
1201
1177
1209
1161
1175
1180
1164
1170

166.7
174.0
174.3
170.7
175.4
168.5
170.4
171.2
168.9
169.8

4.0
4.0
1.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
4.0

7.0
11.4
4.0
7.8
9.3
8.7
10.0
6.3
7.8
12.4

36.0
0.0
64.0
29.0
15.0
21.0
9.1
43.0
29.0
0.0

As aged
260

500

315

600

370

700

425

800

260

500

315

600

370

700

425

800

827
896
724
827
896
448
344
69
138

ST730C(1350F),WQ
+ 8 h 540C(1000F)
758
827
896
689
827
448
379
655
69
138

120
130
105
120
130
65
50
10
20
As aged
110
120
130
100
120
65
55
95
10
20

N o t e : P l a t e of 13 m m (0.5 i n . ) t h i c k n e s s w a s h e a t t r e a t e d a s i n d i c a t e d . T e n s i l e t e s t i n g a f t e r e x p o s u r e w a s p e r f o r m e d w i t h o u t r e m o v a l of s u r f a c e oxidation. Source: V. Pet e r s e n , J . G u e r n s e y , a n d R. B u e h l , " M a n u f a c t u r i n g P r o c e d u r e s for a N e w H i g h - S t r e n g t h B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy H a v i n g S u p e r i o r F o r m a b i l i t y , " AFML-TR-69-171,1969; R.

Wood, r e p o r t e d i n Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , 1 9 7 2 , 153

Fatigue Properties

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Beta III: Smooth axial fatigue of STA plate
1400
1300

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Beta III: Axial fatigue of STA sheet
200

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e

800

5 1 0 C (950 F)

-100

S m o o t h , Kj = 1.0

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)

180

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

re 600r-

1 3 0 0 M P a ( 1 8 8 . 4 ksi)
1 2 1 0 M P a ( 1 7 5 . 6 ksi)

-1160 .9>

400|E

700
0.01

0.1

1
C y c l e s to failure, 1 0

10

100

1 3 m m (0.5 in.) plate hot rolled + 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), 1 5 min, 15-s d e lay, W Q + a g e , 8 h.

S o u r c e : AFML-TR-69-171 (III), 1 9 6 9

-40
Notched, K. = 6.1
-20

0.01

0.1

1
C y c l e s to failure, 1 0

1.7 m m (0.067 in.) s h e e t , acid pickled.

Source: AFML-TR-69-171

10

H120

-60

ai

200\800

3
01

fl = 0 . 1 , A = 0.82
F r e q u e n c y = 1 8 0 0 cycles/min

140 . i

R = 0 . 1 , A = 0.82
F r e q u e n c y = 1 8 0 0 cycles/min
Axial fatigue, t e n s i o n (sinusoidal)

-80

10
6

100

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) 7 785

Beta III: Axial and rotating beam fatigue strength

1400

200

Ultimate tensile strength

= 1379 M P a (200 ksi)

1200

LIVE GRAPH

180

Click here to view

1601000

800|

Axial load, t e n s i o n (sinusoidal)

R = 1.0
Frequency = 1800 cycles/min

140
gj
1 2 0 3s
100

6001

80
400(200
0.1

Rotating b e a m
R = -1.0
F r e q u e n c y = 10,000 c y c l e s / m i n 6 0
1

40
100

10

C y c l e s to failure, 1 0

1 3 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r bar hot r o l l e d + 7 7 0 C (1420 F), W Q + 4 8 0

C(900F),8h.
S o u r c e : AFML-TR-69-171 (III)

Fracture Properties

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Beta III: Effect of aging on toughness

Click here to view

Beta III: Fracture toughness comparison
K

from W/A, ksiVin.

ic

200

20

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e
160

2 9 0 C (550 F)
-M50

3 7 0 C (700 F)
150r-

120

6 2 0 C ( 1 1 5 0 F)

50

0.1

10
Aging time, h

100

80

100

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Ti-6AI-4V
B e t a III
4 3 4 0 steel

-h00

50h

60

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn

4 8 0 C (900 F)

100k

40

1000

P l a t e (16 m m , or 0 . 6 4 0 in., thick) a n d bar (13 m m , or 0.5 in., d i a m e ter) w e r e solution t r e a t e d a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s , w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d

a g e d at t e m p e r a t u r e s indicated in neutral salt b a t h s or air circulating
furnace with t e m p e r a t u r e control to +10 C. Yield s t r e n g t h s varied
from 6 5 to 1103 M P a (140 to 160 ksi). Tests w e r e performed on
s t a n d a r d C h a r p y s p e c i m e n s in three-point b e n d i n g to d e t e r m i n e
plane-strain fracture t o u g h n e s s .
S o u r c e : J . F e e n e y a n d M. Blackburn, "Effect of Microstructure o n
t h e Strength, T o u g h n e s s , a n d Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g S u s c e p t i bility of a M e t a s t a b l e Beta Titanium Alloy (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn),"
Metall. Trans., Vol 1 , 1 9 7 0 , 3 3 0 9

40
60
80
/C| from W/A, ksi Vm
C

Kj d e t e r m i n e d from slow b e n d load-deflection c u r v e s v s Kj calculated from W/A v a l u e s for p r e c r a c k e d s p e c i m e n s t e s t e d in slow

bend.
A P h y s m e t S B - 7 5 0 t e s t e r w a s u s e d for slow-bend t e s t s with
c r o s s h e a d s p e e d of 2.5 mm/min (0.1 in./min) a n d load deflection
c u r v e s w e r e recorded along with e n e r g y v a l u e s . P r e c r a c k e d
C h a r p y s p e c i m e n s with notch roots approximately 1.5 m m (0.060
in.) d e e p w e r e u s e d .
S o u r c e : T. Ronald, J.A. Hall, a n d C. Pierce, "Usefulness of Prec r a c k e d C h a r p y S p e c i m e n s for Fracture T o u g h n e s s S c r e e n i n g
T e s t s of Titanium Alloys," Metall. Trans., Vol 3 , 1 9 7 2 , p 8 1 3
c

786 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta III: Fracture toughness of plate

Condi tion(a)
Solution treated
480C(900F)8h
510C(950F)8h
595 C(1100F)8h

Transverse
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
860
1460
1355(d)
1405
1170

125
212
197
204
170

Transverse
yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
760
1380
1280
1335
1145

Transverse
elongation
in4D,
%

110
200
186
194
162

Fracture
Reduction
toughness
of area,
Kic
Xlscc(b)
M P a V m k s i Vin. M P a V m ksiVin.
%

20
3
(c)
3
6

58
5
11
6
20

163
57

148
52

66
95

60
87

26
58

24
53(d)

(a) 13 m m (0.5 in.) plate w a s mill rerolled from 2 5 m m (1 in.) plate w i t h t w o r e h e a t i n g s to 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F). Structure recrystallized. Plate
s o l u t i o n treated 15 m i n a t 7 2 0 to 790 C ( 1 3 2 5 to 1 4 5 0 F), w a t e r q u e n c h e d a n d a g e d as indicated, (b) E s t i m a t e d . S t e p loaded in increments
o f 5.5 MPaVm~(5 ksrVin.) w i t h 2 0 m i n a t e a c h s t r e s s level. S p e c i m e n s i m m e r s e d i n 3.5% NaCI. (c) Fracture outside g a g e marks, (d) 25 mm
( 1 in.) p l a t e rolled to size from slab i n o n e h e a t i n g from 1040 C ( 1 9 0 0 F). Nonrecrystallized structure. Source: R.R. Boyer and H.W Rosenb e r g , Ed., Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Beta III: Fracture toughness vs processing for extrusions

Extrusion
temperature
"C
F
980
760
815
980
815
980
760

1800
1400
1500
1800
1500
1800
1400

Cooling rate
from extrusion
operation

Intermediate
solution
treatment(a)

Air cool
Air cool
Air cool
Water quench
Water quench
Water quench
Water quench

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
None
None

Tensile
yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1151
1165
1165
1137
1144
1165
1282

Fracture
toughness

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

167
169
169
165
166
169
186

1186
1213
1199
1255
1248
1282
1392

MPaVm

172
176
174
182
181
186
202

60
58
57
56
54
52
45

(Kic)
ksi Vin
55
53
52
51
49
48
41

N o t e : C h e m i c a l composition w a s 0.0244 w t % C, 0.11 w t % Fe, 0 . 0 0 5 5 wt% H, 10.95 wt% Mo, 0 . 0 0 8 0 wt% N , 0 . 1 5 1 5 wt% 0 , 4 . 4 8 wt% Sn, 5.86
w t % Zr. Alloy s p e c i m e n s w e r e heat t r e a t e d a s i n d i c a t e d , t h e n a g e d at 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F) for 8 h, air cooled. Fracture t o u g h n e s s w a s determined
from C h a r p y V-notch precracked s p e c i m e n s i n s l o w , three-point l o a d i n g b e n d t e s t s , (a) Solution t r e a t m e n t : 0.5 h at 7 6 0 C (1400 F) water
q u e n c h . Source: R. Wood, .Beia Titanium Alloys, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , 1 9 7 2

Beta III: Fracture toughness of forgings, plate, and extrusions v s heat treatment conditions

Processing and heat treatment

Navabo forging, 100 m m (4 in.) section thickness
900-980 C (1650-1800 F) forging, 1 h, 720 C (1325 F), WQ + 8
h,510C(950F),AC
Hot rolled plate, 50 m m (2 in.) section thickness
730-745 C (1350-1375 F) solution treatment, WQ + aging: 8 h,
480C(900F),AC
8h,540C(1000F),AC
8h,595C(1100F),AC
Hot rolled plate, 16 mm (0.640 in.) thick
1 h, 815 C (500 F), WQ + aging: 30 min, 285 C (550 F), AC
5 h , 2 8 5 C(550F),AC
32h,285C(550F),AC
250h,285C(550F)
30 min, 320 C (700 F), AC
2h,320C(700F),AC
15h,320C(700F),AC
200 h, 320C(700F),AC
1 h, 870 C (1600 F), WQ + aging: 30 min, 480 C (900 F), AC
2h,480C(900F),AC
8h,480C(900F),AC
32-36 h, 480 C (900 F), AC
100h,480C(900F),AC
6 min, 620 C (1150 F), AC
lh,620C(1150F),AC
16h,620C(1150F),AC
250 h, 620 C (1150 F),AC
Hot rolled 925 C (1700 F) plate, 13 mm (0.50 in.) thick
15 min, 720-790 C (1325-1450 F), WQ + aging: N o aging
8h,480C(900F),AC
8h,510C(950F),AC
8h,595C(1100F),AC

Yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1255-1261

Kq

M P a ^ Im

Fracture toughness
Kic
KJKa)
k s i \ i n . M P a V m k s i \ i n . M P a V m ksi

182-183

65-69

59-63

1399

203

54

49

56

51

1158
1089

168
158

71
77

65
70

73
81

67
74

1041
1068
1096(d)
1124(d)
993
1082(d)
1379(d)
1461(d)
896
910
1151
1055
1020
799
862
806
799

151
155
159(d)
163(d)
144
157(d)
200(d)
212(d)
130
132
167
153
148
116
125
117
116

765
1386
1337
1117

111
201
194
162

93
108
108
108

85
99
99
99

162

148

71
51
32
11
40
23
23
28
56
72
55
73-74
78

65
47
29
10
37
21
21
26
51
66
50
67-68
71

58
66
95

53
60
87
(continued)

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 787

Beta III: Fracture toughness of forgings, plate, and extrusions vs heat treatment conditions (continued)
Yield

Fracture toughness
Ki
k siVin. M P a V i n csiVin. M P a V m
c

Processing and heat treatment

MPa

Extrusions; 10.9 to 1 reductions on 75 m m (2.95 in.) diameter billet

980 C (1800 F) extrusion, A C + STA(b)
1151
980 C (1800 F) extrusion, W Q + STA(b)
1137
980 C (1800 F) extrusion, W Q + A(c)
1165
815 C (1500 F) extmsion, A C + STA(b)
1165
815 C (1500 F) extrusion, W Q + STA(b)
1144
760 C (1400 F) extrusion, A C + S T A ( b )
1165
760 C (1400 F) extrusion, W Q + A ( c )
1282

ksi

MPavm

54
51
48
52
49
53
41

59
56
52
57
54
58
45

167
165
169
169
166
169
186

ksiVin.

(a) Kf = s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y for c a t a s t r o p h i c failure, (b) S T A = 3 0 m i n a t 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F), W Q + 8 h , 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F), A C . (c) A = 8 h a t 4 8 0 C (900

F), A C . (d) C o m p r e s s i v e y i e l d s t r e n g t h . S o u r c e : R. Wood, Beta Titanium

Alloys,

MCIC-72-11,1972

Stress-Strain Curves
Beta III: Tension stress-strain curves for sheet

Beta III: Compressive stress-strain curves for sheet

T e n s i o n strain, in./in.
0.00
1500

0.01

Strain, i n / i n .

0.03

0.04

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

200

0.00

0.01

20001

0.02

0.03

0.04
I

L
150

Stress, ksi

o.

0.02

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

50
Tension

0
0.00

Tensile
Curves

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

T e n s i o n strain, m m / m m

Strain, m m / m m

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t solution t r e a t e d at 5 1 0 C (950 F), 8 h, AC.

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 11

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t solution treated a t 5 1 0 C (950 F), 8 h, AC.

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3722,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 3 0

Beta III: Effect of temperature on tensile behavior

of sheet

Beta III: Effect of temperature on tensile behavior

of sheet

S t r a i n , in./in.
0.00
1500

0.01

0.02

0.03

Strain, in./in.
0.04

0.05

0.00
1600I

0.01
!

0.02
!

0.03

0.04

0.05

'

'

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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0.00

0.01

0.02
0.03
Strain, mm/mm

0.04

0.05

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t solution treated a n d a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950

F), 8 h, AC. Longitudinal stress-strain a t indicated t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 3 3

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Strain, m m / m m
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t solution treated a n d a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950
F), 8 h, AC. T r a n s v e r s e stress-strain at indicated test t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3722,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 3 3

788 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Compressive
Curves

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Beta III: Effect of temperature on compressive behavior of sheet

Click here to view

Beta III: Effect of temperature on compressive behavior of sheet
Strain, in./in.

Strain, in./in.
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.03

1500

0.00

0.05

H200
2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)
3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)
4 5 5 C ( 8 5 0 F)
H150

H100

0.02

0.04

0.03

1600

RT

1000

0.01

RT

0.05

2 0 5 C (400 ^ 0 0
315(600")

1200

4 5 5 C (850 F)
e

150 ._

800

ioo

500
Compression

50

400

H50
Compression

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Strain, m m / m m
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) s h e e t , solution treated a n d a g e d at 5 1 0 C (950
F), 8 h, AC. Longitudinal compressive strain at indicated t e s t t e m perature.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 2 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 35

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Strain, m m / m m
1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) s h e e t solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d at 510 C (950
F), 8 h, AC. T r a n s v e r s e stress-strain at indicated testtemperature.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3722,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 3 5

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Commercially important metastable and

near- alloys respond well to thermomechanical
processing (TMP), and several complex thermomechanical processing routes have been reduced to commercial practice. With this alloy class,
thermomechanical processing is focused on optimal combinations of high strength, good fracture
toughness, and ductility. These alloys possess superior high-cycle fatigue (HCF) properties due to
their refined microstructures. Several of these alloys have been successfully direct aged, thereby
producing even finer microstructures and improved smooth and notched fatigue properties.
Supra-transus forging processes prevail in this
class of materials, except for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al in
which a combination of supra- and subtransus
working is used to achieve desired properties
through phase manipulation and control. None
of the other and near- alloys respond to thermomechanical processing to improve fracture-related properties because morphology cannot be
modified to the extent possible in + alloys. Ti10V-2Fe-3Al may offer the broadest range of engineering properties for this class of alloys, which
are ideal for use in structural applications where
durability is t h e critical design criterion.
Beta III is a very high strength, deep hardening, metastable alloy whose primary commercial
applications in forgings are aerospace structural
components, corrosion-resistant applications, and
prosthetic devices. The alloy can be fabricated into
all forging product types, although closed die forgings predominate. Beta HI is commercially fabricated on all types of forging equipment.

Beta III is a highly forgeable alloy (when forged

above the transus), with comparable unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeability, and
less crack sensitivity in forging than the - alloy
Ti-6A1-4V. Flow stresses and unit pressures exceed
t h a t of the near- alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (see figure).
The desired final microstructure from Beta III
forging processing is transformed with afinerecrystallized prior grain size, in preparation for final thermal treatments. Thus, Beta III is typically
forged above the transus through one or more forging operations. Reheating for subsequent forging
operations recrystaUizes the alloy from prior hot
working refining prior grain size. Beta III maybe
subtransus ( + ) forged in final stages, with a significant increase in unit pressure requirements, to
accomplish further recrystallization during heat
treatment.
Final thermal treatments for Beta III forging
include solution treating and aging. Forgings may
be supplied in the solution treated condition
and/or fully aged. In the solution treated condition,
Beta III h a s lower strengths, but much higher ductility and toughness than in the solution treated
and aged condition. Solution treatment is conducted at 690 to 730 C (1275 to 1350 F), Mowed
by water quenching. Aging is conducted at 565 to
595 C (1050 to 1100 F).
Beta forging working histories for Beta III require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of reduc-

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 789

tion are not recommended. Although Beta III is

cold worked in other products (sheet), cold work
ing is not used for forgings.
Beta III, a s with all alloys, has a higher affin
ity for hydrogen than other alloy classes. Although
Beta III forms less case from heating operations
than other alloy classes, therefore requiring less
metal removal in chemical pickling (milling proc
esses), control of chemical removal processes is es
sential to preclude excessive hydrogen pickup.
Beta III: Extrusion breakthrough pressure

Beta III: Forging process temperatures

Metal t e m p e r a t u r e
C
F

Process
Beta forging

700-955

1300-1750

Note: See "Technical Note 4: Forging" for recommended die temperatures.

Beta III: Flow stress vs strain rate

Billet preheat temperature, F

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
1180

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1tf

LIVE GRAPH
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10'

5
rr 10

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Alat835 C

700

800
900
1000
Billet preheat temperature, C

1100

10"'

10'

10
Strain rate, s"

10"

10"'

Relationship between stem breakthrough pressure and billet pre

heat temperature for axisymmetric extrusion of the titanium alloys
indicated. Reduction ratio 10.9:1 for Beta III; all others 10.0:1.

Source: Superplastjc Deformation of -Ti Alloys, Mater. So. Eng.,

Vol 86,1987, 159-177

Beta III: Tensile properties of STAforgings at room temperature

Specimen
location(a)
Panel, (thin)
Panel, L (thin)
Rib, L (thin)
Center, surface, L (thick)
Midradius, center, L (thick)
Center, L (thick)
Center, short (thick)
Center, (thick)
Center, end, (medium)
Center, end, (medium)
Center, end, L (medium)

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
1213
1275
1268
1261
1255
1255
1199
1172
1193
1199
1193

176
185
184
183
182
182
174
170
173
174
173

U l t i m a t e tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1296
1330
1323
1268
1303
1310
1261
1241
1268
1268
1268

188
193
192
184
189
190
183
180
184
184
184

Elonga
tion,
%
5.0
5.0
4.5
2.5
2.5
4.0
3.0
5.0
5.5
4.5
4.0

Reduction
of a r e a ,
%
17
12
10
5
6
11
10
14
15
16
11

Note: Specimens were solution treated and aged: 1 h, 715 C (1325 F), water quenched + 8 h, 510 C (950 F), air cool, (a) L = longitudinal;
= transverse with respect to grain direction.

Forming

All of the titanium alloys are highly cold formable (see table), but Beta III has the lowest yield
strength combined with excellent ductility of any
of the beta compositions. Cold workability is par
ticularly advantageous for rivets and other fasten
ers. Manufacturing is facilitated by the good formability of Beta III.
Warm fonning of Beta III parts can be accom
plished to eliminate the springback that occurs
during some cold forming operations. Solution
treated material may be formed at temperatures
as low as 315 C (600 F) where yield strength may

be as low as 550 to 620 MPa (80 to 90 ksi) and elon

gation as high as 25%. On the other hand, tem
peratures of 510 to 540 C (950 to 1000 F) were
found to minimize springback in hot sizing (see
figure). Hot draw forming at 200 C (400 F) was
found to result in considerable springback. Form
ing at 510 C (950 F) appears to be required for ob
taining a precise shape. Either cold or warm form
ing followed by a hot-sizing operation, which can
be a part of the aging heat treatment, appears as
an acceptable method of processing Beta III parts.

790 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Beta III: Formability comparison in the annealed condition

Typical tensile and bend properties and optimum formability

Alloy

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Unalloyed Ti
Ti-8Mn
Ti-5 Al-6Sn-2Zr- lMo-0.25Si
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Beta
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

379
827
862
862
827
724
862
896

55
120
125
125
120
105
125
130

Tensile
elongation,
%
25
15
10
15
20
25
20
15

Minimum bend
Olsen cup
Headability
radius, height,
mm
in.
(Rlt)
2.0
2.5
4.0
2.5
2.0
2.5

7.3
7.3
5.2
4.5

0.290
0.290
0.205
0.180

8.4
8.4
6.6

0.330
0.380
0.260

Df/Di
1.87(b)

1.31
2.70
2.50
2.23

(a) D e t e r m i n e d b y cold u p s e t t i n g a specimen h a v i n g l e n g t h e q u a l to twice t h e d i a m e t e r a n d m e a s u r i n g t h e ratio of diameter at fracture (D/)

to initial d i a m e t e r (D ). (b) Test discontinued prior to fracture. Source: R A . Wood, Beta
;

Alloys,

MCIC 72-11, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Sheet
Rolling

The overall cold rollability of Beta III is at least

as good as t h a t of commercially pure unalloyed titanium. The cold rolling Kmit for Beta III, as determined by the onset of edge cracking, is reported to
be somewhat greater t h a n 90% reduction. The resistance to rolling is about the same for Beta III
and unalloyed titanium (see figure). Because of
this capability and ease for cold work, thin strip
and foils and other sophisticated mill products can
be produced in Beta III relatively inexpensively.
Foil has been made down to 0.025 mm (0.001 in.)
thick at a width of 635 mm (25 in.).

Beta III: Cold rollability

100

LIVE GRAPH
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150
200
Roll d i a m e t e r / e n t r y

250
thickness

300

S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 791

Sheet
Formability

Beta III: Sheet formability comparison

Olsen cup

Transverse

height

bend

Alloy

radius

Transage 129, solution treated, fan air

cooled
-70 (commercial purity)
ri-13V-llCr-3Al,solutiontreated
Betam
Solution treated, water quenched
Solution treated, air cooled
-61-4, mill annealed

7.1

0.281

7.3
6.3

0.290
0.25

8.4
6.3
3.0

0.330
0.25
0.12

Tensile yield
Hardness,

strength

HRC

ksi

MPa

(Rlt)

734

105

27.3

2
3

483(a)
827(a)

70(a)
120(a)

26
32-36

2
3.5
4.5

738
883
827

107
128
120

36

(a) G u a r a n t e e d rninimum

Beta III: Sheet formability comparison

Minimum
transverse bend
Olsen cup height
Alloy
Betam

Condition
ST, water quench
ST, air cool
Mill anneal
Mill ST
Mill anneal
Half hard

T1-6AMV
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-8Mn
Type 301 stainless steel
(a)R,

b e n d radius; t, sheet t h i c k n e s s . S o u r c e : Beta Titanium

mm
7.6
6.4
3.0
6.4
7.4
8.1
Alloys

radius(a),
in.
.30
.25
.12
.25
.29
.32

Rlt
2.0
3.5
4.0
2.5
2.5
2.5

in the 1980s, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Beta III: Bend ductility and springback of sheet at room temperature

Test

Minimum bend

Springback

r a d i u s (b)

angle,

3.7
2.8
2.6

27
27
25

3.0
2.5
2.0

22
20
18

direction(a)
1.72 m m (0.068 in.) sheet
Longitudinal
Transverse
Diagonal
0.5 m m (0.020 in.) sheet
Longitudinal
Transverse
Diagonal

(a) B e n d a x i s w i t h respect to rolling direction. Longitudinal s p e c i m e n h a s b e n d a x i s parallel to rolling direction, (b) M i n i m u m b e n d r a d i u s ,

T, whereT=R/t,R,

b e n d radius; t, s h e e t t h i c k n e s s . Source: R A . Wood, B e t a Titanium

Alloys,

M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories,

1972

Beta III: Bend and Olsen cup data for sheet

Olsen cup

T-bend(a)
Sheet thickness
in

in.

1.7

0.067

0.5

0.020

height(b)

ratio,
Condition
ST 730 C(1350F),AC
ST 730 C(1350F),AC
ST 785 C(1450F),AC
ST 785 C(1450F),WQ
ST770C(1425F),AC
ST 730 C(1350F),WQ

mm
3.5
1.7
3.0
1.7
3.5
1.7

6.3-6.8
7.1-7.8
6.6-7.1
7.1-7.6
5.3
6.8

0.25-0.27
0.28-0.31
0.26-0.28
0.28-0.30
0.21
0.27

(a) T r a n s v e r s e coupons w e r e b e n t t h r o u g h 105 a r o u n d a m a n d r e l to d e t e r m i n e m i n i m u m v a l u e , w h i c h i s r e p o r t e d a s b e n d r a d i u s / s h e e t

t h i c k n e s s . B e n d s w e r e e x a m i n e d a t 3 0 x. (b) O l s e n C u p t e s t conditions: C l a m p p r e s s u r e , 1 5 0 0 lb; t e s t s p e e d , 2 2 m m / m i n (1 in./min); ball ind e n t e r (7/8 in.) diameter, die, 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) i n s i d e diameter. Source: R A . Wood, B e t a Titanium

Alloys,

M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Labo-

r a t o r i e s , 1972

Sheet
Weldments

The weldability of Beta III sheet and plate is

considered to be very good. Welds have good duetility with strength comparable to solution treated
and aged material. Like all titanium alloys, Beta

III is weldable by all methods, except shielded arc

and submerged arc welding (because no flux is
permitted). Ductility is better if aging is done after
welding.

792 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta III: Mechanical properties of sheet weldments

Preweld aging

Postweld aging

treatment

treatment

Specimen
orientation

Temperature
op
C

Longitudinal

As ST
950
1100
As ST
510
950
595
1100
As ST
510
595

Transverse

Transverse

Time,
h

Temperature
op
C

Time,
h
...
...

8
8
8
8
...

M i n i m u m bend

510
510
540
540+
565

950
950
1000
1000+
1050

Ultimate tensile

Tensile yield

Elongation in

Reduction

Location

radius(D,

strength
MPa
ksi

strength
ksi
MPa

50 m m (2 in.),
%

of area,
%

of tensile
break(a)

b e n d ratiofb),
Rlt

734
773
781
753
803
766
1155
1310
1035
1085
960

...
...
...
8
8
8
8
8

106.5
112.1
113.3
109.2
116.5
111.2
167.6
190.0
150.2
157.4
139.3

615
686
692
657
735
689
1137
1104
993
1043
904

3.0

49.4
48.0
56.1
20.6
54.0
53.2
9.1
24.7
26.9
15.9
25.4

12.0
20.0
17.0
2.5
6.8
6.3
1.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
3.0

89.3
99.6
100.4
95.3
106.6
100.0
164.9
160.1
144.0
151.3
131.1

7.0
3.0
4.6
4.3

w
w
w

w
w
w

7.0

N o t e : F u s i o n b u t t w e l d e d , (a) Location of t e n s i l e break: W, w e l d nugget; P, p a r e n t m e t a l , (b) Welded s h e e t b e n t t h r o u g h 105 a r o u n d a m a n d r e l . B e n d s w e r e examined at

30x. R, b e n d radius; t, t h i c k n e s s . Source: R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

M C I C 11-72, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Alloys,

Fasteners/Springs
the solution treated or overaged (565 to 595 C, or
1050 to 1100 F) conditions. Great versatility of
fastener design is possible with Beta III alloy because of the wide range of strengths and degree of
formability available with the material.

Because good cold workability is particularly

advantageous for rivets and other fasteners, Beta
III in rod and wire form has found use as fasteners
and is a candidate for certain spring applications.
Beta III rivets can be reliably gun driven in either

Beta III: Typical tensile and shear properties of rod for fasteners

Condi tion(a)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

As ST
ST + a g e 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) , 8 h
ST + a g e 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F ) , 8 h
ST + a g e 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F ) , 8 h
ST + age565C(10S0F), 8 h
ST + age595C(1100F), 8 h

990
1365
1300
1185
1090
985

144
198
189
172
158
143

Tensile yield
Elongation
in4D,
s t r e n g t h (0.2% o f f s e t )
%
MPa
ksi
790
1270
1215
1125
1035
945

Reduction
of area,
%

24
15
18
21
25
27

115
184
176
163
150
137

65
36
38
44
56
65

Double shear
strength
ksi
MPa

C o l d head
ratio(b),
DflDi
2.10
1.20

91
115
113
109
105
95

625
790
780
750
725
655

1.40
1.77

(a) Mill p r o c e s s e d rod solution treated a t 6 9 0 to 7 3 0 C ( 1 2 7 5 to 1350 F), w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d a s indicated, (b) Determined by cold
u p s e t t i n g a s p e c i m e n w i t h t h e initial l e n g t h e q u a l t o t w i c e t h e d i a m e t e r a n d m e a s u r i n g t h e ratio of d i a m e t e r at fracture to initial diameter.
Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H . W Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1984

Beta III: Tensile properties of wire at room temperature (see also "Mechanical Properties")
Solution heat treated at 1350 F and water quenched
Ultimate tensile
strength

Processing and
heat treatment

MPa

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) diameter

Solution annealed
Solution annealed + 8 h, 480 C (900 F)
Solution annealed + 8 h, 510 C (950 F)
3.5 nun (0.140 in.) diameter
Cold drawn 50%
Cold drawn + 8 h, 480 C (900 F)
2.3 nun (0.092 in.) diameter
Cold drawn 79%
Cold drawn + 8 h, 425 C (800 F)
Cold drawn + 8 h, 370 C (700 F)
Source: R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

ksi

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa

ksi

Elongation
i n 42), o f a r e a ,

Reduction,

979
1406
1344

142
204
195

703
1289
1268

102
187
184

29
13
15

83

1110
1455

161
211

572
1386

83
201

18
20

70
45

1310
1860
1889

190
270
274

896
1820
1834

130
264
266

12
7
3

60
34
10

Alloys,

M C I C 11-72, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) / 793

Beta III: Mechanical properties of seamless tubing

Tube size,
m m (in.)
OD
Wall
(1.5)

(0.173)

Ultimate tensile
strength(c)
Condition

As extruded + age 8 h 510 C

(950 F)
(1.26)

(0.884)

(0.120)

(0.050)

ksi

MPa

As extruded(a)

MA(b)
MA+pickled
M A + ST730 C(1350 F), WQ
M a + S T 730 C (1350 F), WQ
+ age8h510C(950F)
M A + ST730 C (1350 F), WQ
+ age8h540C(1000F)
MA(b)
MA+pickled
MA+ ST 730 C (1350 F), WQ
+ ST730C(1350F),WQ
M A + ST 730 C (1350 F), WQ
+ age8h510C(950F)
MA + ST 730 C (1350 F), WQ
+ age8h540C(1000F)

Tensile yield
Elongation
s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % o f f s e t ) i n 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) ,
MPa
ksi
%

Reduction

Flattening(e)

of area,

test,
(ODtyft

799
854
1381(d)

116.0
123.9
200.4(d)

687
738
1270

99.7
107.1
184.3

16.0
18.0
8.0

75.6
72.0
18.4

1376(d)
991
988
905
1278

199.6(d)
143.8
143.4
131.3
185.4

1264
924
935
791
1215

183.4
134.1
135.6
114.8
176.3

8.0
13.2
13.0
13.5
7.5

22.6
42.0
47.5
50.9
26.7

1197

173.7

1136

164.8

9.2

36.5

1066
1041
809

154.7
151.0
117.4

972
953
697

141.0
138.2
101.2

8.5
8.5
20.8

16.6
24.7
36.0

1244

180.4

1165

169.0

6.0

12.3

1170

169.8

1101

159.8

7.2

15.6

Flaring(f)
test,

3.7

9.0
8.1
7.0

13.5
12.0
32.3

11.8
12.2
6.6

16.3
15.7
27.8

(a) H o l l o w b i l l e t s , 7 8 m m (2.8 i n . ) O D b y 3 2 m m ( 1 . 2 6 0 in.) I D , w e r e c a n n e d i n m i l d s t e e l , h e a t e d t o 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), e x t r u d e d t o t u b e h o l l o w ( r e d u c t i o n r a t i o 7.2:1) a n d

w a t e r q u e n c h e d , (b) P r o c e s s i n g of t u b e h o l l o w s t o s i z e w a s d o n e i n a s i n g l e cold p a s s w i t h t u b e r e d u c e r s a n d w a s followed b y a v a c u u m mill a n n e a l : 3 0 m i n 7 3 0 C (1350
F) fast cool + 4 h a t 6 2 0 C (1150 F ) + F C t o 4 8 0 C (900 F). (c) T e n s i l e s p e c i m e n m a c h i n e d from a l o n g i t u d i n a l section of t u b i n g s u b t e n d e d b y a 19 m m (0.75 in.) c h o r d .
G a g e l e n g t h , 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) . R e d u c e d s e c t i o n , 1 3 m m (0.5 in.), (d) M a c h i n e d r o u n d s p e c i m e n . G a g e l e n g t h , 1 3 m m (0.5 in.). R e d u c e d section, 3 . 1 m m ( 0 . 1 2 5 in.), (e) F l a t t e n i n g
p e r f o r m a n c e i s e x p r e s s e d a s t h e r a t i o of t h e h e i g h t ( o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r ) a t f a i l u r e / w a l l t h i c k n e s s , (f) F l a r i n g p e r f o r m a n c e i s e x p r e s s e d a s t h e p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n o u t s i d e
d i a m e t e r a t t h e p o i n t of f a i l u r e . S o u r c e : R A . Wood, Beta Htanium Alloys, M C I C 11-72, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

LIVE GRAPH

Beta III: Effect of billet temperature on extrusion properties

Click here to view

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , F

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1500

1400h

1400

1500

1600

1700

1300

1800

5~

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

45h

40h

1300ro 35h

12001-

30h

11001
700

800

900

25

160
1000

700

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

800

900

1000

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(b)

Effect of billet p r e h e a t treatment o n t h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e properties of B e t a III extrusions. AC, air cooled after extruding; W Q , w a t e r q u e n c h e d
after extruding; STA, 3 0 min at 7 6 0 C (1400 F), w a t e r q u e n c h , plus 8 h a t 4 8 0 C (900 F), air cool.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Heat Treatment

Beta III may be supplied in either t h e solution

treated (highly formable) or the solution heat
treated plus aged condition (high strength or moderately high strength, depending on treatment selected). Heat treatment may consist of simply aging the material from the solution treated
condition supplied, or re-solution treatment prior
to aging may be preferred to achieve maximum
ductility and toughness in heavily worked areas of

t h e aged part. The best combination of properties

is obtained after solution treatment near the
transus.
Stress relief a n n e a l i n g for Beta HI may consist of re-solution heat treatment or an aging heat
treatment. Re-solution treatment may be accomplished in as short a time as 1 to 2 min at 715 to
730 C (1325 to 1350 F), followed by either water
quenching or air cooling. No special treatment is

794 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

used as a stress relief annealing treatment.

A n n e a l i n g of Beta III is also the same as solution treating. The recommended annealing temperature range for Beta III alloys is 705 to 760 C

(1300 to 1400 F), generally for short times and

usually followed by either water quenching or air
cooling.

Beta III: Solution treatments

Heat
treatment

Typical ST
I^wSTforrod,wire,etc.
High ST for thicker section

Temperature(a)

730-785
690-730
815-870

Time,
min

1350-1450
1275-1350
1500-1600

Cooling
m e t h o d (b)

5
5
5(c)

ACorWQ
ACorWQ
ACorWQ

(a) T h e b e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of properties i s o b t a i n e d b y solution t r e a t m e n t n e a r t h e b e t a t r a n s u s . (b) E i t h e r air cool (AC) or water quench (WQ)
m i g h t allow t h e s a m e a g i n g r e s p o n s e d e p e n d i n g o n section thickness, (c) E x p o s u r e i s u s u a l l y short,but m a y be longer for thicker sections.

The recommended aging heat treatment for

producing the high strength condition in Beta III
alloy is 8 h at 480 C (900 F) foUowed by air cooling. An overaged condition may be achieved by exposure for 8 h at 595 C (1100 F) and air cooling.

Precipitation of the a phase in 8-h exposure in the

480 to 595 C (900 to 1100 F) temperature range
results in tensile strengths in the range 1380 to
930 MPa (200 to 135 ksi), respectively.

Beta III: Aging v s tensile properties of sheet

Room-temperature tensile properties of 1.7 mm (0.067 in.) thick hand sheet as solution treated and after various aging treatments
8-h a g i n g
temperature
C
F

Specimen
direction

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Solution treated 3 min, 730 C (1350 F) and air cooled

None
L
955

925
480
900
L
1397

1418
510
950
L
1311

1383
540
1000
L
1201

1184
595
1100
L
966
Solution treated 3 min 730 C (1350 F) and water quenched
None
L
837

809
480
900
L
1370

1419
510
950
L
1348

1354
540
1000
L
1237

1288

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
900
901
1350
1397
1208
1297
1117
1100
903

130.6
130.7
195.8
202.6
175.3
188.1
162.1
159.6
131.0

10.8
10.0
3.7
2.7
7.3
5.5
6.0
7.0
11.0

56.2
52.4
18.2
9.3
33.2
23.9
37.2
37.2
62.4

121.4
117.4
198.7
205.8
195.6
196.4
179.4
186.9

753
718
1337
1407
1247
1279
1173
1223

109.2
104.2
194.0
204.1
180.9
185.6
170.1
177.4

19.2
29.7
4.0
2.8
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.0

61.2
66.2
26.4
11.3
26.5
30.1
40.5
29.8

Beta III: Effect of pre-age and cold work on age time

P r e - a g e . m i n . at:
T i m e t o full
3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F ) 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F ) C o l d w o r k , % s t r e n g t h , m i n
0
10
2
2
2
0
5

0
0
0
10
20
0
0

Reduction
of area,
%

138.5
134.2
202.7
205.7
190.2
200.6
174.3
171.8
140.1

(a) Tensile properties are a v e r a g e of d u p l i c a t e t e s t s . Source: R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

1972

0
2
2
2
2
10
0

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) ,
%

1440
2
10-20
7
3
20
100

N o t e : Effects p r e - a g i n g a n d cold w o r k o n a g i n g t i m e at 4 5 0 C (840

F) to r e a c h full s t r e n g t h . Source: H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Property Scatt e r i n B e t a T i t a n i u m : S o m e P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s , Beta
Titanium
Alloys in the 1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Alloys,

MCIC 11-72, B a t t e l l e Columbus Laboratories,

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta I I I ) / 7 9 5

Beta III: Aging vs tensile properties of sheet

Room-temperature tensile properties of 13 mm (0.5 in.) thick plate as rolled, solution treated, and aged

Solution
treatment

Quench

temperature
F

delay,
s

Ashotrolled(a)
785(b)
1450(b)

730(b)

730(b)

1350(b)

1350(b)

8-h
aging
temperature
op
C

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
992
922
1359
1297
1086
834
1343
1288
1219
1143
1090
949
1397
1255
1036

15
480
540
595

900
1000
1100

480
510
540
565
595

900
950
1000
1050
1100

480
540
595

900
1000
1100

Tensile yield

15

30

143.9
133.7
197.2
188.1
157.6
121.0
194.9
186.9
176.9
165.8
158.2
137.7
202.6
182.0
150.3

s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
ksi
MPa
921
862
1281
1207
1026
728
1248
1200
1137
1057
1023
906
1277
1158
979

Elongation
in4D,

133.6
125.1
185.9
175.1
148.8
105.6
181.1
174.1
165.0
153.3
148.4
131.4
185.3
168.0
142.1

Charpy V-notch
impact
t o u g h n c :ss(a)
ft lbf
J

Reduction
of area,

20.0
20.0
4.0
4.0
10.0
34.0
2.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
20.0
4.0
6.0
13.0

67.2
69.5
8.2
13.7
22.6
68.3
8.2
10.7
11.5
13.4
29.7
56.6
8.1
14.8
26.7

10.8
20.3
10.8

8
15
8

14.9
35.2

11
26

10.8
10.8

8
8

13.5
23.0
6.7
12.2

10
17
5
9

(a) A t - 4 0 C ( - 4 0 F). (b) P l a t e 27.9 m m ( 1 . 1 in.) thick w a s h o t rolled to 13 m m (0.5 in.) t h i c k n e s s u s i n g furnace t e m p e r a t u r e 9 2 5 C (1700
F), r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e of 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), final p a s s e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e 8 9 5 C (1640 F). P l a t e s t r a i g h t e n e d w a r m w i t h o u t reheating, (c)
P a n e l s w e r e laboratory solution t r e a t e d for 15 m i n at t h e indicated t e m p e r a t u r e a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d w i t h t h e i n d i c a t e d delay t i m e . Source:
R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C 11-72, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Click here to view

Beta III: Tensile strength v s age temperature

Beta III: Effect of pre-aging and cold work

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
850

1600

1400h

H220

1500

-|200
>
c

1400

-|180

d) 1 2 0 0 h

900

950

1000

1050

1100

"
)
o> 1 3 0 0

H160 ~
pre-aging

E 1000h

prior C W . 1 4 0 ^

-M20

800
10
10'
Aging time, min

10

Effect of pre-aging h e a t t r e a t m e n t s with a n d without a prior cold

work on t h e tensile strength of a g e d (450 C, 8 4 0 F) s p e c i m e n s .
Solution h e a t t r e a t e d 5 min a t 7 3 0 C (1350 F) a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d
prior to cold working or pre-aging.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

1200

1100
450

500

550

160
600

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Effect of 8-h aging t e m p e r a t u r e on tensile strength of s p e c i m e n s s o lution t r e a t e d a t 7 3 0 to 7 4 5 C (1350 to 1 3 7 5 F).
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

796 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Click here to view

Beta III: Effect of aging temperature and cold work on tensile properties
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
600
1750

700
71

800
'

900

A g i n g temperature, " F
1000

1 - '

1100
'

- 2 0 % cold rolled

7*^*^.

-^.

600

700

800

900

1000

5
No cold rolling

240
4

/ 1 0 % cold rolled

1 0 % cold rolled
2 0 % cold rolled

220
No cold rolling

"(0

2 0 0 >
Stren

a
b

W 1250

180

Elongatic

1500
Q.
5

1
T Y S , n o cold; rolling

b _ YCij

160

1000
300

0
400

500

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(a)

600

300

350

400
450
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

500

550

(b)
Effect of prior cold work o n t h e tensile properties of a g e d s p e c i m e n s . Solution h e a t treated 5 min at 7 3 0 C (1350 F) a n d water quenched priorto
cold working or aging. Aging t i m e s not given e x c e p t that t h e y a r e p e a k aging times.

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 797

I Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)
Common Name: Beta C , 38-6-44
UNS Number: R58640

Chemistry
and
Density

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) is a commercial alloy developed by RMI in the mid-to-late

1960s. It h a s similar characteristics to Ti-13VllCr-3Al (13-11-3), but is easier to melt and shows
less segregation. Beta C was developed as a n improvement of 13-11-3 which had some melting
problems due to a high chromium content. Due to

its significant molybdenum content, Beta C exhibits superior resistance to reducing acids and chloride crevice corrosion compared to other highstrength titanium alloys. Currently, Beta C holds a
small amount (much less t h a n 1%) of the production market.

Beta C is formulated by depressing the beta

transus with t h e beta isomorphous elements, molybdenum and vanadium, and t h e sluggish beta
eutectoid element, chromium. It is slightly more

beta-stabilized than Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta

III) a n d less beta-stabilized t h a n Ti-13V-llCr-3Al.
Density. 4.82 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )

Beta C is cold rollable and drawable, and is

used mainly as bar and wire material for aircraft
springs; it h a s also been explored as a spring material for automotive applications. It constitutes less
than 1% of titanium products. Beta C can be
heated to high levels above 1380 MPa, 200 ksiby
aging between 480 and 595 C (900 and 1100 F).

Large variations in tensile strength can be obtained by varying the aging temperature and time.
A portion of the beta phase transforms to a finely
dispersed alpha during aging. Also, it does not
grain-coarsen as rapidly as other beta alloys when
heat treated or worked at temperatures above the
beta transus.

Beta C is used in fasteners, springs, torsion

bars, and in foil form for making cores for sandwich structures. It is also used for tubulars and
casings in oil, gas, and geothermal wells.
U s e Limitations. Beta C, like other beta titanium alloys, is highly susceptible to hydrogen
pickup and rapid hydrogen diffusion during heating, pickling, and chemical milling. However, be-

cause of the much higher solubility of hydrogen in

t h e beta phase than in the alpha phase of titanium,
this alloy has a higher tolerance for hydrogen t h a n
the alpha or alpha-beta alloys.
Beta C can be welded in t h e solution-treated
condition; however, welding is not recommended
after solution treating and aging. Care is necessary in pickling to minimize hydrogen absorption.

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C): Specifications

Specification

Designation

Description

UNSR58640

Al

Cr

3-4
34
34
3-4
3-4
3-4

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

Fe

Composition. wt%
Mo

Zr

Other

balTi

7.5- 8.5
7.5- 8.5
7.5- 8.5
7.5- 8.5
7.5- 8.5
7.5- 8.5

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5

USA
AMS 4957
AMS 4958
MTLT-9046J
MILT-9046J
MILT-9047G
MILT-9047G

CodeB-3
CodeB-3
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mc- 4Zr

Bar Wir CD
Bar Rod STA
Sh Stop Pit SHT
Sh Stop Pit STA
Bar Bil STA
Bar Bil SHT

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.5-4.5
3.54.5

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12

0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02

C 0.05; 0.4; 0.005; bal Ti

C 0.05; OT 0.4; 0.005; bal Ti
C 0.05; OT 0.4; bal Ti
C 0.05; OT 0.4; bal Ti
C 0.05; OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti
C 0.05; OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ti

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C): Commercial compositions

Specification
USA
Astro
Oremet
RMI
Teledyne
Timet

Designation

Description

Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
Bar Sprg Pip
Ti-38-6-44
Sh Pit Bar Bil Wir Ex
3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
Tel-Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo4Zr
TTMETAL 3 - 8 - 6 4 4
IngBilSTA

Al

Cr

3-4

5.5-6.5

34
34
34

5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.5

Fe

0.3
0.3
0.3

Composition, %
Mo

Zr

Other

3.54.5

0.03 max

0.14 max

7.5-8 .5

3.54.5

C 0.05 max; bal Ti

3.54.5
3.54.5
3.5-4.5

0.03
0.03
0.03

0.14
0.14
0.14

7.5-8 .5
7.5-8 .5
7.5-8 .5

3.54.5
3.54.5
3.54.5

C 0.05; bal Ti
0.02; C 0.05; bal Ti

798 / Beta a n d Near-Beta A l l o y s

Phases and Structures

As a solute-rich alloy, precipitation of

within the solute-lean regions (') of Beta C is
slow. Prior cold work accelerates the formation of
intragranular and also reduces the extent of
grain boundary a. Peak aging occurs at around
480 C (900 F), and smaller quantities of (in the
form of coarse precipitates) are found at higher
temperatures. Type 2 occurs during certain agBeta C: Effect of aging temperature

ing treatments. Recrystallization occurs after

short times above the transus, although grain
growth is not a problem. The possibility of a second
phase responsible for inhibiting grain growth
above the transus has been suggested (R.A.
Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972, Section 1-12, 72-1).
Beta C: Variation of lattice parameter

Aging temperature, F
1000

1100

1200

0.326

LIVE GRAPH

Salt bath:
400 C (750 F)

Click here to view

500 C (930 F)

0.324

Air furnace:
600 C(1110F)
0.322

650 C(1200F)
Solution treated

0.32

0.318

0.316
500

550

600

650

700

1.00

1.40

Aging temperature, C

1.80

2.20

stabilizer content

Effect of aging temperature on amount of p h a s e precipitation in 5

mm (1.25 in.) thick plate solution heat treated at 9 2 5 C (1700 F)
and aged.
Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, nanium Alloys
Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , Section 1 -12,
72-1

B e t a T r a n s u s . 730 C (1350 F). The previously published transus temperature of 795 C

Variation of lattice parameter with stabilizing alloying element

content (normalized to unity at zero volume fraction of a).
Source: G.H. Isaac and C. Hammond, The Formation of Type 2
P h a s e in Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo, in Titanium, Science and
nology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde eV, Germany, 1985, 1608

Tech-

(1460 F) is too high,

Beta C: Lattice parameters of the and phases in solution heat treated and aged plate
L a t t i c e s p a c i n g , A (+0.004 A )
Alpha
phase

Aging
temperature
C
565
620
675

"F

1050
1150
1250

2.948
2.936
2.920

Beta
phase

c
4.680
4.682
4.684

Oo

3.218
3.226
3.229

N o t e : 32 m m (1.25 in.) plate w a s solution t r e a t e d a t 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F) and aged 8 h. Source: R.A. Wood and R.J. Favor, Titanium

book, M C I C - H B - 0 2 ,

B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, Section 1-12, 72-1

Alloys Hand-

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r (Beta C ) / 799

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Physical Properties

Elastic
Properties

Annealed or solution treated Beta C h a s a tensile modulus of between 78 and 91 GPa (11.4 and
13.2 10 psi). Overaging produces slightly higher
tensile strength and elastic modulus (up to 96.5
GPa, or 14 1 0 psi), whereas full age hardening
results in moduli in the range of 100 GPa (15 10
psi) and up to 124 GPa (18 1 0 psi).
6

Beta C: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus

730 15 C ( 1 3 5 0 2 5 F )
~1650 C (3000 F)
4.82 g / c m (0.174 lb/in. )
1.6
Nonmagnetic
515 J/kg (0.123 Btu/lb F)
6.2 W/m (3.6 Btu/ft h F)
8.3 x W-*/C (4.6 x 1 0 - V F )

Melting (liquidus) point

Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 100 C (212
F)

Beta C: Tensile and compressive moduli vs temperature

Beta C: Modulus of elasticity v s tensile yield

strength

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , ksi
110

120

130

150

130

LIVE GRAPH

140
'

160

170

100

180
:'

117

120

Highest value m e a s u r e d

A v e r a g e c u r v e for 2 5 m m

400

500

1 '

600

700
1

800

900
1

1
16

odulus

15

IT

15 J

'55
Q.
,

14

13 1

16"o

^ O - ^ -

100

"I

101

1 4

(1 in.) p l a t e

I: '

17
o.

0.

110
co

I '

300

18

Click here to view

200

Average

/
A v e r a g e c u r v e for 1 3 m m

90

85

(1/2 in.) p l a t e

R-

12
80

800

900

1000

12

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

11

Lowest v a l u e m e a s u r e d
70
700

73

Compressive modulus

1100

1200

1300

100

200

300

\ \ - 11
400

500

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

M e a s u r e d from plate in s e v e r a l a n n e a l e d a n d a g e d conditions.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e i a Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 1 8 0

S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d forged billets, 15 min at

8 1 5 C (1500 F), A C + 1 2 h at 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F), AC.
S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

800 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Beta C: Transverse tangent modulus

Click here to view

Beta C: Longitudinal tangent modulus

T a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 1 0 psi
0

10

T a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 1 0 psi
6

12

14

16

1200

1200

900

900

2
1

"

RT

1'

14
16
10
12
.
- . ,- .
. 2 0 0 C (400 F) - 160
- 140
- 120

600

600

100 "

370 C (700 F

J80
48( C (90( F)

300

- 60

300

40
- 20

40

20

60

80

100

20

Tangent modulus, G P a
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billets solution treated a t
8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 1 5 min, AC, a g e d at 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 2 h,
AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 3 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

40
60
80
Tangent modulus, G P a

120

100

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billets, solution treated at

8 1 5 C (1500 F) 1 5 min, AC, a g e d at 5 6 5 C (1050 F)for2 h, AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3723,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Beta C: Compressive strength and modulus at high temperatures

Temperature

Test
direction

RT

RT

200

400

370

700

480

900

Compressive modulus
GPa
10 psi
e

102
101
93
94
85
82
77
78.5

14.8
14.7
13.5
13.7
12.4
11.9
11.2
11.4

C o m p r e s s i v e y i e l d strength
ksi
MPa
161
155
140
137
130
129
113
116

1110
1070
965
945
895
890
780
800

N o t e : F u l l s e c t i o n t e s t s o n 1 5 0 m m ( 6 in.) d i a m f o r g i n g s ; s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), A C , a g e d a t 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for4 h, AC. Source:

D J H . W i l s o n a n d C M . E s l e r , i n Beta Titanium in the 198ffs, R . R . B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 4 7 0

Electrical
Resistivity

Beta C: Electrical resistivity

100

LIVE GRAPH

200

Beta C: Shear modulus of bar after aging

Temperature, F
300
400
500

600

700

Click here to view

1.5

C-9s

1*

A s rolled

Aged, 4 8 0 C (900 F)

100

G r a d e 2 Ti
I

200
Temperature, C

GPa

480C(900F),12h,AC
480C(900F),24h,AC
495 C (925 F), 8 h, AC
510C(950F),8h,AC

41.0
43.3
40.7
41.6

10 P8I
6

5.95
6.28
5.91
6.M

N o t e : M o d u l u s d e t e r m i n e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y from torsion data on 6.66

m m ( 2 . 6 2 5 in.) d i a m b a r . T r e a t m e n t w a s solution annealed at 925
C ( 1 7 0 0 F) for 3 0 m i n , A C , a n d 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 30 min, AC,
p r i o r t o a g i n g . S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol
4 , C o d e 3 7 2 3 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

0.5

Shear modulus

Aging
treatment

300

400

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) / 801

Chemical/Corrosion Properties

General
Corrosion

Molybdenum additions improve the corrosion

resistance of titanium alloys in reducing media,
and this effect is evidenced by the general corrosion rates of Beta C in reducing media such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acid (see figures). This increase in reducing environment resistance is

achieved, however, at the expense of corrosion resistance in oxidizing environments such as nitric
acid (see figures). Oxidizing agents such as ferric
chloride (FeCl3) have a similar adverse effect on
Beta C corrosion in sulfuric acid,

Beta C and CP Ti: Corrosion in boiling sulfuric acid

45
40

Beta C and CP Ti: Corrosion in boiling HCI

18

40.72

B o i l i n g s u l f u r i c a c i d at
concentrations indicated:
1,5, a n d 10%

16.14

16
14

Boiling hydrochloric acid

ce

-|30

at 0.35,1.75, a n d 3.5%

'12

CPTi

CPTi

101-

22.18
CO

c 20

2 15

BetaC

1 0
6.45
5
0

0.00

1.85

5%

10%

BetaC
4.17

7.60
10%

1.66

1%

0.00

0.16

3. o
5

1.75% 3 . 5 %
/o

0.00

N o corrosion w a s observed for Beta C a t 1 % concentration.

S o u r c e : D.E. T h o m a s , S. Ankem, W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , in
Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume,
C S . Young a n d J.C. Durham, Ed., ASTM S T P 9 1 7 , ASTM, 1986,
144-163

No corrosion w a s o b s e r v e d for Beta C at 0 . 3 5 % concentration.

S o u r c e : D.E. T h o m a s , S . Ankem, W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , in
Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume,
C S . Young a n d J . C . Durham, Ed., ASTM S T P 9 1 7 , ASTM, 1 9 8 6 ,
144-163

Beta C and CP Ti: Corrosion in nitric acid

Beta C and CP Ti: Inhibition by FeCb in sulfuric

acid

1.14

1.2

1.0
70% n i t r i c a c i d at
23 C v s 35%
n i t r i c a c i d at 100 C

1.0

10 w t % s u l f u r i c a c i d ,
boiling

0.8r-

0.8

i o 6r
0.6
.2
3 5 % at

0.4

0.2

BetaC

0.4r-

BetaC

CPTi

100 C

CPTi
0.19

0.2r

0.15

3 5 % at
0.0

0.01

0.00

1 0 0 C

N o corrosion w a s observed for Beta C at 7 0 % concentration.

S o u r c e : D.E. T h o m a s , S. Ankem, W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , in
Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume,
C . S . Y o u n g a n d J.C. Durham, Ed., ASTM S T P 9 1 7 , ASTM, 1986,
144-163

0.08
0.0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.051

F e m e chloride a s a n oxidizing a g e n t is an effective inhibitor of sulfuric acid attack of C P Ti, but adversely affects Beta C. Tested at 1,10,
a n d 5 0 g/L of ferric chloride.
S o u r c e : D.E. T h o m a s , S . Ankem, W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , in
Industrial Applications of Ttanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume,
C S . Young a n d J . C . Durham, Ed., ASTM S T P 9 1 7 , ASTM, 1986,
144-163

802 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Corrosion rates in specific media

Temperature,

Concentration,

Medium
Ferric chloride
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid, aerated

Sulfuric acid,
naturally aerated
Sulfuric acid + 3% Fe2(S04)
Sulfuric acid + 1 g/L FeCl
Sulfuric acid + 50 g/L FeCl

C o r r o s i o n r,
mm/yr

10
50
0.5
1.0
1.5
pHl

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling

nil
0.98
0.003
0.058
0.26
nil

1
5
50
10
10

Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling

nil
1.85
<0.03
0.15
0.05

T h e s e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d only a s a g u i d e l i n e for alloy performance. R a t e s m a y v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n c h a n g e s i n m e d i u m chemistry, temperat u r e , l e n g t h of e x p o s u r e , a n d o t h e r factors. Total alloy s u i t a b i l i t y c a n n o t b e a s s u m e d from t h e s e v a l u e s alone, b e c a u s e other forms of corrosion, s u c h a s localized attack, m a y b e limiting. I n complex, variable, and/or d y n a m i c e n v i r o n m e n t s , in situ t e s t i n g m a y provide more reliable
data. Source: Metals Handbook,
Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., 1987

Pitting

Crevice
Corrosion

Because Beta C is less resistant to oxidizing

media t h a n CP Ti, it is expected t h a t resistance to
pitting would likewise suffer. For example, Beta C
h a s pitting potentials around 1.5 to 2.0 V (SCE) in
saturated sodium chloride a t 80 C (180 F). This is
a significantly lower potential t h a n CP Ti, b u t it is
greater t h a n the pitting potentials of most titanium alloys. A similar trend is observed for repassivation potentials (see table), which represent
conservative measures of anodic pitting tendency
because they are the minimum potentials below
which pitting cannot be sustained.

Beta C: Repassivation potential

Repassivation potentials in boiling chloride solutions
for as-annealed alloys and unalloyed titanium
R e p a s s i v a t i o n p o t e n t i a l , V(a)
Alloy

5% N a C I
(pH3.5)

3%HC1

+6.7
+2.3
+3.0
+3.2
+6.3

+5.8
+1.7
+2.4
+2.6
+5.6

Grade 1
Grade 2
Ti-6-4
Ti-6-2-4-6
BetaC
Ti-15-5
Grade 12
Grade 7

In contrast to the anodic breakdown associated

with pitting, crevice corrosion is usually the result
of acidification in the crevice region by oxidant depletion. Therefore, Beta C is expected to outperform CP Ti in terms of crevice corrosion resistance
(see table).

Saturated
NaCI
+7.0
+5.7

+5.9
+5.6

(a) M e a s u r e d v e r s u s Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Source: R.

S c h u t z a n d D. T h o m a s , "Corrosion of T i t a n i u m and Titanium Alloys," in Metals Handbook,
Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., 1987, 669

Beta C: Crevice corrosion compared to CP Ti

Crevice corrosion was measured in 250 g/L NaCI, 15 psi H S , 1 g/L sulfur, pH 3.0 after 720 h
2

Temperature

25
50
75
100
200
250
300

G r a d e 12
?

C P

(Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni)

BetaC

78
120
165
210
480
570
572

No
No
Yes
Yes
...
...
...

No
No
No

No
No
No

Yes
Yes
Yes

No
No
No

N o t e : Artificial crevice produced b y a flat P T F E w a s h e r c l a m p e d to t h e t i t a n i u m surface w i t h a B e t a C n u t a n d bolt arrangement. The ratio

of crevice to u n c r e viced a r e a w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 t o 10. Source: D . E . T h o m a s , S. A n k e m , W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , in Industrial Applications

of Titanium

and Zirconium:

Fourth

Volume,

C.S. Young a n d J.C D u r h a m , Ed., A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , A S T M , 1 9 8 6

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

Aqueous
Media

In titanium alloys, the phase may be susceptible to either transgranular or intergranular

stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), depending on alloy composition and microstructure. Intergranular cracking h a s only been observed in a few aged

alloys, particularly with fine precipitates formed

a t lower aging temperatures. Beta phase stabilized by either molybdenum, vanadium, niobium,
or tantalum is immune to SCC, except for a
phase stabilized by the eutectoid elements manga-

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 803

In this case, t h e SCC threshold temperatures can

be raised significantly (by 15 to 80 C, or 27 to 144
F) by microstructural refinement and/or minor
(<0.1%) additions of palladium (R.W. Schutz, M.
Xiao, and T.A. Bednarowicz, "Stress Corrosion Behavior of t h e Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo Titanium
Under Deep Sour Gas Well Conditions," Paper No.
51, presented at NACE Corrosion '92, Nashville,
Apr27-May 1,1992).
In most SCC-susceptible titanium alloys, anodic or cathodic polarization tends to inhibit SCC
and increase Ki values. Increasing potential also
serves to increase stress cracking velocity in neutral halide solutions. I n highly acidic solutions,
however, stage II crack velocity becomes independent of applied potential. As a result, inhibition
via cathodic polarization is not achievable in
highly acidic solutions.

nese and chromium. Although + phase structures appear to be highly resistant, t h e precipitation of compounds, such as TiCr in Beta C can be
expected to degrade cracking resistance.
Only limited published data on the influence of
temperature on titanium alloy SCC behavior i n
aqueous media are available. Data for Beta C sugvalues m a y be relatively unafgests t h a t Ki
fected by temperatures a s high as 93 C (200 F) in
neutral salt solutions. However, a few titanium alloys exhibiting negligible SCC tendencies in near
ambient saltwater m a y exhibit well-defined temperature thresholds for SCC susceptibility in hightemperature brines. Beta C, for example (STAcondition), resists SCC i n near-neutral NaCI brines
up to -180 C (355 F), b u t can exhibit stress cracking during C-ring a n d slow strain-rate testing
above this temperature. The presence of hydrogen
sulfide and/or sulfur appears to impart little effect.
2

scc

scc

Beta C: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

Thickness
in.

mm
13
14
>6
>6

Yield strength
MPa
ksi

0.50
0.56
>0.25
>0.25

1330
1260
1135
985

JficorAe
MPaVm

ksiVin.

55
38
52
56

50
35
48
51

193
183
165
143

.Kiscc o r A s c c
MPa \ m
k s i Vin.
40
38
52
56

47
35
48
51

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d aged. T h e d a t a w e r e g e n e r a t e d i n a m b i e n t n e u t r a l 3.5% N a C I solution. T h e s e

v a l u e s are
h i g h l y dependent on alloy c o m p o s i t i o n , metallurgical condition, a n d product form a n d t h i c k n e s s and, therefore, m a y or m a y n o t be repres e n t a t i v e of commercially a v a i l a b l e products. Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g of T i t a n i u m Alloys, i n Stress-Corrosion
Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
A S M International, 1992

Unlike other engineering metals, titanium and

zirconium alloys are unique in their strong susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) i n
methanol liquid and vapor. Stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility is primarily limited to methanol
alcohol for most commercial titanium alloys in-

cluding Beta C. Titanium alloys t h a t are susceptible to SCC in aqueous solutions tend to exhibit intergranular stage I cracking and transgranular
stage II cracking, although there are exceptions.
Exceptions to this behavior include Beta III and
fine-grained Beta C, which exhibit intergranular

LIVE GRAPH

Beta C: Effect of acid and nitrates on Kiscc in methanol

Click here to view

70
60

4 50 -

3.5% NaCI

CH OH

70

2 5 C

CH3OH + 0 . 4 % HCI

C H O H + 0 . 4 % HCI + 0.5% N a N 0
3

60
3

~p-

ce

0.

CO

"lscc =
3 4 . 5 ksiVin
0

3 0 ksiVin.

K|scc =
A16 ksiVin.

to

CJ

10

Kiscc =
6 ksiVin.

0
10"

10

10

m~

Stress intensity (K>;

50

g 4 0
>.
Stress inten

Methanol
and Other
Alcohols

10

10

10

T i m e t o failure, min
S o u r c e : W.F. Czyrklis a n d M. Levy, " S t r e s s Corrosion Susceptibility of pTitanium Alloy 38-6-44," Corrosion,

Vol 3 2 (No. 3), Mar 1976, 99-102

804 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

stage II cracking. On the other hand, coarser
grained structures of aged Beta C predominantly
exhibit transgranular stages I and II cracking.
Grain size and phase morphology are highly influential factors in alloy SCC behavior.
Stress-corrosion cracking is generally difficult
to observe in absolutely pure methanol, but becomes favored a t HC1 levels above M. The
minimum level of water required for full SCC inhibition depends on alloy composition, metallurgical
condition, temperature, halide level, acidity, and
other species present.
The SCC inhibition in neutral halide-containing methanol solutions can be achieved with 3 to
5.0 wt% water additions for Beta C. Studies on

Beta C in methanol-water solutions, however, suggest t h a t the minimum water level required for
SCC inhibition m a y actually diminish with increasing temperature. (R.W. Schutz and M. Xiao,
"Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Beta C
Titanium Springs in Methanol Solutions," paper
presented a t OMAE-Calgary '92, 11th Offshore
Mechanics & Arctic Engineers Conference, Calgary, Canada, J u n e 7-11,1992). Numerous species
also inhibit transgranular (stage II) stress cracking in methanol depending on halide level. These
include nitrate and sulfate ions, NaF, and 0.1
concentrations of A l , Zr"* , Cd , and S n metallic ions.

Although no actual hot service component failures of titanium alloys have been assigned to hotsalt SCC to date, laboratory studies indicate t h a t
hot>salt SCC may occur on highly stressed titanium alloys with halide-containing surface residues after exposure in the 210 to 510 C (410 to 950
F) range.
Although some test results (see tables) indicate no cracking of Beta C up to about 200 C (400
F), Beta C has exhibited stress cracking during C-

ring and slow strain-rate testing above 180 C (355

F). The SCC susceptibility of Beta C in hot brines
has well-defined temperature thresholds for some
of the sweet and sour brine concentrations expected in downhole tubular applications. A substantial, rigorous stress corrosion and crevice corrosion database for Pd-enhanced Beta C has been
generated for worst^case sour gas well brine up to
260 C (R. Schutz, RMI Titanium Co.).

- 6

Hot-Salt
StressCorrosion
Cracking

+3

+2

Beta C: H S exposure without cracking

2

Heat
treatment

MPa

Y i e l d s t iess

870C(1600F),lh,AC

896

130

785 C (1450 F), 1 h, AC + 480 C (900 F), 8 h, AC

1448

210

785 C (1450 F), 1 h, AC + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h, AC

965

140

MPa

ksi

No cracking
No cracking
No cracking
No cracking
No cracking
No cracking

73
97
128
157
91
105

503
669
883
1082
627
724

(a) After 3 5 0 - h e x p o s u r e . Source: D . E . T h o m a s , S. A n k e m , W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. S e a g l e , i n Industrial

nium: Fourth

Test
results(a)

Stress level
ksi

Applications

of Titanium andZirco-

Volume, C.S. Young a n d J . C . D u r h a m , E d . , A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , A S T M , 1 9 8 6

Beta C: H S exposure without cracking

2

Environmental conditions
H S

Chloride,

C02

MPa

psi

MPa

psi

Temperature
op
C

Pressure(b)
kPa
psi

2
2
2
2
3
2

6.9
6.9
6.9
20.9
103
68.9

1
1
1
3
15
10

68.9
68.9
68.9
20.9
0
137.9

10
10
10
3
0
200

23
23
65
23
23
150

75
75
150
75
75
300

6895
6895
6895
103
103
6895

1000
1000
1000
15
15
1000

15
2
15
15

68.9
137.9
137.9
137.9

10
200
200
200

137.9
137.9
137.9
137.9

200
200
200
200

150
150
150
200

300
300
300
400

6895
6895
6895
6895

1000
1000
1000
1000

Results(a)

No environmental
cracking at a
stress level of
1205MPa(175
ksi) after
exposure for
14 days

N o t e : B e t a C s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d t o a y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f 1 2 0 5 ( 1 7 5 ksi). (a) C-ring s a m p l e s t e s t e d w i t h a n d w i t h o u t steel galvanic coup l e s , (b) Tbtal p r e s s u r e m a d e u p w i t h a r g o n a n d i n d i c a t e d g a s e s . Source: D . E . T h o m a s , S. A n k e m , W.D. Goodin, a n d S.R. Seagle, in Industrial
Applications
of Titanium and Zirconium: Fourth Volume, C.S. Y o u n g a n d J . C . D u r h a m , E d . , A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , A S T M , 1986

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 805

Beta C: SCC threshold ranges in sour gas

300
S l o w strain-rate testing ( 4 x 1 0

550

Is)

2 0 % NaCI(deaerated)

275

1 0 0 0 psi H S
2

5 0 0 psi C Q

500

250

Cold-worked/PASTA
P d - e n h a n c e d Beta C
p l a t e a n d pipe

450

225
cu
Ql

>

400

Extruded/STA

200

Pd-enhanced Beta C
p l a t e a n d billet

175

150

350

Cold p i l g e r e d / S T A
Extruded/STA
STD Beta C pipe

Beta C pipe

S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d (STA) or proprietary (RMI) solution treated a n d a g e d (PASTA).

S o u r c e : R.W. Schutz, M. Xiao, a n d T.A. Bednarowicz, " S t r e s s Corrosion Behavior of Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo Alloy Under D e e p S o u r G a s Well
Conditions," P a p e r No. 5 1 , Corrosion '92, Nashville, 1 9 9 2

Thermal Properties

Solidus Temperature. 1555 C (2830 F)

Liquidus Temperature. 1650 C (3000 F)

Thermal
Expansion

Beta C: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature range
op
C
20-38
20-66
20-93
20-121
20-149
20-177
20-205
20-230
20-260
20-290
20-315
20-345
20-370
20-400
20-425
20-455
20-480

68-100
68-150
68-200
68-250
68-300
68-350
68^00
68-450
68-500
68-550
68-600
68-650
68-700
68-750
68-800
68-850
68-900

Specific Heat. 515 J/kg (0.123 Btu/lb F)

atRT

Beta C: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

M e a n coefficient, u m / m - K, o n :
Cooling
Heating
8.44
8.57
8.66
8.80
8.89
8.96
9.05
9.16
9.25
9.34
9.41
9.49
9.54
9.58
9.61
9.65
9.68

8.44
9.11
9.20
9.25
9.31
9.38
9.43
9.49
9.54
9.59
9.65
9.70
9.74
9.79
9.83
9.88
9.92

N o t e : Alloy u s e d w a s f o r g i n g s , s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d 12 h a t 5 6 5
C ( 1 0 4 5 F). S o u r c e : D . T h o m a s , S. A n k e m , W.D. G o o d i n , a n d S.R.
S e a g l e , " B e t a C: A n E m e r g i n g T i t a n i u m Alloy for t h e I n d u s t r i a l
M a r k e t p l a c e , " R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o . 6 4 3 , R M I Co., N o v 1 9 8 4

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

1000

11.00

10.00

900

3>

8.00

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

7.00
200

400

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Alloy u s e d w a s 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billet, h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C
(1500 F) for 1 5 min, then air cooled, a n d a g e d at 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F)
for 2 h, t h e n air cooled.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 3 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 6

806 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Thermal
Conductivity

geta C: Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity

Specimen

Temperature

condition

Conductivity,

As rolled

36
52
96
170
239
317
34
50
98
174
243
326

Aged 480 C (900 F)

W/m

Resistivity,
c m

6.27
6.54
7.30
9.02
10.3
11.9
6.12
6.36
7.29
9.07
10.3
12.1

96
125
205
340
460
600
93
122
208
345
470
618

157.45
156.92
155.66
154.15
153.38
151.99
157.20
156.66
155.34
153.84
153.19
151.97

N o t e : T h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a n d electrical r e s i s t i v i t y w e r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e K o h l r a u s c h a p p a r a t u s . T h e r m a l conductivity values accur a t e w i t h i n 5% a r e o b t a i n e d b y t h e K o h l r a u s c h m e t h o d . Source: R. Taylor a n d H. Groot, "Thermal Conductivity of T i t a n i u m and Titanium
Alloys," T h e r m o p h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s R e s e a r c h Laboratories, P u r d u e U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 8 6

Beta C: Thermal conductivity

100

200

Temperature, F
300
400
500

600

700

25

Ol

iductivity,

15

LIVE GRAPH

13

C P Ti

Click here to view

"3
11

20

CPTi

A g e d 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

A s rolled

"
| 10
J 3
100

200
Temperature, C

300

400

S o u r c e : R. Taylor a n d H. Groot, ' T h e r m a l Conductivity of Titanium

a n d Titanium Alloys," Thermophysical Properties R e s e a r c h Laboratories, P u r d u e University, 1 9 8 6

Mechanical Properties

Beta C: Guaranteed minimum tensile properties of bar and wire

Form and
condition
Cold drawn bar and wire per AMS 4957

Bar and wire, solution heat treated, centerless

ground, and aged per AMS 4958

Thickness
mm
in.
<4.75
<0.187
4.75-9.5
0.187-0.375
9.5-1.58
0.375-0.625
Unspecified

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1310-1445

190-210

1275-1415
1240-1380
1240

185-205
180-200
180

Tensile yield
strength
MPa

ksi

E l o n g a t i o n Reduction
in4D,
o f area,
%
%
10
10
8
8

20
20
20
20

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r ( B e t a C ) / 807

Beta C: Minimum tensile properties in solution annealed condition

Product(a)

Thickness
mm
in.

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Sheet and strip

<1.7

860

Plate

Bar or test
forged fillet

<0.070

>1.7-4.7

>0.070-0.187

<50
>50-100

<2

125

860
860

>24

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
825

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 i n . )
or4D,

Reduction
of area,

Bend
test
TR

120

8.0

3.5

6.0(b)
8.0
10.0

4.0

825
825
790

120
120

825

125
125
120

115

13-38

0.50-1.50

860

125

825

120

>38-75

> 1.50-3.00

825

120

790

115

>75-228(c)

>3.00-9.00(c)

860

125

825

120

8.0(L)
6.0(T)
(ST)3.0
10

30

10(L)
8(T)
10

25(L)
20(T)
25

(a) S o l u t i o n a n n e a l e d condition: 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 15 to 3 0 m i n at t e m p e r a t u r e plus air cool, (b) G a u g e s u n d e r 0.7 m m (0.030 in.), (c) R e s u l t s
b a s e d on t e s t forged s a m p l e s 3:1 m i n i m u m u p s e t . Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed.,
T M S / A I M E , 1984

Beta C: Minimum tensile properties in STA condition

Elongation
Ultimate tensile
strength

Thickness
Product(a)

nun

Sheet and strip

Plate

in.

All gauges
<50
>50-100

Bar and billet

MPa

ksi

Tensile yield
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.)
strength (0.2% offset)
or 4D,
MPa

ksi

<2
>2-4

1240
1240

180
180

1170
1170

170
170

1240

180

1170

170

13-38
>38-75

0.5-1.5
>1.5-3

1310
1240

190
180

1240
1170

180
170

>75-150
>75-228

>3-6
>3-9(c)

1170
1240

170
180

1105
1170

160
170

%
6
8
8(L)
6(T)
8(b)
8(L)(b)
6(T)(b)
6(L)(b)
10(b)

Reduction
of area,
%

15(b)
15(b)
15(b)
5(T)
20(b)

(a) S o l u t i o n anneal: 815 to 925 C ( 1 5 0 0 to 1 7 0 0 F) for 1 h, age: 4 5 5 to 5 4 0 C (850 to 1 0 0 0 F) for 2 4 h m a x i m u m total p l u s air cool, (b) H i g h e r
d u c t i l i t i e s m a y be obtained a t l o w e r s t r e n g t h l e v e l s , (c) R e s u l t s b a s e d on t e s t forged s a m p l e s 3:1 m i n i m u m u p s e t . Source: Beta
Titanium
Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Hardness

Beta C: Rockwell hardness with aging at 480 and

510 C

4 8 0 ^ 6 (90(T Fy

510C(950F)

4 8 0 C (900 F)

12

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

16

20

24

28

Aging t i m e , h
Residual strain from cold/warm working a c c e l e r a t e s t h e aging proce s s , a s evidenced in the unrecrystallized s t r u c t u r e of t h e 7 8 5 C
( 1 4 5 0 F) solution treatment.
A v e r a g e Rockwell h a r d n e s s v e r s u s a g i n g time (five t e s t s ) for 7 5 mm
(3 in.) diameter bar for 4 8 0 C (900 F) a n d 5 1 0 C (950 F) a g e s .
S o u r c e : G.A. Bella ef al., Effects of P r o c e s s i n g o n Microstructure
a n d Properties of Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C"), in Microstructure and Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys,
Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , 4 9 3 - 5 1 0

808 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Rockwell hardness with aging at 540 and 565 C

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)

LIVE GRAPH

5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F)

Click here to view

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)
5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F)

S T : 7 8 0 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) 1
/

h, A C

(unrecrystallized)

S T : 8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F) 1h, AC
(recrystallized)
12

16

24

20

28

Aging time, h
A v e r a g e Rockwell h a r d n e s s v e r s u s aging time (five tests) for 7 5 m m (3 in.) diameter b a r for 5 4 0 C (1000 F) a n d 5 6 5 C (1050 F) a g e s .
S o u r c e : G.A. Bella e r a / . Effects of P r o c e s s i n g on Microstructure a n d Properties of Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C " ) , in Microstructure and Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys,Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , p 5 0 0

Beta C: Knoop hardness of weldments

LIVE GRAPH

Beta C: Vickers hardness with aging at 500 C

400

590
560

Click here to view

530

375

P l a t e , salt b a t h f u r n a c e , h a r d n e s s
P l a t e , salt b a t h f u r n a c e , h a r d n e s s
S h e e t , air f u r n a c e , m i c r o h a r d n e s s
S h e e t , air f u r n a c e , m i c r o h a r d n e s s

>

500

en 4 7 0
CO

f 440
ce
410

350

2 325h

380

LIVE GRAPH

350
300

Click here to view

320
10
15
Distance, m m

20

25

H a r d n e s s t r a v e r s e from centerline of TIG butt w e l d s in 1.6 m m

(0.065 in.) Beta C s h e e t solution treated, welded, a n d a g e d a t 5 4 0
C (1000 F) 8 h.
S o u r c e : R. K a n e k o a n d C. W o o d s , "Low-Temperature Forming of
B e t a Titanium Alloys," ASA Contractor Report 3 7 0 6 , NASA, 1 9 8 3 ,
125

10

NT

10

T i m e , min
T h e d o u b l e p e a k aging r e s p o n s e h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d in this figure in
t e r m s of t h e different a m o u n t s of formation following different aging (air/salt bath) t r e a t m e n t s . This explanation would not appear to
apply to t h e p r e s e n t work b e c a u s e s u c h double p e a k s were found
both in air a n d salt bath a g e d material, a n d n o p h a s e w a s detected. T h e d o u b l e p e a k s in t h e p r e s e n t work m a y arise a s a result
of small c h a n g e s in t h e b a l a n c e of h a r d n e s s b e t w e e n precipitation
a n d recovery.
Alloy w a s supplied a s 1 m m (0.04 in.) thick s h e e t a n d a s 7 mm
(0.275 in.) thick plate. S p e c i m e n s w e r e e n c a p s u l a t e d in argon-filled
silica t u b e s a n d solution t r e a t e d at 9 0 0 C (1650 F) for 60 min to
obtain a n e q u i a x e d grain size of a b o u t 1 5 0 um a n d water quenched
(tubes being broken o n w a t e r contact). S a m p l e s w e r e cold rolled to
7 5 % reduction in t h i c k n e s s a n d a g e d in a n air furnace (sheet) or salt
bath (plate) at 2 0 0 - 6 5 0 C (390 to 1 2 0 0 F) for u p to 1 5 0 0 min, then
w a t e r q u e n c h e d , v a l u e s r e p r e s e n t a n a v e r a g e of five t e s t s . Error+5.
S o u r c e : G. I s a a c a n d C . H a m m o n d , "The Formation of Type 2 Alpha
P h a s e in Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo," in Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, E d , Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde eV, G e r m a n y , 1985, 1 6 0 5

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r ( B e t a C ) / 809

Beta C: Effect of aging temperature on hardness

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
700

800

900

1000

1100

500

LIVE GRAPH

>

Click here to view

i f 450|

400

! \ :

!
\

S 350

530

580

300
330

380

430

480

630

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Blocks 5 2 0 6 0 m m (0.2 0.8 2 . 3 in.) w e r e c u t from hot rolled
plate a n d solution t r e a t e d a t 7 5 0 C (1380 F) 3 0 min, W Q , plus 2 0
h a g e a t indicated t e m p e r a t u r e s . S p e c i m e n s w e r e m o u n t e d in resin.
Testing s u r f a c e s w e r e p l a n e d 1 m m (0.04 in.) to r e m o v e o x i d e s c a l e
a n d t h e c o n t a m i n a t e d layer a n d w e r e polished a n d buffed t o s m o o t h
s u r f a c e s . Vickers h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e carried out at 10
kgf.
S o u r c e : Y. S h i d a a n d Y. Sugimoto, "Water J e t Erosion Behavior of
Titanium Alloys," in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. Lac o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e Physique,
Paris, 1 9 8 9 , 1 9 3 5

Typical
Compressive
Strength

Beta C: Typical compressive properties at R T of several heats

Condition

Test
direction

STA

ST+CW+A

STA

ST+CW+A

ST+Weld+A

ST+braze (Beta C/Ti-6-4)+A

ST+braze cycle + A

S T + C W + braze cycle + A

Prestrain
direction

Compressive yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1234
179
1241
180
1234(a)
179(a)
1241
180
182
1255
181(a)
1248(a)
1303
189
1261
183
186(a)
1282(a)
1324
192
1344
195
1330(b)
193(a)
Specimen bent
Specimen bent
1248
181
1234
179
1227
178
1234(a)
179(a)
1055
153
154
1061
1061(a)
154(a)
1220
177
1234
179
1227(a)
178(a)
1317
191
183
1261
187(a)
1289(a)

Compressive modulus
(25c)
GPa

10 psi

107
101
104(b)
102
103
102(a)
107
111
109(a)
100
107
103(a)

15.5
14.7
15.1(a)
14.9
15.0
14.9(b)
15.5
16.2
15.8(a)
14.6
15.5
15.0(a)

113
117
115
115(a)
100
105
102(a)
108
107
107(a)
105
108
106(a)

16.5
17.0
16.7
16.7(a)
14.6
15.2
14.9(a)
15.6
15.5
15.5(a)
15.3
15.6
15.4(a)

f a

(a) A v e r a g e of all s p e c i m e n s t e s t e d i n a g i v e n h e a t . S o u r c e : R.S. K a n e k o a n d C A W o o d s , "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g o f B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Contractor Report 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1 9 8 3

810 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Compressive properties at -55 C (-70 F) of several heats

Compressive yield
Test

Prestrain

strength

direction

direction
...

ST+CW+A

ST+braze(BetaC/Ti-6^4) + A

...

MPa
ksi
1392
202
1365
198
1379(a)
200(a)
Specimenbent
Specimen bent
Specimenbent
1055
153
1151
167
1103(a)
160(a)
1289
187
1248
181
1268(a)
184(a)
1324
192
1303
189
1310(a)
190(a)

Condition(a)
STA

ST + braze c y c l e + A

...

S T + C W +braze cycle + A

Compressive modulus
(E )
c

GPa
107
108
107.5(a)

10 psi
15.6
15.7
15.6(a)

102
106
104(a)
104
119
111(a)
114
113
113(a)

14.9
15.4
15.1(a)
15.1
17.3
16.2(a)
16.5
16.4
16.4(a)

(a) Average o f all s p e c i m e n s t e s t e d i n a g i v e n heat. Source: R.S. K a n e k o a n d C.A. Woods, "Low-lbmperature F o r m i n g of B e t a Titanium Alloys," N A S A Contractor Report 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1983

Typical^Shear^

B e t g

^.

| | ultimate shear and tensile strength of wire at RT

Ultimate tensile
strength

Size
Condition(a)
7.9

13

7.6
6

0.312

0.500

0.300
0.238

MPa

815 C(1500F), 15 min, AC

S A + age 425 C (800 F), 6 h, AC
S A + age 4 8 0 C (900 F), 6 h, AC
S A + 30% cold drawn + age 480 C (900 F), 6 h, AC
S A + 30% cold drawn + age 510 C (950 F), 6 h, AC
S A + 30% cold drawn + age 540 C (1000 F), 4 h, AC
S A + 39% cold drawn + age 480 C (900 F), 6 h, AC
S A + 5 9 % cold drawn + age 480 C (900 F), 6 h, AC

896
1503
1448
1643
1572
1388
1606
1675

Elongation
i n 50 m m (2 i n . ) ,

ksi

130
218
210
238.3
228
201.4
233
243

16.0
8.0
6.7
5.0
5.0
10.0
8.0
7.0

D o u b l e shear
strength
MPa

ksi

634
862
848
834
862
834
951
924

92.0
125.0
123.0
121
125
121
138
134

(a) SA, s o l u t i o n a n n e a l : 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 15 m i n , A C . Source: "RMI B a s i c D e s i g n , " RMI Co.

Beta C: Typical ultimate tensile and shear strength of wire and bar at RT

Diameter
mm
in.
15.8
13

9.5

7.9

6.3

0.625
0.500

0.375

0.312

0.248

Condition
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 510 C
(950F),6h,AC
815 C(1500F), 15 min, A C + 510 C
(950F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, + 540 C
(1000F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 540 C
(1000F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 565 C
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, A C + 5 6 5 C
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC+565 C
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC+
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC+425 C
(800F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, A C + 4 8 0 C
(900F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 540 C
(1000F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, A C + 5 6 5 C
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 675 C
(1250F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15min,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC

Tensile y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elonga- Reduction
tion,
of area,
%
%

Shear
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

853
869
853
1210

123.7
126.1
123.7
175.5

891
887
869
1337

129.2
128.7
126.1
194.0

18
15
16
9

52
40
42
17

644
644
660
774

93.5
93.5
95.7
112.3

1241

180.0

1365

198.0

23

760

110.2

1139

165.2

1230

178.5

10

23

1128

163.7

1229

178.3

10

23

1121

162.7

1221

177.1

13

33

762

110.5

1084

157.3

1186

172.0

14

38

777

112.7

1079

156.5

1162

168.6

18

47

1073

155.6

1149

166.7

18

50

893
877
1420

129.6
127.2
206.0

901
892
1503

130.7
129.4
218.0

16
16
8

49
49
17

634
629
862

92.0
91.3
125

1289

187.0

1448

210.0

21

820

119

1130

164.0

1234

179.0

15

38

758

110

1048

152.0

1117

162.0

14

49

710

103

889

129.0

930

135.0

17

48

627

91

942
952

136.7
138.1

972
977

141.0
141.7

13
15

54
53

617
620

89.6
89.9

(continued)

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) / 811

Beta C: Typical ultimate tensile and shear strength of wire and bar at RT (continued)
Tensile yield
strength

Diameter
mm
in.

4.7

Condition

MPa

815 C (1500 F), 15 min, A C + 5 6 5 C

(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC + 565 C
(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, WQ

0.187

815 C (1500 F), 15 min, WQ + 565 C

(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, WQ + 675 C
(1250F),6h,AC

ksi

995

144.4

1102

1003

145.5

1102

862
866
1044

125.0
125.7
151.4

874
879
1115

1053
868

152.7
125.9

1117
900

874

126.8

910

(a) B a s e d o n double-shear s p e c i m e n s . Source: D a t a from R M I C o , inBeta

Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 1 8 8

Shear

Ultimate tensile Elonga- Reduction

strength
tion,
of area,
MPa
ksi
%
%
13

46

159.9

17

126.8
127.5
161.8

27
27
17

162.0
130.6
132.0

726

105.3

49

735

106.6

50
53
43

646
644
744

93.8
93.5
108.0

20
12

45
26

751
657

109.0
95.4

20

28

667

96.8

159.9

Titanium

Alloys,

strength(a)
ksi
MPa

R. Wood, E d . , MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s

Typical Tensile Properties

See "Mechanical Properties" for minimum tensile properties.
Beta C: Typical RT tensile properties.

Product

Condition

Strip, 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)

lest
direction

SA
STA
SA

Sheet, 1.2 mm (0.050 in.)

Spring wire, 5.8 mm (0.229 in.) diam

Billet, 150 mm (6 in.) diam

Reduction
of area,

130
194
130
135
199
209
134
134
185
188
167

855
1241
883
917
1276
1344
896
910
1179
1207
1014

124
180
128
133
185
195
130
132
171
175
147

16
7
10
6
8
5
14
6
11
9
11

37
21
13
16
25

L
L
L
L-edge
L-midradius
L-center

876
1117
1469
1193
1207
1220

127
162
213
173
175
177

862
1048

125
152

1145
1151
1158

166
167
168

27
18
12
9
9
9

50
44
28
18
17
16

STA
STA
SA
STA
CW + age
STA

Elongation,

896
1338
896
931
1372
1441
924
924
1276
1296
1151

SA

Pipe, 75 mm OD x 50 in. ID (2.95 in. O D ,

2.00 in. ID)
Fastener stock, 4.7 mm (0.187 in.) diam

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

L
L
L

STA
Plate, 12 mm (0.500 in.)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

N o t e : STA, s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d aged; SA, solution a n n e a l e d . S o u r c e : C S . Young a n d J.C. D u r h a m , Industrial

Zirconium: Fourth Volume, A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , 1 9 8 6 , 1 5 4

Applications

ofTitanium

and

Beta C: Sharp notch tensile strength of sheet

Condition

Pres train
direction

At room temperature
STA
ST+CW+A

At315C(600F)
STA
ST+CW+A
STA

Notch radius
mm
in.

Notch tensile strength

MPa
ksi

NTS/
TY

648
620
606
593
627
579

94
90
88
86
91
84

0.53
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.47

0.0012
0.0025
0.005

16
11.5
8.4

641
531
572

93
77
83

0.45
0.38
0.40

0.03

0.0012

0.10
0.15
0.03

0.005
0.006
0.0012

16
16
8.3
7.7
16
16

875
841
765
765
793
737

127
122
111
111
115
107

0.91
0.87
0.78
0.78
0.81
0.75

0.005
0.003
0.0025

0.07

0.003

L
L

0.03
0.06
0.10

L
L

8.4
10.6
11.6
11.6
10.6
10.6

0.10
0.07
0.06

STA
At-53C(-65F)
STA
ST+CW+A

Test
direction

N o t e : S h e e t of 1.65 m m ( 0 . 0 6 5 in.) t h i c k n e s s w a s a g e d a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) for 8 h. Tests w e r e c o n d u c t e d according to A S T M E 3 3 8 .

Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C. Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g o f B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Contractor Report 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1 9 8 3 , 73

812 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Effect of Heat
Treatment

Beta C: Effect of heat treatment on tensile properties

Modulus of
elasticity
GPa
10 psi

Heat treatment
(designation)

800 C (1470 F), 1/2 h, AC, (as-SHT 800)

925 C(1700F), 1/2h,AC,(as-SHT927)
as-SHT 800 + 535 C (995 F), 8 h, (LO-simplex)
as-SHT 800 + 425 C (795 F), 4 h, + 560 C (1040
F),8h,(LO-duplex)
as-SHT 927 + 530 C (985 F), 16 h, (HI-simplex)
as-SHT 927 + 455 C (850 F), 4 h, + 555 C (1025
F), 16h,(HI-duplex)

Tensile yield
Ultimate tensile
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
strength
ksi
MPa
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

88
88
104
104

12.7
12.7
15
15

895
850
1225
1220

130
123
177
176

895
850
1320
1300

130
123
191
188

22
25
8
10

48
62
15
13

103
105

14.9
15.2

1140
1075

165
156

1220
1180

177
171

12
14

21
23

Source: H . E . K r u g m a n n a n d J . K Gregory, Microstructure a n d Crack P r o p a g a t i o n i n Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, Microstructure

Refationships

in Titanium

Aluminides

Reduction
o f area,
%

and Alloys,

and

Property

Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1991, 5 4 9 - 5 6 0

Beta C: Yield strength v s elongation (3 in. diam bar)

Yield s t r e n g t h , ksi
130

140

150

20

LIVE GRAPH

160
1

170

r ~

'-

180

190
1

200

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) L

Click here to view

Unrecrystallized

igation

15

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F)

LU
5

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) S T L

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) S T

8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F) S T L
845C(1550F)STT

0
830

845C(1550F)T

^ ^ ^ 8 4 5

970

1110
Yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

C ( 1 5 5 0 F) L

1250

1390

S o u r c e : G. Bella ef a/., Effects of P r o c e s s i n g o n Microstructure a n d Properties of Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (BetaC), in Microstructure and Property
Relationships in Vtanium Aluminides and Alloys, Y-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer, TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , 493-510. A g e d 2 4 h o u r s at t h r e e temperatures
from 9 0 0 F u p to 1125 F or 1 0 2 5 F m a x ( m a x i m u m a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s for 1 4 5 0 F a n d 1 5 5 0 F ST, respectively)

Beta C: Yield strength vs reduction of area (3 in. diam bar)

Yield s t r e n g t h , ksi
130

140

-K

150
1

160
1

LIVE GRAPH

1 70

190

180
'

Unrecrystallized

Click here to view

30
c

785 C(1450F) L

20
8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^

10

/ // 7/
/

7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) S T L
785C(1450F)STT

8 4 5 C ( 1 5 5 0 F) S T L

845C(1550F)STT

970

1110

1250

1390

Yield s t r e n g t h , M P a
S o u r c e : G. Bella etal., Effects of P r o c e s s i n g o n Microstructure a n d Properties of Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C), in Microstructure and Property
Relationships in Titanium Aluminides andAlloys, Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , p 4 9 3 - 5 1 0

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 813

Beta C: Effect of aging time on ultimate tensile

strength

Beta C: Effect of aging time on ultimate tensile

strength

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

1600

Click here to view

1600

4 8 0 G ( 9 0 0 F)

4 8 0 C (900 F)

220

200

co 1 2 0 0

-20

800
8

Effect of
Cold Work

16

12

120

800

20

12

16

20

Aging time, h

Aging time, h

P a n c a k e u p s e t forged to 16 m m (0.625 in.) from 6 4 m m (2.5 in.) a t

8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F). T r e a t m e n t : 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 3 0 min a n d air
cooled.
S o u r c e : S e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Forgings upset to 16 m m (0.625 in.) from 6 4 m m (2.5 in.) at 8 1 5 C

(1500 F), followed by solution a n n e a l i n g at 8 1 5 C.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Vol 1 3 , 9 t h e d , 1 9 8 0

Cold working of Beta C prior to aging has the

capability of increasing tensile properties while
mamtaining good ductility. Other mechanical

properties such as double shear strength and fatigue are also improved.

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Beta C: As-cold drawn tensile properties of fastener stock

Click here to view

Beta C: Cold drawn and aged tensile properties

200

1400

260

1850

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h
Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h

190
1300

RA

RA - 2 0 %

1700

180

-30

250

240
RA~17%

1200

170

230
to

55
1550

1100

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

220

-60

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h
210

150
1400

1000
20

40

100
80
40
60
Cold reduction, %
Cold drawn a n d a g e d 6 h at 4 8 0 C (900 F).
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1984

100

60

Cold r e d u c t i o n , %
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4 . S e e a l s o t o p t a b l e o n next p a g e .

20

Beta C : Effect of aging on cold drawn fastener stock

Size
mm

in.

8.4

0.330

7.6

0.299

6.0

0.238

4.5

0.176

Condition
CD 22.5% + age 480 C (900
F),6h,AC
CD 37.2% + age 480 C (900
F),6h,+AC
CD 59.3% + age 480 C (900
F),6h, + AC
CD 78.0% + age 480 C (900
F),6h,+AC

Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Yield

Elongation

Reduction

strength

i n 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) ,

of area,

MPa

ksi

Double shear
strength
ksi

MPa

1579

229

1475

214

16

1606

233

1510

219

15

951

138

1675

243

1613

234

21

938

134

1730

251

1682

244

32

876

127

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

814 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Effect of cold work on fastener stock

Cold
reduction,

Size

mm

in.

Ultimate tensile
strength

MPa

Solution annealed 815 C (1500 F), 15 min, A C

8.4
0.330
22.5
1137
37.2
7.6
0.299
1230
0.238
6.0
59.5
1323
4.7
0.188
75.0
1320
0.132
3.3
87.6
1317
Solution annealed 925 C (1700 F), 30 min, W Q
0.320
20.0
948
8.1
7.2
0.284
37.7
1093
0.238
56.2
1086
6.0
Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

Tensile yield
strength

ksi

MPa

Elongation
Reduction
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),
of area,

ksi

Headability

D o u b l e shear
strength

DflDt

MPa

ksi

164.9
178.5
191.9
191.5
191.0

1084
1141
1220
934
1140

157.2
165.6
177.0
135.5
165.4

13.0
10.6
8.0
6.2
8.0

43.3
47.0
44.4
23.0
41.0

1.14
1.75
1.68
1.63
1.85

696
731
744
703

101
106
108
102

137.6
158.5
157.6

912
955
1086

132.3
152.8
139.2

18.0
14.0
13.3

51.0
47.0
43.5

1.79
1.79
1.50

662
717
689

96
104
100

in the 198(ys, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Beta C: Effect of aging on cold drawn fastener stock

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Size
mm

in.

8.4

Condition

0.330 As CD 22.5%
CD + age 425 C (800 F),
+ 6h,+AC
CD + age 425 C (800 F),
+ 12h, + A C
CD + age 480 C (900 F)
+6h+AC
CD + a g e 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F )
+ 12h+AC
CD + a g e 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F )
+6h+AC
0.510 As CD 30%
CD + age 480 C(900F)
+6h+AC
CD + a g e 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F )
+6h+AC
CD + age 540 C (1000 F)
+4h+AC

12.9

Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 i n . ) ,

Reduction
of area,

D o u b l e shear
strength
MPa
ksi

1064
1666

164.3
241.7

1084
1568

157.2
227.5

13.0
5.0

43.3
17.2

1700

246.4

1612

233.8

1.0

11.5

1581

229.3

1480

214.7

5.0

16.3

1534

222.5

1412

204.9

7.0

18.2

1313

190.5

1222

177.3

12.0

17.9

1153
1643

167.8
238.3

1103
1529

160.0
221.8

8.0
5.0

25.0
6.0

689
834

100
121

1572

228.0

1451

210.5

5.0

6.0

862

125

1388

201.4

1275

185.0

10.0

24.0

834

121

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

High-Temperature Strength

seawater
piping. Beta C could age in service at
s
temperatures
greater t h a n 350 C (660 F) and
t
therefore
is not recommended for use above 350 C
t
0(660 F).

The excellent crevice corrosion resistance of

Beta C, coupled with its excellent elevated-temperature strength, provides a useful combination
of properties for industrial applications such as

Beta C: Yield strength v s corrosion resistance comparison

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

1200| At 3 1 5 C (600 F)

-160

1000

-140

BetaC

800

600

-120 _
in

-100
Ti-6AI-4V
(grade 5)

to
35

-80

-60

Ti-3AI-2.5V
(grade 9)

-20

T i - P d ( g r a d e 7)
-10

>

-40

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (grade 12)

0 Ti-CP, Ti-Pd (grade 2, 7)

-20

35

ID

400

200

s
c

10

0
Oxidizing

Reducing
Chloride environment

Source: C . S . Young a n d J . C . Durham, Industrial Applications

of Titanium and Zirconium:

Fourth Volume, ASTM S T P 917, ASTM, 1986, 159

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 815

Tensile

B e t a

C :

'

evate

d - t e m p e r a t u r e tensile properties of bar

Strengths
Test
temperature

Ultimate tensile
strength
C
F
MPa
ksi
815 C (1500 F), solution anneal + age 565 C (1050 F), 6 h, AC
RT
1200
174
93
1034
200
150
205
400
1027
149
315
600
1082
157
425
800
938
136
Solution annealed 925 C (1700 F), 30 min, AC
RT
886
128.5
93
200
772
112.0
205
400
724
105.0
315
600
669
97.0
425
800
703
102.0

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (2% offset)
MPa
ksi
1103
889
841
903
758
835
724
648
600
593

Elongation
i n 50 m m (2 in.),
%

Reduction
of area,
%

160
129
122
131
110

14
17
16
12
17

35
40
38
30
40

121.2
105.0
94.0
87.0
86.0

15.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
23.5

37.2
47.0
50.1
49.3
48.7

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r bar. Source: C S . Young a n d J . C . D u r h a m , Industrial

nium: Fourth Volume, A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , 1 9 8 6 , 1 5 4

Applications

of Titanium

and

Zirco-

Beta C: Short-time elevated-temperature tensile properties of S T material

Test
temperature
C
F
21
93
205
315
425

70
200
400
600
800

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

886
772
724
668
703

835
724
648
600
593

128.5
112
105
97
102

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F) for 3 0 m i n , A C . Source: Alloy Digest,

Elongation
i n 50 m m (2 in.),
%

121.2
105
94
87
86

15.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
23.5

Reduction
of area,
%
37.2
47.0
50.1
49.3
48.7

1987

Beta C: Effect of temperature on tensile properties of S T bar stock

Test
temperature
C
F
RT
93
205
315
425

200
400
600
800

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% off set)
MPa
ksi

886
772
724
668
703

835
724
648
600
593

128.5
112.0
105.0
97.0
102.0

121.2
105.0
94.0
87.0
86.0

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n a n n e a l e d 3 0 m i n a t 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), A C . Source: Beta Titanium

Rosenberg, E d , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Alloys

Elongation
i n 50 n u n (2 in.),
%

Reduction
of area,
%

15.0
21.0
20.0
22.0
23.5

37.2
47.0
50.1
49.3
48.7

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W.

Beta C: Tensile properties of STA bar

Test
temperature
C
F
RT
93
205
315
425
480
540

200
400
600
800
900
1000

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1199
1034
1027
1082
937
944
744

174
150
149
157
136
137
108

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1103
889
841
903
758
799
386

160
129
122
131
110
116
56

Elongation
i n 50 m m (2 i n . ) ,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

14
17
16
12
17
25
31

35
40
38
30
40
70
83

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m (0.5 in.) bar 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) s o l u t i o n a n n e a l e d + a g e d a t 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 6 h, A C . Source: Beta

Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, E d , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

fttanium

816 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Tensile properties of tube at high temperatures

Test
temperature

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

19 mm (0.750 in.) O D x 1 m m (0.042 in.) wall

RT
230
450
345
650
13 m m (0.540 in.) O D x 0.7 m m (0.030 in.) wall
RT
230
450
345
650
9.5 mm (0375 in.) O D 0.6 m m (0.025 in.) wall
RT
230
450
345
650

Tensile y i e l d
strength
MPa

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),
ksi

875
731
710

127
107
103

841
710
627

122
103
91

20
34
31

889
724
682

129
105
99

862
689
606

125
100
88

18
28
30

944
744
703

137
108
102

896
689
620

130
100
90

14
16
21

N o t e : D a t a are a v e r a g e o f t w o t e s t s . S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n a n n e a l e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 9 0 m i n , v a c u u m cooled. Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 2 3 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1 9 8 1

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Beta C: Strength v s temperature of STA billet

Click here to view

Beta C: Tensile strength v s temperature of STA bar
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600

200

800

1250

200

1000
^180

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600

800

1000

Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h
160
1000

140

120

co

750
100

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

CO

2
co

80

500

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

920
60
250
110

220

330

440

( 0 . 2 % offset)
820

40
550

220

1 3 m m (0.5 in.) bar, solution a n n e a l e d at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F ) + 5 6 5 C

(1050F),6h,AC.
Source: Beta Vtanium Alleys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Compressive
Strength

330

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Full section t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d on 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) diam billets heat

treated a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 5 min, AC + a g e d a t 5 6 5 C (1050 F),
4h,AC.
S o u r c e : S e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Beta C: Effect of temperature on compressive properties

Test
temperature
F

C
RT
205
370
480

400
700
900

Compressive yield
strength
Longitudinal
Transverse
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
1110
965
896
781

161
140
130
113.3

1068
944
889
799

Compressive
modulus
Longitudinal
10 p s i

GPa
102
93
85
77

155
137
129
116

14.8
13.5
12.4
11.2

Transverse
GPa

10 psi

101
94
82
78

14.7
13.7
11.9
11.4

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) d i a m forgings h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 5 m i n , A C + a g e 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F), 4 h , AC. Full section

t e s t s . Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Beta C: Typical compressive properties at 315 C

Compressive yield
strength(a)

Pres train
Condition
STA
ST+CW+A
ST+braze (Beta C/Ti-6-4) + A
ST+braze c y c l e + A
ST+CW+braze cycle+A

direction

MPa
1110
1193
786(b)
999
1006

ksi
161
173
114(b)
145
146

Compressive
modulus(a)
10 psi
GPa
6

107
111
102
108
109

15.5
16.2
14.9
15.7
15.9

(a) Average of t w o t r a n s v e r s e t e s t s , (b) P e r m a n e n t b e n d i n g n o t e d . Source: R.S. K a n e k o a n d C.A. W o o d s , "Low-ltemperature Forming of Beta

T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Contractor Report 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1 9 8 3

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r (Beta C ) / 817

Beta C: Compressive yield strength v s temperature

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
200

400

600

800

1000

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

200

600

400

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Full s e c t i o n t e s t s w e r e performed on 150 m m (6 in.) d i a m forgings
solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 5 min, A C + 5 6 5 C
(1050F),4h,AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 3 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1981

Creep
Properties

Beta C: Creep behavior of STA billet at 370 C

Beta C: Creep behavior of STA billet at 480 C

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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F o r g e d billet w a s solution treated at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 1 5 min, air

cooled, t h e n a g e d a t 5 6 5 C (1050 F) for 1 2 h, air c o o l e d . T r a n s v e r s e s p e c i m e n s w e r e tested for times a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s indicated.
S o u r c e : O . Deel a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering D a t a o n N e w a n d
E m e r g i n g Structural Materials," A F M L - T R - 7 0 - 2 5 2 , 1 9 7 0 , r e p o r t e d
in Beta Titanium Alloys, R. Wood, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s
Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 199

Forged billet w a s solution t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 1 5 min, air

cooled, then a g e d at 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 1 2 h, air cooled. T r a n s v e r s e s p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d for t i m e s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s indicated.
S o u r c e : O. Deel a n d H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on N e w a n d
Emerging Structural Materials," A F M L - T R - 7 0 - 2 5 2 , 1 9 7 0 , reported
in Beta Titanium Alloys, R. W o o d , MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s
Laboratories, 1972, 199

Beta C: Creep of STA sheet at 315 C

3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F) c r e e p e x p o s u r e
Deformation

Estimated aging
temperature
480-510
920-565
565-620

900-950
975-1050
1050-1150

Source: R M I Co., reported i n Beta Titanium

in96h,

Stress

Alloys,

MPa

ksi

793
448
379

115
65
55

R. W o o d , MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 2 0 2

0.41
0.08
0.06

818 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Creep of STA bar

Temperature
315
370
370
425
425

600
700
700
800
800

Creep exposure data

T i m e , h, for:
Stress
0.1%
MPa
ksi
deformation
551
517
517
207
207

80
75
75
30
30

T i m e , h, for:
0.2%
deformation

800
50
74
32
16

T i m e , h, for:
Total
deformation

T o t a l deformation,

1107
190
212
72
69

155
185
59
38

0.126
0.241
0.234
0.250
0.333

N o t e : B a r 13 m m (0.5 in.) t h i c k w a s solution a n n e a l e d at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), t h e n a g e d a t 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 6 h. Source: RMI Co., reported

i n S e t a Titanium Alloys, R. Wood, MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 2 0 0

Creep
Stability

Beta C: Room-temperature shear strength of fastener stock before exposure

Material
condition
815 C(1500F), 15 min, AC
+ aged 425 C (800 F), 6 h, AC
+ aged 480 C (900 F), 6 h, AC
+ aged 540 C (1000 F), 6 h, AC
+ aged 565 C (1050 F), 6 h, AC
+ aged 675 C (1250 F), 6 h, AC

Ultimate tensile
st r e n g t h
MPa

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

ksi

897
1503
1450
1234
1119
933

130.1
218.0
210.4
179.0
162.3
135.4

128.4
205.9
187.1
164.0
153.0
129.4

885
1419
1290
1130
1055
892

Reduction

Elongation,

D o u b l e shear
strength
MPa
ksi

of area,

16.0
8.0
6.7
15.3
14.0
17.0

49.0
17.4
20.8
38.7
49.5
48.6

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 7.9 m m (0.312 in.) f a s t e n e r stock h e a t t r e a t e d a s indicated. Source: Beta Titanium

a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

632
862
826
762
710
631

91.7
125.0
119.8
110.5
103.0
91.5

in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer

Alloys

Beta C: Room-temperature shear strength after exposure (properties prior to exposure above)

Condition before
exposure
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
425 C (800 F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
480C(900F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
540 C(1000F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
565C(1050F),6h,AC
815 C (1500 F), 15 min, AC
620C(1150F),6h,AC
815 C (900 F), 15 min, AC
675C(1250F),6h,AC
o

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation
i n 50 n u n (2 in.),

Reduction
of area,

MPa

S h e a r strength
ksi

937
937
1565

136
136
227

896
889
1448

130
129
210

15
15
7

39
44
10

655
655
862
862

1461
1441
1186
1193
1103
1110
1013
1027
924
951

212
209
172
173
160
161
147
149
134
138

1365
1358
1082
1096
1027
1013
958
951
875
903

198
197
157
159
149
147
139
138
127
131

8
9
15
17
20
20
21
20
20
13

17
16
41
37
42
44
45
46
46
39

855
855
758
758
724
724
689
682
627
634

95
95
125
125
124
124
110
110
105
105
100
99
91
92

N o t e : Alloy w a s u s e d a s 7.9 m m (0.312 in.) d i a m e t e r bar, e x p o s e d to 2 8 5 C ( 5 5 0 F) t e m p e r a t u r e for 5 0 0 h. Prior h e a t treatment was as

indicated. Source: RMI, reported i n Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 3 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1975, 14

Beta C: Creep stability of STA and cold worked rod after exposure
Thermal
exposure
cycle
As cold drawn 22.5 %
Unexposed
260 C (500 F), 275 MPa (40 ksi), 100 h
As 815 C (1500 F) solution annealed
Unexposed
260 C (500 F), 0 MPa, 25 h
260 C (500 F), 0 MPa, 100 h
260 C (500 F), 275 MPa (40 ksi), 25 h
260 C (500 F), 275 MPa (40 ksi), 100 h
260 C (500 F), 275 MPa (40 ksi), 200 h
315 C (600 F), 275 MPa (40 ksi), 100 h

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Reduction
o f area,
%

1082
1041

157
151

1137
1130

165
164

13
12

43
50

882
889
882
889
882
875
917

128
129
128
129
128
127
133

896
903
903
910
917
896
951

130
131
131
132
133
130
138

16
19
16
19
18
18
23

49
47
49
48
50
48
48

N o t e : Rod 8 . 4 m m (0.330 in.) i n d i a m e t e r w a s solution a n n e a l e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), or cold d r a w n , a s indicated. Source: RMI C o , reported
i n B e t a Titanium Alloys, R. Wood, MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 2 0 0

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r (Beta C ) / 819

Fatigue Properties
Beta C: Fatigue life of shot peened wire

Beta C: Fatigue life of recrystallized wire

Tensile s t r e n g t h , ksi

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
190

LIVE GRAPH

10'

Click here to view

200

'

210
'

220

230

'

3 5 % cold w o r k

210

5 0 % cold w o r k

3 5 % cold w o r k

Unrecrystallized wire

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

200

10
Recrystallized wire

110'

190

250

Beta C:

gsl 0 >

240

.10'

aio>
Co
9

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

10
1250

1350

1450

1550

10
1650

1750

Tensile strength, MPa

Shot peening is a critical p a r a m e t e r a n d shot p e e n intensities of a t
least 0.016 to 0 . 0 1 8 A s h o u l d b e u s e d . Higher intensities would provide additional i m p r o v e m e n t in fatigue life, but a higher intensity callout could limit t h e n u m b e r of s h o t peening s o u r c e s available d u e t o
equipment limitations.
T h e effects of cold work a n d tensile strength on the a v e r a g e fatigue
life of 1 0 m m (0.4 in.) diam s h o t p e e n e d to 0.016 to 0.018 A. E a c h
d a t a point r e p r e s e n t s t h e log a v e r a g e of six tests. Ti-13V-1Cr-3AI
d a t a points included for c o m p a r i s o n . 1 0 3 4 M P a (150 ksi) m a x i m u m
stress, f ? = 0 . 1 , 3 0 H z .
S o u r c e : 8 e f a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

1500
1400
1450
Tensile s t r e n g t h , M P a
Control of grain size is desired, a n d t h e wire should b e recrystallized
during solution treatment.
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 9 m m (0.35 in.) diam wire cold worked 3 5 % . S h o t
p e e n intensity of 0.016 to 0.018 A, 1 0 3 4 M P a (150 ksi) maximum
s t r e s s , 0 = 0 . 1 , 3 0 Hz.
S o u r c e : S e f a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984
1300

1350

Beta C: Fatigue life at high temperatures

Test condition(a)

RT

Unnotched
10 cycles
10 cycles
10 cycles
Notched(b)
10 cycles
10 cycles
10 cycles
3

F a t i g u e life, M P a (ksi), at:

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F) 3 7 0 C ( 7 0 0 F)

1144(166.0)
855 (124.0)
600(87.0)

1089 (158.0)
731 (106.0)
551 (80.0)

1020(148.0)
634(92.0)
372(54.0)

827 (120.0)
303 (44.0)
275 (40.0)

717 (104.0)
248 (36.0)
207 (30.0)

634(92.0)
275 (40.0)
234(34.0)

( a ) A x i a l f a t i g u e of t r a n s v e r s e s p e c i m e n s f r o m 150 m m (6 in.) d i a m
S T A f o r g i n g t r e a t e d 1 5 m i n a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), A C , p l u s a g i n g a t
5 6 5 C (1050 F) for 12 h , A C . i ? = 0 . 1 . (b) JK,. = 3.0. S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d . ,
T M S / A I M E , 1984

Beta C: Notched fatigue strength at high temperature

Beta C: Axial fatigue at high temperature

180

900

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH - 1 2 0

800

Click here to view

Click here to view

700
CO
Q.
600

100

- 80

CO

S 500

TO

\ \

R T

400

2 6 0 C (500 F)

_
300

60

- 40

- V

CO

200
100

0
10

10

10

3 7 0 "C (700

10

20

FY^

10

10

0
10

Lifetime, c y c l e s

Lifetime, c y c l e s

Unnotched s p e c i m e n s (R = 0.1) from 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) diam forging,

8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 1 5 min, AC, plus a g e d 12 h at 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F),
AC.
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

= 3.0) from 150 m m

Axial fatigue of notched s p e c i m e n s {R=0A,K
(6 in.) diam STA forgings.
S o u r c e : Beta Vtanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984
t

820 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fatigue
Crack
Growth

Crack growth rates in the accompanying figures were determined for Beta C in various conditions (see table). Because Beta C is an attractive
alloy for highly corrosive environments such as in
sour wells, the effect of aggressive environments
on mechanical behavior also is of interest. For the
test results presented here (see figures), no noticeable acceleration in crack growth rates was found
when going from air to a saltwater environment,
or when the frequency was reduced. Because the
differences in da/dNAK behavior are insignificant, data are presented as single scatterbands.
A slight tendency toward faster growth rates
was observed for LO-Simplex and LO-Duplex (see

figure below) as opposed to Hi-Simplex and HIDuplex, presumably as a consequence of the lower
ductilities. No effect of the duplex versus the simplex aging treatment was detected. A significant
difference, however, was found between aged and
unaged material. The value of AKth. is roughly 3
MPaVm" (2.7 ksiVin.) for aged material under all
testing conditions, as opposed to values of 4 to 5
MPaVm (3.6 to 4.5 ksiVmT) for as-SHT material.
Correcting for crack closure (AK ff) brings the data
into accord and reduces A / t h , f f to ~2 MPaVnT(1.8
ksiVin.), suggesting t h a t the difference between
as-SHT and aged material may not be present at
highi? ratios.
e

Beta C: Material condition in crack growth tests

Heat
treatment(a)
(designation)

Tensile yield
strength(0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

800 G 30 min, AC (as-SHT 800)

925 C 30 min, AC (as-SHT 927)
as-SHT 800 + 535 C, (8 h) (LO-simplex)
as-SHT 800 + 425 C, (4 h) (LO-duplex)
as-SHT 927 + 530 C (16 h) (HI-simplex)
as-SHT 927 + 455 X (4 h) + 5 5 5 (16 h) (Hl-duplex)

895
850
1225
1220
1140
1075

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

130
125
177
176
165
156

895
850
1320
1300
1220
1180

Elongation,
%

130
125
190
188
176
171

22
25
8
10
12
14

Reduction
of area,
%
48
62
15
13
21
23

(a) T h e grain s i z e s after solution h e a t t r e a t i n g a t 8 0 0 a n d 9 2 5 C w e r e 4 5 a n d 160 , respectively. T h e 8 0 0 C S H T did not fully recrystallize
t h e as-hot w o r k e d structure, a n d left approximately 2 0 vol. % urirecrystallized. A l m o s t n o unrecrystallized g r a i n s were present after SHT
a t 9 2 5 C. For b o t h S H T , t h e 4 h r cycle p r o m o t e s a s o m e w h a t m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s distribution. Source: H . E . R r u g m a n n a n d J . K Gregory,
Microstructure a n d Crack P r o p a g a t i o n i n Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, i n Microstructure
and Property Relationships
in Titanium
Aluminides
and Alloys, Y-W. K i m a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 9 1 , 5 5 1

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Click here to view

Beta C: Crack growth with high-temperature ST

10

10

10

Beta C: Crack growth with low-temperature ST

10

^, correction for crack closure

HI-simplex, air 10 Hz

HI-simplex, N a C 1 1 0 Hz

HI-simplex, NaCI 0.1 Hz

Hl-duplex, air 10 Hz

Hl-duplex, N a C 1 1 0

Hl-duplex, NaCI 0.1

10"

correction for crack closure

LO-simplex, air 10 Hz

LO-simplex, N a C 1 1 0 Hz

LO-duplex, air 10 Hz

LO-duplex, N a C 1 1 0 Hz

LO-duplex, NaCI 0.1 Hz

10

10

10"

AK^

10'

Uncorrected scatterband

U n c o r r e c t e d scatterband

10

10

10
AK, M P a V m
S o u r c e : H.E. Krugmann a n d J.K. Gregory, Microstructure a n d
C r a c k Propagation inTi-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, in Microstructure and
Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, Y-W. Kim
a n d R.R. Boyer, E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , 5 4 9 - 5 6 0

AK

MPaVm

S o u r c e : H.E. Krugmann a n d J.K. Gregory, Microstructure and

C r a c k Propagation in Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mc-4Zr, in Microstructure and
PropertyRelationshipsinTitaniumAluminidesandAlloys,Y-W.\Qm
a n d R.R. Boyer, E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 9 1 , 5 4 9 - 5 6 0

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 821

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Beta C: Crack growth in solution treated condition

Fracture Properties

10

A^ef, c o r r e c t i o n
a s - S H T 8 0 0 , air 10 Hz

Beta C: Fracture toughness of bar

Test
direction

Condition
785C(1450F),lh,AC
+ 550C(1025F),24h,
AC

840C(1550F),lh,AC
+480C(900F),24h,
AC

a s - S H T 8 0 0 , N a C 1 1 0 Hz

F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s (Kic)
MPaVm
k s i V in.

C-R
C-R

53.7
55.7

48.9
50.7

R-L
R-L
C-R
C-R

53.3
56.7
55.1
69.2

48.5
51.6
50.1
63.0

R-L
R-L

57.6
55.2

52.4
50.2

a s - S H T 8 0 0 , NaCI 0.1 Hz

10

a s - S H T 9 2 7 , air 10 Hz
a s - S H T 9 2 7 , N a C 1 1 0 Hz
a s - S H T 9 2 7 , NaCI 0.1
-

10

Uncorrected scatterband

10"
10

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e f r o m 7 5 m m (3 in.) bar. S o u r c e : G. B e l l a et

AK, MPaVm

al., Effects of P r o c e s s i n g o n M i c r o s t r u c t u r e a n d P r o p e r t i e s of Ti3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr ( B e t a C ), in Microstructure

m

lationships

in Titanium

Aluminides

and Property

S o u r c e : H.E. Krugmann a n d J.K. Gregory, Microstructure a n d

C r a c k Propagation in Ti-3AI-8v-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, in Microstructure and
Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, Y-W. Kim
a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., 1 9 9 1 , 5 4 9 - 5 6 0

Re-

and Alloys, Y-M. K i m a n d R . R .

Boyer, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 9 1 , 493-510

Beta C: Fracture toughness of STA billet

ksiVin.

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

88.0
56.4
81.8
57.6

1189
1188
1208
1242

Fracture toughness
Treatment

Test
direction

Water quench
Air cool

OYic)
MPaVm
96.7
62
89.9
63.3

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (2% offset)

172.5
172.4
175.2
180.2

MPa

ksi

1125
1145
1150
1184

163.2
166.0
166.8
171.7

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

9.5
3.0
9.2
3.5

19.6
5.6
17.4
6.6

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) billet s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 5 m i n , cooled ( W Q A C ) , t h e n a g e d 12 h a t 5 6 5 C (1050 F),

A C . S o u r c e : R M I C o . , r e p o r t e d i n Industrial

Applications

of Titanium

and Zirconium:

Fourth

Volume, C.S. Y o u n g a n d J . C . D u r h a m , E d . ,

A S T M S T P 9 1 7 , 1 9 8 6 , A S T M , 155

Beta C: Fracture toughness of billet, forging, and plate

Product form/
specimen location
Billet
150 mm (6 in.) diam
(midradius specimens)

150 mm (6 in.) (location

unknown)

Heat
treatment
15 min, 815 C (1500 F), AC
+ 12h,565C(1050F),AC
15 min, 815 C (1500 F), WQ
+ 12 h, 565 C (1050 F), AC
Annealed(b) + aged:
8h,510C(950F),AC
plusexposecKd)
8h,565C(1050F),AC
plusexposed(d)
8h,620C(1150F),AC
plusexposed(d)

1 5 0 x 1 5 0 mm ( 6 x 6 in.)
Surface specimens
Center specimens
Navaho spar forging
1 0 0 x 1 5 0 mm ( 4 x 6 in.)
(forging center sped
mens)
Plate
32mm(1.25 in.)
(center specimens)

19 mm (0.75 in.)
(center specimens)

15 min, 815 C (1500 F), AC

+ 12h,565C(1050F),AC

Direction

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Fracture toughness
Kq
MPaVm

ksd in.

ksdVin.

MPaVm

1151
1186
1124
1144

167
172
163
166

90(a)
64
97
61

82(a)
58
88
56

1330

193

55(c)
54
69
70
81
80

50(c)
49
63
64
74
73

(c)
(C)

1151
1151

167
167

6 0 66(e)
57-71

55-60(e)
52-65

1158

168

58-59(e)

53-54(e)

RW

1137

165

53(f)

48(f)

RW

862

125

56(f)

51(f)

(c)

1206

175

90(c)

82(c)

15 min, 815 C (1500 F), AC

+ 12h,565C(1050F),AC

925 C (1700 F), annealed, AC

+ 8h,565C(1050F),AC
925 C (1700 F), annealed, AC
+ 8h,675C(1250F),AC
lh,815C(1500F),AC
+ 4h,525C(975F),AC

(a) F o u r - p o i n t l o a d e d , s l o w - b e n d t e s t , (b) H e a t t r e a t m e n t d e t a i l s n o t g i v e n , (c) l e s t d e t a i l s n o t g i v e n , (d) 1000-h e x p o s u r e a t 2 8 5 C (550 F)

u n d e r 1 7 2 M P a ( 2 5 k s i ) l o a d , c o o l e d t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t e s t e d , (e) S l o w - b e n d t e s t s , (f) C o m p a c t - t e n s i o n t e s t s . S o u r c e : Beta
Alloys,

R. Wood, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1 9 7 2

fttanium

822 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Stress-Strain Curves
Beta C: Typical tensile stress-strain

LIVE GRAPH

Beta C: Longitudinal stress-strain

Click here to view

RT

1200

LIVE GRAPH

1200

RT

2 0 5 C

Click here to view

2 0 5 C

140

370
900

120

- 100
600

4130 C - 8 0

600

(O

3
\

480

0.002

40

Long itudina

0.01

S
to

60

Tran sverse

0.004 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 8

to

- 80

300

100 -*

70 C "

I60

300

140

900

20

0.012

0.014

Strain, m m / m m

0.002

0.004

0.006 0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

Tension stress-strain c u r v e s for solution treated a n d a g e d forged billet. S p e c i m e n s c u t from a 150 1 5 0 m m (6 6 in.) billet h e a t t r e a t e d
for 1 5 min a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F) air cooled, plus 12 h, 5 6 5 C (1050 F)
air cooled.

Strain, mm/mm
1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billet h e a t treated at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 15 min,
AC + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3723,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1981

Beta C: Compressive stress-strain

Beta C: Compressive stress-strain

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

1200|

RT

LIVE GRAPH

1200|

Click here to view

CO
Q.
in
in

900

900

RT
2 0 5 C

2 0 5 (

120

ce

3 70 C

600|

"

100
to

CO

4 8 0 C

\ 4 ( 0C "

600

37C C

ioo J2

- 80

CO

300I

300

-ongitiidinal
0

0.002

0.004 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 8 0.01
Strain, m m / m m

0.012

T r a n s ^ terse

0.014

0.002

0.004

0.006 0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

Strain, m m / m m
1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billet h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 15 min,

1 5 0 m m (6 in.) s q u a r e billet h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 5 min,

AC + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F ) , A C .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 3 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1981

AC + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F ) , A C .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3723,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1981

Beta C: Evaluation of stretch-formed specimens

Section height
mm
in.

Stretch
direction

Stretch,
%

Strain rate,
min"

38
50
89

Longitudinal
Transverse
Longitudinal

8
14
28

0.013
0.023
0.046

1.5
2.0
3.5

Remarks
Goodpart
Goodpart
Good part, except that horizontal flange had slight wave and vertical flange drew
into die block due to die block separations

S o u r c e : R. K a n e k o a n d C A. W o o d s , " L o w - T e m p e r a t u r e F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , " N A S A R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

Forging
G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Commercially important metastable and

near- alloys respond well to thermomechanical
processing (TMP), and several complex thermomechanical processing routes have been re-

duced to commercial practice. With this alloy

class, thermomechanical processing is focused on
optimal combinations of high strength, good fracture toughness, and ductility. These alloys possess

T i - 3 A I - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r (Beta C ) / 823

superior high-cycle fatigue properties due to the

refined nature of their microstructure. Several of
these alloys have been successfully direct aged,
thereby producing even finer microstructures and
improved smooth and notched fatigue properties.
Supra-transus forging processes prevail in this
class of materials (except for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al in
which a combination of supra- and subtransus
working can achieve desired properties through
phase manipulation and control). None of these alloys respond to thermomechanical processing to
improve fracture-related properties, because
morphology cannot be modified to the extent possible in + alloys. All of these alloys are ideal for
use in structural applications in which durability
is t h e critical design criterion.
Beta C is a very high strength, deep hardening,
metastable alloy whose primary commercial applications in forgings are corrosion-resistant applications in a wide variety of media and aerospace
and automotive applications. It can be fabricated
into all forging product types, although closed die
forgings predominate.
Beta C is a highly forgeable alloy (when forged
above the transus), with lower unit pressures
(flow stresses), improved forgeability, and less
crack sensitivity in forging t h a n the - alloy Ti6A1-4V. Flow stresses and unit pressures exceed
t h a t of the near- alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (see figure).
Beta C is thermomechanically processed in forging
manufacture to achieve the desired final microstructure of fine transformed , limited grain
boundary films, with a fine recrystallized prior
grain size, in preparation for final thermal treatments. The highly refined microstructures of Beta
C forgings are responsible for its excellent corrosion, strength, and fatigue properties.
Beta C is forged above the transus through one
or more forging operations. Reheating for subsequent forging operations recrystaUize the alloy
from prior hot work refining prior grain size.
Beta C is not subtransus (a + ) forged, because no
micro structural advantages are gained and there
is a significant increase in unit pressure requirements.
Final thermal t r e a t m e n t s for Beta C forgings include annealing or solution annealing and
aging. Forgings may be supplied in the annealed or
solution annealed (ST) condition and/or fully aged
(STA). In the ST condition, Beta C has lower
strength, but much higher ductility and toughness
t h a n in the STA condition (not recommended for

high-temperature use). Solution treatment is conducted at 815 to 925 C (1500 to 1700 F), followed
by air cooling. Aging is conducted at 455 to 540 C
(850 to 1000 F). For thick section Beta C forgings,
it has been reported (Gurganus, Ref 1) t h a t a
three-step heat treatment process improves the
overall combination of strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue. The process studied was solution annealing at 920 C (1685 F), air cooling or
faster plus-resolution annealing at 820 C (1525
F), air cool or faster, and aging at 280 C (535 F).
Suicides (silicon is a t r a m p element from master
alloys), which may adversely affect ductility and
toughness, may form at grain boundaries in Beta C
under certain supra-transus annealing process
conditions. Recent work (Ankem, Ref 2) has suggested t h a t solution annealing above the silicide
solvus (980 C or 1800 F), followed by rapid
quenches and then above-mentioned thermal
treatments may be used to reduce continuous
grain boundary silicides and improve properties.
B e t a forging w o r k i n g histories for Beta C
require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of reduction are not recommended. Although Beta C is
highly cold workable and is processed in other
product forms such as sheet and plate, cold working is generally not used in forging manufacture.
Beta C may be successfully isothermal or hot die
forged. However, it has lower strain-rate sensitivity t h a n - and near- alloys, and thus, unit pressure reductions and forging shape sophistication
improvements through these technologies are
modest in comparison to other titanium alloys.
Beta C, as with all alloys, has a higher affinity
for hydrogen t h a n other titanium alloy classes. AlBeta C: Forging process temperatures
Metal temperature
C
F

Process
Betaforge
Preferred range(a)

815-980
, + 85 C

1500-1800
, + 1 5 0 F

N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4: Forging" for r e c o m m e n d e d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , (a) F i n a l billet conversion a n d final forging t e m p e r a t u r e s about 8 5 C ( 1 5 0 F) a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s are preferred over
h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s t o r e d u c e g r a i n growth.

Beta C: Effect of TMP on properties

Due to the fine microstructural features of aged alloys, their resistance to crack growth is generally inferior to + alloys.

Forging
route
+ 850
& + 85C

Heat
treatment

535C,8h
910C,AC
+ 535C,8h
.+ 1 9 5 910C,AC
+ 535 C , 8 h
.+ 8 5 ^ 8 1 5 C , A C
+ 565C,8h

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1123

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elonga- R e d u c t i o n Fracture t o u g h n e s s Critical crack

length
tion,
of area,
(Xlc)
MPaVm
ksdVin.
min
%
%
in.
53

AKth(b)
MPaVm
ksiVin.

Smooth fatigue
s t r e s s (c)
MPa
ksi

163
174

1179
1262

171

6
8

48

48
43

2.5
1.8

0.10
0.071

114

183

9
14

790

1199

<4.4

<4

800

116

1190

172

1258

182

50

45

1.9

0.075

<4.4

<4

700

114

1151

167

1192

173

11

22

57

52

3.0

0.12

4.4

780

113

(a) Critical crack l e n g t h , 1 . 1 ( X j / Y S ) . (b) ^ i s t h e t h r e s h o l d s t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y i n f a t i g u e crack g r o w t h r a t e t e s t s , (c) S m o o t h fatigue s t r e s s at 1 0 cycles, t e s t s conducted

2

at R = 0.1 to 0 . 3 , F= 3 0 to 1 2 5 H z . Source: G.W. K u h l m a n , "A Critical A p p r a i s a l of T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g (TMP) o f Structural T i t a n i u m Alloys"

824/ Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

though Beta C forms less case from heating operations t h a n other alloy classes, therefore requiring less metal removal in chemical pickling (milling processes), control of chemical removal
processes is essential to preclude excessive hydrogen pickup.

Beta C: Flow stress

1000

100

References
1. T.B. Gurganus, "Improvement of Reliability
and the Mechanical Properties of Titanium
Alloy Forgings," AFML-TR-75-311, Air
Force Materials Laboratory, Dec 1975
2. S. Ankem et al., "Suicide Formation in Ti3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo," Metall. TYans. A, Vol
18, Dec 1987, 2015-2025
10"

10"

Strain rate, s~

S o u r c e : Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 8 6 , 1 9 8 7 , 159-177

Beta C: Forging tensile properties

Room-temperature tensile properties of forging solution heat treated 15 min, 815 C (1500 F), air cooled, plus aged 12 h,
565 C (1050 F), air cooled
Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
Sample location and orientation

MPa

Panel (thin section), long transverse

Panel (thin section), longitudinal
Rib (thin section), longitudinal
Center (thick section near surface), longitudinal
Center (thick section mid radius), longitudinal
Center (thick section center), longitudinal
Center (thick section), short transverse
Center (thick section), long transverse
S o u r c e : R A . W o o d , B e t a Titanium

Alloys,

Ultimate tensile
strength

Elongation,

ksi

MPa

ksi

158
169
173
172
168
158
149
150

1179
1241
1268
1241
1241
1103
1061
1068

171
180
184
180
180
160
154
155

10.0
4.5
5.5
7.5
8.0
8.0
5.0
4.0

1089
1165
1193
1186
1158
1089
1027
1034

Reduction
of area,
%
23
14
12
15
14
20
16
17

MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Forming

Total cold reductions of 60 to 70% are common

for Beta C, and the capacity for cold work enhances
the manufacture of seamless tubing, rod, wire,

strip, and foil products. The material is markedly

strengthened by cold work to about 60% but further cold work has little additional effect. As in

LIVE GRAPH

Beta C: Aged tensile properties v s cold work

Click here to view

2000

60
H280
-

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

1800

I260
40

UTS
'
1600
TYS
1400

(a)

-""""^RA

H220
"5
o 2 0
H200

cr

-U80

1200
20

H240

40
60
Cold reduction, %

80

20

40

60

Cold reduction, %

(b)

Effect of increasing a m o u n t s of cold work o n t h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e tensile properties of a g e d alloy cold d r a w n a s indicated plus aged for 6 h at 480
C (900 F) a n d air cooled.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C) / 825

other titaniirrn alloys, prior cold work accelerates

the aging reaction, and a fine, uinformly dispersed
oc precipitate may be obtained. Limited information is available on warm working of Beta C (see table), but good results would be expected in the 230
to 345 C (450 to 650 F) range. Data available suggest t h a t aged material would not be very workable below about 540 C (1000 F).

Beta C: Minimum bend radii

Cold press-brake bending of solution treated alloys
Minimum bend radius as a
function of sheet thickness, t
1.75 m m ( 0 . 0 6 9 i n . )
t<
< t < 4.76 m m
1.75 m m
(0.069 in.)
(0.1875 in.)

Alloy
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
BetaC
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al

3.5
3.0
4.0
3.5

3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5

Source: Military S t a n d a r d MIL-T-9046J, U S G o v e r n m e n t Printing

Office

Beta C : Warm brake bending of 1.65 mm (0.065 in.) sheet

Bend
axis direction
Longitudinal

Transverse

Bend
radius
5.0i
4.0i
3.0r
2.0f
2.0f
3.0i
2.0i
2.0?

Forming temperature
op
C
175
175
175
175
215
175
175
215

350
350
350
350
420
350
350
420

Visual examination
atl5x

Average
springback,

Average free
b e n d angle,
90
92
88
90
90
89
87
90

Acceptable
Apparent separations
Apparent crack
Cracked
Cracked
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable

15
14
12
5
7
11
8
8

Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C.A. Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Report 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

Beta C: Room-temperature brake bending of 1.65 mm (0.065 in.) sheet

Bend
axis
direction

Average free
b e n d angle,

Bend
radius

Longitudinal

Average
springback,

40
87
121
39
45
94
132
90
(a)
43
90
120
90

6.0f

5.0r
4.0i
3.5f
Transverse
4.0/
3.5f

Visual examination
at 20

17
30
28
7
11
23
24
15

Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Apparent metal
Apparent metal
Apparent metal
Apparent metal
Apparent metal

13
16
33

Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Apparent metal separation

separation
separation
separation
separation
separation

(a) S p e c i m e n fractured a t b e n d before r e a c h i n g 90. Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C.A. Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Report 3 7 0 6 , 1983

Beta C: Tensile properties of bar and rod as a function of cold work and heat treatment

Diameter
mm
in.
9.5
8.4

0.375
0.330

7.6

0.299

6.0
4.7
4.4
3.3

0.238
0.188
0.176
0.132

Condition
15 min, 815 C (1500 F), AC
Cold drawn 22.5%
Cold drawn 22.5% + 6 h, 425 C (800 F), AC
Cold drawn 22.5% + 6 h, 480 C (900 F), AC
Cold drawn 22.5% + 6 h, 540 C (1000 F), AC
Cold drawn 37.2%
Cold drawn 37.2% + 480 C (900 F) age(a)
Cold drawn 59.5%
Cold drawn 59.5% + 480 C (900 F) age(a)
Cold drawn 75.0%
Cold drawn 78.0% + 480 C (900 F) age(a)
Cold drawn 87.6%

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
875
1137
1668
1579
1310
1234
1606
1324
1675
1317
1730
1317

127
165
242
229
190
179
233
192
243
191
251
191

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Elonga- Reduction
tion,
of area,

862
1082
1565
1475
1220

125
157
227
214
177

16
13
5
5
12

1510

219

1613

234

1682

244

Shear
strength(b)

MPa

41
43
17
16
18
47
15
44
21
23
32
41

655
696

95
101

951

138

924

134

875

127

ksi

Cold head
ratio(c)

DflDi
2.04
1.14

1.75
1.68
1.63
1.85

(a) Probably 6-h a g i n g a t 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F). (b) B a s e d o n double s h e a r s p e c i m e n s . (c)Z)^= final d i a m e t e r ; O = initial d i a m e t e r i n u p s e t s p e c i m e n s w h e r e D = o n e h a l f s p e c i m e n

l e n g t h . Source: R A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
i

826 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta C: Tensile properties of annealed 7.9 mm (0.312 in.) diam rod

Room temperature tensile, shear and headability properties as a function of solution annealing treatment
Tensile yield
strength
Condition(a)

MPa

760C(1400F),AC
760 C (1400 F),WQ
815 C(1500F),AC
815 C ( 1 5 0 0 F ) , W Q
870 C(1600F),AC
870 C (1600 F),WQ
925 C(1700F),AC
925 C (1700 F),WQ

875
875
875
875
868
862
834
827

ksi
127
127
127
127
126
125
121
120

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa
903
910
910
910
903
903
862
868

131
132
132
132
131
131
125
126

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

15
21
16
19
17
19
17
20

57
58
56
58
58
56
58
58

Shear
strength
MPa
ksi
655
648
662
655
662
648
648
648

Headabilityfjb),

95
94
96
95
96
94
94
94

DflDi
1.94
2.02
2.02
2.04
2.13
2.14

(a) 3 0 m i n a t t e m p e r a t u r e . (b)D^= final d i a m e t e r , D = initial d i a m e t e r i n u p s e t s p e c i m e n s w h e r e D = o n e h a l f s p e c i m e n l e n g t h , (c) Using

double s h e a r s p e c i m e n s . Source: R. A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alleys, MCIC-72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
t

Heat Treatment

Beta C is capable of achieving many

strength/ductility combinations, depending on
processing history and heat treatment. A wide
range of aging heat treatments may be used for
Beta C to achieve a preferred strength level and
associated mechanical properties.
Full annealing may be used to alleviate undesirable residual stresses in Beta C, and in certain
cases where the material is to be used in the aged
or overaged condition, stress relief annealing may
be accomplished simultaneously with the aging or
overaging heat treatment. Annealing for Beta C is
the same as solution treating.
S o l u t i o n Treatment. Some care should be exercised in matching the solution annealing treatment with the mill product form being used, its
processing history, and the mechanical properties
expected. Atypical recommended solution annealing treatment for Beta C is 30 min at 815 C (1500
F) (terminated by either water quenching or air

cooling). However, good properties (high ductility

in the solution annealed condition and combinations of good strength and ductility in the aged
condition) also may be obtained by solution annealing at temperatures up to 925 C (1700 F).
The higher temperatures (e.g., 925 C) are generally favored for thicker section products such as
plate and bar, whereas the lower temperatures
(e.g., 1500 to 1550 F) may be used for products
such as wire and sheet. Solution annealing temperature has a significant effect on the ductility of
plate, but little effect on the properties of small-diameter rod.
A g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s range from 455 to 540
C (850 to 1000 F). Typical aging times range from
6 to 12 h at the aging temperature, although 12 to
24 h exposure may be used to age material to maximum strength at aging temperatures of 455 to 465
C (850 to 875 F). Aging is terminated by air cooling.

Beta C: Effect of aging time on room-temperature tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH

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LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C ) / 827

LIVE GRAPH

Beta C: Effect of aging and cold work (6 hour age)

Click here to view

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e ,

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1000

1100

1200
U T S , cold r e d u c e d

LIVE GRAPH

UTS, annealed

Click here to view

1000
220

1200

A n n e a l e d (3 min, 8 1 5 C
20

Y S , cold r e d u c e d
YS, annealed

'

25

1100
-

200
CO

180

D)
C
0)

1 6 0 55

-or

a?
c-15

re

10

Cold reducec

(48%)

140

120
550

600

650

500

700

(a)

550

600

650

700

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(b)

Effect of aging t e m p e r a t u r e variation a n d of cold work plus a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e on t h e tensile properties of tubing. 1 9 m m (0.75 in.) O D 1.0 m m
(0.042 in.) wall. Aged for 6 h.
S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3)/829

|Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI
Common Name: Ti-10-2-3
UNS Number: Unassigned

Ti-10-2-3 is a high-strength titanium-base alloy. Metallurgically it is a near-beta alloy, and it is

capable of attaining a wide variety of strength levels depending on selection of heat treatment. Major advantages of this alloy are its excellent forgeability; its high toughness in air and saltwater
environments; and its high hardenability, which
provides good properties in sections up to 125 m m
(5 in.) thick. It is used in the aerospace industry for
applications u p to 315 C (600 F).
A major advantage of Ti-10-2-3 over commer-

cially available alpha-beta compositions of similar

strength levels is its toughness in air and salt
water environments. This near-beta alloy was developed primarily for high-strength and toughness
applications a t temperatures up to 315 C (600 F)
and tensile strengths of 1240 MPa (180 ksi) in order to provide weight savings over steels in airframe forging applications. Of special interest for
high-strength forgings for aircraft, it is being used
for components by much of the aerospace industry.

Chemistry
and Density

Ti-10-2-3 h a s a near-beta composition and is

slightly more beta stabilized t h a n Ti- 11.5Mo-6Zr-

4.5Sn (Beta III).

Density. 4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )

Product
Forms

Ti-10-2-3 h a s t h e best hot-die forgeability of

any commercial titanium alloy and is often used

for near-net-shape forging applications. Mill products are billet, bar, and plate.

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Developed for use in the aerospace industry, Ti10-2-3 combines many of the advantages of the metastable beta titanium alloys without sacrificing
certain inherent alpha-beta characteristics. It
shows excellent hardenability in section sizes up to
125 m m (5 in.), b u t also demonstrates good short-

transverse ductility. In t h e solution-treated and

aged condition, this alloy maintains greater than
80% of its room-temperature strength at 315 C
(600 F) and h a s creep-stability characteristics
similar to those of the alpha-beta alloys at this
temperature.

Applications

Ti-10-2-3 is used at temperatures up to 315 C

(600 F) where medium-to-high strength and high
toughness are required in bar, plate, or forged sections up to 125 m m (5 in.) thick. I t can be heat
treated over a wide strength-toughness range, allowing t h e tailoring of properties. I t is employed

for applications requiring uniformity of tensile

properties at surface and center locations. Specific
applications include aerospace airframes hot-die
and conventional forgings, and other forged parts
in a wide variety of components. The major user,
Boeing, uses the alloy up to 260 C (500 F).

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Specifications and compositions

Specification

Description

USA
AMS 4986
AMS4983A
AMS 4984
AMS 4987

FrgSTOA
Frg STA
Frg STA
FrgSTOA

Al

Fe

2.6-3.4
2.6-3.4
2.6-3.4
2.6-3.4

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

1.6-2.2
1.6-2.2
1.6-2.2
1.6-2.2

Composition, wt%

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13

Other

9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11

0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005

OT 0.3; bal
OT 0.3; bal
OT0.3;balTi
OT0.3;balTi

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Commercial compositions

Specification
Japan
Kobe
USA
Timet

Designation

Description

Al

Fe

Composition, %

Other

KS10-2-3

Bar Frg STA

2.6-3.4

1.6-2.2

0.015

0.05

0.13

9-11

balTi

TIMETAL 10-2-3

Frg

2.6-3.4

1.6-2.2

0.015

0.05

0.13

9-11

balTi

830 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Phases and Structures

As a solute-lean alloy, the microstructure of

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al typically has a bimodal (equiaxed
a n d lamellar) phase in a matrix. The precise
microstructural characteristics depend on the deformation and heat treatment history of the alloy.
Coarse, globular a, which has little effect on
strength but has desirable effects on ductility, is
produced during solution treatment in the +
phase field through recrystallization of some of the
lamellar as a result of ot/ work. The remnant
acicular alpha, which detracts from ductility, is
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Lattice parameters

necessary to meet fracture toughness requirements. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al generally is not solution

treated above the transus because ductility and
toughness are lower than that of / solution
treated material. However, extreme overaging of
quenched material can restore ductility and
toughness to acceptable levels.
B e t a Transus. 800 C (1475 F) is often reported as t h e typical transus, with a range of 790
to 805 C (1450 to 1480 F).

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of solution temperature on

primary content

Alpha phase
a = 0.293595 nm

1300

c = 0.467454 nm

Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ,
1350
1400
1450

1500
I

40

Beta phase
a = 0.3238 nm
= 30

N o t e : D e t e r m i n e d by X-ray diffraction. Source: A F M L - T R - 7 8 - 1 1 4

20

Grain
Structure

Transformation
Products

Recrystallization and grain structure of Ti10V-2Fe-3Al are influenced greatly by minor

modifications in thermomechanical processing.
High amounts of deformation and high temperat u r e s enhance dynamic recrystallization and the
formation of equiaxed , whereas high volume
fractions of retard recrystallization. High deformation also reduces the aspect ratio of platelets.
Forgings are normally beta forged followed by -
forging, with about 10 or 15 to 25% reductions (for
high-strength condition) to break up grain-boundary a n d recrystallize some of the primary to a
globular shape for improved ductility.
Detailed microstructural work (Duerig et al.,
Metall. Trans. A, Vol 11,1980, 1987-1998) has revealed a number of transformations and transformation products that may occur in Ti-10V-2Fe3A1. They are summarized below.
A t h e r m a l (u. Like all solute-lean alloys,
a t h e r m a l appears upon rapid quenching of solution treated Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. Although these fine
nondescript particles have no discernible effect on
mechanical properties, they affect subsequent aging behavior by catalyzing isothermal phase formations.
I s o t h e r m a l occurs at aging temperatures
(below 450 C, or 840 F) in quenched Ti-lOV2Fe-3Al. Isothermal particles formed at any
t e m p e r a t u r e are very uniform and have been associated with displacive growth of athermal . Three
morphologies of existnondescript, ellipsoidal,
a n d cuboidal. As aging continues, misfit increases
a n d a transition from ellipsoidal to a cuboidal morphology is observed. Increased amounts of hydrogen limit the amount of athermal formation during quenching (J.E. Costa et al., Titanium Science
and Technology, 1985, 2480).
U n i f o r m of both the Burger's and non-Burger's variety occurs at aging temperatures above

10

700

825

725
750
775
800
Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : Duerig ef al., S t r e s s Assisted Transformation in Ti-10V2Fe-3AI, Metall. Trans. A Vol 11, D e c 1980, 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 8

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

400 C (750 F) (see TTT and ITT diagrams).

This type of appears to nucleate on particles of
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Isothermal grain growth for
0.32

0.012
1050C(1922F)

0.24

- 0.01
0.008

0.16
9 5 0 C ( 1 7 4 2 F)~

.2
0.006 ^
0.004

0.08

I
200

400
600
Time, s

800

0.002

1000

S o u r c e : J . R . Toran a n d R.R. Biederman, P h a s e Transformation

S t u d y of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, H.
Kimura a n d O . Izumi, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1980, 1 4 9 4

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 831

isothermal . With continued aging, changes

from a blocky morphology into fine "stubby" plates
t h a t are uniformly distributed throughout t h e
matrix. The fine nature of these dispersions allows
very high strengths to be achieved, even in solu-

tion treated specimens containing as much as 25

vol% of primary a.
S y m p a t h e t i c p l a t e of both t h e Burger's and
non-Burger's type occurs above 400 C (750 F)
(see TTT diagram on next page). These precipi-

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Recrystallization regions with 30% reduction

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Processing temperature,
1400

1600

1800

2000

2400

2200

Full
recrystallization
Partial
recrystallization
No
recrystallization

705^
815

705

925

1035

1365

1255

1145

Processing temperature, C
Effect of p r o c e s s i n g a n d annealing t e m p e r a t u r e s o n t h e microstructure of s p e c i m e n s formed to 3 0 % reduction. T r u e strain, 3 6 % . Annealing time,
1 h.
S o u r c e : I. W e i s s a n d F.H. F r o e s , T h e " P r o c e s s i n g Window" for t h e Near-Beta Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy, Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 5 0 4

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Recrystallization regions with 65% reduction

LIVE GRAPH

Processing temperature,
1400

1600

1800

Click here to view

2000

V
/

/
/

2400

2200

/
/

'

if" /

c\

-'

c)

c>

C>

c>

705

815

925

1035

1145

1255

1365

Processing temperature, C
Effect of p r o c e s s i n g a n d annealing t e m p e r a t u r e s on t h e microstructure of s p e c i m e n s forged to 6 5 % reduction. T r u e strain 1 0 9 % ; 3 0 - 5 0 % reduction. Annealing time, 1 h.
S o u r c e : I. W e i s s a n d F.H. F r o e s , T h e " P r o c e s s i n g Window" for t h e N e a r - B e t a Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy, Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V., G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 5 0 4

832 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

tates appear as large plates with very high aspect

ratios. Although these coarser plates do not
strengthen as efficiently as the fine uniform dispersions, very high strengths are nonetheless
achievable in solution treated material.
Grain-boundary first forms during - solution treatment.lt is thickened with aging, and
the thickness increases with aging temperature.
Orthorhombic m a r t e n s i t e (a") is found only
as a stress-induced transformation product in Ti-

10V-2Fe-3Al. The transformation can be inhibited

by t h e precipitation of and the associated chemical stabilization of . The formation of a" decreases
tensile yield strength by plastically accommodating relatively small elastic strains.
Inclusions rich in titanium, phosphorus, sulfur,
and silicon can occur. Chemical microsegregation (or
beta flecks), which is found in other alloys and even
some + alloys, is due to iron segregation.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: T T T diagram for -solution treated alloy

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10000

100000

Qualitative diagram illustrating t h e competition b e t w e e n nucleation r e g i m e s .

S o u r c e : Duerig ef al., Metall. Trans. A, 1 9 8 0 , 1987-1998

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: ITT diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

900

DTA s t a r t indication
Partially

transformed

1600

Untransformed
800r-

P transus
5%ct

7 9 0 C (420 F )

700r-

1400

1200

05 600I
M 555 C

50oj

1000

+ martensite
Estimated s t a r t .

/
800

+ + martensite
300
10

jj

100

H600

L_

1000

10000

100000

Time, s
Solution treated at 8 6 0 C (1580 F) for 2 4 0 s DTA, differential thermal a n a l y s i s .
S o u r c e : J.R. Toran a n d R.R. B i e d e r m a n , P h a s e Transformation Study of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, H. Kimura and
O . Izumi, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1980, 1 4 9 4

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 833

Physical Properties

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability(a)
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

790-805 C (1450-1480 F)
Not available
4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )
Not available
Nonmagnetic
Not available
Not available
9.7 " / C (5.4 K T / F
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 t o 2 5 C (68 t o 7 8

F). (b) M e a n coefficient f r o m r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 100 C (212 F)

Elastic
Properties

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Room-temperature elastic properties

Material condition

Tensile m o d u l u s
10 psi

GPa

As forged, different conditions

Solution treated and aged
Solution treated and overaged

83-103
103-110
96.5-107
Alloys

200

700

800

107-114

15.5-16.5

in the 1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 4 4 3 ; A F M L - T R - 7 8 - 1 1 4

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Tensile modulus v s temperature

100

12-15
15-16
14-15.5

S o u r c e : R. B o y e r a n d H . R o s e n b e r g , E d . , Beta Titanium

Temperature, F
300 400 500 600

Compressive modulus
GPa
10 psi

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Tensile and compressive moduli v s

temperature
Temperature, F

900
100

LIVE GRAPH

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
100

200

300

400

500
100

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
R o u n d bar, solution t r e a t e d a n d o v e r a g e d .
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection:
Stainless
Materials, Vol 3 , 9th
Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose
ed., American Society for Metals, 1 9 8 0

Modulus i n Torsion. 41 GPa (6 10 psi)

6

200

300

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Solution treated a n d o v e r a g e d bar.
S o u r c e : D. Deel, A F M L - T R - 7 7 - 1 9 8 , 1 9 7 7

400

500

834 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Compressive tangent modulus

curves (see also "Stress-Strain Curves")
T a n g e n t m o d u l u s , 1 0 psi
6

5
1

15
-

LIVE GRAPH

RT

100

2 0 0 C
9=

10
r <

Click here to view

0 0 F)

75

4 2 5 C ({ 0 0 F )
~

50

25
Longitu dinal
25

50
75
T a n g e n t modulus, G P a

125

100

Solution treated a n d o v e r a g e d round bar t e s t e d in t h e longitudinal

direction.
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering Data on New A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Air Force Materials Laboratory, 1 9 7 7 ,
99

Corrosion

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Corrosion rates in specific media

Ferric chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
+0.1%FeCl

C o r r o s i o n rate,
mm/yr

Temperature,
C

10
0.5

Boiling
Boiling

nil
1.10

Boiling

0.008

Concentration,
Medium

T h e s e d a t a s h o u l d b e u s e d only a s a guideline for alloy p e r f o r m a n c e . R a t e s m a y vary d e p e n d i n g o n c h a n g e s i n m e d i u m chemistry, temperat u r e , l e n g t h of e x p o s u r e , a n d other factors. Total alloy s u i t a b i l i t y c a n n o t b e a s s u m e d from t h e s e v a l u e s alone, b e c a u s e other forms of corrosion, s u c h a s localized a t t a c k , m a y b e limiting. T h e text s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d to a s s e s s overall alloy suitability m o r e thoroughly for a given
s e t of e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s . In complex, variable, and/or d y n a m i c e n v i r o n m e n t s , in situ t e s t i n g m a y provide m o r e reliable data.

Mechanical Properties

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is capable of being heat treated

to provide a wide range of properties. There are
four AMS specifications (AMS 4984, 4986, 4987,

Design
Allowables

and 4983A) covering strengths ranging from 140

to 180 ksi, with the lower strengths being utilized
when higher fracture toughness is required.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Design tensile properties of forgings

Thickness

Ultimate tensile
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (L-LT)(a)
MPa
ksi

Elongation, %
LT

Reduction
o f area(a),%
L
LT

Solution treated and aged(b) hand forgings per A M S 4986

<75
75-100

<3.00
3.00-4.00

1103
1103

160(c)
160

1000
1000

145(c)
145

6(c)
6

1103
1103

160(c)
160(d)

4(c)
4(d)

10(c)
10

Conventional solution treated and aged(b) die forgings

<25
<75

<1.00(e)
<3.00(f)

1240
1193

180(c)
173(d)

(a) S-basis v a l u e s a p p l i c a b l e i n b o t h longitudinal (L) a n d l o n g t r a n s v e r s e (LT) directions, e x c e p t a s noted, (b) A g e d a t 5 1 0 to 535 C (950 to
1 0 0 0 F). (c) Applicable i n LT direction providing LT d i m e n s i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n 6 3 . 5 m m (2.5 in.), (d) Applicable i n LT a n d S T directions prov i d i n g LT or S T d i m e n s i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n 6 3 . 5 m m (2.5 in.), ( e ) P e r A M S 4 9 8 3 . (f) P e r A M S 4 9 8 4 . Source: MTL-HDBK 5

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 835

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: S-basis design bearing strengths of forgings

Ultimate bearing strength(a)
Thickness
mm
in.

e/D = 1.5

B e a r i n g y i e l d s t r e n g t h ^ a)

e/D = 2 . 0

e/D = 1.5

e/D = 2 . 0

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

1660

241

2020

293

1503

218

1690

245

244
234

2035
1958

295
284

1565
1565

227
227

1800
1800

261
261

Hand forgings per A M S 4986

<75

<3.00

Die forgings per A M S 4983 and 4984

<25
<75

<1.00
<3.00

1680
1613

(a) Dry p i n bearing v a l u e s for s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d m a t e r i a l a g e d at 4 8 0 to 5 1 0 C (900 to 9 5 0 F). Source: M I L - H D B K 5

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: S-basis design compressive and shear strengths of forgings

Thickness
mm

in.

Compressive yield strength

L direction
LT d i r e c t i o n
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi

Ultimate shear
strength
MPa
ksi

Solution treated and aged(a) hand forgings per A M S 4986

<75

<3.00

1062

154

...

...

669

97

168
168

1145
1145

166
166(b)

695
669

101
97

Conventional solution treated and aged(a) die forgings

<25
<75

<1.00
<3.00

1158
1158

(a) A g e d a t 4 8 0 to 5 1 0 C ( 9 0 0 to 9 5 0 F). (b) Applicable i n S T direction. Source: M I L - H D B K 5

Hardness

The following d a t a demonstrate t h e effect of

forging parameters, aging conditions and hydrogen content on the hardness of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al.
Also included is a plot of hardness as a function of
tensile strength. The very high hardnesses obtained by aging at temperatures of375 C (700 F)

or below are due to the precipitation of omega at

these low temperatures. Hydrogen is a stabilizer,
so high H 2 concentrations stabilize the , making
t h e aging reaction more sluggish.
Typical Vickers H a r d n e s s . 300 to 470 HV
Typical Rockwell C H a r d n e s s . 32 to 41HRC

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of forging conditions on Rockwell hardness

Forging
temperature

Forging
speed

954
871
788
760
732
954
704
871
677
788
643
760
732
704
677
643

1750
1600
1450
1400
1350
1750
1300
1600
1250
1450
1190
1400
1350
1300
1250
1190

mm/min

i n ./min

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
75
0.75
75
0.75
75
0.75
75
75
75
75
75

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
3.00
0.03
3.00
0.03
3.00
0.03
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00

Hardness,
HRC
32.2
31.6
32.1
33.0
34.3
32.1
33.7
31.8
34.1
34.5
33.8
35.6
35.9
35.9
37.0
40.7

flow
MPa
18
30
35
50
67
74
88
110
109
133
139
165
199
233
269
312

Calculated
stress
ksi
2.6
4.3
5.1
7.2
9.8
10.7
12.7
16.0
15.9
19.3
20.2
23.9
28.8
33.8
39.0
45.2

N o t e : H a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s for alloy forged i s o t h e r m a l l y to 0.50 m m / m m (7.) ( n o m i n a l ) a t various conditions; m e a n grain diameter,

2 5 5 . Composition, 2 . 9 5 % Al, 0.008% C, 1.90% F e , 0 . 0 0 5 1 % H, 0.020% N , 0.116% 0 , 1 0 . 1 0 % V, 0.08% other t o t a l . M a t e r i a l w a s obtained
from T i t a n i u m M e t a l s Corporation of A m e r i c a from a s i n g l e h e a t of 7.5 c m (3 in.) d i a m bar. H a r d n e s s w a s d e t e r m i n e d for e a c h ring specimen
forged to 0.50 in./in. ( n o m i n a l ) a t e a c h t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s p e e d indicated. M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e at r a n d o m l o c a t i o n s w i t h a t least t e n
m e a s u r e m e n t s per s p e c i m e n . S u r f a c e s w e r e prepared b y g r i n d i n g a n d e t c h i n g ; final p o h s h i n g w a s done w i t h 4 0 0 - g r i t silicon carbide paper.
Source: I. Martorell, "Effects of I s o t h e r m a l F o r g i n g Conditions on t h e P r o p e r t i e s a n d Microstructures of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al," AFML-TR-78114, A i r Force Materials Laboratory, Wright P a t t e r s o n A F B , D e c 1 9 7 8 , 8 8

836 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

550
673

500

>

>^"*

450

400

7 7 3 K ~ ~ ^ > < ^ '

^ ~ ~ - - ~ ^ ^ ^ ^

573

350
873
300

A s solution t r e a t e d

250 c

10"

10
Aging time, ks

'

10

10

10"

10"

10"

10

10

Aging time, d a y s

S o u r c e : I. M a e d a a n d H. Flower, T h e Effect of Aluminum o n t h e

P h a s e Transformations in Ti-15%V, in Sixth Worid Conference on
Titanium, P. L a c o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions
d e P h y s i q u e , Paris, 1989, 1 5 8 9

H a r d n e s s a s a function of aging time at various t e m p e r a t u r e s for solution t r e a t e d alloy p r o c e s s e d at 7 8 0 C ( 1 4 3 5 F), 2 h, water

quenched.
Alloy w a s supplied in t h e form of round b a r s , 18 m m (0.7 in.) in dia m e t e r , + forged. Chemical composition: 3.20 wt% Al, 0.041
w t % C, 1.98 w t % F e , 0 . 0 1 2 5 wt% N, 0 . 1 4 8 0 w t % O, a n d 10.24 wt%
V. Microstructure in t h e a s - r e c e i v e d condition w a s fully recrystallized, with globular in a matrix. T h e transformation temperature,
microscopically determined, w a s 8 3 0 + 1 0 C (1525 + 1 8 F). Specim e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d below t h e t r a n s u s temperature, at 780
C (1435 F) for 2 h a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d . Isothermal aging treatm e n t s w e r e performed in salt b a t h s or in a n air furnace on cylindrical
b l a n k s 1 4 m m (0.55 in.) in diameter. A g e hardening response of the
alloy w a s o b s e r v e d by m e a n s of Vickers h a r d n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s .
S o u r c e : M. C h a m p a g n a c a n d A. Vassel, Influence of Miaostructure
o n t h e Tensile a n d Fracture T o u g h n e s s Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe3AI Alloy, in Designing with Vtanium, T h e Institute of Metals, Lond o n , 1986, 261

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Knoop hardness v s aging time

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: UTS v s hardness

1600

230

S T A condition
9 5 % confidence

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UTS = 4 . 8 3 H R C - 8.85

220
210
200
190
180
170

Alcoa
Boeing
1000
35

40

45

H a r d n e s s , HRC
U T S (in ksi) = 4 . 8 3 HRC - 8.85

160
150
50

10

10'

10

10"

Aging t i m e at 3 0 0 C , s
S a m p l e s w e r e a g e d at 3 0 0 C (570 F) for indicated times to form
isothermal . Initial h a r d n e s s i n c r e a s e s a r e difficult to interpret, but
latter c h a n g e s a r e attributed to isothermal .

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 837

Room-Temperature Tensile Properties

Almost all product forms are capable of being

heat treated over the strength range cited above,
except for castings (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is not really
considered a casting alloy) and conventional, high
CI, blended elemental powder compacts. The alloy
is capable of being heat treated to 173 ksi in section
thicknesses up to 3 inches thick with uniform properties. Uniform properties can be obtained for

heavier section thicknesses at lower strength. This

alloy demonstrates a high strain-rate sensitivity of
the tensile strength as demonstrated below. The
expected strength ductility trend is observed. The
amount of oc/ work, following primary forging in
the -phase field, has a strong influence on the
ductility through its effect on the morphology of
the primary phase.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Typical tensile properties of various product forms

Product form
High-strength condition
Isothermal forgings
Conventional forgings
Pancake forgings
Extrusions
P/M High strength
Prealloyed, HIP
Prealloyed, HIP+isothermal forge
P/S(0.19wt%Clmax)
P/S + M P
Reduced strength condition
Isothermal forgings
Pancake forgings
Extrusions
P/M Prealloyed HIP+
isothermal forge
P/MP/S+HIP
Castings

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

1300-1380
1230-1350
1275-1310
1240

188-200
178-196
185-190
180

1200-1255
1145-1280
1150-1160
1170

174-182
166-185
167-168
169

3-6
4-10
5-8
4

5-13
5-28
5-29

1310
1345-1400

190
195-203

1205
1240-1305

175
180-189

9
6-8

13
15-28

1195
1228-1275

173
177-185

1110
1185-1245

161
172-180

3.5
7-9

1060-1100
965
1110-1170
1125-1145

154-159
140
161-169
163-166

985-1060
930
1000-1105
1050-1090

143-154
135
145-160
152-158

8-12
16
6-7
13-15

22-32
50
10-18
37-45

1120-1160
1105-1130

162-168
160-164

1070-1105
1010-1030

155-160
146-149

9-10
6-10

6-15

Plane-strain
fracture toughness
M P a Vm
k s i Vin.
29
44-60
47

26
40-54
43

25

28

28-29

25-26

70
100
45-48
55

64
91
41-44
50

32

29

Source: R. B o y e r , D . E y l o n , a n d F. F r o e s , C o m p a r a t i v e E v a l u a t i o n o f Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Cast, P / M a n d W r o u g h t Product F o r m s , Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G. Lutjering, U . Zwicker, a n d W. B u n k , Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur M e t a l l k u n d e e.V., G e r m a n y , 1985, 1307

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Typical room-temperature tensile properties of an airframe forging

Condition(a)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Longitudinal direction, 15 nun (0.6 in.) section thickness

STA
1275
STOA
980
Transverse direction, 15 m m (0.6 in.) section thickness
STA
1260
STOA
950
Transverse direction, 56 m m (2.2 in.) section thickness
STA
1270
STOA
970
Short transverse direction, 56 m m (2.2 in.) section thickness
STA
1280
STOA
950

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

Elongation(b),
%

Reduction
of area,
%

185
152

1200
940

174
136

11
22

25
56

183
138

1200
895

174
130

9
21

20
56

184
141

1195
910

173
132

7
21

33
56

186
138

1200
890

174
129

8
19

21
55

(a) S T A condition: Solution t r e a t 1 h a t 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F), w a t e r q u e n c h a n d a g e 8 h a t 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F). S T O A condition: Solution treat 1 h at

7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F), air cool a n d a g e 8 h a t 5 8 0 C ( 1 0 7 5 F). (b) I n 5 0 m m or 2 i n . Source: Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection:
Stainless
Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose
Materials, Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 9 8 0

838 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Longitudinal tensile properties of heavy sections

Square specimens were heat treated as follows: as forged + 535 C (1000 F), 8 h, A C

Section size
mm
in.
25
50

1
2

75

100

125

Ultimate tensile
Is t r e n g t h
Location

MPa

Center
Outside
Center
Outside
Center
Outside
Midradius
Center
Outside
Midradius
Center

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)

ksi

1268
1136
1086
1057
1037
1149
1032
1010
978
982
957

MPa

184.0
164.8
157.5
153.4
150.5
166.7
149.7
146.5
141.9
142.5
138.8

Elonga-

ksi

1255
1100
1053
1009
1009
1068
991
966
924
934
916

182.0
159.5
152.7
146.4
146.4
154.9
143.8
140.1
134.0
135.5
132.9

S o u r c e : E . B o h a n e k , D e e p H a r d e n a b l e T i t a n i u m A l l o y s for L a r g e A i r f r a m e E l e m e n t s , Titanium,
a n d H . M . B u r t e , E d . , 1 9 7 3 , 1993

Reduction
of area,
%

t i o n (AD),
%
14.0
16.0
18.0
16.0
17.0
9.0
17.0
15.0
16.0
19.0
19.0

57.7
50.1
56.3
44.1
50.6
22.6
45.4
47.9
42.2
48.7
60.1

Science and Technology,

Vol 3 , R . I . Jaffee

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Typical tensile properties of forgings

Condition
STA: 1 h, 750-765 C (1385-1410 F), W Q
+ 8 h, 480-510 C (900-950 F),AC
STOA: 1 h, 730 C (1350 F), AC + 8 h,
580-595 C(1075-1100F),AC

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

Reduction

Plane-strain

of area,

fracture toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin.

1240-1380

180-200

1158-1268

168-184

4-12

10-30

46-61.5

965-1035

140-150

895-965

130-140

20

45

102

93

1000

145

930

135

17

46

110

100

42-56

BAOA: 1 h, 815 C (1500 F ) , A C + 8 h ,

620 C(1150F),AC
o

N o t e : M a x i m u m o x y g e n 0 . 1 3 % , w i t h final p r o c e s s i n g i n t h e - field. S o u r c e : R. B o y e r a n d H . R o s e n b e r g , E d . , Beta Titanium

Alloys

in the

1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 4 4 6

Effect of
Microstructure

Effect of
Hydrogen

The strength-ductility-toughness relationship

is dependent on the microstructure (and the processing which provides the microstructural variations). In very general terms, globular primary
provides higher ductility at a given strength (see
next two pages). The ductility of a microstructure
with no primary will be minimum, ductility will
then improve with increasing amounts of primary
a, and then decrease again as t h e amount of primary is increased. The formation of will provide high strengths, but poor ductility, often nil.
The addition of hydrogen can strongly influence tensile properties in Ti-10-2-3. The type and
magnitude of hydrogen effects, for a given microstructure, is a function of both hydrogen concentration and thermal processing prior to and/or
subsequent to hydrogen introduction. Hydrogen
can display two separate types of effects in Ti-10-23; the first is as an intrinsic embrittling agent,
akin to t h e hydrogen embrittlement observed in
other metals. The intrinsic embrittling effect is
generally observed as decreased ductility and a reduction in tensile strength. The second hydrogen
effect results from hydrogen being a powerful beta
stabilizing element. Changes in tensile properties
may be a direct result of hydrogen-induced
changes in microstructure. Generally, hydrogen
introduced into the material after final thermomechanical processing results in an intrinsic
effect. Where there is thermomechanical processing subsequent to the introduction of hydrogen,
any changes in mechanical properties are likely to

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of strain rate on tensile

strength

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700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , M P a
Ti-10-2-3 tensile strength is quite strain rate sensitive, a s a r e all alloys.
Nominal t r a n s u s : 8 1 0 C (1490 F). Using conventional forging
t e c h n i q u e s , t h e p a n c a k e forgings w e r e a b o u t 2 2 9 m m (9 in.) in dia m e t e r a n d 2 5 . 4 to 3 2 m m (1 t o 1.3 in.) thick from starting s t o c k s of
114 m m (4.5 in.) a n d 1 5 2 m m (6 in.) d i a m e t e r billets. All p a n c a k e
forgings w e r e initially forged a t t h e t r a n s u s plus 1 0 to 2 4 C (50
to 7 5 F) to p r o d u c e a 5 0 to 7 0 % thickness reduction. T h e a m o u n t
of / forging reduction a t t h e t r a n s u s minus 10 to 2 5 C (50 to 7 5
F) varied from a b o u t 2 to 5 8 % . T h e h e a t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e cond u c t e d within a 5 C ( 9 F) furnace tolerance. T h e tensile specim e n s h a d a 6.3 m m (0.25 in.) diameter, 2 5 . 4 m m (1 in.) g a g e length,
a n d w e r e t e s t e d in a c c o r d a n c e with ASTM E-8.
S o u r c e : R.R. Boyer a n d G.W. Kuhlman, P r o c e s s i n g Properties Relationships of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 8 , 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 9 5

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 839

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of percentage and morphology of on ductility at constant yield stress

Globular is beneficial to ductility compared to elongated a.

Primary
Morphology
Globular
Elongated
Globular
Elongated

Vol%
10
10
30
30

Secondary
Aging temperature
"C
F

Strain to
fracture

500
500
350
370

0.50
0.30
0.20
0.11

260
260
175
185

Reduction
of area,
%
39
26
18
11

A l l s p e c i m e n s h a d a 0.2% y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f 1 2 5 0 M P a ( 1 8 0 ksi). Good h e a t t r e a t m e n t practice w a s u s e d to avoid atmospheric c o n t a m i n a t i o n .

Tensile t e s t s w e r e performed o n electropolished a n d etched cylindrical s p e c i m e n s w i t h a d i a m e t e r of 6.4 m m (0.25 in.) and a 3 2 m m (1.25 in.)
g a g e l e n g t h u s i n g a n Instron t e s t i n g m a c h i n e w i t h a clip-on e x t e n s o m e t e r . T h e t e s t s w e r e carried out i n t h e L-direction of t h e p l a t e a t a
s t r a i n r a t e of 5.5 10~*/s. Source: G.T. Terlinde, T. W. D u e r i g , a n d J . C . W i l l i a m s , Microstructure, Tensile Deformation, and F r a c t u r e i n A g e d
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 4 , 1 9 8 3 , 2 1 0 1

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of microstructure on tensile properties

Heat
treatment

Microstructure

730 C (1345 F) (48 h) + WQ

850 C (1560 F) (2 h ) + W Q
700 C (1290 F) (300 m i n ) + W Q + 250 C (480 F)
+ +isothermal
(6000 min)
850 C (1560 F) (2 h ) + W Q + 250 C (480 F) ( 1 0 min)
+isothermal
720 C (1330 F) (100 min) + W Q + 370 C (700 F)
20% rjrimary + + (uniform)
(1000 min)
850 C (1560 F) (100 min) + W Q + 370 C (700 F)
+()
(1000 min)
20% primary + + (sympathetic) 730 C (1345 F) + WQ + 500 C (930 F) (60 min)
850 C (1560 F) (100 min) + WQ + 500 C (930 F)
+ (sympathetic)
(240 min)
20% primary + + athermal
+ athermal

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi

741
262

862
878
1266

125
127
183

9.7
15.7
0.26

18.6
21.8
0.58

1430

207

0
2.7

0
8.9

17.5
8.7

58
14

1218

MPa

107
38
176

Brittle, no yield
1240
180
Brittle, no yield
1063
1225

154

1106
1243

177

160
180

Uniform
Elongation
elongation, to failure,

4.6
2.3

Reduction
ofarea,

%
35
32
2.25
0
16

0.15 wt% O. Tensile t e s t i n g w a s performed o n a n Instron m a c h i n e u s i n g a clip-on e x t e n s o m e t e r . T h e s t r a i n r a t e w a s 0 . 0 0 0 5 5 / s , and t h e t e n s i l e specimen g a g e sections

were 0.640 c m (0.25 in.) i n d i a m a n d 3.2 c m (1.3 in.) i n l e n g t h . S p e c i m e n s w e r e pulled w i t h t h e rolling direction parallel t o t h e t e n s i l e axis. Source: T.W. D u e r i g , G.T. Terlinde, a n d J . C . Williams, P h a s e Transformations a n d Tensile P r o p e r t i e s of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 1 , 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 7

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Tensile properties of selected microstructures

Heat
treatment

Microstructure

Primarya
725 C (1330 F) 20 h, WQ + 500 C (930 F) 1 h (salt)
725 C (1330 F) 100 min, WQ + 370 C (700 F) 10 min
780 C (1435 F) 3 h, WQ + 500 C (930 F) 1 h (salt)
780 C (1435 F) 3 h, WQ + 500 C (930 F) 1 h (air)
850 C (1560 F) 2 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C (930 F) 4 h (salt)
3

Elongated primary
700 C (1290 F) 8 h, WQ + 200 C (390 F) 6800min
850 C (1560 F) 2 h, WQ + 500 C (930 F) 4 h (salt)
760 C (1400 F) 75 min, WQ + 500 C (930 F) 1 h (salt)
700 C (1290 F) 75 min, WQ + 350 C (660 F) IO nrin
3

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Strain
to fracture

30% primary a + large secondary cc

1063

154

1106

160

17.7

0.99

30% primary + small secondary

10% primary +large secondary cc
10% primary + s m a l l secondary
0% primary + grain boundary
+ large secondary

1246
1202

181
174

1445
1250

209
181

1419
1247
1544
1308

206
181
224
190

7.6
10.3
2.4
3.9

0.19
0.63
0.09
0.16

35% primary +
0% primary + large secondary
+ grain boundary
- 1 0 % primary +large secondary

1218
1182

176
171

1266
1265

184
183

0.5
3.8

0.02
0.17

1298
1239

188
180

1381
1395

200
202

4.6
3.9

0.23
0.11

~30% primary + s m a l l secondary

be a combination of t h e two separate hydrogen effects and difficult to consider independently.

An interesting example in Ti-10-2-3 is hydrogen's effect on beta annealed and water quenched
microstructure. This microstructure exhibits a
stress-induced martensitic transformation at very
low stress magnitude. With the addition of hydrogen prior to heat treating, t h e triggering stress, defined as the stress required to initiate martensitic
transformation, increases (see yield strength figure). At very high hydrogen concentrations, the
triggering stress disappears and the martensitic
transformation changes from stress-induced to

strain-induced. With the addition of hydrogen,

UTS suffers a n initially steep decrease t h a t approaches an asymptote at high concentration (see
two-part figure). Ductility, as measured by reduction in area, RA, of the tensile cross-section, initially increases with hydrogen but then decreases
precipitously. The initial increase in RA is understood to be t h e result of hydrogen-induced
microstructural changes, when the sudden decrease at high concentrations is the result of the
domination of t h e intrinsic hydrogen effect to decrease ductility.

840 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of H2 concentration on yield
strength

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of H2 concentration on tensile properties of S T material

800

dioo
600

400

200

10

20

Hydrogen concentration, at.%

T h e b a s e hydrogen level w a s 0.2 a t . % (40 ppm). Additional hydrog e n w a s introduced into t h e t e s t material with t h e u s e of a Sieverf s
a p p a r a t u s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s ranging from 7 6 5 to 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 to
1470 F). No a p p r e c i a b l e difference in grain s i z e w a s d e t e c t e d d u e
to varying t h e hydrogen c h a r g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e within this r a n g e . Hydrogen levels g r e a t e r t h a n 2 9 a t . % w e r e obtained by this m e t h o d
(although not for e a c h microstructure). Sieverf s charging w a s d o n e
prior to h e a t treating to e s t a b l i s h t h e d e s i r e d microstructure.
S o u r c e : J . C o s t a , D. B a n e r j e e , a n d J . C . Williams, T h e Effect of Hydrogen o n Microstructure a n d Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, in Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 4, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d
W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde e.V., Germany, 1984, 2 4 7 9

10
15
20
25
Hydrogen concentration, at.%

(a) 1 a t . % = 0 . 0 0 3 w t %

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10

15

20

25

Hydrogen concentration, at.%

(b) 1 a t . % = 0 . 0 0 3 w t %
Tensile t e s t s w e r e performed o n a screw-driven Instron universal
t e s t m a c h i n e a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e tensile s p e c i m e n h a d a 6.40
m m (025 in.) d i a m e t e r a n d a g a g e length of 2 5 . 4 m m (1 in.). The initial strain rate w a s 3 . 3 x 1 O ^ / s . S p e c i m e n e x t e n s i o n w a s measured
with a clip g a g e e x t e n s o m e t e r .
S o u r c e : J . E . C o s t a , J . C . Williams, a n d A W . T h o m p s o n , Metall.
Trans. A, Vol 18, Aug 1 9 8 7 , 1421

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 841

High-Temperature Strength

Tensile
Strength

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Yield strength vs temperature

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Yield strength compared to -64V

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T e n s i l e t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F

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1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

120
transus
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI

transus
Ti-6AI-4V

90
cs
o.

of

eo
T3

">-

100
200
I ' I

1200

16

Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
300
400
500
600
I '
I ' I ' : 1
Min UTS

14

170

- 160

9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi)

1 1 0 3 M P a ( 1 6 0 ksi)

1000

700
I

'

150 .-

1 2 4 0 M P a ( 1 8 0 ksi)

(0

140

o>
130

1 0 to
w
l u

60

30

to

120

800

-1110

600
600

700

800

900

1000

1100

100

T e n s i l e t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

200

300

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Strain rate, 0.005/min.

S o u r c e : R. Eloyer a n d H. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., Beta Titanium Alloys in
me 1980's, TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4 , 2 6 4

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e yield strength for forgings

p r o c e s s e d t o t h r e e strength levels.
S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman, Alcoa G r e e n Letter No. 2 2 4 , A u g u s t 1 9 8 7

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of temperature on longitudinal tensile properties of S T O A 75 mm (3 in.) diam round bar

R o o m temperature
1
2
3
Average
205 C(400F)
4
5
6
Average
425C(800F)
7
8
9
Average

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi

Elongation
mm, or
%

Reduction
of area,
%

977
978
972
975

141.7
141.8
141.0
141.5

949
951
950
949

835
826
817
826

121.1
119.9
118.5
119.8

665
670
674
670

96.5
97.3
97.8
97.2

Tensile
modulus,
GPa
10 psi

137.7
137.9
137.8
137.7

18
18
19
18.3

60.5
63.5
63.5
62.5

101
99
103
101

14.7
14.4
15.0
14.7

740
731
729
733

107.4
106.0
105.7
106.4

23
20
21
21.3

67.3
68.5
65.9
65.6

100
96
94
97

14.5
13.9
13.7
14.0

542
546
545
544

78.6
79.1
79.0
78.9

21
24
22
22.3

79.6
79.0
79.9
79.5

79
79
77
78

11.5
11.5
11.3
11.4

H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F) for 1 h, furnace cool + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 8 h , a i r cool. Source: O. D e e l , "Engineering D a t a o n N e w Aeros p a c e Structural Materials," A i r F o r c e M a t e r i a l s Laboratory, W r i g h t P a t t e r s o n A F B , A F M L - T R - 7 7 - 1 9 8 , 1 9 7 7

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of temperature on tensile properties of forgings

Temperature
C
F
23

RT

205

400

315

600

Treatment
STA(a)
STOA(b)
STA(a)
STOA(b)
STA(a)
STOA(b)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1276
972
1117
800
1103
738

185
141
162
116
160
107

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1200
896
1048
683
979
600

174
131
152
99
142
87

Elongation,
%
9
20
13
21
13
22

Reduction
of area,
%
27
55
32
58
42
63

(a) STA: 7 5 0 to 7 6 5 C ( 1 3 8 5 to 1 4 1 0 F) 1 h, W Q 4 8 0 to 4 9 5 C ( 9 0 0 to 9 5 0 F), 8 h, A C (b) S T O A : 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) 1 h, A C 5 8 0 t o 5 9 5 C ( 1 0 7 5

to 1 1 0 0 F), 8 h, A C . Source: C C . C h e n a n d C P . G u r e , "Forgeabihty, S t r u c t u r e s a n d P r o p e r t i e s of H o t - D i e P r e s s e d Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al T h i n Sect i o n Forgings," W y m a n Gordon R e p o r t R D 7 4 - 1 2 0 , N o v 1 9 7 4 ; r e p o r t e d i n Beta fttanium Alloys for the 1980's, R. B o y e r a n d H . Rosenberg,
E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1984, 4 4 1

842 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Tensile strength of S T O A bar
100 200

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
300 4 0 0 500 600 700

800

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Bearing strength v s temperature

900

100

200 300

Temperature, F
4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 800 900

<
1

---

Bearing,
Compression,
and
Shear
Strength

100

200
300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

500

100

- U B S e/D = 2.0
" B Y S e / D = 2.0

200
300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

500

Alloy in t h e form of 7 5 m m (3 in.) round bar w a s h e a t t r e a t e d at 7 6 0

C (1400 F) for 1 h, furnace cooled, then a t 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 8
h, a n d air cooled. Tensile t e s t s w e r e performed in t h e longitudinal direction.

S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering Data on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural

Materials," Air Force Materials Laboratory, AFML-TR-198, Wright
P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1 9 7 7

Compression strength at temperatures up to

about 1800 F are used to determine forging flow
stresses. The compression, as well as bearing and

shear strengths to a more useful application

range, 800 F are also indicated.

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Compressive yield strength vs temperature

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
| |: [ ' | |

800

100
200
700 ' '

900

130
120

800

- 110

N o

>

700

100
90

600

500
100

200
300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

Click here to view

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Shear strength v s temperature

140

S T O A ba r

900

LIVE GRAPH

80
500

S o u r c e : O. Deel, "Engineering Data on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Wright P a t t e r s o n A F B , 1 9 7 7

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
300 400 500
600
1
1
1

700

800

1 > 1 100

ON.

o.

90
3)600!
80

ce
co
500j

I CO

70
S T O A bar

0
60

400|
150
300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

450

S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering Data on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1977

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 843

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of temperature on bearing strength

Ultimate bearing

Bearing yield

strength
Specimen
No.
Room temperature
1
2
3
Average
205 C(400 F)
4
5
6
Average
425C(800F)
7
8
9
Average
o

e/D = 1.5
MPa

strength
e/D = 2 . 0
MPa

ksi

e/D = 1.5
MPa

ksi

e/D = 2.0
MPa

ksi

ksi

1655
1655
1641
1650

240.0
240.0
238.0
239.3

2027
1930
2048
2001

294.0
280.0
297.0
290.3

1324
1296
1310
1310

192.0
188.0
190.0
190.0

1510
1544
1627
1560

219.0
224.0
236.0
226.3

1358
1372
1379
1370

197.0
199.0
200.0
198.7

1772
1778
1792
1781

257.0
258.0
260.0
258.3

1089
1075
1124
1096

158.0
156.0
163.0
159.0

1324
1324
1324
1324

192.0
192.0
192.0
192.0

1069
1048
1048
1055

155.0
152.0
152.0
153.0

1296
1392
1344
1344

188.0
202.0
195.0
195.0

937
896
903
912

136.0
130.0
131.0
132.3

1020
1117
1034
1057

148.0
162.0
150.0
153.3

N o t e : 7 5 m m (3 in.) d i a m S T O A b a r . H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F) for 1 h, furnace cool + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 8 h, air cool. Source: O. D e e l ,

"Engineering D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e S t r u c t u r a l M a t e r i a l s , " Air Force M a t e r i a l s Laboratory, Wright P a t t e r s o n A F B , AFML-TR-77-198,
1977

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of temperature on longitudinal

ultimate shear strength

Creep
Properties

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, as with other alloys, would

not be expected to have very good creep resistance
in comparison to alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V, and particularly Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo. The creep resistance of the lower strength conditions have been
studied and are reported here. It can be seen t h a t
the higher strength condition is slightly more
creep resistant. One might assume t h a t t h e 173
and 180 ksi conditions would be more creep resist a n t t h a n shown for t h e lower strength conditions.

Specimen

Ultimate shear strength

No.

MPa

ksi

682
658
670
670

99.0
95.5
97.2
97.2

562
571
567
567

81.6
82.9
82.3
82.3

457
469
459
467

66.3
68.1
66.6
67.0

Room temperature
1
2
3
Average
205C(400F)
4
5
6
Average
425 C(800F)
7
8
9
Average
o

N o t e : 7 5 m m (3 in.) d i a m S T O A b a r . H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0
F) for 1 h , furnace cool + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) for 8 h, air cool. Source:
O. D e e l , "Engineering D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," A i r Force M a t e r i a l s Laboratory, Wright P a t t e r s o n A F B ,
AFML-TR-77-198,1977

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Creep properties at 480 C (900 F)

1000

100

S T O A bar

100

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * /

\
.

10
10

0.1 % \
10

Rupture

x \

2% creep

o.2%X
10*

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Creep properties at 370 C (700 F)

10

0.5% c r e e p

0.2% c r e e p

1.0% c r e e p

S T O A bar

10
10*

S o u r c e : O. Deel, "Engineering D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1 9 7 7

Click here to view

Rupture
2.0% c r e e p

Time, h

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"

10

10'

10

10

Time, h
S o u r c e : O. Deel, "Engineering Data o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1 9 7 7

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844 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Creep and rupture properties of S T O A

Exposure
stress
MPa
ksi
At370C(700F)
724
105
620
90
345
50
172
25
At480C(900F)
379
55
172
25
69
10
17
2.5

0.1

Hours to indicated creep

d e f o r m a t i o n , %:
0.2
0.5
1.0

0.1
1.5
30

0.2
4.0
95

0.01
0.15
2.2
28

0.03
0.4
5.6
173

0.8
47
1165
0.08
1.65
27
960

Initial

Rupture

Elongation

Reduction

Minimum

strain,

time,
h

(in 5 0 m m , o r 2 in.),

of area,

c r e e p rate,

2.0

3.0
152
4500(b)

7.0
930

1.228
0.543
0.098

On loading
169.6
1605.2(a)
1320.2(a)

12.9
25.2
2.935
0.616

68.3
67.1

0.15
4.6
82
2500(b)

0.32
10.5
210

0.807
0.313
0.068
0.024

2.0
131.4
2306.2
1319.9(a)

34.3
59.5
161.0
0.641

89.0
94.3
98.0

0.074
0.00053
0.00015
6.0
0.13
0.008(a)
0.00033

(a) T e s t d i s c o n t i n u e d , (b) E s t i m a t e d . Source: O. D e e l , "Engineering D a t a o n N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural Materials," Air Force M a t e r i a l s Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB,
AFML-TR-77-198,1977

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: 0.1% creep behavior

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: 0.2% creep data

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1000

1000

LIVE GRAPH
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100

100

22

24

26

28

L a r s o n Miller p a r a m e t e r P = 7TJog f + 2 0 ) 10"'

S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman ef al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,
P. L a c o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e Physique, Paris, 1 9 8 9 , 1 2 6 9 - 1 2 7 5

20

22

1 1 0 0 M P a ( 1 6 0 ksi)
minimum U T S
9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi)
minimum U T S

100

20

22

24

26

28

L a r s o n Miller p a r a m e t e r - T[\og t + 2 0 ) 10"'

S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman, Alcoa G r e e n Letter No. 2 2 4

26

S o u r c e : G.W. Kuhlman, Alcoa G r e e n Letter No. 2 2 4

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: 1.0% creep data

1000

24

28

L a r s o n Miller p a r a m e t e r P = T(log f + 2 0 ) 1 0

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30
3

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 845

Fatigue (Smooth)

Care m u s t be taken in analyzing this fatigue

data and comparing to a given set of conditions as
there are so many variables, including specimen
geometry, surface finish, R-ratio, and loading condition factors such as load controlled or strain controlled frequency, and wave form.
The high-cycle fatigue s t r e n g t h is a function of the tensile strength as one might expect.
Generally the S-N curves are quite flat. Direct aging (with no solution treatment, which can be used
over a limited thickness range) has a pronounced

advantage over the solution treated and aged condition. This is attributed to two factors, the minimization of grain boundary and the precipitation
of a finer, more uniform dispersion of aged when
using a direct age. A primary grain size effect has
been recently reported (see bottom right figure).
The effect of test temperature on fatigue properties is also illustrated. Again, one might expect the
higher strength condition to have a lower fatigue
debit as a function temperature than the lower
strength conditions.

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of temperature on axial fatigue
1200

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Comparison of smooth fatigue
strengths
1100

Unnotched STOA bar

160

160

140

140

1 2 0 J2
100
80

300h

^60

RT
2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F)

800

to

1 1 3 1 M P a ( 1 6 4 ksi) U T S , L-T

1 1 2 4 M P a ( 1 6 3 ksi) U T S , L

*
5

500h

10

10

-60

- 1 1 3 8 M P a ( 1 6 5 ksi) U T S
4 3 4 0 b a r , Mil H d b k

20
10

10

10

40

1 4 3 4 M P a ( 2 0 8 ksi) U T S

200
10

10*

Stress cycles

100
80

15-5 PH
1 3 1 0 M P a ( 1 9 0 ksi) U T S

40

4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

120
1 5 - 5 P H Mil H d b k 5

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure

Axial fatigue of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI bar stock in the S T O A (solution

treated a n d o v e r a g e d ) condition. S p e c i m e n s w e r e t a k e n from round
b a r s 7 5 m m (3 in.) in d i a m e t e r that h a d b e e n solution t r e a t e d 1 h at
7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F), furnace cooled, o v e r a g e d 8 h a t 5 6 5 C (1050 F),
a n d air cooled. T e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d at a s t r e s s ratio of f?= 0.1 a n d
a frequency of 2 0 Hz.
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering D a t a on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," Air Force Materials Laboratory,
AFML-TR-77-198,
Wright Patterson AFB, 1 9 7 7

S o u r c e : J. of Metals, March, 1 9 8 0

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Comparison of smooth fatigue
strengths

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue endurance and grain size
F a t i g u e e n d u r a n c e , ksi

1200

60

70

80

90

100

110

15
12
=L

900

Ti-6AI-4V S T A p l a t e
1 0 6 2 M P a ( 1 5 4 ksi) U T S Mil H d b k 5

600

Hoo

Corona 5
1 0 3 4 - 1 1 0 3 M P a ( 1 5 0 - 1 6 0 ksi) U T S

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI

IMI 5 5 0

6|

c
0.

TMCA Project B M - 1 2 - 3

10

Ti-6AI-4V

(0

~ Ti-6AI-4V mill a n n e a l e d , rolled b a r

300

>
c
S
>

60

TJ-6AI-4V mill a n n e a l e d bar, Mil H d b k 5

10

10

C y c l e s to failure
S o u r c e : J. of Metals, March, 1 9 8 0

10

400

500

600
Fatigue endurance,

700
MPa

S o u r c e : D.P. Davies, 7th World Conf o n Titanium

800

846 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Low-Cycle
Fatigue

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of smooth specimens
(1190 MPa UTS)
1300

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of smooth specimens (965
MPa UTS)
1050

R = 0.1

1200

1000

170

150

Direct a g e d , 1 2 5 Hz

160

1100

'55
1 5 0 *

CO
CO

1000
140
900-

140
a?
S

950-

oi

CO

55

130

900

130
850

120

800-

AFML-TR-80-4169
S T A , 2 0 Hz

700
10

R = 0.1

180

10

10

STA, 3 0 Hz
120

110

800

10

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure

10

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d (STA) s p e c i m e n s w e r e

taken from hot die forgings, solution treated a t 3 0 C (54 F) below
t r a n s u s temperature, w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d to a strength
level of 1190 M P a (175 ksi). Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s
w e r e hot die forged, post-forge cooled at a rate of 5 C/s (9 F/s),
a n d a g e d to 1190 MPa (172 ksi). Fatigue t e s t s for STA s p e c i m e n s
w e r e performed on s p e c i m e n s 3 m m (0.125 in.) in diameter with K
= 1 , 0 = 0 . 1 , a n d frequency of 3 0 Hz, low s t r e s s ground. Fatigue t e s t
for direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e performed o n 3 m m (0.125 in.) d i a m
s a m p l e s with K = 1, R = 0 . 1 , a n d frequency of 1 2 5 Hz; s u r f a c e s
w e r e low s t r e s s ground a n d electropolished.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabartj, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d Fatigue/Fatigue Crack P r o p a gation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy T h o u g h MiToughness,
crostructural Modification, in Microstructure, Fracture
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in 77/an/um Alloys, A. Chakrabartj
a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution treated a n d a g e d (STA) s p e c i m e n s were

t a k e n from hot die forgings, solution t r e a t e d a t 3 0 C (54 F) below
t h e t r a n s u s temperature, w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d to a strength
level of 9 6 5 M P a (140 ksi). Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI direct a g e d spedmens
w e r e hot die forged, post-forge c o o l e d at a ratio of 5 C/s (9 F/s),
a n d a g e d to t h e desired strength level.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, and G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d Fatigue/Fatigue Crack Propagation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy Through Microstructural Modification, in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness,
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Vtanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of smooth specimens
(1100 MPa UTS)
1200

=0.1

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: S/N data at two mean stress levels
1000

170

Direct a g e d , 1 2 5 H z
1100

10

10'

10"

C y c l e s t o failure

- 140

35 mm
100 mm

130

160

1201
800

CO

- 110 %

150
1000

600
900

100

140^

90

130
S T A , 3 0 Hz
120

800
10"

10

10"

10'

C y c l e s t o failure
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d (STA) s p e c i m e n s w e r e
taken from hot die forgings, solution treated a t 3 0 C (54 F) b e l o w
t h e t r a n s u s temperature, w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d to a strength
level of 1100 M P a (160 ksi). Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s
w e r e hot die forged, post-forge c o o l e d at a rate of 5 C/s (9 F/s),
a n d a g e d to t h e desired s t r e n g t h level.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d Fatigue/Fatigue Crack P r o p a gation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy Through MiToughness,
crostructural Modification, in Microstructure .Fracture
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

80

c 0

200 MPa

400
10

10

70

10

'

10"

10'

60
10

Cycles
T h e fatigue e n d u r a n c e limit is influenced by t h e position in the billet,
i.e. superior fatigue e n d u r a n c e v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d from the outer
portion m o r e heavily worked a r e a of t h e billet ring, although the effect w a s c o n s i d e r e d negligible.
S o u r c e : D.P. Davies, Effect of H e a t T r e a t m e n t o n t h e Mechanical
Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI for Dynamically Critical Helicopter
C o m p o n e n t s , 7th World Conf o n Titanium

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 847

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: RT axial fatigue of STA forgings

1200

LIVE GRAPH

-h70

f?=0.05
1150

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F r e q u e n c y , 3 0 Hz
Longitudinal

1100

Heat A

Heat

160

1050
150
1000

o o QK

O 3

950

'
10

10*

10'

10"

C y c l e s t o failure
Boeing 7 4 7 lower link fitting, forged with - (520%) finish; 7 7 5 C
(1435 F), 2 h, AC + 7 7 0 C ( 1 4 2 5 F), 2 h, W Q + 5 1 0 C (950 F), 8
h,AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 2 6 ,
Battelle, 1 9 7 2

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: LCF under strain control

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: LCF under load control
1200
160

1000h

H140

120

800h

H100
600h

400
10

10

10
10
10
10
C y c l e s t o failure
All of t h e forging h e a t treat c o m b i n a t i o n s t e s t e d in this s t u d y cyclically softened. Most of t h e s t r e s s reduction occurred early in t h e
test. For relatively short lives in low-cycle fatigue, t h e load n e v e r
completely stabilizes.
2

10

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI forgings w e r e p r o c e s s e d u n d e r four different conditions to a n a v e r a g e yield s t r e n g t h of 1 1 0 3 + 1 2 M P a . Low-cycle fatigue testing w a s performed o n a c l o s e d loop hydraulic M T S S y s t e m s m a c h i n e according t o A S T M E 6 0 6 , "Standard R e c o m m e n d e d
Practice for Constant Amplitude Low Cycle Fatigue Testing." R = - 1 ,
a n d c o n s t a n t strain rate w a s 0 . 0 1 / s .
S o u r c e : R. Carey, R. Boyer, a n d H. R o s e n b e r g , Fatigue Properties
of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, in Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2 , G.
Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur
Metallkunde, e.V, G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 1261

10

10

10

10

10"

10"

10

C y c l e s to failure
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI forgings w e r e p r o c e s s e d u n d e r four different conditions to a n a v e r a g e yield strength of 1103 + 12 M P a . Low-cycle fatigue testing w a s performed o n a closed loop hydraulic M T S S y s t e m s m a c h i n e according to ASTM E 6 0 6 , " S t a n d a r d R e c o m m e n d e d
Practice for Constant Amplitude Low Cycle Fatigue Testing." R = - 1 .
S o u r c e : R. Carey, R. Boyer, a n d H. R o s e n b e r g , F a t i g u e Properties
of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, in 77ian/um, Science and Technology, Vol 2 , G.
Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur
Metallkunde, e . V , G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 1261

848 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Notched and smooth fatigue v s Ti6AI-4V

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of STA notched (K =3)

specimens
t

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R = 0.1

800

160

Ti-10-2-3
,=

0.1
100

140
600

ksi) U T S

120
100

80

H80

01
CO
2

60

400
ksi) U T S

40

CO

60

200
AFML-TR-80-4169

40

10*

10

10"

10'

0
10

20

1 1 9 3 M P a ( 1 7 3 ksi) U T S , 2 0 Hz

|20
10

w"

10

10

10

10

10

10

C y c l e s to failure

C y c l e s t o failure

S-Ncurves
for Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (strength level, 9 6 5 M P a , o r 1 4 0 ksi)
a n d TI-6AI-4V (strength level, 8 9 6 M P a , or 1 3 0 ksi). Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI
s p e c i m e n s w e r e taken from hot die forgings, solution t r e a t e d a t 3 0
C (54 F) below t h e t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e , w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d
a g e d to a strength level of 9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi). T1-6AI-4V isothermal
forgings w e r e a n n e a l e d to a minimum s t r e n g t h level of 8 9 6 M P a
( 1 3 0 ksi) with a n actual ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h of 1 0 0 0 M P a ( 1 4 5
ksi). F a t i g u e t e s t s w e r e performed o n s p e c i m e n s 3 m m ( 0 . 1 2 5 in.)
in d i a m e t e r with K = 1 or 3, R=0.1, a n d a f r e q u e n c y of 3 0 Hz, low
s t r e s s ground.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d (STA) s p e c i m e n s were

taken from hot d i e forgings, solution t r e a t e d at 3 0 C (54 F) below
t h e transus t e m p e r a t u r e , w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d to a strength
level of 965 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi). F a t i g u e t e s t s for STA s p e c i m e n s were
performed on s p e c i m e n s 3 m m ( 0 . 1 2 5 in.) in diameter with K =3, R
= 0 . 1 , and a frequency of 3 0 Hz, low s t r e s s ground.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d Fatigue/Fatigue Crack Propagation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy Through Microstructural Modification, in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Vtanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d F a t i g u e / F a t i g u e C r a c k P r o p a gation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy T h r o u g h Microstructural Modification, in Microstructure, Fracture
Toughness,
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . Chestnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Smooth and notched fatigue of
STA forgings
1000

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Notched fatigue of STA forging
140

F r e q u e n c y , 3 0 Hz
= 0.05

co
o.
2

H120

800h-

K =2A
t

60

600h

-\80

Heat A
Heat

-\60

400r-

, = 3 . 3

Mo

200
10'

70

Smooth
100

m
E

RT

10

10

10

C y c l e s to failure
H e a t treatment: 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h, A C + 6 2 0 C (1150 F), 8 h,
AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1 4 , C o d e
3 7 2 6 , Battelle, 1972

13

50
e

40

30
10*

10

10

10'

C y c l e s t o failure
Boeing 747 lower link fitting; forged with - ( ^ 0 % ) finish; 775 C
(1435 F), 2 h, A C + 7 7 0 C ( 1 4 2 5 F), 2 h, W Q + 5 1 0 C (950 F), 8
h,AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 14, Code
3 7 2 6 , Battelle, 1 9 7 2

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 849

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue with double-hole notch

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue with single-hole notch

500

400

F r e q u e n c y , 3 0 Hz
R = 0.05

375

\\

r t

400
350

H55

K,= 3.0

Longitudinal
"

150

^5

'

300
RT
R=0.05
Frequency, 30 Hz

300
K =3.1

200

30
10"

10

10

10

10"

275

Heat A

Heat

Q=

>

10

10

C y c l e s to failure

It)

40
10'

10

Cycles t o failure

B o e i n g 7 4 7 lower link fitting; forged with - (S20%) finish; 7 7 5 C

( 1 4 3 5 F), 2 h, A C + 7 7 0 C (1425 F), 2 h, W Q + 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F), 8
h,AC.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1 4 , C o d e
3 7 2 6 , Battelle, 1 9 7 2

Boeing 7 4 7 lower link fitting; forged with - (S20%) finish; 7 7 5 C

( 1 4 3 5 F), 2 h, AC + 1 4 2 5 F), 2 h, W Q + 5 1 0 C (950 F), 8 h, A C .
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 14, C o d e
3 7 2 6 , Battelle, 1 9 7 2

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Notched fatigue performance of forgings

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10

1 0 3 4 M P a ( 1 5 0 ksi)

30 H z

30 H z

9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi)

G r o s s a r e a s t r e s s , 3 4 5 M P a ( 5 0 ksi)

G r o s s a r e a s t r e s s , 2 9 6 M P a ( 4 3 ksi)
R = 0.05

f? = 0 . 0 5

K,= 2.93

K =2.93
(

Five t e s t s e a c h

Five t e s t s e a c h
10

20

30

40

10

50

20

30

40

50

% final - w o r k

% final - w o r k

(b)

(a)

N o t c h e d fatigue (cycles t o failure) of p a n c a k e forgings v s a m o u n t of work a t (a) strength level of 1 3 1 0 M P a (190 ksi) a n d (b) strength level of 8 6 5
M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi) a n d 1 0 3 4 M P a (150 ksi). Log a v e r a g e lives a n d s c a t t e r b a n d indicated.
t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e w a s 8 1 0 C (1490 F). P a n c a k e forgings w e r e p r o d u c e d by forging at t e m p e r a t u r e s 10 to 2 5 C (18 to 4 5 F) a b o v e t h e
t r a n s u s t o p r o d u c e 5 0 t o 7 0 % thickness reduction. Additional reduction of 2 t o 5 8 % w a s accomplished by forging in t h e - r a n g e (10 t o 2 5 C, 18
t o 4 5 F, b e l o w t h e t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e ) .
S o u r c e : R. Boyer a n d G. Kuhlman, P r o c e s s i n g Properties R e l a t i o n s h i p s of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 8 , 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 9 5

High-Cycle Notched Fatigue

Room
Temperature

The notched fatigue strength at a Kt = 3 decreases a s the strength level increases. (At all
strength levels it is superior to that of Ti-6A1-4V).
The drop in fatigue strength as the strength is increased is attributed to increased notch sensitivity
at t h e higher strength levels, leading to earlier
crack initiation. D a t a from several notch geometries a r e presented. The effect of notch geometry is
shown. A round a n d a flat specimen, with Kt'e of
2.4 a n d 2.5 respectively, show a much larger differ-

ence in properties than can be ascribed to t h e difference in Kt- Microstructure h a s virtually no effect on the fatigue strength a t t h e high strength
level (190 ksi), but does have a n influence at lower
tensile strength levels for a Kt of 2.93. Higher
amounts of / work, which result in a more
equiaxed primary oc, appears to have a negative effect on fatigue strength for t h e lower strength conditions (140 and 150 ksi).

850 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Elevated
Temperature

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of notched STOA bar

500

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Smooth and notched fatigue at RT

H70

1500

RT

RT
2 0 5 C (400 F)

400
MPa

50

Maximum st

ig 3 0 0

Longitudinal

H40
H30

F r e q u e n c y , 2 0 Hz

1200

4 2 5 C (800 F)

\*

200

f?=0.1

60

150

900h
-hoo
600

20
100

50

300h

Notch,

10

K,= 3.0

10

10

10

10

10

Click here to view

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Smooth and notched fatigue at 200
C
140

Longitudinal
Smooth

Solution treated a n d a g e d 7 5 m m ( 3 in.) diam b a r treated at 760 C

(1400 F), 1 h, F C + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 8 h, AC.
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering D a t a on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," Air Force Materials Laboratory, AFML-TR-77-198,
Wright Patterson AFB, 1 9 7 7

LIVE GRAPH

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800h

10

C y c l e s t o failure

S p e c i m e n s w e r e taken from round b a r 7 5 m m ( 3 in.) in diameter, s o lution t r e a t e d a t 7 6 0 C (1400 F) for 1 h, furnace cooled, o v e r a g e d
a t 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F ) f o r 8 h , a n d air cooled. Fatigue testing performed
a t Ft=0.1 a n d a frequency of 2 0 Hz.
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering D a t a on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," Air Force Materials Laboratory, AFML-TR-77-198,
Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1 9 7 7

1000

10

10

Stress cycles

K =3.0

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Smooth and notched fatigue at 425
C
800

Longitudinal

120

- 100

Smooth
600

80

100
600h

80

Q - 60

400

200

<e

60

400

40

2 0 0 C ( 4 0 0 F)
f?=0.1

[20

F r e q u e n c y , 2 0 Hz

200r" 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)
[
fl=0.1

10*

40

Notch, K,= 3.0

20

- F r e q u e n c y , 2 0 Hz
'

10

10

10

10

10

10

'
2

10

'
3

10

'
4

10

10

>
6

10'

10

C y c l e s t o failure

C y c l e s t o failure

Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d 7 5 m m (3 in.) diam b a r t r e a t e d at 7 6 0 C

( 1 4 0 0 F), 1 h, F C + 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F), 8 h, A C .
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering D a t a on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," Air F o r c e Materials Laboratory, AFML-TR-77-198,
Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, 1 9 7 7

Solution treated a n d a g e d 7 5 m m ( 3 in.) diam b a r treated at 760 C

(1400 F), 1 h, F C + 5 6 5 C (1050 F), 8 h, AC.
S o u r c e : O . Deel, "Engineering D a t a on N e w A e r o s p a c e Structural
Materials," Air F o r c e Materials Laboratory, AFML-TR-77-198,
Wright Patterson AFB, 1 9 7 7

High-Cycle Fatigue: P/M and Cast

Early work with powder metallurgy compacts
indicated a debit in comparison to wrought forgings. Thermomechanical processing can be seen to
have a n influence. Of t h e two compaction techniques studied for pre-alloyed powder, t h e compac-

tion technique does not appear to be important.

The blended elemental compact fatigue performance could also be improved by thermomechanical
processing and/or the use of low CI powder.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 851

LIVE GRAPH
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue in notched specimens for several product forms in high-strength and low-strength
conditions
Ultimate tensile
strength

Product
form
Cast and wrought
Isothermal forgings
Conventional forgings
Pancake forgings
43% / work
2% / work
Extrusions
P/M
PrealloyedfflP
Isothermally forged

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of notch geometry on fatigue
strength
500

Log

70

MPa

ksi

average
fatigue life

1300-1380
1060-1100
1230-1350
1260-1345
1050-1070

188-200
154-159
178-196
183-195
152-155

20 200
25 700
50000
5 0 000
50000

Side-grooved round s p e c i m e n s ,

1050

152

83 300

1105-1175

160-170

32 500

Single open hole specimens,

K = 2.5

60

K, = 2A

50

300
1345-1415
1125-1145

195-205
163-166

16900
53 300

H40
250|

N o t e : Test frequency w a s 30 H z a n d R = 0.05, w i t h K = 2.93 a n d

10

10

10

t e s t s p e r f o r m e d a t s t r e s s l e v e l of 3 4 5 M P a (50 k s i ) . S o u r c e : R.

C y c l e s to failure

B o y e r , D . E y l o n , a n d F. F r o e s , C o m p a r a t i v e E v a l u a t i o n of Ti-lOV2 F e - 3 A l C a s t , P / M a n d W r o u g h t P r o d u c t F o r m s , Titanium,
and Technology,

Science

Vol 2, G. L u t j e r i n g , U . Z w i c k e r , a n d W. B u n k , E d . ,

D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t fur M e t a l l k u n d e , e.V. G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 ,
1307

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue of cast and wrought specimens

Forgings w e r e h e a t t r e a t e d to a strength level of 1241 M P a (180 ksi).

H a t s h e e t - t y p e s p e c i m e n s with h o l e s drilled to a notch factor K =2.5
a n d round side-grooved s p e c i m e n s with K = 2.4 w e r e u s e d . Heat
treating a n d machining s e q u e n c e s w e r e t h e s a m e in both c a s e s .
S o u r c e : R. Carey, R. Boyer, a n d H. R o s e n b e r g , Fatigue Properties
of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, in Titanium, Science and Technology, Vol 2, G.
Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur
Metallkunde, e.V, G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 1261
{

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fatigue in powder compacts

180

LIVE GRAPH

1000

LIVE GRAPH

H160

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900h

140
-^120 S
-00

g?
P

800I-

700k

600

500
10"

10

10

10

10"

10

10

C y c l e s to failure

C y c l e s t o failure

S m o o t h s p e c i m e n fatigue for (A) c a s t a n d wrought plus isothermal

forge, ultimate tensile strength = 1 3 0 0 t o 1 3 8 0 M P a (188 t o 2 0 0 ksi);
(B) prealloyed P/M HIP plus isothermal forge, ultimate tensile
strength = 1 3 4 5 to 1 4 0 0 M P a (195 t o 2 0 3 ksi); (C) prealloyed HIP,
ultimate tensile strength = 1 3 1 0 M P a (190 ksi); (D) P / S + HIP, ultim a t e tensile strength 1 2 2 8 t o 1 2 7 5 M P a ( 1 7 8 t o 1 8 5 ksi); (E) P / S ,
ultimate tensile strength = 1195 M P a ( 1 7 3 ksi). C u r v e s r e p r e s e n t
d a t a lower limits. Test frequency w a s 5 Hz a n d R = 0 . 1 .
S o u r c e : R. Boyer, D. Eylon, a n d F. F r o e s , C o m p a r a t i v e Evaluation
of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI C a s t , P/M a n d Wrought P r o d u c t Forms, in 77/anium, Science and Technology, Vol 2 , G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d
W. Bunk, Ed., D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, e.V, Germany, 1 9 8 5 , 3 0 7

S-N c u r v e for p o w d e r c o m p a c t s consolidated b y rapid omnidirectional compaction (ROC) b y hot isostatic p r e s s i n g . Both s p e c i m e n s
w e r e h e a t treated.
Chemical composition of t h e alloy w a s 3.0 wt% Al, 0 . 0 6 5 w t % C, 2.1
wt% F e , 0 . 0 0 6 3 wt% H, 0 . 0 0 9 3 w t % N, 0 . 1 4 8 5 wt% 0 , 9 , 2 wt% V,
a n d 0 . 0 0 6 w t % W. P r o c e s s i n g p a r a m e t e r s for consolidation (ROC)
w e r e 7 7 5 C (1425 F) a t 8 3 0 M P a (120 ksi), 1/2-s dwell, air c o d .
P r o c e s s i n g p a r a m e t e r s for HIP w e r e 7 9 0 C (1450 F) at 1 0 3 M P a
(15 ksi) for 2 0 h. H e a t t r e a t m e n t w a s e a r n e d out at 7 4 5 C (1365 F)
for 1 h, w a t e r q u e n c h , a n d 4 9 0 C (915 F) for 8 h, air cool. Fatigue
t e s t s w e r e performed a t room t e m p e r a t u r e o n a servo-hydraulic
M T S m a c h i n e . C o n s t a n t load triangular waveform cycling w a s d o n e
at R = 0.1 a n d a frequency of 5 Hz.
S o u r c e : Y Mahajan, D. Eylon, C. Kelto, a n d F. F r o e s , Evaluation of
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI P o w d e r C o m p a c t s P r o d u c e d by t h e R O C Method,
Metal Powder Rep., Oct 1 9 8 6 , 7 4 9

852 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fatigue Crack Growth

Using conventional processing and heat treatments, the crack growth rate (da/diV) of this alloy
is essentially independent of microstructure,
strength level and test environment, and, in air, is
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Crack growth in two aged conditions

similar to t h a t of mill annealed Ti-6A1-4V. Aging to

produce the omega phase significantly reduced
da/cLV, but, as mentioned previously, this is not a
practical microstructure to use

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Crack growth in air and 3.5% NaCI

LIVE GRAPH

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10"
alpha aged
10

omega aged

10"

LIVE GRAPH
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10

u.
IO"

10

100

Stress-intensity, MPaVm

AK, ksiVin.

S o u r c e : T.W. Duerig a n d J . C . Williams, Overview: Microstructure

a n d Properties of Beta Titanium Alloys, in Beta Titanium Alloys in the
1980's, R. Boyer a n d H. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 4 4

S u p e r i m p o s e d air a n d 3 . 5 % NaCI fatigue c r a c k propagation rate

s c a t t e r b a n d s for Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, R = 0 . 0 5 , frequency 1-30 Hz, vario u s orientations.
S o u r c e : R. Boyer, WestTech, 1981

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G with low aspect ratio of primary

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G with high aspect ratio of primary

10"
Low-strength Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI ( 1 0 0 9 M P a U T S )

LIVE GRAPH

10

L o w - s t r e n g t h Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI ( 1 0 6 7 M P a UTS)

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LIVE GRAPH
10"'

1 -

10"

Ti-6AI-4V (STA)

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Ti-6AI-4V (STA)

"

10"
1

10
Stress-intensity range, MPaVm

100

C h e m i c a l composition of t h e alloy w a s 3.2 w t % Al, 0 . 0 3 w t % C , 1.8

w t % F e , 0.005 wt% H, 0.01 wt% N, 0 . 0 8 7 wf% O, a n d 9.7 w t % V.
Material w a s forged t h e n - worked to effect a n additional 5 5 %
reduction, followed by h e a t t r e a t m e n t a t 7 5 0 C (1380 F) for 2 h,
a n d w a t e r q u e n c h , a g e d a t 5 5 0 C (1020 F) for 8 h. Ultimate tensile
strength w a s 1 0 0 9 M P a (146 ksi). T e s t s w e r e performed in air a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e , with H a v e r s i n e waveform a n d R = 0.10.
S o u r c e : G. Yoder, L. Cooley, a n d R. Boyer, Microstructure/Crack
Tolerance A s p e c t s of Notched Fatigue Life in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy,
in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth
Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti a n d J . C . C h e s n u t t , Ed.,
TMS/AIME, 1987, 2 0 9

100
Stress-intensity range, MPaVm
Chemical composition of t h e alloy w a s 3.2 w t % Al, 0.03 wt% C, 1.8
w t % F e , 0.05 wt% H, 0.01 w t % N, 0 . 0 8 7 w t % O , a n d 9.7 wt% V. Material w a s forged t h e n - worked to effect a n additional 2 % reduction, followed b y h e a t t r e a t m e n t a t 7 5 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 F) for 2 rt, and
w a t e r q u e n c h , a g e d a t 5 5 0 C (1020 F) for 8 h. Ultimate tensile
strength w a s 1 0 6 7 M P a (154 ksi). T e s t s w e r e performed in air at
room t e m p e r a t u r e , with H a v e r s i n e waveform a n d R = 0.10.
S o u r c e : G. Yoder, L. Cooley, a n d R. Boyer, Microstructure/Crack
Tolerance A s p e c t s of N o t c h e d Fatigue Life in T M 0V-2Fe-3AI Alloy,
in Microstructure .Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth
Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed.,
TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 9

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 853

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G with low aspect ratio of primary

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G with high aspect ratio of primary

10"
H i g h - s t r e n g t h Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI ( 1 2 7 8 M P a U T S )

1<

10

TI-6AI-4V (STA)
10'
1

10
Stress-intensity range, M P a V m

100

100
Stress-intensity range, M P a V m

C h e m i c a l composition of t h e alloy w a s 3.2 w t % Al, 0 . 0 3 w t % C, 1.8

w t % F e , 0.05 w t % H, 0.01 w t % N, 0 . 0 8 7 w t % O , a n d 9.7 w t % V. M a terial w a s forged t h e n - worked to effect a n additional 2 % r e d u c tion, followed by h e a t t r e a t m e n t a t 7 5 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 F) for 2 h, a n d
w a t e r q u e n c h , a g e d at 4 9 5 C (255 F) for 8 h. Ultimate tensile
strength w a s 1 2 8 8 M P a ( 1 8 7 ksi). T e s t s w e r e performed in air a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e , with H a v e r s i n e waveform a n d R = 0.10.
S o u r c e : G. Yoder, L. Cooley, a n d R. Boyer, Microstructure/Crack
Tolerance A s p e c t s of N o t c h e d Fatigue Life in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy,
in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth
Rate in Titanium Alloys, A Chakrabarti a n d J . C . C h e s n u t t , Ed.,
TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 9

Chemical composition w a s 3.2 w t % Al, 0 . 0 3 w t % C, 1.8 w t % F e ,

0 . 0 0 5 w t % H, 0.01 w t % N, 0.087 w t % O, a n d 9.7 w t % V. Material
w a s forged t h e n - w o r k e d to effect a n additional 5 5 % reduction,
followed b y h e a t t r e a t m e n t at 7 5 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 F) for 2 h, a n d w a t e r
q u e n c h , a g e d a t 4 9 5 C ( 2 5 5 F) for 8 h. Ultimate tensile strength
w a s 1 2 7 8 M P a ( 1 8 5 ksi). T e s t s w e r e performed in air at room t e m perature, with H a v e r s i n e waveform a n d R = 0.10.
S o u r c e : G. Yoder, L. Cooley, a n d R. Boyer, Microstructure/Crack
Tolerance A s p e c t s of N o t c h e d F a t i g u e Life in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy,
in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth
Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti a n d J . C . C h e s n u t t , Ed.,
TMS/AIME, 1987, 2 0 9

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G in STA and direct age conditions

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: F C G in direct age condition

10"

965 MPa UTS

,10"

: Ti-10-2-3, R= 0 . 1 , 5 0 H z
Ti-6-4, R = 0 . 1 , 3 0 Hz
r

10"

~~*J/J
jrL^

Ti-10-2-3

Ti 6-4

10' r
!

,10-'
10"

STA
Direct a g e d

V
100

Stress-intensity, MPaVm
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI STA s p e c i m e n s w e r e t a k e n from hot die forgings
solution t r e a t e d at 3 0 C (54 F) below t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e , w a t e r
q u e n c h e d , a n d a g e d to a strength level of 9 6 5 M P a (140 ksi). Ti10V-2Fe-3AI direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e hot die forged, p o s t forge cooled at a r a t e of 5 C / s (9 F/s), a n d a g e d to t h e d e s i r e d
strength level. Fatigue c r a c k propagation t e s t s for STA s p e c i m e n s
w e r e performed on s p e c i m e n s 6 m m (0.25 in) thick a n d 3 7 m m (1.25
in.) in length a n d width with R= 0.1 a n d a frequency of 3 0 Hz, c o m p a c t tension. Fatigue c r a c k propagation t e s t s for direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e performed according to ASTM E 6 0 6 o n 6 m m (0.25 in.)
d i a m e t e r s p e c i m e n s , low s t r e s s ground, triangular waveform, 2 0
cycles/min, R = 0, and A = 1.0, with a frequency of 5 0 Hz, c o n s t a n t
strain.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s a n d Fatigue/Fatigue C r a c k P r o p a gation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy T h r o u g h Microstructural Modification, in Microstructure, Fracture
Toughness,
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . Chesnutt, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , p 1 7 1

Dir a g e d 1 1 9 3 M P a ( 1 7 3 ksi)

Dir a g e d 1 1 0 3 M P a ( 1 6 0 ksi)

10"'
10

Dir a g e d 9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi)
Ti-6-4 MA forging

,
10

100

Stress-intensity, MPaVm
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e hot die forged, postforge cooled a t a r a t e of 5 C/s (9 F/s), a n d a g e d to t h e d e s i r e d
strength level. F a t i g u e c r a c k propagation t e s t s for direct a g e d s p e c i m e n s w e r e performed according t o ASTM E 6 0 6 on 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 in.)
diam s p e c i m e n s , low s t r e s s ground, triangular waveform, 2 0 cycles/min, R = 0, A = 1.0, c o n s t a n t strain.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, A. Chakrabarti, T. Yu, R. Pishko, a n d G. Terlinde, LCF, Fracture T o u g h n e s s , a n d Fatigue/Fatigue C r a c k P r o p a gation R e s i s t a n c e Optimization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Alloy Through Microstructural Modification, in Microstructure Fracture
Toughness,
and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti
a n d J . C . C h e s n u t t , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 171

854 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Room temperature Charpy impact

toughness of S T O A bar

Fracture Toughness
The fracture toughness is strongly dependent on
the tensile strength and the microstructure as reported by several authors. The processing, in terms
of the amount of / work affects the toughness by
modification of the morphology of the primary a.
Higher amounts of / work, following primary
working in the -phase field, changes the primary
to a more globular morphology, which improves ductility at the expense of toughness. There would
also appear to be an optimum amount of primary
to achieve maximum toughness (a 10% volume
fraction of elongated primary had significantly
higher fracture toughness t h a n 30 vol.%). There
seems to be a lot of variation in the toughness reported for powder compacts. There is some evi-

Impact toughness
J
ft
lb

Direction
Longitudinal

35.9
40.7
40.7
39.1
27.8
26.5
23.1
25.8

Transverse

Average

26.5
30.0
30.0
28.9
20.5
19.5
17.0
19.0

Source: A F M L - T R - 7 8 - 1 1 4

dence t h a t the fracture toughness is related to the

volume fraction of defects in P/M products.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness for several product forms

Tensile yield
strength

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Product
form
High strength condition
Isothermal forgings
Conventional forgings
Pancake forgings
Extrusions
P/M high strength
Prealloyed, HIP
Prealloyed, HIP+isothermal forge
P/S
P/S + HIP
Reduced strength condition
Isothermal forgings
Pancake forgings
Extrusions
P/M Prealloyed HIP + isothermal forge
P/M, P/S + HIP
Castings
A M S specification (forgings)
AMS 4984
AMS 4986
AMS 4987

Elongation,

MPa

ksi

1300-1380
1230-1350
1275-1310
1240

188-200
178-196
185-190
179

1200-1255
1145-1280
1150-1160
1170

174-182
166-186
167-168
169

3-6
4-10
5-8
4

1310
1345-1400
1195
1228-1275

190
195-203
173
178-185

1205
1240-1305
1110
1185-1245

175
179-189
161
172-180

9
6-8
3.5
7-9

1060-1100
965
1110-1170
1125-1145
1120-1160
1105-1130

153-159
140
161-169
163-166
162-168
160-164

985-1060
930
1000-1105
1050-1090
1070-1105
1010-1030

143-153
135
145-160
152-158
155-160
146-149

1190
1100
965

173
160
140

1100
1000
895

160
145
130

Plane-strain
fracture toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin]
29
44-60
47

26
40-54
43

28

25

28-29

25-26

8-12
16
6-7
13-15
9-10
6-10

70
100
4548
55
32

64
91
4144
50
29

4(in4D)
6(in4D)
8(in4D)

44
60
88

40
55
80

Source: R. Boyer, D . E y l o n , a n d F. F r o e s , C o m p a r a t i v e E v a l u a t i o n of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al C a s t , P/M, a n d Wrought Product F o r m s , Titanium. SciVol 2, G. Lutjering, U . Zwicker, a n d W. B u n k , E d . , D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur M e t a l l k u n d e e.V., G e r m a n y , 1 9 8 5 , 1307

ence and Technology,

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Typical al forged room-temperature tensile properties and fracture toughness of forgings
Forging
thickness
mm

in.

75

50

25

Orientation/
location
L/S, MC, C
LT/S,MS,C
ST/S,MS,C
Range
L/S, MS, C
LT/S,MS,C
ST/S,MS,C
Range
US, MS, C
LT/S,MS,C,
Range

Ultimate yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
1256-1263
1270-1283
1214-1311
1256-1311
1249-1256
1270-1325
1173-1194
1173-1325
1256-1283
1221-1241
1214-1256

182-183
184-186
176-190
182-190
181-182
184-192
170-173
170-192
182-186
177-176
176-186

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa
1318-1325
1332-1339
1283-1380
1283-1380
1325-1311
1346-1394
1194-1242
1228-1394
1339-1342
1270-1270
1270-1352

191-192
193-194
186-200
186-200
190-192
195-202
173-180
178-202
194-196
184-184
184-196

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

9-11
8-9
5-9
5-11
8-11
5-8
13-14
5-14
5-9
10-13
5-13

32-34
20-30
12-34
12-34
27-35
12-27
46-59
12-59
10-25
36-48
10-48

Plane-strain
fracture toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin.
40.2
39.9
43.2
39-43
35.4
35.1

36.58
36.26
39.26
36-39
32.22
31.88

-35
30.1
30.9
30-31

-32
27.32
28.05
27-28

N o t e : L, longitudinal; LT, l o n g t r a n s v e r s e ; S T , short t r a n s v e r s e ; S, surface; M S , midsurface; C, center, + forging w a s conducted at 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F) w i t h about 60%
deformation, followed b y h a n d forging. T h e alloy w a s double solution t r e a t e d a n d aged. T h e first s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t w a s performed close to, b u t below, t h e beta transus
( 7 8 8 to 8 0 2 C, o r 1 4 5 0 to 1 4 8 0 F), followed by a slow cool. T h e s e c o n d s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t took place a t a t e m p e r a t u r e l o w e r t h a n t h e first, followed by w a t e r quench. Source:
C. C h e n a n d R. Boyer, Practical C o n s i d e r a t i o n s for M a n u f a c t u r i n g H i g h - S t r e n g t h Ti- 10V-2Fe-3Al A l l o y F o r g i n g s , J. Metals, J u l y 1979, 3 3

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 855

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al: Fracture toughness v s yield
strength

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness v s U T S
T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
120

140

160

180

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , ksi
200

80

125

100

120

160

140

160

200

180

'

140

Solution t r e a t e d
Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d

100
100
H80

H60

Ti-6A1-4V

750

1050

900

1200

1350

1500

500

1000

750

Tensile strength, MPa

1250

1500

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , M P a
S o u r c e : The Sumitomo Search, N o . 3 5 , Nov 1987, 2 1 -28

Testing performed in air on c o m p a c t tension s p e c i m e n s according

toASTME399.
S o u r c e : G. Kuhlman, "Alcoa Titanium Alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI Forgings, Alcoa G r e e n Letter N o . 2 2 4 , " Aluminum C o m p a n y of Americ a n , Forging Division, Cleveland, A u g 1 9 8 7 . With permission

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Plane-strain fracture toughness vs
UTS

Stress Corrosion R e s i s t a n c e . The stress

corrosion threshold has been reported to be a t least
80% of jKic except when it is stressed in t h e short
transverse direction, where it is 70% of K\ .

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
140

150

160

170

180

190

200

1601

140

140
120
120|
CO
L
2 100

100

80

I
^

80
60

60

40

40
1100

1000

900

1200

1300

1400

Tensile strength, MPa

D a t a r e p r e s e n t a c o m p o s i t e of fracture t o u g h n e s s v a l u e s for
forged die forgings, forged block forgings, a n d forged plus -
forged die forgings of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI.
Stainless
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection:
Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose
Materials, Vol 3 , 9th
ed., American Society for Metals, 1 9 8 0

Effect of
Microstructure

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness of forgings with different aspect ratios of primary

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)

Aspect
ratio(a)
HAR
LAR
HAR
LAR

MPa

ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa

ksi

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

Plane-strain
fracture toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin.

1149

166.6

1288

186.8

3.0

3.3

46.8

42.6

1190

172.6

1278

185.4

7.0

12.8

37.0

33.7

1002

145.4

1067

154.8

9.0

24.3

86.1

78.4

990

143.6

1009

146.4

15.0

50.7

67.0

61.0

N o t e : Alloy w a s forged a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s for t h i c k n e s s r e d u c t i o n of 5 0 t o 7 0 % , followed b y - r a n g e f o r g i n g a n d h e a t t r e a t m e n t t o i n d i c a t e d s t r e n g t h s , (a) H A R , h i g h a s p e c t r a t i o ; L A R , l o w a s p e c t r a t i o of p r i m a r y a l p h a . S o u r c e : G. Yoder, L . C o o l e y , a n d R . B o y e r , M i c r o s t r u c t u r e / C r a c k T o l e r a n c e A s p e c t s of N o t c h e d F a t i g u e Life i n Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Alloy, Microstructure,
Growth

Rate in Titanium

Alloys,

A. C h a k r a b a r t i a n d J.C. C h e s n u t t , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1987, 209

Fracture

Toughness,

and Fatigue

Crack

856 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness/microstructure for forgings

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of elongated on toughness

Yield s t r e n g t h (0.2%), ksi

140

160

180

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , ksi

200

220

80
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI
1 0 % primary a

140
70

90

60

75

60rGlobular

50
Elongated

40(LTTL

20h

900

4 0 ]jj
30

Globular, D2
Globular, D4 m
Elongated
Globular, D4 n m thick,
c o n t i n u o u s s u b g r a i n b o u n d a r y , film
1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

a.

150

160

170

180

190

80

1 o% primary ct> elongated

3 0 % primary a , elongated

70
60

^
1 0 % primary
30

10

|30
20

15
1600

|40**

20

S o u r c e : G. Terlinde, H.-J. Rathjen, a n d K.H. S c h w a l b e , Microstructure a n d Fracture T o u g h n e s s of t h e Aged -Ti Alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI,
Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 9 , 1 9 8 8 , 1 0 3 7

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Yield s t r e n g t h (0.2%), M P a
S o u r c e : Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 9 , 1 9 8 8 , 1041

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Effect of morphology on toughness/ductility

LIVE GRAPH
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210

60-

Yield s t r e n g t h (0.2%), M P a

LIVE GRAPH

200

LTTL

1400

1500

Next Page
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI (Ti-10-2-3) / 857

Effect of
Processing

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness of forgings v s

final working

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Fracture toughness vs forging/heat treatment

LIVE GRAPH
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120

values

( d u e to t h i c k n e s s )

100

9l
100

80|-

9 6 5 M P a ( 1 4 0 ksi)

[Z Minimum
S~ Solution t r e a t e d , q u e n c h , a g e
5- Solution t r e a t e d , air c o o l , a g e
A g e only
stock
+ dies

70h

+ stock

dies

dies

60
*r

H70

50 5

6oh
P. 5 0
3
U
CO
40

40 a

30

30
0

20

60 -

+ dies

40

Percent - work
Alloy from two h e a t s . No difference in behavior w a s o b s e r v e d for
t h e two h e a t s . Material w a s forged a t t h e t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e
p l u s 1 0 to 2 5 C (18 to 4 5 F) for a 5 0 - 7 0 % reduction, followed b y -
r a n g e forging at t h e t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e m i n u s 10 to 2 5 C (18 to
4 5 F). S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d a t 7 5 0 C (1380 F) for 2 h,
followed b y aging for 8 h a t 4 9 5 C (920 F) forthe high-strength condition, a n d a s indicated f o r t h e low-strength condition.
S o u r c e : R. Boyer a n d G. Kuhlman, P r o c e s s i n g Properties Relations h i p s of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 8 , 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 9 5

S o u r c e : R. Pishko, . Yu, a n d G. Kuhlman, Precision Forging of Titanium Alloy, in Titanium 1986 Products and Applications, Titanium
D e v e l o p m e n t Association, 1987, 3 7 6

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Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Toughness from conventional and
hot die forging

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: Toughness v s defect content

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
80

LIVE GRAPH
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70

175

60

150

140

150

60
50
Inclusions: inclusions a n d p o r e s
40

v
4 0 ]
30

125
.
2 100

160
1

170 180 190 200 2 1 0

1 : 1 ' 1
1 ' 1
C o n v e n t i o n a l forged

160

P r o c e s s D, hot d i e forged

140

P r o c e s s C , h o t d i e forged

Air c o o l e d

P r o c e s s B, hot d i e forged

P r o c e s s A, hot die forged

Timet d a t a

\ .

ioo lis

- 60

H10

Furnace cooled

- 120

- 80

A
^ \

20

20

40

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

V o l u m e fraction of d e f e c t s

Tensile strength, M P a

S o u r c e : N. Moody ef al.. T h e Role of Inclusion a n d P o r e C o n t e n t o n

t h e Fracture T o u g h n e s s of P o w d e r P r o c e s s e d Blended Elemental
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI, in Microstructure, Fracture Toughness, and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Titanium Alloys, A. Chakrabarti a n d J . C .
C h e s n u t t , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 7 , 8 3

S o u r c e : R. Pishko, T. Yu, a n d G. Kuhlman, Precision Forging of Titanium Alloy, in Ttanium 1986Products and Applications, Titanium
D e v e l o p m e n t Association, 1 9 8 7 , 4 0 1

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7867

|Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
Common Name: Ti-13-11-3
UNS Number: R58010
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al, developed by Rem Cru (later
called Crucible Steel) in the mid-1950s, was the
first alloy to stabilize the beta phase of titanium to
room temperature. Thus Ti-13-11-3 for titanium
alloys is analogous to austenitic 18-8 stainless
steel for iron alloys. Its primary use over the last
decade has been for springs.
Ti-13-11-3, also known as B120VCA, is suitable
for operation in the range from 54 to +315 C (-65
to +600 F) and higher in certain uses. It possesses
good ductility for ease of fabrication. When aged,

it can be hardened to extremely high strength levels. Its high strength and low density make Ti-1311-3 one of the most efficient structural materials
available. It was used for airborne structures that
must sustain temperatures up to 650 C (1200 F)
for short periods of time and for lightweight pressure vessels t h a t operate a t t e m p e r a t u r e s from
- 5 4 to +315 C (-65 to +600 F) and is also used
as a high-strength fastener material having cold
headability and shear strengths over 825 MPa
(120 ksi).

As a solute-rich beta alloy, Ti-13-11-3 contains

relatively large amounts of beta-stabilizer elements and relatively small amounts of alpha-stabilizer elements. At the nominal composition, Ti13V-3A1 base plus 11 percent chromium and low

oxygen content, the alloy is hypoeutectoidal. The

high vanadium content contributes to the stabilization of the beta phase, but it does not contribute
to the titanium-chromium eutectoid relationship.
Density. 4.82 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )

Forms

Although it is used in limited quantities today,

Ti-13-11-3 is still used for some airframe sheet-

metal applications and for springs. Wrought forms

include billet, bar, plate, sheet, and wire.

Product
Condition/
Microstructure

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is heat treatable to high

strength; is cold rollable; and can be solution
treated without distortion because it can be air
cooled. It is highly ductile in the solution-treated
condition and can be severely cold worked without
intermittent annealing. It h a s little directionality

in sheet and strip, low scratch sensitivity, and a

relatively high tolerance for hydrogen. The final
combination of strength and ductility is controlled
over a wide range by selection of heat treating temperature and time.

Applications

For several years, Ti-13-11-3 was the only beta

titanium alloy of commercial significance, until
the advent of alloys such as Ti-10-2-3, Ti-15-3, and
Beta C.
Ti-13-11-3 is used for missile applications such
as solid rocket motor cases where extremely high
strengths are required for short periods of time,

and for other structural applications in advanced

manned and unmanned airborne systems. It is
also used for springs for airframe applications,
solid rocket pressure chambers, airframe components, welded pressure vessels, fasteners, and
bonded and brazed honeycomb cover sheets.

Chemistry and
Density

Product

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specifications

Specification

C o m p o s i t i o n , wt%
Fe

Other

UNSR58010

11

13

balTi

IMP-10

11

13

balTi

Designation

Description

Al

Cr

Russia

Spain
UNE 38-729
UNE 38-729

L-7701
L-7701

ShStrPltWirBarAnn
ShStrpPltWirBarHT

2.5-3.5
25-3.5

0.05
0.05

10-12
10-12

0.35
0.35

0.02
0.02

0.05
0.05

0.18
0.18

12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5

OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi

ShStrPltSHT
ShStrPltSTA
Wir Rod

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

10-12
10-12
10-12
10-12

0.35
0.35
0.35
0.25

0.025
0.025
0.03
0.008

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03

0.17
0.17
0.17
0.12

12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5

OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;Y0.005;balTi
balTi

FrgAnn
FrgHT
ShStrPltSHT

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05
0.05

10-12
10-12
10-12

0.35
0.35
0.15-0.35

0.025
0.025
0.025

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.17
0.17
0.17

12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5

OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi
OT0.4;balTi

USA
AMS4917D
AMS4917D
AMS4959B
AWSA5.16-70
MILF-83142A
MILF-83142A
MELT-9046J

ERTi-13V-llCr3A1
Comp 12
Comp 12
CodeB-1

(continued)

868 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

71-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Specifications (continued)

Specification

Composition, wt%

0.15-0.35
0.35

0.025
0.025

0.05
0.05

0.17
0.17

12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5

OT 0.4; bal
OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal

0.35

0.025

0.05

0.17

12.5-14.5

OT0.4;Y0.005;balTi

Al

Cr

Fe

ShStrPltSTA
Bar Bil SHT

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.05
0.05

10-12
10-12

Bar Bil STA

2.5-3.5

0.05

10-12

Designation

Description

Other

USA (continued)
MILT-9046J
MILT-9047G
MILT-9047G

CodeB-1
Ti-BV-llCr3A1
Ti-13V-llCr3A1

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Commercial compositions

Composition,%
Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Other

Cr

Fe

10-12
10-12

0.35
0.35

0.025
0.025

0.05
0.05

0.17
0.17

12.5-14.5
12.5-14.5

balTi
balTi

0.17

12.5-14.5

balTi

0.17

12.5-14.5

balTi

Japan
Kobe
Kobe

KS13-11-3
KS13-11-3

Bar Frg SHT

Bar Frg STA

2.5-3.5
2.5-35

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
13V-llCr-3Al
Tel-Ti-13V-llCr3A1
TIMETAL13-11
-3

BarBilSprg

2.5-3.5

0.05 max

10-12

0.35 max

0.025

0.05 max

2.5-3.5

0.05

10-12

0.35

0.025

0.05

USA
Astro
RMI
Teledyne
Timet

IngPltShStrSTA

Phases and Structures

Strengthening of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al occurs from

the precipitation of T i C r 2 and in solute-lean
regions ('). As might be expected, long periods at
solution treatment temperatures result i n undesirable grain growth and the associated breakdown of favorable nucleation sites for strengthening precipitates.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Phase diagram with variable aluminum content

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Phase diagram with variable chromium content

800

Beta Transus. At nominal alloying concentrations and commercial-grade oxygen contents of

0.15 wt% 0 , Ti-13V-llCr-3Al h a s a transus of
about 700 C (1300 F). For lower oxygen concentrations (0.05 wt%), the transus is lowered to
about 650 C (1220 F).

800 Nominal a l u m i n u m c o n t e n t

Nominal c h r o m i u m c o n t e n t
1400

750-

t B e t a t r a n s u s with highejq
oxygen^ontent

750

Beta t r a n s u s with h i g h e n
oxygen content
700-

1300 u.

2
3
5 650
.

600-

1200
a>
.

41100 -

-I1200 1
0)

+ TiCr

+ + TiCr

550-

H1300 u.

700r

3
2

-moo

-Hooo

ffl

H1000

500
8

10

11

12

13

14

Chromium content, wt%

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB 02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Aluminum content, wt%

Handbook,

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Transformation
Products

Normal air cooling from above t h e t r a n s u s retains a room-temperature structure t h a t is me-

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

MCIC-HB 02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
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tastable. However, because the decomposition of

metastable is so sluggish in this solute-rich al-

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/869

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loy, decomposition of below about 315 C (600 F)

is essentially nonexistent for practical purposes.
Deformation can accelerate the decomposition of ,
however (see the TTT diagram).
As a solute-rich alloy, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is also
more susceptible to t h e formation of grain boundary during aging. However, prior deformation

Click here to view

can enhance the formation of intragranular and

reduce the extent of grain boundary a. Like other
solute-rich alloys, athermal does not form in Ti13V-llCr-3Al during quenching. Conditions for
the formation of isothermal have not been denned.

Physical Properties
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Melting (liquidus) point
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

- 700 C (1300 F)
Not available
4.82 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )
1.4- m(STAcondition)
Nonmagnetic
545 J/kg K(0.13 Btu/lb F)
6.9 W/m (4.0 Btu/ft h F)
9.67 x lCHYX (5.37 la-VP)
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C ( 6 8 to 7 8

F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 9 5 C ( 2 0 0 F)

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Elastic modulus in tension

C
-54
21
21
205
315
425
540

Temperature
F
-65
70
70
400
600
800
1000

T e n s i l e m o d u l u s (a)
Solution treated
material
GPa
10 psi
GPa
6

102
100
101
96.5
91.0
85.5
80.0

14.8
145(b)
14.7
14.0
13.2
12.4
11.6

112
107(b)
110
107
103
99.3
94.5

Aged
material
10 psi
6

16.2
15.5(b)
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.4
13.7

(a) Typical shear m o d u l u s i s 4 3 6 G P a (6.2 1 0 psi) a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , (b) D e s i g n m o d u l u s from M I L - H D B K 5. Source: Mater. Eng., D e c
1987, 112; and Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steels, Tool Materials, and Special Purpose Materials, Vol 3 , 9 t h ed.,
A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 9 8 0 . Additional d a t a o n elastic properties are c o n t a i n e d i n M I L - H D B K 5 a n d t h e Aerospace Structural
Metals
Handbook.

870 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Electrical
Resistivity

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Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Electrical resistivity

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Electrical resistivity

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

1.8
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn

100

273

Ti-6AI-4V

150

200

250

500

300

-200

200
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Temperature,
S o u r c e : Cryogenics,

Vol 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 , 2 9 5

1000

600

800

S o u r c e : Aircraft Designer's Handbook for Titanium and Titanium Alloys, AFML-TR-67-142, Mar 1967, reported in R. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972,
34

Chemical/Corrosion Properties

The chemical reactivity of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is

fairly typical of other titanium alloys.
In either the solution treated or aged condition,
it is corrosion resistant to seawater, salt and other
natural environments, oxidizing media, inhibited
reducing acids, alkalies, and metallic chlorides at
room temperature. In salt-spray tests, aged Ti13V-llCr-3Al exhibits no pitting and experiences
no general corrosion or degradation in mechanical

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Corrosion comparison in HCI

properties. Its corrosion resistance in reducing environments appears to be less t h a n other titanium
alloys (see figure). In hot air, however, Ti-13VllCr-3Al does not appear to discolor and scale as
badly as other titanium alloys at temperatures 260
to 315 C (500 to 600 F). Little difference among
Ti-13-11-3 and other alloys is noted in terms of discoloration and scaling at higher temperatures.

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Depth of scale after solution treatment

Maximum scale

Ti-6- 6-2

LIVE GRAPH

--1100

] Ti-8-1-1

Click here to view

21

Ti-13-11 -3 1

Solution heat
treatment

/
Ti-550 ~i
-

|80

H60

T r a n s a g e 129

Ko

11

Ti-8-8-2-3

|20

0.5

1
1.5
C o n c e n t r a t i o n of HCI, %

2.5

General corrosion of a n n e a l e d titanium alloys in naturally a e r a t e d

HCI solutions.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Corrosion, 9th ed., Vol 1 3 , ASM International, 1987, 6 8 0

I h 8 7 0 ' C(1600
2 h 8 7 0 ' C(1600
4 h 8 7 0 ' C(1600
l h 9 2 5 ' C(1700
2 h 9 2 5 ' C(1700
4 h 9 2 5 ' C(1700
l h 9 8 0 ' C(1800
l h 9 8 0 ' C(1800

F),AC
F),AC
F),AC
F),AC
F),AC
F),AC
F),AC
F),FC

Hardness(a),
HV
306
318
349
304
347
296
366
344

depth(b)
mm

in.

0.03
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.09
0.06
0.10

0.0013
0.0022
0.0033
0.0024
0.0017
0.0038
0.0025
0.0047

( a ) A v e r a g e , b a s e m e t a l a w a y from s c a l e , 2 0 - k g load, (b) D e t e r m i n e d b y microscopic e x a m i n a t i o n of c r o s s s e c t i o n . S o u r c e : R A

W o o d , Beta Titanium
Alloys,
M C I C 72-11, Battelle Columbus
L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/871

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

Like most titanium alloys, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al can

be fairly resistant to aqueous halide stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) when used i n its standard
metallurgical condition. However, step-cooled Ti13V-llCr-3Al is highly susceptible to SCC in neutral salt solutions, in t h a t loading of smooth samples can show cracking susceptibility. Typically, a
stress riser (fatigue crack or notch) is needed to initiate SCC susceptibility of titanium alloys.
In titanium alloys, the phase may be susceptible to either transgranular or intergranular
SCC in aqueous media, depending on alloy compo-

sition and microstructure. Intergranular cracking

has only been observed in a few aged alloys, particularly with fine precipitates formed at lower
aging temperatures. Transgranular cleavage of
phase is known to occur in solution treated Ti-13VHCr-3Al (R.J.H. Wanhill, Aqueous Stress Corrosion in Titanium Alloys, Brit. Corrosion J., Vol
10(No. 2), 1975, 69-78). Stress-corrosion cracking
susceptibility in this case is mitigated by decreasing t h e grain size and m e a n free path of the
phase.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Environments known to promote cracking

Environment
Temperature

O t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys w i t h
k n o w n susceptibility

Medium
Organic compounds
Methyl alcohol (anhydrous)
Methyl chloroform
Trichlorofluoroethane
Salts
Chloride and other halide
salts/residues
Seawater/NaCl solution(a)
Metal embrihlement
Cadmium (solid + liquid)
Mercury (liquid)

RT
370
790

700
1455

230-430

445-805
RT

25-600
370

T1-6AMV, Gr. 2Ti, Gr. 4 Ti, Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV, Ti-8V-3Al-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (BetaC), -81lMo-lV,Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

1-8-0-V, Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
T1-8AI-IM0-IV, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6A1-4V
Most commercial alloys except grade 1,2,7,11,12, and 9
Unalloyed Ti (with oxygen content >0.3%) Ti-2.5Al-lMo-llSn-5Zr-0.2Si (-679), -512.5Sn, Ti-8Mn,Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa, Ti-4Al-3Mo-l V, T1-8AI-IM0IV, Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-6Mo

75-1110
700

Ti-8Mn, grade 2, T1-6A1-4V

Gr. 4 Ti, T1-6AMV, Ti-8 Al- lMo-1V

Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion Cracking of T i t a n i u m Alloys, i n Stress-Corrosion

A S M International, 1 9 9 2 . (a) S m o o t h s a m p l e susceptibility for s t e p cooled Ti-13-11-3

Aqueous
Media

Like other susceptible titanium alloys, t h e

SCC of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al in aqueous media is also
influenced by t h e type and concentration of species
in solution, t h e pH, temperature, a n d viscosity of
the solution, a n d the metal potential in t h e solution. The general effect of these environmental factors is discussed in "Technical Note 2: Corrosion"
in this Volume. Like most SCC-susceptible tita-

Cracking:

Materials

Performance

and

Evaluation,

nium alloys, anodic or cathodic polarization tends

to inhibit SCC and increase . K i s c c values for Ti- 13VllCr-3Al (see figure). Increasing potential also increases cracking velocity i n neutral halide solutions, b u t not in highly acidic solutions. Cracking
C K l s c c ) thresholds in 3.5% NaCI solutions at room
temperature range from about 28 to 44 MPaVrrT
(26to40ksiVm7).

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 C

mm

Thickness
in.

3.3
13

0.13
0.50

0.20

Yield s t r e n g t h
MPa
ksi
882(ST)
827(ST)
1103(STA)
1055(STA)

128
120
160
153

MPaVnT
97
>110
77
71

feorgt
ksiVin.
89
>100
70
65

MPaVm
28
38
33
35

KisccorKscc
ksiVin.
26
35
30
32

S p e c i m e n s w e r e S T o r STA a s s h o w n . D a t a w e r e g e n e r a t e d i n a m b i e n t neutral 3 . 5 % N a C I solution. I t s h o u l d b e cautioned t h a t t h e s e

v a l u e s are h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t o n alloy composition, metallurgical condition, a n d product form a n d t h i c k n e s s a n d , therefore, m a y or m a y not
b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f alloy commercially available product m a t e r i a l s . Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g of T i t a n i u m Alloys, i n
Stress-Corrosion
Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation, A S M International, 1 9 9 2

872 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Effect of potential on aqueous S C C

Click here to view

60

0.6M K C I at 24 c

H50

50

MPaVm

^^*

40

i
' 3 0

_ 40

= 71

0^

=66

30

'

=-110

20

2 0 55

10

ill itinn trpatpH

Ti-11

a n d a g e d a t 4 8 0 C for 1 0 0 h

-2000

Ti-8Mn, mill a n n e a l e d

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI, w a t e r q u e n c h e d from 9 5 0 C

-1500

-1000

-500

500

1500

1000

Potential, m V
Within a narrow potential region (typically c e n t e r e d around - 5 0 0 m V S C E ) , K j ^ r e a c h e s a minimum v a l u e that d e p e n d s o n t h e alloy a n d its metallurgical condition.
S o u r c e : T.R. Beck, M.J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyrl, a n d M.P. Speidel, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys: Electrochemical Kinetics, S C C
S t u d i e s With Ti: 8-1-1, S C C a n d Polarization C u r v e s in Molten Salts, Liquid Metal EmbritHement, a n d S C C S t u d i e s With O t h e r Titanium Alloys,"
Quarterly P r o g r e s s Report 1 4 , Contract NAS 7-489, Boeing Scientific R e s e a r c h Laboratories, D e c 1 9 6 9

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Methanol

and
Other
Alcohols

Unlike other engineering metals, titanium and

zirconium alloys are unique in their strong susceptibility to SCC in methanol liquids and vapor.
Transgranular SCC generally is observed in those
titanium alloys t h a t are susceptible to SCC in
aqueous solutions. However, intergranular failure
in methanol is observed primarily in Ti-13V-llCr3A1. This fracture mode is also commonly observed
in almost all titanium alloys during stage I cracking at low stress levels. Intergranular cracking in
methanol generally involves anodic dissolution
and requires little or no stress to propagate. Application of stress accelerates cracking, but this mode
of propagation r e m a i n s independent of stress
level.
For both intergranular and transgranular SCC
in methanol, halogen/halide additions accelerate
cracking, whereas w a t e r has an inhibitive effect.
Stress-corrosion cracking is generally difficult to
observe in absolutely pure methanol, but becomes
favored at HCI levels above " M. The minimum
level of water required for full SCC inhibition (about
2 to 3 wt% for -13-11-3) depends on alloy composition, metallurgical condition, temperature, halide
level, acidity, and other species present.
Other Alcohols. The SCC susceptibility is
limited primarily to methanol for most commercial
titanium alloys such as Ti-13V-llCr-3Al. However,
t h e addition of halogens, such C I 2 , B r 2 , or I 2 , or
other (nonoxygen containing) strong oxidizers (i.e.,
FeC^) to various anhydrous alcohols can induce
SCC in all titanium alloys, even the unalloyed
6

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Effect of potential on crack veloc-Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

K=A0

-Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

= 45

K=40

-1000

-500

500

1000

1500

Potential, m V
Although t h e i n c r e a s e of potential s e r v e s t o i n c r e a s e cracking velocity in this neutral halide solution, s t a g e II crack velocity b e c o m e s
i n d e p e n d e n t of applied potential in highly acidic solutions. A s a result, inhibition via c a t h o d i c polarization is not a c h i e v a b l e in highly
acidic solutions.
S o u r c e : R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in
Stress Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
ASM International, 1 9 9 2

grades. Depending on the alloy and on the oxidizer

concentration, much higher water levels are required for SCC inhibition.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7873

Hot-Salt
Cracking

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al has intermediate susceptibility to hot-salt SCC, but the alloy is not considered
quite as susceptible to salt corrosion as Ti-6A1-4V
or Ti-8Al-lMo-lV. Early NASA experiments
(NASA TN D-2011, Dec 1963) indicate t h a t most
salt-exposed material in t h e aged condition will
crack with a 285 C (550 F), 689 MPa (100 ksi) exposure during a 4000- to 6000-h run. Other Lockheed salt tests a t 260 C (500 F) have indicated a
pronounced stress-corrosion susceptibility of both
annealed and aged Ti-13V-llCr-3Al when exposed
in tests simulating various fastening techniques

(e.g., rivet, screw, spot, and fusion welds). Some

susceptibility also was indicated on material
worked by bending. Although the stress levels t h a t
promote stress corrosion are undefined in these
tests, it is apparent t h a t operations resulting in
high residual stresses promote susceptibility to
the salt-cracking phenomenon at 260 C (500 F) in
less t h a n 2000 h, and in most fastener applications
in less t h a n 100 h (R. Woods, Beta Titanium Alloys,
MCIC 72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1972, 67).

Thermal Properties
Heaf Capacity

Specific Heat. 545 J/kg (0.13 Btu/lb F)at

room temperature.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
900

500
1000

<i
Instantanec >us v a l u e s \

0.20

0.15

'600

- 0.10
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat at low temperatures
Temperature,

20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300

o 300
a.
CO

MIL-HDBK5
per ASD-TDR-62-335

Specific heat
J/kg

12
22
35
69
112
157
200
240
276
309
361
400
430
454
473
488
500
510
518
526

Btu/lb

X
\

0.05

CO

0.00291
0.00528
0.00839
0.01663
0.02680
0.03754
0.04780
0.05737
0.06607
0.07381
0.08632
0.09555
0.1029
0.1085
0.1131
0.1167
0.1196
0.1219
0.1239
0.1258

-250

250

500

0.00
750

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : R. W o o d a n d H. O g d e n , T h e All-Beta Titanium Alloy (Ti13V-11Cr-3AI)," DMIC Report 110, D e f e n s e Metals Information
Center, Apr 1 9 5 9

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Instantaneous specific heat

Temperature
J/kg
32
100
200
400
600
800

0
38
93
205
315
425

Specific heat

Btu/lb

0.131
0.128
0.127
0.137
0.160
0.199

548
536
531
573
669
833

S o u r c e : R A W o o d a n d H . R . O g d e n , " T h e A l l - B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy
N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a t 7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F ) for 2 0

(Ti-13V-llCr-3Al)," Defense M e t a l s Information Center, D M I C

m i n , a i r cooled, t h e n a g e d a t 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) for 6 0 h , a i r cooled.

Report 110,17 A p r 1959

Composition: 3.5 w t % Al, 0.04 w t % C, 10.4 w t % C r , 0.25 w t % F e ,

114 p p m H , a n d 1 3 . 9 w t % V. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e
m a d e in t h e temperature range 2 1 to 300 K with temperature in-

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat

c r e m e n t s of 2 t o 7. F o u r t e m p e r a t u r e r e g u l a t i n g b a t h s w e r e u s e d
to cover t h e desired t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e : liquid hydrogen, liquid ni-

Temperature

t r o g e n , solid c a r b o n d i o x i d e / e t h a n o l , a n d i c e w a t e r . M e a s u r e m e n t s
w i t h i n a given b a t h w e r e t a k e n to overlap m e a s u r e m e n t s from t h e

93
205
315
425
540
650

a d j a c e n t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . S o u r c e : W. Z i e g l e r , J . M i l l i n s , a n d S .
H w a , Specific H e a t a n d T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y o f F o u r C o m m e r c i a l
T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , Advances

in Cryogenic

Engineering,

Vol 8, P l e -

n u m Press, 1963, 268

200
400
600
800
1000
1200

Specific heat
Btu/lb
J/kg
532
557
590
615
645
678

S o u r c e : H . W . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , Beta
nium

Alloys

0.127
0.133
0.141
0.147
0.154
0.162
Tita-

in the 80's, R . R . B o y e r a n d H . W . R o s e n b e r g , E d . ,

T M S / A I M E , 1984, 397-400

874 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Thermal
Expansion

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Typical values for thermal expansion between 21 C (70 F)
and temperature indicated

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Mean thermal coefficient of linear

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

1000

12
Temperature
"C

Thermal coefficient

93
205
315
425
540
650

F r o m DMIC R e p o r t 1 1 0 , h 9 5 9

io-*/c

F
200
400
600
800
1000
1200

9.67
9.88
9.99
10.10
10.24
10.44

5.37
5.49
5.55
5.61
5.69
5.80

Source: H . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , i n Beta nium Alloys

in the 1980's, R. B o y e r a n d H. Rosenberg, Ed.,
TMS/AIME, 397

-250

250

750

500

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to indicated temperature

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal expansion

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-400

Temperature, F
-400

600
800
1000

M e a n coeffici jnt from t e m p e r a ! u r e i n d i c a t e d

LIVE GRAPH

-200

200

400

300

-200

-100

100

Solution treated bar

-0.05

Click here to view

-0.1

RT

-0.15r-

Interior from 3 8 C ( 1 0 0 F )
E x p a n s i o n (%) = 1 0 0 ( L

Exterior from 3 8 =C ( 1 0 0 F)
-270
-300

300

S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 3 ,

Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 6

Thermal

-180

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Conductivity

-L^/L^

-0.2

1 C (35 F)

-90
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

90

1 9 m m (0.750 in.) d i a m b a r solution t r e a t e d 7 7 0 C (1425 F), AC.

S o u r c e : V. ef al., T h e r m a l Expansion of S o m e Engineering Materials from 2 0 to 2 9 3 K, Cryogenics, Vol 2(No. 4), June 1962, reMaterials Data Handbook, Vol 1, F.
ported in Cryogenics
Schwartzberg, R. H e r z o g , S . O s g o o d , a n d M. Knight, AFML-TR-64280,1970, 739

Room-Temperature Value. 6.9 W/m (4.0

Btu/ft h F).

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity at low temperatures

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity at various temperatures

Temperature

93
205
315
425
540
650

200
400
600
800
1000
1200

Conductivity
W/m
Btu/ft h
9.69
12.02
14.53
17.12
19.81
22.57

Source: H . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , i n Beta
nium

Alloys

in the

1980's,

TMS/AIME, 1984, 397

5.60
6.95
8.40
9.90
11.45
13.05
Tita-

R. B o y e r a n d H . R o s e n b e r g , Ed.,

Temperature,

T h e r m a l conductivity
W/m
Btu/ft h-TP
8.02
7.67
6.23
5.90
2.94
1.11
1.09
0.92
0.92
1.08
1.09

296.65
283.96
223.90
212.78
82.06
25.37
25.34
23.91
23.89
24.96
24.96
Source: Advances

in Cryogenic

Engineering,

Ed., P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 6 3 , 2 7 2

4.63
4.43
3.60
3.41
1.69
0.64
0.63
0.53
0.53
0.62
0.63
Vol 8, Timmerhaus,

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7875

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
0

500

1000

1 4

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Mechanical Properties
Design
Allowables

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: S-basis design tensile properties

Thickness
mm
in.

Condition
Annealed sheet, strip, and plate per MIL-T9046
STA sheet, strip, and plate per MIL-T-9046
Annealed bar per MIL-T-9047
STA bar per MIL-T-9047 with cross sections
<103cm (16in. )
2

0.3-1.24

0.012-0.049

1.25-100
<100
<175
<100

0.050-4.00
<4.00
<7.00
<4.00

Ultimate tensile
strength(a)
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength(a)
ksi
MPa

910

870

862(b)
1172(b)
862(d)
1172(d)

132
125(b)
170(b)
125(d)
170(d)

827(b)
1103(b)
827(d)
1103(d)

126
120(b)
160(b)
120(d)
160(d)

Elongation(a),
%

Reduction
ofarea(a),

8
10(b)
3-4(c)
10(d)
2-6(e)

25(d)
510(f)

(a) A p p l i c a b l e i n l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d l o n g - t r a n s v e r s e (LT) d i r e c t i o n s e x c e p t a s n o t e d , (b) A l s o a p p l i c a b l e i n s h o r t - t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n , (c) 4 %

e l o n g a t i o n for t h i c k n e s s g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 6 3 5 mm (0.025 in.), (d) A p p l i c a b l e i n L T o r S T d i r e c t i o n if L T o r S T d i m e n s i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n 7 5 m m
(3 i n . ) . ( e ) 2 % e l o n g a t i o n i n t h e L T a n d S T d i r e c t i o n s , (f) 5 % r e d u c t i o n of a r e a i n L T a n d S T d i r e c t i o n s . S o u r c e : M T L - H D B K 5 , I D e c 1 9 9 1

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: S-basis bearing, compressive, and shear strengths of sheet and plate
Property
Annealed 1.25 to 100 m m (0.50 to 4.00 in.) thick
Compressive yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Ultimate shear strength, MPa (ksi)
Ultimate bearing strength, MPa (ksi)
Bearing yield strength, MPa (ksi)
STA <100 m m (<4.00 in.) thick
Compressive yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Ultimate shear strength, MPa (ksi)
Ultimate bearing strength, MPa (ksi)
Bearing yield strength, MPa (ksi)

Source: MIL-T-9046 a n d M I L - H D B K 5

Test c o n d i t i o n
L,LT ST
elD
elD
e/D
e/D

= 1.5
= 2.0
= 1.5
= 2.0

L,LT ST
elD
elD
elD
e/D

= 1.5
= 2.0
= 1.5
= 2.0

827
634
1427
1861
1165
1379

(120)
(92)
(207)
(270)
(169)
(200)

1117
724
1710
2158
1496
1703

(162)
(105)
(248)
(313)
(217)
(247)

876 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Hardness

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Knoop and Rockwell hardness

Condition

Knoop hardness

Unwelded sheet, 965 MPa (140 ksi) UTS

Single-bead weld, 950 MPa (138 ksi) UTS
S o u r c e : Metals

Handbook,

Properties

Rockwell C hardness

300
320
and Selection:

Stainless

Steels, Tool Materials,

30.6
30.1
and Special-Purpose

Materials,

Vol 3 , 9 t h e d . , A m e r i c a n

S o c i e t y for M e t a l s , 1980, 3 6 8

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Vickers hardness of weldments

Post-weld
heat treatment

Hardness(a), HV
HAZ

Base metal

As welded
Weld+2h315 C(600F)
Weld+4h315C(600F)
Weld+8h315C(600F)

280
257
287
265

Weld zone

278
287
291
281

253
315
368
383

N o t e : S p o t w e l d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y h a r d n e s s t e s t i n g a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e w e l d n u g g e t . T h e h a r d n e s s s u r v e y indicated
t h a t d e c o m p o s i t i o n t a k e s p l a c e a f t e r s h o r t - t e r m t h e r m a l e x p o s u r e a t 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F). I n c r e a s e i n h a r d n e s s i s confined to t h e w e l d m e t a l , (a)
150-gload. Source: DMIC Report 110,1959

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rockwell hardness v s reduction

of area at room temperature

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rockwell hardness v s aging time

50

-*

Shear formed

- 3 0 0 C (570 F)

LIVE GRAPH

" 3 5 0 C (660 F)

Click here to view

- 4 0 0 C (750 F)
- 4 5 0 C (840 F)
;45h

--_____J

- 5 0 0 C (930 F)

40
I

30 / _

35r-

ST

R e d u c e d + a g e 4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC

R e d u c e d + S T 7 7 0 C (1425 F),
A C + a g e 4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC

30
20

25
10

100

1000

Aging time, h
T h e rapid i n c r e a s e in h a r d n e s s that follows t h e initial s t a g e s of aging
o c c u r s a t t i m e s corresponding to t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e p h a s e .
Strips from s h e e t w e r e v a c u u m a n n e a l e d at 8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F) for
a b o u t 4 h a n d cold rolled to a thickness of 0.4 m m ( 0 . 0 1 5 in.). C o u p o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d from rolled material a n d solution t r e a t e d a t 8 0 0
C ( 1 4 7 0 F) for 9 0 min in purified helium, t h e n q u e n c h e d in water,
oil o r air. S e v e r a l c o u p o n s w e r e solution treated a t 9 0 0 C (1650 F)
a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d . Aging w a s d o n e in salt b a t h s held a t 2 5 0 t o
5 0 0 C ( 4 8 0 t o 9 3 0 F) to 1000 h.
S o u r c e : G.H. N a r a y a n a n a n d T. Archbold, Decomposition of t h e
M e t a s t a b l e B e t a P h a s e in t h e All-Beta Alloy Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI, Metall.
Trans., Vol 1 , 1 9 7 0 , 2281 -2290

25

50

75

Reduction, %
S o u r c e : F. J a c o b s , "Mechanical Properties of Materials Fabricated by
S h e a r Forming," A S D TDR-62-830, Feb 1963, reported in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3713, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , p 5

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 877

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Hardness at low temperatures

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-400

-300

-200

-100

100

LIVE GRAPH
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300|
-270

-180

-90

90

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
1.5 m m (0.060 in.) s h e e t solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d .
S o u r c e : L. Rice, T h e Evaluation of t h e Effects of Very Low Temp e r a t u r e s o n t h e Properties of Aircraft a n d Missile Metals," WADD
T R 60-254, F e b 1 9 6 0 , reported in Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, Vol 1, F. S c h w a r t z b e r g , R. Herzog, S. O s g o o d , a n d M. Knight,
Ed., A F M L - T R - 6 4 - 2 8 0 , 1 9 7 0 , 7 3 6

Typical Tensile Properties

See also "Heat Treatmenf' for tensile properties.
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical RT tensile properties of bar, rod, and wire

Diameter
mm
in.

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition

Annealed or annealed + aged

0.750
64 h, 480 C (900 F) + 1 h, 565 C (1050 F)
19
14
0575
Annealed
48h,480C(900F)
72h,480C(900F)
0.257
6.5
Annealed
48h,480C(900F)
72h,480C(900F)
Cold worked or cold worked + aged
0.062
Cold drawn, 92%
1.5
92% + 24 h, 370 C (700 F)
92% + 24 h, 425 C (800 F)
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium.

Alloys,

1289
993
1365
1461
1034
1420
1475

187
144
198
212
150
206
214

1751
1999
2151

254
290
312

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
1213
986
1206
1296
993
1289
1344

176
143
175
188
144
187
195

Elongation,
%
5.0
22.5
8.0
6.0
23.3
10.0
6.7
4.0
8.0
4.0

M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT tensile properties of forged and heat treated bars

Bar size
mm
in.

4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F )
aging
treatment, h

Direction

150

48

100

48

75

48

30
50

30

30

1.2

20

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1264
1297
1474
1396
1478
1462
1438
1407
1368
1340
1424

183.3
188.1
213.9
202.5
214.4
212.1
208.6
204.1
198.5
194.4
206.6

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset)
MPa
ksi
1153
1169
1388
1307
1369
1364
1341
1288
1241
1232
1290

C e n t e r of b a r s a m p l e s . B a r s a g e d d i r e c t l y from f o r g i n g o p e r a t i o n . S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

Laboratories, 1972, 38

167.2
169.6
201.3
189.6
198.6
197.9
194.6
186.9
180.0
178.7
187.2
Alloys,

Elongation,

%
8.0
8.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
3.0
6.5
5.0
7.0
5.0
10.0

Reduction
of a n

%
13.7
8.5
11.6
12.4
9.3
6.2
8.5
12.0
10.0
12.0
15.8

MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus

878 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical tensile strength after aging

1600

4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0
Aging

220

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1400

|200

180
12001-

4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)
5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 ^FJ

Aging^-^Aging

160-

140 5

- 2 0

800
25

50

75

100

Aging time, h
Effect of a g i n g time on t h e tensile strength of longitudinal s h e e t .
S o u r c e : R A Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Effect of
Cold Work

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Effect of cold work on tensile properties of STA sheet

Cold
reduction,
%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
S o u r c e : Alloy Digest,

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Tensile y i e l d
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

924
1013
1117
1206
1289
1372
1434
1489
1537

903
951
1013
1103
1193
1268
1337
1399
1482

134
147
162
175
187
199
208
216
223

131
138
147
160
173
184
194
203
215

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),
%

Reduction
of area,

25
17
12
8
6
6
5
4
2

50
42
36
32
28
25
22
22
16

Code Ti-28

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Wire s i z e n o t reported.
S o u r c e : R A Wood, S e i a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

T i - 1 3 V - 1 1 C r - 3 A I / 879

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Aged tensile strengths of strained
sheet

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Aged UTS after reduction
2000

9 0 % cold work

o-|280

5 0 % cold work

260
in,

1 0 % cold work

1600
220
1400

200

240
-I2 2 0

180 =

1200
"Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h

200

<

S 10001
55

180

1000h

140

120
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

100

2 m m ( 0 . 0 8 0 in.)

600

50

Aging time, h

16

12

Prestrain, %

Wire s i z e not reported, a g e d at 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F).

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Notched
Strength

120

1 m m ( 0 . 0 4 0 in.)

140

800
0

0.6 m m ( 0 . 0 2 5 in.)

800

0 % cold work

Sheet thickness:

160
3

160

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

Effect of straining after solution t r e a t m e n t o n t h e s u b s e q u e n t a g e d

properties of s h e e t a g e d 7 2 h at 4 8 0 C (900 F).
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e f a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Notched tensile properties of cold worked sheet

Cold work
%

MPa

- 6 5 F T e s t s
Notched/
unnotched
ksi
ratio

None
10
20
40
60
80

1558
1523
1634
1710
1710
1668

226
221
237
248
248
242

Notched
strength

1.03
1.19
1.25
1.18
1.09
1.01

MPa
1199
1255
1344
1482
1586
1586

Room-temperature tests
Notched
Notched/
strength
unnotched
ksi
ratio
174
182
195
215
230
230

1.24
1.20
1.16
1.08
1.12
1.02

N o t e : S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d s h e e t w a s cold w o r k e d a s i n d i c a t e d . S o u r c e : T h e A l l - B e t a Alloy T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l , " D M I C 110, R. W o o d a n d H . O g d e n ,

Ed., Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1959, 79

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Notch strength ratio of sheet after

cold rolling

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT notch strength of ST sheet

E x p o s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e , F

1.2

500

600

700

LIVE GRAPH

800

900

1000

1100

Longitudinal

Click here to view

Q-4I

10

20

30

40

50

Cold r e d u c t i o n , %
S h e e t 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) thick w a s solution treated. Notch radius
w a s l e s s t h a n 0.0178 m m (0.0007 in.) for 6 0 notch o n two s i d e s .
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W. Brown, Jr., Influence of Cold Rolling a n d
Aging o n S h a r p Notch Properties of B e t a Titanium S h e e t , Proc.
ASTM, Vol 6 2 , 1 9 6 2 , 8 6 9 ; a l s o in A Review of Factors Influencing
the Crack Tolerance of Titanium Alloys, J . S h a n n o n , Jr., a n d W.
Brown, Jr., Ed., ASTM S T P 4 3 2 , ASTM, 1 9 6 8 , 3 3

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

E x p o s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e , C
S h e e t 1.3 m m (0.050 in.) thick w a s solution h e a t treated, t h e n exp o s e d at t h e e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s indicated.
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W. Brown, Jr., A Review of Factors Influencing the Crack Tolerance of Titanium Alloys, J . S h a n n o n , Jr., a n d W.
Brown, Jr., Ed., ASTM S T P 4 3 2 , ASTM, 1 9 6 8 , 3 3

880 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature Strength

Tensile
Strength

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Tensile properties vs temperature of aged specimens

lest
temperature
C
F
21
93
205
315
425
540

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi

70
200
400
600
800
1000

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest,

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

MPa

204
191.5
182
177
155
114

1406
1320
1255
1220
1068
786

1275
1158
1041
986
937
672

Elongation
i n 5 0 m m (2 in.),

M o d u l u s of
elasticity
10 psi
GPa

6
7
8
10
10
12

185
168
151
143
136
97.5

107
106
102
98
95
92

15.6
15.4
14.8
14.3
13.8
13.4

C o d e Ti-27

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Tensile properties v s temperature of annealed sheet and bar

Test
temperature
C
F
21
93
205
315
425
540

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

70
200
400
600
800
1000

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest,

920
862
841
793
851
696

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

133.5
125
122
115
123.5
101

903
817
765
668
717
655

Elongation
i n 50 m m
(2in.),%

131
118.5
111
97
104
95

M o d u l u s of
elasticity
GPa
10 psi
6

21
21
23
23
18
34

101
98
96
91
85
80

14.7
14.3
14.0
13.2
12.4
11.6

C o d e Ti-27

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical tensile properties v s temperature

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TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Strength v s temperature of STA
sheet (design allowables)

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
0

Temperature, F

500

1000

200

2000

600

800

1000

100

Annealed UTS
J

400

Aged UTS

1500
2 0 0 -*
Aged YS

80h

4. iooo
Annealed YS ^ - - - o ^ I ^ - - - - - - - .
100

60h

500

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

40
-250

250

500

750

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Annealed/solution h e a t treated a n d solution h e a t t r e a t e d + 4 8 0 C
(900 F) a g e d conditions of s h e e t .
S o u r c e : R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

200

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Strength at t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 1/2 h.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

600

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 881

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Strength vs temperature of annealed sheet (design allowables)

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
200

400

600

800

1000

LIVE GRAPH
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sol
0

I
120

240

360

480

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Strength a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 1/2 h.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Bearing

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: STA high-temperature bearing strength

Strength
Bearing
strength
e/d=l,L
Ultimate
Yield
eld=VS,T
Ultimate
Yield
e/d=2,0,L
Ultimate
Yield
<r/d=Z0,T
Ultimate
Yield

2 6 C

(80 F)

9 3 C

( 2 0 0 F)

205 "C

S t r e n g t h , M P a (ksi), at:
( 6 0 0 F ) 4 2 5 C
(400F)
3 1 5 C

(800F)

( 1 0 0 0 1

1634
1324

(237)
(192)

1496
1193

(217)
(173)

1413
1179

(205)
(171)

1386
1144

(201)
(166)

1344
1137

(195)
(165)

1179
951

(171)
(138)

1606
1310

(233)
(190)

1503
1227

(218)
(178)

1420
1179

(206)
(171)

1386
1165

(201)
(169)

1330
1144

(193)
(166)

1137
937

(165)
(136)

2123
1544

(308)
(224)

1930
1386

(280)
(201)

1840
1413

(267)
(205)

1806
1392

(262)
(202)

1772
1351

(257)
(196)

1510
1144

(219)
(166)

2096
1572

(304)
(228)

1944
1448

(282)
(210)

1848
1420

(268)
(206)

1806
1420

(262)
(206)

1751
1358

(254)
(197)

1551
1137

(225)
(165)

N o t e : S T A s h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 i n . ) t h i c k ; p i n d i a m e t e r , d, w a s 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 0 i n . ) . S o u r c e : R A . Wood, Beta Titanium

telle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Bearing yield strength vs temperature of STA sheet

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
200
400
600

LIVE GRAPH
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1800
1700
-100

540 C

100

200

300

400

500

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e bearing yield strength of s h e e t s o lution h e a t t r e a t e d + a g e d 7 2 h a t 4 2 5 C (800 F). 1.2 m m (0.048
in.); pin diameter, d, w a s 6 m m (0.250 in.). e / D = 2 . 0 .
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Alloys,

MCIC-72-11, Bat-

882 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: High-temperature compressive strength

Compressive
and
Shear
Strengths

Sheet
thickness

0.6

0.063

Annealed

0.040

Aged 50 h, 425 C
(800 F)

0.025

Aged 100 h, 425 C

(800 F)

S o u r c e : R A . W o o d , Beta Wtanium

Alloys,

op

Condition
1.6

Compressive yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
ksi
MPa

Test
temperature
26
93
205
315
425
540
23
315
425
23
315
425

80
200
400
600
800
1000
74
600
800
74
600
800

131
118
109
104
100
90
144
111
103
155
122
111

903
813
751
717
689
620
993
765
710
1068
841
765

MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Shear strength of annealed bar and sheet

Form
13 m m (0.500 in.) bar
1.6mm(0.063ui.)sheet

- 5 3 C

(-65 F)

2 4 C

( 7 5 F)

9 3 "C

834
...

(121)
...

758
723

(110)
(105)

717
703

S o u r c e : R A Wood, Beta Titanium

Alloys,

U l t i m a t e s h e a r s t r e n g t h M P a (ksi). at:
( 2 0 0 F ) 2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F ) 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F )
(104)
(102)

662
655

MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

(96)
(95)

634
620

(92)
(90)

4 2 5 C

( 8 0 0 F)

5 4 0 C

(1000 F)

606
600

(88)
(87)

510

(74)

TM3V-11Cr-3AI/883

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Compressive and shear strengths
of STA sheet v s temperature (design allowables)

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Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Shear strength v s temperature

Temperature, F

Test temperature, F
0

-100

200

400

100

200

600

300

800

400

200

1000

500

600

120

Test temperature, C

400

600

240

800

360

1000

480

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Strength a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 112 h.

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Compressive and shear strengths

200

Temperature, F
400
600
800

1000

LIVE GRAPH
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120

240

360

480

Temperature, C
Design allowables for a n n e a l e d s h e e t a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 1/2 h.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Creep Properties
Creep
Deformation

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep data for annealed sheet

Creep-exposure conditions

Temperature

150

300

205

400

260

500

315

600

MPa

Stress

60
60
90
100
40
40
80
90
30
30

413
413
620
689
275
275
551
620
207
207

(a) N e g a t i v e s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s . S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium

ksi

Alloys,

Test

Total plastic

duration,
h

deformation,
%

500
500
474
496
500
500
547
305
500
500

-0.3(a)
-0.2(a)
0.15
0.19
-0.2(a)
-0.4(a)
0.02
0.15
0.2
0.8

M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

884 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep data for STA sheet

Creep test
temperature
op

26
93
205
260
300

80
200
400
500
575

315

600

330
425

625
800

Creep
stress
MPa

ksi

1034
965
896
724
448
689
655
689
758
448
448
551

150
140
130
105
65
100
95
100
110
65
65
80

Test
duration,
h
500
500
500
1502
1503
1507
1502
712
500
100
500
10

Minimum

Total plastic
deformation,

creep rate,

%/h
0.000012
0.000010
0.000024

0.016
0.031
0.075
0.050
0.070
0.100
0.110
0.160
0.123
0.000
3.020
0.150

0.000018
0.000040
0.003000

N o t e : S h e e t 0.9 m m ( 0 . 0 3 6 in.) thick aged for 9 6 h at 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F). Source: R A Wood, Beta Titanium

Alloys,

MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-

l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

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S o u r c e : A. Blatherwick a n d A. C e r s , "Fatigue, C r e e p , a n d S t r e s s R u p t u r e Properties of Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI Titanium Alloy (B-120VCA),"

AFML-TR-66-293,1966

1.6 m m (0.064 in.) s h e e t a g e d for 5 0 h at 4 7 0 C (875 F).

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e t a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7 885

Creep Stability

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep stability for annealed sheet

Annealed Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI has good creep resistance at high stress levels up to 260 C (500 F), but would not ordinarily be
used above 315 C (600 F) because of instability.
Creep-exposure conditions

150

300

205

400

260

500

315

600

Test
duration,
h

Stress

Temperature
"C
F

ksi

MPa
413
413
620
689
275
275
551
620
207
207

60
60
90
100
40
40
80
90
30
30

RT elongation

Total p l a s t i c
deformation,

after exposure,

500
500
474
496
500
500
547
305
500
500

Remarks

24
23
20
23
25
23
18
20
1.2
1.5

-0.3(a)
-0.2(a)
0.15
0.19
-0.2(a)
-0.4(a)
0.02
0.15
0.2
0.8

Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Unstable
Unstable

(a) N e g a t i v e s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s . Source: R. Wood a n d H . Ogden, T h e A l l - B e t a T i t a n i u m A l l o y Ti- 13V- l l C r - 3 A l , " D M I C Report 110, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 5 9 , 1 0 9

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep stability of STA sheet

Creep exposure of 1000 h at 315 C (600 F) and 690 MPa (100 ksi)

Aging
treatment

Creep
strain,
%

Prestrain(a),
%

480C(900Fy36h

0
0
8
0
0
8

480C(900F)/12h

0.079
0.084
0.097
0.114
0.109
0.127

Minimum creep
rate,
%/h

Room-temperature elongation,%
After
No
exposure
exposure(b)

0.000018
0.000020
0.000025
0.000057
0.000054
0.000055

6
5
...
7
7
5

5.3
5.3
5.7
8.3
8.3
5.0

N o t e : S h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) thick w a s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d at 4 8 0 C (900 F) for 1 2 or 3 6 h, a s indicated, (a) N o m i n a l a m o u n t of

s t r e t c h prior to a g i n g to s i m u l a t e f o r m i n g s t r a i n s , (b) A v e r a g e properties. Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C. Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of
B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Contractor R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1 9 8 3 , 15

Fatigue Properties

RoomTemperature
S/N Curves

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rotating beam fatigue of bar at

room temperature
100

700
600r-

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

" '"
Smooth

900-

80

800-

70

700-

60

600-

Runout

Notched
K , = 3.9

40
30

1000

90

50
_

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Tension-tension fatigue of wire at

room temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

500400-

1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled

300-

1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled

( 1 6 2 0 MPa, 2 3 5 ksi, UTS)

20

( t e s t e d in artificial s e a w a t e r )

20010*

10

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure
1 7 . 5 m m (0.69 in.) diam b a r solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d .
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled + a g e d 8 h 4 0 0 C (750 F)

100-

( 1 8 6 0 MPa, 2 7 0 ksi, UTS)

L
10

ml

10"

10

10

10'

Cycles
1570 cycles.min, R= 0 . 9 5 , A = 0.025.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , 5 9

886 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT axial fatigue of annealed

smooth specimens in air
1000

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: RT axial fatigue of annealed

notched specimens in air

800

-1.00

0.00

~~*" Run-out

350|

140

S t r e s s ratio

;=3.0

300 -

120

0.00
-1.00

600

V.

80
400

S t r e s s ratio'

100

60
40

1 -

20

150

^^^^

200h

30

20

co
5

10

id

10

10

10

10

10

10*

F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

__

10

'

10

10'

10

F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

S p e c i m e n s from a n n e a l e d s h e e t , longitudinal direction, with a n ultim a t e tensile strength of 9 5 5 M P a ( 1 3 8 . 5 ksi) a n d tensile yield
strength of 9 1 5 M P a (132.8 ksi). S t r e s s e s a r e b a s e d on net section,
3 6 0 0 cycles/min. U n n o t c h e d 7 m m (0.30 in.) wide, s p e c i m e n s a s
m a c h i n e d , e d g e s polished with e m e r y p a p e r .
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5,1 D e c 1991

HighTemperature
S/N Curves

H40

* " Run-out

50

Longitudinal s p e c i m e n s from 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) a n n e a l e d sheet,

with a n ultimate tensile strength of 9 5 5 M P a (138.5 ksi) and tensile
yield strength of 9 1 5 M P a (132.8 ksi). S t r e s s e s a r e b a s e d on net
section 3 6 0 0 cycles/min. S p e c i m e n s h a d 11 m m (0.448 in.) gross
width, 7 m m (0.300 in.) n e t width, 0.5 m m (0.022 in.) root radius and
6 0 flank a n g l e , a n d w e r e a s m a c h i n e d , e d g e s polished with emery
paper.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: High-temperature fatigue of STA bar in air

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100

315C(600F)

4 2 5 C (800 F)

3 1 5 C (600 F)

; = 1 .

; =

3.0
2 3 C ( 7 5 F)

2 3 C (75 F)

315C(600F)

4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

=-1.0

10
10

10

10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

Bar a g e d 7 2 h at 4 8 0 C (900 F) to 1 1 8 5 to 1 3 4 5 M P a (172 to 1 9 5 ksi) yield strength.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

10

10

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/887

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Axial fatigue at 315 C of annealed
sheet

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Axial fatigue at 425 C of annealed
sheet

700

700

CO
a.
2 500
<o

500

(0
<D

300r315C(600F)

200-

in a i r

200

30
10*

10

10

10

.
>v

10

x ^

X^

xL

.90
" 80
H70

|60

H50
-W0

4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F ) in a i r

10*

100

100

10

\ =
0

-1.00
0.00

~~*" Run-out

to 4 0 0

3
I 300co

400

Constant-Life
Diagrams

600 -

600

10'

S t r e s s ratio

10

10

10

10

F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

S m o o t h 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) longitudinal s p e c i m e n from a n n e a l e d

s h e e t , with a n ultimate tensile strength of 8 0 0 M P a (116 ksi) a n d a
tensile yield strength of 7 0 7 M P a (102.61 ksi). 3 6 0 0 cycles, /min.
U n n o t c h e d s p e c i m e n , 7 m m (0.300 in.) wide, a s m a c h i n e d , e d g e s
polished with e m e r y paper.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Smooth 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) longitudinal s p e c i m e n s from a n n e a l e d

s h e e t , with a n ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h of 7 9 8 M P a (115.8 ksi) a n d a
tensile yield strength of 7 0 0 M P a (98.61 ksi). 3 6 0 0 cycles/min. Unnotched s p e c i m e n , 7 m m ( 0 . 3 0 0 in.) wide, a s machined, e d g e s polished with e m e r y paper.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Constant-life axial fatigue at RT

4.0
-0.6

2.33
-0.4

1.5
-0.2

A=l
R=0

0.67
0.2

0.43
0.4

0.25
0.6

0.
0.8

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

M i n i m u m S t r e s s , ksi
Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d s h e e t . U T S , 1 2 0 3 M P a (174.5 ksi); T Y S , 1 0 8 0 M P a (156.7 ksi); 3 6 0 0 cycles/min, longitudinal, e d g e polished.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e i a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, 5 7

0
I.O

888 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fracture Properties

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

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T1-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Plane-strain fracture toughness

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Charpy impact toughness

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , ksi

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
-300 -200 -100
25

0
1

100

200

300

400

170

500
1

180

190

200

210

Charpy
20|

co 1 5

5>10

9-

/ A n n e a l e d 1 9 m m ( 0 . 7 5 in.) b a r

V-notch
/

HIS

"

A g e d 7 2 h, 4 5 5 C ( 8 5 0 F) b a r '

10

A g e d 4 8 h, 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F) b a r A n n e a l e d 1 3 m m ( 0 . 5 in.) p l a t e

-200

'

-100

<

100

200

1100

300

1200

1300

1400

1500

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e t a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Aging condition not specified.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness v s yield

strength

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness after working and aging

LIVE GRAPH

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , ksi
170

180

190

Click here to view

100

125

H o u r s a g i n g at 4 8 0 C (900 F)
for 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) s h e e t

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100

100
80
0_

75I
60

it

50
40
25
1200

1250

1300

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , M P a
1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) s h e e t a g e d at 4 8 0 C (900 F).
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W.F. Brown, Jr., "Influence of C o l d Rolling a n d
Aging o n S h a r p - N o t c h Properties of Beta Titanium S h e e t , " NASA
Lewis P a p e r E - 1 2 7 4 , 1 9 6 1 , reported in Beta Titanium Alloys, RA.
W o o d , MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

10
20
30
40
Cold reduction prior t o a g i n g , %

50

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 889

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kb fracture toughness v s sheet
thickness

Click here to view

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness vs sheet
thickness

T h i c k n e s s , in.
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

T h i c k n e s s , in.
0.12

0.14

120

100

100

-?
CO
0.

5
*

Single s h e e t m a c h i n e d

60

0.08

80

Single s h e e t rolled
^ N T "i

0.06

85

Only

so

0.04
1

100
L

0.02
1

0.1
"

0.12

0.14

90

* 7 5 m m (3 in.) wide - 80

2 5 m m (1 in.) wide
70

70

- 60

<
V

55

40

40
20

20

50 *

*
40

|40
0

30

25
Thickness, mm

Thickness, mm

S p e c i m e n s w e r e a g e d at 4 8 0 C (900 F) for 7 2 h to a c h i e v e yield

strength of 1172 to 1 3 1 0 M P a (170 to 190 ksi).
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o , M. J o n e s , a n d W.F. Brown, Jr., "Influence of
S h e e t T h i c k n e s s o n t h e S h a r p E d g e Notch Properties of a Beta Titanium Alloy a t R o o m a n d Low T e m p e r a t u r e s , " NASA Lewis P a p e r
E - 1 2 7 4 , 1 9 6 1 ; reported in Beta Alloys, R. W o o d , MCIC-7211, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

S p e c i m e n s w e r e a g e d 7 2 h a t 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F) to 1172 to 1310 M P a
(170 to 1 9 0 ksi) yield strength.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13-11-3: Tensile ductility

Ti-13-11-3: Elongation

Deformation

Test temperature, F
0

500

Temperature,

1000
'

500

1000

1500

2000

100

h-strainte tests 1

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V

80

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

A i n e a l e d elon g a t i o n

30

60

4 0

20
/

g e d e l o n g a ion

10

\ ^3

-cr

0
-200

200

400

600

800

Test temperature, C
Tensile ductility of s h e e t v s test t e m p e r a t u r e .
A n n e a l e d solution h e a t t r e a t e d a n d solution h e a t t r e a t e d plus 4 8 0
C (900 F) a g e d conditions.

LIVE GRAPH
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400

800

1200

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Handbook,

890 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-13-11-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for

annealed sheet

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-13-11-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for

STA sheet

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

1000

93 > 205 C
c

RT

Click here to view

R
-

1200

2 0 5 C

93 C

800
150

600

///

35

400|

Mr//

315 C
\

3 1 !5 C
425

425 C

- 100

v""

\
540 C

200

540 C

- 50

0.004

0.008
0.012
Strain, m m / m m

0.016

0.02

Longitudinal and long-transverse s p e c i m e n s of a n n e a l e d s h e e t after 112 h e x p o s u r e at temperature.

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5,1 D e c 1991

0.004

0.008
0.012
Strain, m m / m m

0.02

0.016

Solution treated a n d a g e d s h e e t (longitudinal a n d long-transverse)

after 1/2 h e x p o s u r e at t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Commercially important metastable and

near- alloys respond well to thermomechanical
processing (TMP) and several complex thermomechanical processing routes have been simplified for commercial practice. With this alloy
class, thermomechanical processing is focused on
optimal combinations of high strength, good fract u r e toughness, and ductility. All of these alloys
possess superior high-cycle fatigue properties due
to the refined nature of their microstructures. Several of these alloys have been successfully direct
aged, thereby achieving even finer microstruct u r e s and improved smooth and notched fatigue
properties.
Supra-transus forging processes prevail in this
class of materials, except for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, in
which the combination of supra- and subtransus
working is used to produce desired properties
through phase manipulation and control. With
t h e exception of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al none of these alloys respond to thermomechanical processing to
improve fracture-related properties, because
morphology cannot be modified to the extent possible in + alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al may offer the
broadest range of engineering properties for this
class of alloys. All of these alloys are ideal for use in
structural applications where durability is the
critical design criterion.
Ti-13-11-3 is a very high strength, metastable
alloy whose primary commercial applications in
forgings are aerospace components, pressure vessels, and corrosion-resistant applications. The alloy can be fabricated into all forging product types,
although closed die forgings predominate. -1311-3 is commercially fabricated on all types of forg-

ing equipment.
Ti-13-11-3 is a moderately forgeable alloy
(when forged above the transus), with higher
unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeability, and less crack sensitivity in forging than the alloy Ti-6A1-4V. Due to the high alloying content
of Ti-13-11-3, its flow stresses are among the highest of commonly forged titanium alloys, more than
double that of the near- alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The
desired final microstructure from Ti-13-11-3 forging processing is transformed with a fine recrystallized prior grain size in preparation for final
thermal treatments. Thus, Ti-13-11-3 is typically
forged above its transus through one or more forging operations. Reheating for subsequent forging
operations recrystauizes the alloy, thus refining
prior beta grain size. Ti-13-11-3 maybe subtransus
(a + ) forged in final stages, with a significant increase in unit pressure requirements, to accomplish further recrystallization during heat treatment.
Final thermal t r e a t m e n t s for Ti-13-11-3
forging include solution treatment annealing and
aging. Forgings may be supplied in the solution
treatment annealed (ST) condition and/or fully
aged (STA). In the solution treatment annealed
Ti-13-11-3: Forging process temperatures
Metal

temperature

Process
Beta forge

650-955

1200-1750

N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4 : Forging" for recommended die temperatures.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 891

condition, Ti-13-11-3 h a s lower strengths but

much higher ductility and toughness t h a n in the
STA condition. Solution treatment is conducted at
775 C (1425 F), followed by air cooling. Aging is
conducted at 425 to 480 C (800 to 900 F).
B e t a forging w o r k i n g histories for Ti-13-113 require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of reduc-

Ti-13-11-3: Flow stress comparison at 900 C

Ti-13-11-3: Relative forging pressure comparison

1400

LIVE GRAPH

600

->

Temperature, F
1600
1800
2000
1 - <
1

tion are not recommended. Although Ti-13-11-3 is

cold worked in other product forms (sheet), cold
working is not used for forgings.
Surface Treatment. Ti-13-11-3, as with all
alloys, has a higher affinity for hydrogen t h a n
other alloy classes. Although Ti-13-11-3 forms less
case from heating operations than other alloy
classes, therefore requiring less metal removal in
chemical pickling (milling processes), control of
chemical removal processes is essential to preclude excessive hydrogen pick up.

2200

70
60

Click here to view

50 _
CO

.400
Ti-13V-1 1Cr-3AI
Ti-8 AI-1MO-1

|40|
H40

30

O)

H30

,200

LL

I)

20

4 3 4 0 s eel

TI-6AI-4V at 9 0 0

100

Hio

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Alat815C
_J

800

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI a t 9 0 0 C

-6AI-4V

700

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

10

20

Temperature, C
Effect of forging t e m p e r a t u r e on forging p r e s s u r e .
S o u r c e : A. Sabroff, F. Boulger, a n d H. Henning, Forging
and Practices, Reinhoid, 1968

o5
5

30

40

50

L
60

70

80

90

Strain, %
R o w s t r e s s of c o m m o n l y forged titanium alloys at 10/s strain rate.
Materials

Formability

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13-11-3: Forging pressures

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

600

Ti-13-11-3 normally is fabricated to flat rolled

products in the -phase temperature field. However, t h e final fabrication of sheet by rolling to finish gages is often done cold to obtain improved flatness and gage uniformity. Similarly, in the
production of rod and wire products aimed at
spring manufacture, initial fabrication at elevated
temperatures may be followed by cold working to
improve the finished surface and the mechanical
properties of the finished product.
Although requiring higher work forces, Ti-1311-3 in the solution treated condition is more amenable to cold forming t h a n in any other highstrength titanium alloys. It also has good cold
heading properties. In very severe cold forming
such as spinning or deep drawing, intermediate
anneals may be advisable.
Fonning by all conventional methods is possible.
Although the uniform elongation of Ti-13-11-3
at room temperature is fairly low, bend ductility is
excellent. Flow stresses a t strain rates typical of
stretch forming are high. Thus, although such operations as stretch forming at room temperature
may be difficult even on fully annealed material,

0.6/s
> 7 8 5 C

500

o.c)6/s \
400

> 9 8 0 C

300

^30
>200

100
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Upset reduction, %
S o u r c e : A. Sabroff, F. Boulger, a n d H. Henning. Forging
and Practices, Reinhoid, 1 9 6 8

Materials

operations involving bending are easily performed.

With respect to the effect of warm working after solution treatment on the subsequent aged
properties of Ti-13-11-3, there is little difference
between warm working and cold working. Both operations accelerate aging response.

892 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13-11-3: Formability comparison

Olsen cup height
mm

Material
-70 (commercial purity)
Ti-13-11-3, solution treated
Beta
Solution treated, water quenched
Solution treated, aircooled
Ti-6A1-4V, mill annealed

Tensile yield strength

Transverse bend

in.

radius

(R/t)

MPa

ksi

7.37
6.35

0.290
0.25

2
3

483(a)
827(a)

70(a)
120(a)

8.38
6.35
3.05

0.330
0.25
0.12

2
3.5
4.5

738
883
827(a)

107
128
120(a)

Hardness,
HRC
26
32-36

36

(a) G u a r a n t e e d m i n i m u m

Ti-13-11-3: Stretching and bending strain limit

Ti-13-11-3: Hot forming temperatures for annealed or

solution treated material

0.6
actio i\ forining I mits

Forming temperature
Alloy
CPTi (all grades)

480-705

900-1300

79015
620-815

1450 2 5
1150-1500

79015

1450 2 5

0.5

and near- alloys

0.4

Ti-8Al-lV-lMo
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

0.3
CO

- alloys
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
alloy

Ti- Al-1l\ 10-1V

0.2

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

605-790

Ti-13 V - 1 K : r - 3 A

1125-1450
0.1

Source: "Fabrication P r a c t i c e s for T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys,"

L o c k h e e d Corporate P r o c e s s Specification L C P 7 0 - 1 0 9 9 , R e v i s i o n
B , Lockheed-California C o m p a n y , Oct 1 9 8 3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Bending strain

LIVE GRAPH

Composite of bead forming limits. T h e s e curves indicate that a part

with a stretching strain of 0.1 mm/mm should have a bending strain
of less than 0.1 mm/mm.
Source: R.A. W o o d a n d R . J Favor, Vtanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Click here to view

Bending and Stretching Limits

LIVE GRAPH
Bending
Limits

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Ti-13-11-3: Heel-in bending limit

Click here to view

Ti-13-11-3: Bend radius vs pad pressure
B e n d radius, in.
0.2

M a c h i n e li nit

0.1

Inflection line

0.4

0.6

0.8

500

"

70
60

400

- 50
I

Buckled parts

300!

Ti-13- 11-3

1
- 40

Ti-6-4

TM3V-11C-3AI

30

200

0.01

Go< d p a r t s

100

N\"

I
0.

Ti-6AI-4V

|20
10

0.001
10

100

H/T
Transverse buckling and wrinkling, respectively; are the common
modes of failure in bending heel-out and heel-in channels. T h e principal parameters are the bend radius, R; the channel height, ; the
w e b width, W ; and the material thickness, T.
Source: R.A. W o o d and R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys
Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

10

15

20

25

B e n d radius, mm
Effect of pad pressure o n radii formed in 1.60 mm (0.063 in.) thick
titanium alloy sheets at room temperature.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7893

Ti-13-11-3: Bend radii comparison of annealed or solution treated material

Minimum bend radius as a
function of sheet thickness, t
t<
1.75 m m ( 0 . 0 6 9 i n . )
1.75 m m
<t< 4 . 7 6 m m
(0.069 in.)
(0.1875 in.)

Alloy
CP titanium
ASTM grade 1
ASTM grade 2
ASTM grade 3
ASTM grade 4
alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
- alloys
Ti-6AMV
Ti-6AMVELI
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Ti-3A1-2.5V
Ti-8Mn
alloys
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al

2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5

3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0

4.0
4.0

4.5
4.5

4.5(a)

5.0(b)

4.5
4.5
4.0
4.5
2.5
6.0

5.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
3.0
7.0

3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5

3.5
3.0
4.0
3.5

(a) 4.0 i n t r a n s v e r s e direction, (b) 4.5 i n t r a n s v e r s e direction.

Source: Military S t a n d a r d MLL-T-9046J, U S G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g
Office

Stretching
Limits

Ti-13-11-3: Stretch limits of heel-out sections

Ti-13-11-3: Inboard stretch limits

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

T i - 1 3 V - 11Cr-3AI
-6W

1095C
Ti-6AI-4V, RT

si

260

!
0.1

G o o d parts

6\

Bad parts

\
\

LIVE GRAPH

RT, Ti-1 3 - 1 1 - 3

Click here to view

0.01
1

10
100
P a r t s e c t i o n h e i g h t / material t h i c k n e s s ,
H/T

1000

Linear stretch heel-out a n g l e section (outboard) t e s t results a t elevated temperatures.

Handbook,
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13-11-3: Stretch limit

Condition

Maximum stretch(a)
at480C

Solution treated
Annealed
Annealed
Annealed
Annealed

15.8
15.8
12.6
12.6
15.8

Material
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Tl-8Mn
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-3.25Mn-2.25Al

100, where L = stretched length;

(a) P e r c e n t stretch = (Z^ - L yL
a n d L = original l e n g t h . Source: R A Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
0

0.01

10
100
P a r t section height / material t h i c k n e s s ,
H/T

1000

T h e formability limits for a formed section or extrusion to b e stretch

formed inboard d e p e n d on t h e ductility a n d buckling limits of t h e m a terial. T h e index governing t h e optimum forming t e m p e r a t u r e will
largely d e p e n d o n t h e material thickness, f.
Handbook,
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

894 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-13-11-3: Inboard stretching limits

Click here to view

Ti-13-11-3: Deep drawing limits

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V R T a n d 2 6 0 C
T M 3 V - 1 1Cr-3AI, 2 6 0 C

870

Bad parts
65 3C

0.1

Ti-6AK4V, R T
Ti-13V-11Cr-3

/\

DT

rt I

Good p a r t s /
Al, RT
0.01

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1\
10
100
/, 1 0 9 5 C \ ^
P a r t s e c t i o n height / material t h i c k n e s s ,
H/T

1000

0.1
10

C o m p o s i t e limit c u r v e s for titanium linear-stretch heel-in (inboard)

a n g l e a n d c h a n n e l s e c t i o n s a t various t e m p e r a t u r e s .
Handbook,
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, tanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

1000

100
H/t

T h e important d i m e n s i o n s a r e t h e c u p d e p t h , H, the blank diameter,

D ; a n d t h e inside c u p diameter, Dp. T h e material thickness and the
d r a w radius a r e a l s o important p a r a m e t e r s , but d o not enter into the
formability limits directly.
Analytical extension of deep-draw-limit c u r v e . R =blank radius.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972
B

Spinning, Beading, and Dimpling

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Spinning
Limits

Click here to view

Ti-13-11-3: Elastic buckling limit in spinning

Ti-13-11-3: Spinning limits

Temperature,
500

10

100

1000

C u p h e i g h t / blank t h i c k n e s s , H/T
Plastic buckling, if t h e height-to-radius ratio {HI R) b e c o m e s t o o
large a n d failure b y elastic buckling will o c c u r if t h e height-to-thickn e s s (HIT) b e c o m e s t o o large. T h e position of t h e c u r v e s will vary
according to t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e material a n d t h e forming t e m p e r a ture.
Analytical e x t e n s i o n of spinning-limit curve.
Handbook,
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

200

1000

400

600

1500

800

1000

Temperature, C
T h e c h a n g e toward better formability s t a r t s a r o u n d 5 4 0 C (1000F)
a n d i n c r e a s e s rapidly a r o u n d 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F). T h e latter temperature is approximately t h e highest t e m p e r a t u r e that can b e used witho u t d e g r a d i n g t h e properties of t h e alloys. T h e total time required for
forming m a y also influence the choice of spinning temperature.
Effect of temperature on elastic buckling limit in spinning.
Source: R A Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCICHB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7895

Ti-13-11-3: Manual spinning

L i m i t i n g ratio for alloys indicated(a)
Blank diameter/
Cup height/
mm

Thickness
in.

0.5

0.020

1.6

0.063

3.1

0.125

Blank diameter/
sheet thickness

A M S 4911

A M S 4917

A M S 4911

25
50
100
150
200
25
50
25
50

1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1

0.22
0.22
0.14
0.14
0.07
0.22
0.14
0.14
0.07

1.2
1.2
1.2

A M S 4917
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.14

(a) Alloys A M S 4 9 1 1 a n d A M S 4 9 1 7 for Ti-6A1-4V a n d T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e t e r m c u p d i a m e t e r r e f e r s t o t h e i n s i d e d i a m e t e r ;

t h e c u p h e i g h t i s b a s e d o n t h e o u t s i d e d i m e n s i o n . S o u r c e : R A . W o o d a n d R.J. F a v o r , Titanium Alloys Handbook, M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e Col u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Trapped rubber forming is often used for

forcning beaded panels. The forming limits for
beaded panels are determined by failures resulting from splitting or from buckling. Consequently,
success or failure depends on the ratio of the bead
Ti-13-11-3: Dimpling limit comparison toTi-811

radius to the thickness of the material (R/T), or on

t h e spacing of the beads (R/L). Increasing the forming pressure increases the limiting R/T ratios, and
increasing the forming temperature permits closer
beads in sheets of a particular gage.
Ti-13-11-3: Beading limits

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

^
\

RT \

0.1

54C

"cX^gs^c

\ J

0.01
30

40

60

50

1000

R/T

G o o d p a r t s c a n b e formed for conditions u n d e r t h e c u r v e s , w h e r e a s

split p a r t s c a n b e e x p e c t e d for conditions a b o v e t h e c u r v e s . T h e m a jor failure in dimpling is c a u s e d b y simple tension.
Theoretical relationship b e t w e e n ratio H/R a n d b e n d a n g l e for t h e
dimpling of titanium alloys.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Dimpling
Limits

100

10

Bend angle, d e g r e e s

Although t h e limits apply t o b e a d e d p a n e l s , t h e y c a n b e u s e d with

caution a s guides t o forming other t y p e s of p a r t s with drop h a m mers.
Limits for forming b e a d e d p a n e l s with a d r o p h a m m e r .
S o u r c e : R.A. Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys
Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Dimpling limits
D i m p l i n g l i m i t s , H/R,
for various b e n d angles
above and below standard bend angle

Dimpling
temperature
Material
T1-6AMV
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
T1-8AI-IM0-IV
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
T1-8AI-IM0-IV

Condition
Mill annealed
Aged480 C
Duplex annealed
Solution annealed
Duplex annealed

(F)
RT
RT
RT

650
650

(1200)
(1200)

(standard)
30
2.00
1.58
1.88
2.58
2.30

35
1.5
1.17
1.42
1.95
1.72

40
1.17
0.91
1.08
1.48
1.30

45
0.92
0.73
0.82
1.15
1.00

50
0.74
0.60
0.70
0.96
0.85

N o t e : D i m p l i n g l i m i t s for r a d i a l s p l i t t i n g a t e d g e of h o l e . B e n d a n g l e s a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e s t a n d a r d 40 a n g l e a r e g i v e n . O t h e r c o n d i t i o n s
of h e a t t r e a t m e n t a n d d i m p l i n g a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s w o u l d n e c e s s i t a t e t h e u s e of o t h e r d i m p l i n g l i m i t s . S o u r c e : R A Wood a n d R.J.
F a v o r , Titanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

896 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Heat Treatment
See also "Forging" for heat treatment description.
High strength can be achieved by solution
treating a n d aging of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al. Strength
and ductility combinations from aging and the rate
of aging depend on t h e processing history of the
metal being heat treated. Optimum aged properties are obtained when the prior history of the metal is such t h a t it creates a favorable nucleation distribution. Therefore, some residual strain energy
should promote aging response. Cold working or
warm working can be used to achieve the residual
strain required. Residual strain energy accelerates t h e aging reaction and imparts somewhat better ductility for some strength levels.
S o l u t i o n Treatment. Within the broad solution t r e a t m e n t range of 705 to 1035 C (1300 to
1900 F), there is little change in aging response.
However, long periods at solution temperatures
degrade ductility, presumably from grain growth
and the breakdown of nucleation site distribution.
Water quenching from t h e solution h e a t treatment

temperature does not offer a significant advantage

over air cooling, except where it might aid in removing heat from thick sections.
Weldment S t r e s s Relief. Much of the available data on stress relief annealing pertains to
weldments. Fusion weldments in 6.4 mm (0.250
in.) plate are reported to be stress relieved to zero
residual stress levels by any of the following treatments:
4 h a t 480 C (900 F),AC
1 h at 540 C (1000 F), AC
<30 min at 595 C (1100 F), AC
<30 min at 650 C (1200 F), AC
A 285 C (550 F) preheat on material to be
welded may also reduce residual tensile stresses in
the weldment. It h a s been reported that 15 min
760 C (1400 F) or 5 min 980 C (1800 F) treatments resulted in weld embrittlement (R.A. Wood,
Beta Titanium Alloys, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972, 26).

LIVE GRAPH
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LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13-11-3: Solution treatment and aging

Heat
treatment
Typical solution treatment
Narrow solution treating range
Broad ST range
Aging range
Typical age

Temperature
C

op

>760
775-800
700-1040
425-540
425-510

>1400
1425-1475
1300-1900
800-1000
800-950

Time,
h

Cooling
method

0.25-1
0.25-1
0.25-1

ACorWQ
ACorWC
ACorWQ
AC
AC

20-100

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7897
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LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-13-11-3: Effect of solution temperature on hardness

Ti-13-11-3: Grain size at solution temperatures

Solution temperature, F
1000
500

1200
1400 1600 1800

1
,

450

J_*

350

3001
0.01

Solution treated plus g e d

100 h a t 480 C

<

Solutio treated only, 30 min

250
256

2200

Beta transus 720 C

400
0.1

2000

500

T i m e , min
Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C 72-11, Battelle C o lumbus Laboratories, 1972

1300
700
900
1100
Solution temperature, C
Effect of solution temperature o n the annealed a n d annealed plus
480 C (900 F) a g e d vickers hardness. Hardnesses shown are averages of five impressions, using a 5-kg load.
Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o lumbus Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13-11-3: Effect of working on aging

LIVE GRAPH
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Agi i g a t 4 8 0
|

- \

Agii i g a t ' 8 0 C

C< ild rol e d pi J S ag 3 d

A n r ealed plus ag e d

2 0 0

Warn rolls 120% at 7 ) C

plus aged

-H 1 8 0 |
Wan- rolls d203 at 760 C

11K

plus

160

I Y O U

A n n e a l e d plus a g e d

16

24

32

40

48

r-^

-1140
56

64

C c Id roll 3 d plu s agec

16

72

24

32

40

48

56

64

72

Aging time, h

A g i n g time, h

(b)

(a)

Effect of warm and cold rolling o n longitudinal a g e d tensile properties.

Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13-11-3: Stress relief and annealing treatments

Tempera t i n e
Treatment
Interstage anneal of sheet after severe deftrrnation
Stress relief of ST stock
Typical stress relief
Typical anneal

C
730-760
540(a)
700-785(b)

1350-1400
1000(a)
1300-1450(b)
Same as solution treatment

Duration,
min
15
5-15

Cooling
method
AC
AC
AC
ACorWQ

(a) S t r e s s relief i f a g i n g i s n o t p l a n n e d ; s t r e s s r e l i e f c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d d u r i n g 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F) a g i n g , (b) S t r e s s r e l i e f for m a t e r i a l other t h a n

weldments

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 899

|Ti-15V-3Cr-3AI-3Sn
Common Name: Ti-15-3
UNS Number: Unassigned

Ti-15-3 was developed dviring the 1970's on an

Air Force contract and was later scaled up to produce titanium strip. It is a solute-rich beta titanium alloy developed primarily to lower the cost of
titanium sheet metal p a r t s by reducing processing
cost through the capability of being strip produc-

ible and its excellent room-temperature formability characteristics. It can also be aged to a wide
range of strength levels to meet a variety of applications. Although originally developed as a sheet
alloy, it h a s expanded into other areas such as fasteners, foil, plate, tubing, castings and forgings.

Chemistry
and Density

Ti-15-3 is formulated by depressing the beta

transus with vanadium and chromium additions.
It is less beta-stabilized t h a n Ti-13V-llCr-3Al.

Product
Forms

Ingot, billet, plate, sheet, strip, seamless tube,

castings, and welded tube.

Product
Conditions/
Microstructure

The alloy can be directly aged after forming.

However, strength will vary depending upon the
amount of cold work in the part. Heating times

prior to hot forming should be minimized in order

to prevent appreciable aging prior to forming.

Applications

Ti-15-3 is used primarily in sheet metal applications since it is strip-producible, age-hardenable, and highly cold-formable. It is used in a
variety of airframe applications, in many cases replacing hot-formed Ti-6A1-4V. Ti-15-3 can also be
produced as foil, is an excellent casting alloy, and
has also been evaluated for aerospace tankage applications, high-strength hydrauUc tubing and fasteners.
Airframe S t r u c t u r e s . Ti-15-3 possesses good
potential for lowering t h e manufacturing costs of
titanium airframe structures. Studies on its formability led to use as t h e lower half of the A-10 fuselage frame. Production costs are lower t h a n
those for Ti-6-4. Ti-15-3 welded tubing is used for
pneumatic ducting, a n d Ti-15-3 sheet is formed
into hemispheres and welded to fabricate fire ex-

tinguisher bottles on the Boeing 777. Other potential applications for this material are as seamless
tubing, wire, rivets, and foil for honeycomb structures. High-strength castings are in use.
U s e Limitations. Ti-15-3, like other beta titanium alloys, is highly susceptible to hydrogen
pickup and rapid hydrogen diffusion during heating, pickling, and chemical milling. However, because of t h e much higher solubility of hydrogen in
t h e beta phase t h a n in the alpha phase of titanium,
this alloy has a higher tolerance to hydrogen embrittlement t h a n the alpha or alpha-beta alloys.
Ti-15-3 can be welded in the solution-treated
condition; however, welding is not recommended
after solution treating and aging. Care is necessary in pickling to minimize hydrogen absorption.

Density. 4.76 g/cm (0.172 lb/in. )

3

Ti-15V-3Cr-3AI-3Sn: Specifications and Compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Cr

Fe

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05

Composition, wt%
Sn

Other

USA
AMS 4914
AMS 4914

ShSupSHT
ShStrpSTA

0.13
0.13

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

14-16
14-16

C0.05;OT0.4;balTi
C0.05;OT0.4;balTi

900 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn: Commercial compositions

Specification

Designation

Description

Al

Cr

Fe

Composition, wt%

Other

Sn

Japan
Kobe
Kobe

KS15-3-3-3
KS15-3-3-3

Pit Sh SHT
Pit Sh STA

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05

0.13
0.13

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

14-16
14-16

balTi
balTi

TTMETAL15-3
TTMETAL15-3

StrpPltShFrgSHT
Stop Pit S h F n j STA

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

0.25
0.25

0.015
0.015

0.05
0.05

0.13
0.13

2.5-3.5
2.5-3.5

14-16
14-16

balTi
balTi

USA
Timet
Timet

Phases and Structures

Ti-15-3 can retain a n all-beta structure with

sufficiently rapid cooling (e.g., air cooling of a 6.5mm thick section from the field). Subsequent agGrain
Structure

Ti-15-3: Grain size after full recrystallization of cold

rolled strip

ing produces a fine phase, which is very difficult

to resolve optically as it is extremely fine.
B e t a Transus. 750 to 770 C (1385 to 1415 F)

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-15-3: Annealing time v s recrystallized grain size

LIVE GRAPH
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<

Initial grain s i z e level

10

20

30

40

50

60

i8

70

80

90

10

Rolling r e d u c t i o n , %
S o u r c e : H. O h y a m a a n d Y. Ashida, Estimation of Recrystallized
Grain S i z e U n d e r C o n t i n u o u s Annealing of Cold-Rolled Titanium
Alloy Strip, ISIJ Int., Special I s s u e on R e c e n t A d v a n c e s o n Titanium
Technology, Vol 31 (No. 8), 1 9 9 1 , 8 0 0

Ti-15-3: Measured v s calculated grain size

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

5)40

J20|

S3'

pg

!s?

20

-
0

u
40

60

80

C a l c u l a t e d grain s i z e ,
D=0.80 1 0 f - e x p ( - 1 . 5 0 1 (f/RT),
w h e r e D=grain s i z e in urn;
T= a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , K; t= annealing time, s e c o n d s .
S o u r c e : H. O h y a m a a n d Y. Ashida, Estimation of Recrystallized
Grain S i z e U n d e r C o n t i n u o u s Annealing of Cold-Rolled Titanium
Alloy Strip, ISU Int., Vol 31 (No. 8), 1 9 9 1 , 8 0 2
4

24

1000

8 0 % cold rolled. Unrecrystallized regions w e r e present for annealing t i m e s of 1 s a n d for s e v e r a l s a m p l e s with grain sizes less than 20
urn.
S o u r c e : H. O h y a m a a n d Y. Ashida, Estimation of Recrystallized
Grain S i z e U n d e r C o n t i n u o u s Annealing of Cold-Rolled Titanium
Alloy Strip, ISIJ Int., Special I s s u e on R e c e n t A d v a n c e s on Titanium
Technology, Vol 31 (No. 8), 1 9 9 1 , 801

80

100

A n n e a l i n g time, s

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 901

Transformation
Products

As a solute-rich alloy, Ti-15-3 undergoes a

phase separation into a solute-rich phase () and a
solute-lean phase (') prior to the formation of uniform, needle-like within the '. This uniformly
dispersed provides strengthening, but its formation requires longer aging times because of slower
nucleation kinetics (compared to solute-lean alloys). The refinement of the size and spacing of
precipitates can be achieved by minimizing the
amount of recovery and recrystallization after deformation. Stored energy (deformation) alters the

aging kinetics of uniform and generally produces

a finer precipitate.
An accelerated rate of intragranular formation also reduces the extent of grain boundary
formation. Like other solute-rich alloys, Ti-15-3
is also susceptible to the formation of grain boundary a. The tendency to form grain boundary is
more pronounced because the nucleation kinetics
of grain boundary is not as solute sensitive as the
kinetics of homogeneous precipitation.

Physical Properties
Ti-15-3: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Density(a)
Electrical lesistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific beat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(b)

Ti-15-3: Electrical resistivity

750to770 C (1385 to 1415 F)

4.7 g/cm (0.172 lb/in. )
1.4
Nonmagnetic
500 J/kg (0.12 Btu/lb F)
8.08 W/m (4.67 Btu/ft h F)
8.5 x lO-fy-C (4.7 1(HVF)
3

Temperature

25
260
540

op

R e s i s t i v i t y , m

77
50
1000

1.48
1.55
1.60

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to 9 5 C ( 2 0 0
F)

Ti-15-3: Room-temperature tensile modulus

Condition
Solution treated
Aged

Heat
treatment

GPa

Young's m o d u l u s

785C(1450F),10min,AC
540C(1000F),8h,AC

81-84
102-105

Source: P.J. B a n i a et al., D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Properties of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al, i n Beta Titanium

R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1984, 2 1 7

10 psi
6

11.8-12.2
14.8-15.2
Alloys

in the 1980's,

R.R. B o y e r and H.W.

Corrosion Properties

Hydrogen
Tolerance

Like other titanium alloys, successful application of Ti-15-3 can be expected in mildly reducing
to highly oxidizing environments in which protective oxide films spontaneously form and remain
stable. On the other hand, hot, concentrated, lowpH chloride salts corrode titanium; warm or concentrated solutions of hydrochloric, phosphoric
and oxalic acids also are damaging. In general, all
acidic solutions that are reducing in nature corrode titanium, unless they contain inhibitors.
Strong oxidizers, including anhydrous red fuming
nitric acid and 90% hydrogen peroxide, also cause

attack. Ionizable fluoride compounds, such as sodium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, activate the
surface and can cause rapid corrosion. Dry chlorine gas is especially harmful.
Weldments a n d Castings. Few published
data on the corrosion resistance of weldments and
castings are available for most alloys. Under
marginal or active conditions (for corrosion rates
>0.10 mm/year or 4 mils/year) weldments may experience accelerated corrosion attack relative to
the base metal.

Ti-15-3 has a high tolerance to hydrogen up to

about 4000 to 5000 ppm. At hydrogen levels of up
to 2000 pm, tests indicate no effect on solution annealed strength or ductility. Cup tests on solution
annealed material showed no effect up to 4000
ppm. Similarly, tests have shown no effect on aged
tensile properties up to 2000 ppm when the hydrogen was added after the material was fully aged.
However, when hydrogen was added before the age
cycle, aged strengths were reduced by approxi-

mately 275 MPa (40 ksi) at 1000 ppm and an additional 138 MPa (20 ksi) at 2400 ppm. Base hydrogen was approximately 130 ppm. In no case was
the ductility reduced, even up to 2400 ppm. The
strength reduction arises from the fact that hydrogen is a potent stabilizer and acts to suppress the
aging response. Nonetheless, Ti-15-3 is very hydrogen tolerant and is well within the safe range at
the typical specification upper limit of 150 ppm.

902 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Annealed Ti-15-3: Corrosion comparison in boiling

HCI

Aged Ti-15-3: Corrosion comparison in boiling HCI

6

Ti-3-8- 3-4-4
Ti-6-4
Ti-15-3-:3-3

100

Ti-4-3-1 r

Transag 207

Ti-15-5^,
0.5

1.5

2.5

C o n c e n t r a t i o n of HCI, %

Stress-Corrosion
Cracking

0.5

1.5

80

o"

|60

40

|20

2.5

C o n c e n t r a t i o n of HCI, %

G e n e r a l corrosion of a g e d titanium alloys in naturally a e r a t e d boiling

HCI solutions.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., ASM International, 1 9 8 7

G e n e r a l corrosion of a n n e a l e d titanium alloys in naturally aerated

boiling HCI solutions.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Corrosion, Vol 1 3 , 9 t h ed., ASM International, 1 9 8 7

Ti-15-3 is expected to be less susceptible to

stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) t h a n Ti-6A1-4V
due to its high vanadium content and lower alumin u m content. phase stabilized by vanadium(or
molybdenum, niobium, or tantalum) is immune to

SCC in aqueous media. (R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of TCtanium Alloys, in Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation, ASM International, 1992).

Thermal Properties
Ti-15-3: Specific heat

Heat Capacity

Specific Heat. At room temperature: 500 J/kg

(0.12 Btu/lb F)

Ti-15-3: Specific heat

200

400

Click here to view

1200

820l

op

25
200
400
600
800

77

392
752
1112
1400

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: Specific heat

H0.18

H0.16

Temperature
F

0.121
0.137
0.155
0.173
0.187

508
574
649
724
784

1400
0.20

*72<fl

Specific heat

Btu/lb

S o u r c e : H.W. R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 5 - 3 P r o p e r t y D a t a , i n Beta Titanium

Alloys
in the 1980's, R . R . B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed.,
T M S / A I M E , 1984, 411

LIVE GRAPH

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600
800
1000

J/kg

200

400

Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600
800
1000

1200

1400

620l
HO. 14
W

H0.16 u.

52$
HO. 12
H0.14 m
42Q

0.10
200

400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

600

800

Alloy a g e d a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F ) f o r 8 h .
S o u r c e : G. Lenning, J. Hall, M. R o s e n b l u m a n d W. Trepel, " C d d FormableTitanium S h e e t , " AFWAL-TR-82-4187, Materials Laboratory, Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio, D e c 1 9 8 2 , 1 6 2

200

400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , D e c 1991

600

800

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 903

Thermal
Expansion

Ti-15-3: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Average coefficient

Temperature

23
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

10-e/ C

L/Lp,%

op

73
212
390
570
750
930
1110
1290
1470

0
0.0647
0.1582
0.2540
0.3558
0.4622
0.5763
0.7054
0.8046

0
0.0653
0.1537
0.2514
0.3559
0.4614
0.5701
0.7085
0.8080

Source: H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ti-15-3 P r o p e r t y D a t a , i n Beta Titanium

1984, 4 1 0

Alloys

Ti-15-3: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

Temperature, F

T e m p e r a t u r e , "F
800

1000

8.48
8.68
9.07
9.43
9.67
9.99
10.48
10.96

Click here to view

Ti-15-3: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

600

8.41
8.95
9.16
9.43
9.68
9.88
10.42
10.93

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

400

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME,

LIVE GRAPH

200

1200

1400

12

11.5

200

400

600
1

800
';

1000

1200

1400
'

-\6.5
B e t w e e n 21 C(70 F) \

11

10.5

6.0
a n d indicated temperature
5.5 " o

H5.0

4.5
200

400

600

800

200

Alloy u s e d w a s a g e d a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) for 8 h.
S o u r c e : G. Lenning, J . Hall, M. R o s e n b t u m , a n d W. Trepel, "Cold
Formable Titanium S h e e t , " AFML-TR-4187, Materials Laboratory,
Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio, D e c 1 9 8 2 , 162

C
25
260
538
760

F
75
500
1000
1400

200

Conductivity
Btu

inJh

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , D e c 1991

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: Thermal conductivity

Ti-15-3: Thermal conductivity

Temperature

800

600

Temperature, C

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Thermal
Conductivity

400

fir

56.0
83.1
115.4
137.2

W/m

400

Temperature, F
600
800
1000

Click here to view

1200

1400

8.08
11.99
16.64
19.79

200

400

600

800

Temperature, C
Alloy a g e d a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) for 8 h.
S o u r c e : G. Lenning, J . Hall, M. R o s e n b l u m , a n d W. Trepel, "Cold
F o r m a b l e Titanium S h e e t , " AFML-TR-82-4187, Materials Laboratory, Wright P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio, D e c 1 9 8 2 , 1 6 4

904 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Thermal conductivity
Temperature, C
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

200

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600

Temperature, F
Source: MIL-HDBK 5, D e c 1991

Mechanical Properties
Ti-15-3: Design allowables of sheet
S-basis values for sheet 3.175 mm (0.125 in.), per AMS
4914

Condition

Solution
treated(a)

F,,,, MPa (ksi)

675 (98)
L
703(102)
LT
FjyMPafksi)
662(96)
L
689(100)
LT
F ^ , M P a (ksi)
689(100)
L
724(105)
LT
524(76)
Fa, M P a (ksi)
F (b),MPa(ksi)
1165(169)
e/D = 1 . 5
1517(220)
e/D = 2.0
F Jb), M P a (ksi)
e/D = 1 . 5
930(135)
1027(149)
e/D = 2.0
EL,%
LT
12
Tensile modulus, G P a i l ^ p s i )
L
LT
Compressive modulus, GPa ( 1 0 psi)
L
LT

Ti-15-3: Effect of cold rolling on tensile properties

120

140

Tensile strength, ksi

180
200
160

220

Solution treated
and aged at
5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)
972(141)
99(145)
937 (136)
965(140)
958(139)
993(144)
627(91)

fcra

1489 (216)
1896(275)

br

1399(203)
1586<230)

105 (15.2)
109.5 (15.9)

105.5 (15.3)
110(16.0)

(a) S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l s h o u l d n o t b e s u b j e c t e d t o service
t e m p e r a t u r e s above a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F). Solution
t r e a t e d m a t e r i a l , w h i c h h a s b e e n cold w o r k e d , s h o u l d n o t b e e x p o s e d t o service t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5 0 C ( 3 0 0
F). L o n g - t i m e e x p o s u r e s a b o v e t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s could r e s u l t i n
l o w ductility, (b) B e a r i n g v a l u e s a r e "dry pin" v a l u e s . Source: M I L H D B K 5, D e c 1991

240

700

900

1100
1300
Tensile strength, MPa

1500

1700

Relationship b e t w e e n strength and ductility showing effect of cold

rolling before aging.
Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 905

Hardness

Ti-15-3: Effect of warm work-extrusion on Rockwell hardness

Product

Room-temperature

form

hardness, HRA

63 mm (2.5 in.) OD x 11 mm (0.430 in.) wall tube, as reduced from 86 mm (3.4 in.) OD X15 mm (0.600 in.) wall tube

62-64

44 mm (1.75 i a ) OD x 7.6 mm (0.300 in.) wall tube, as reduced from 86 mm (3.4 in.) OD x 15 mm (0.600 in.) wall tube
63 mm (2.5 in.) OD x 11 mm (0.430 in.) wall tube, 840 C (1545 F) continuous anneal
4 4 r r m ( 1 . 7 5 i r L ) O D x 7 . 6 m m ( 0 . 3 0 0 i n . ) w a l l t u b e , 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 5 F ) continuous anneal

66-67
61 -62
62

N o t e : H o l e d e x t r u s i o n billets ( m a c h i n e d f r o m a s - q u e n c h e d forging) w e r e coated w i t h lubricant, i n d u c t i o n h e a t e d to 5 9 5 t o 9 8 0 C ( 1 1 0 0 - 1 8 0 0

F), t r a n s f e r r e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y to t h e p r e s s a n d e x t r u d e d o v e r a m a n d r e l . T h e e x t r u s i o n process w a s e s s e n t i a l l y i s o t h e r m a l a n d w a s characterized b y a s l o w e x t r u s i o n s p e e d ( < 3 0 i n . / m i n ) w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l o w e x t r u s i o n r a t i o s (<20). E x t r u d e d t u b e w a s cold reduced a s indicated.
Source: P. F i n d e n , Production o f S e a m l e s s T i t a n i u m Alloy Tubing, i n Sixth

World Conference

on Titanium,

P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, a n d G.

B e r a n g e r , Ed., L e s E d i t i o n s d e P h y s i q u e , P a r i s , 1 9 8 9 , 1 2 5 1

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-15-3: Effect of aging time on hardness

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-15-3: Effect of aging on Vickers hardness

400

200l

10

10

Sheet Mechanical Properties

A g e d Sheet

Tensile P r o p e r t i e s . Ti-15-3 can be aged to a

tensile strength of at least 1310 MPa (190 ksi)
while guaranteeing ductility in excess of 5% (see
table). Between aging temperatures of 510 and 540
C (950 and 1000 F), fully aged strength is a linear
function of aging temperature. Aging at 455 to 480
C (850 to 900 F) would be recommended only in
those situations requiring the highest possible
strength and where ductility is of lesser importance.
For the aged condition, cold deformation of up
to at least 40% does not significantly affect the relationship between aged strength and ductility
(see figure).

Aging t i m e , k s

Aging time, min

Alloy in t h e a s - r e c e i v e d condition w a s fabricated by p r e s s forging a t
1 0 9 0 C ( 1 9 9 5 F) followed b y hot rolling a t 9 2 5 C (1700 F) to 3 8
m m (1.5 in.) plate t h i c k n e s s . Chemical composition (wt%) w a s 2.91
Al, 3.06 Cr, 0 . 1 2 8 F e , 0 . 0 0 9 N, 0 . 1 2 2 0 , 3 . 0 3 S n , a n d 14.79 V. B e t a
t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e w a s b e t w e e n 7 5 0 a n d 7 7 0 C ( 1 3 8 0 a n d 1 4 2 0
F). S a m p l e s w e r e isothermally a n n e a l e d a t 4 8 0 , 5 4 0 , a n d 5 6 5 C
for t i m e s from 3 0 min t o 2 0 h.
S o u r c e : M. I m a m a n d B. Rath, Transformation-Strengthened B e t a
Titanium Alloys, in Sixth Wortd Conference on Titanium, P. Lac o m b e , R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e P h y s i q u e ,
Paris, 1 9 8 9 , 1 5 1 3

I
10

Chemical composition (wt%) w a s 3.37 Al, 0 . 0 0 4 C , 3.36 Cr, 0.17 F e ,

0.0061 H, 0 . 0 0 8 N, 0 . 1 4 0 , 3 . 3 6 S n , a n d 15.1 V. Alloy w a s supplied
a s plate 1 2 m m (0.47 in.) thick which h a d b e e n hot rolled a t 9 0 0 C
( 1 6 5 0 F). Solution h e a t t r e a t m e n t w a s e a r n e d out at 8 5 0 C (1560
F) for 3.6 k s (kiloseconds) in inert a t m o s p h e r e a n d air cooled.
S o u r c e : N. Niwa, K. Ito, H. Takatori, a n d H. S a k u y a m a , Influence of
H e a t T r e a t m e n t o n Microstructures a n d Mechanical Properties of
Ti-15-3 Alloy, in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. L a c o m b e ,
R. Tricot, a n d G. Beranger, Ed., L e s Editions d e P h y s i q u e , Paris,
1989, 1507

Ti-15-3: Effect of heat treatment on Knoop hardness

Hardness drops below peak values when samples are annealed at higher temperatures.

Heat treatment
Quenched from 900 C (1650 F)
Quenched+300 C (570 F), 25 h
Quenched+345 C (650 F), 4 h
Quenched+565 C (1045 F), 3 h

H a r d n e s s , U K (500 g)
268
474
481
303

906 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Tensile properties v s aging temperature

5 1 0 C (950 F)
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)

Mean(a)
0.99% point
Mean(a)
0.99% point
Mean(a)
0.66% point

Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)

Elongation

1335(193.6)
1311(190.1)
1245(180.5)
1190(172.6)

1313(190.5)
1276(185.0)
1222(177.2)
1161(168.4)
7.8
5.7

14-h a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e
5 2 5 "C (975 F)

5 4 0 "C (1000 F)

1225 (177.6)
1205 (174.7)
1202(174.3)
1169(169.6)
1126(163.3)
1105(160.2)
1075(155.9)
1047(151.9)
10.2
8.2

1114(161.6)
1096(159.0)
1090(158.1)
1059(153.6)
1009(146.3)
987(143.2)
954(138.4)
927(134.4)
12.6
10.6

(a) M e a n s a n d p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s c a l c u l a t e d b y r e g r e s s i o n t e c h n i q u e . R e g r e s s e d d a t a from four lots. G a g e s : 0.89 to 1.78 m m (0.035 to 0.070

in.). Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Ti-15-3: Effect of prior cold work on aging

Ti-15-3: Typical aging curves for sheet

1300

Click here to view

2000

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e

LIVE GRAPH

180

1.78 m m (0.07 in.) s h e e t

1200

1800

41 p p m h y d r o g e n \

H280

4 7 0 C ( 8 7 5 F), 16 h, a g e

5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F ) , 16 h, a g e

60

170 _

5 1 0 C

'to

160

1100
5 4 0 C

>
c

150

5c

140

1000

1600

1400

900

130

1200

800

-1120

1000

160

6
8
10
Aging time, h

12

14

16

20

40

60

80

Cold rolling, %

S o u r c e : Beta. Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.

R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.

R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Annealed
Tensile
Properties

Typical variations of tensile properties in the

annealed condition (see table) are from test direction and lot-to-lot differences, the latter being
larger. Sample location within a coil is of little consequence. Test direction differences typically are
small, but can amount to 30 MPa (4 ksi); the lot-tolot difference can be up to about twice as much.
These values are small, however, when compared
with unalloyed titanium strip or - alloy sheet.
Cold deformation over t h e range of 20 to 60%
has a n approximately linear effect on strength.

Ti-15-3: Effect of hydrogen on tensile properties

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi

Annealed Ti-15-3: Typical tensile properties

Ultimate tensile strength,

MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength,
MPa (ksi)
Elongation, %
Source: Beta

Titanium

Average

Standard deviation

787(114.1)

23(3.4)

773(112.1)

25(3.6)

21.5

2.7

Alloys

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W.

Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 4 1 2

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

Tensile strength, MPa

Cold worked 2 0 to 6 0 % , a g e d a t 4 8 0 to 5 1 0 C (900 to 950 F), 4 h,
1 6 h. Hydrogen addition h a s little effect o n cold worked and aged
properties.
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 907

Ti-15-3: Effects of cold rolling on annealed tensile properties

Cold
work,
%

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

0
20
40
60

789
893
996
1100

Source: Beta Titanium

Alloys

Tensile yield
strength
MPa

114.4
129.5
144.5
159.5

Elongation,
%

ksi

763
851
938
1025

110.7
123.4
136.1
148.8

16.0
13.1
10.2
7.2

in the 1980's, R. R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 4 1 4

Cast Tensile Properties

A study of tensile properties from various castings and suppliers (see figures) does not show any
significant trends regarding strength as a function
of supplier. In general, thicker material exhibits a
slightly lower average tensile strength. Ductility,
however, does exhibit significant variation from
supplier to supplier and as a function of thickness.
It should be noted t h a t a material with a higher

oxygen content was not associated with higher

strength or lower ductility. The ductility of castings from Suppliers A and is significantly lower
t h a n t h a t of the other suppliers for the thinner
gages (<12.7 mm, or 0.5 in.). It is interesting to note
that Suppliers D and used material from the same
starting billet. The observed property variation in
this case is attributed to casting practice.

Ti-15-3: Variation in tensile strength

1350

1350

1325

1325H190

13001-

c 1275
2

to

j> 1 2 5 0 co

-80

1225-

|
5

12001-

(2)

-M80

1200-

5
170

(4)

1250-

'co
6 1225

1175k
1150

4190
1300-

1?1275-

CO

CB
5

(4)

(11)

1175^

(6)

(14)

(4)

(3)

(2)

H170

1150

(a)

t < 1 2 . 7 m m (0.5 in.)

(b)

t > 1 2 . 7 m m (0.5 in.)

C a s t i n g s w e r e supplied b y TTTech. Howmet, Tiline, a n d Precision C a s t p a r t s from t h e United S t a t e s , a n d from Tital in G e r m a n y . T h e compositions
w e r e within t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of A M S 4 9 1 4 for Ti-15-3 s h e e t e x c e p t for o x y g e n . T h e o x y g e n c o n t e n t r a n g e d a s high a s 0 . 1 6 4 5 w t % (the specification m a x i m u m is 0 . 1 3 % ) . S o u r c e s a r e identified randomly a s S o u r c e s A through E.
T h e starting material w a s s e l e c t e d with a r a n g e of section s i z e s a n d c o n s i s t e d of round c a s t t e s t b a r s from 12.7 to 2 5 . 4 m m (1/2 t o 1 in.) in d a m ,
rectangular c a s t t e s t b a r s from 2 5 . 4 2 5 . 4 m m to 2 5 . 4 1 5 2 . 4 m m (1 1 to 1 6 in.) in s i z e , c a s t t e s t plate from 3.8 t o 2 5 . 4 m m (0.15 to 1 in.) in
t h i c k n e s s , a n d c o m p l e x c a s t i n g s with g a g e s ranging from a b o u t 2 m m (0.08 in.) to 5 0 m m (2 in.) in t h i c k n e s s . T h e c a s t i n g s w e r e all hot isostatjcally
p r e s s e d at either 8 9 5 C, 1 0 3 . 4 M P a , 2 h (1650 F, 1 5 ksi, 2 h) or 9 5 5 C, 1 0 3 . 4 M P a , 2 h ( 1 7 5 0 C, 1 5 ksi, 2 h), followed by direct a g i n g a t 5 2 5 C
( 9 7 5 F) for 12 h. T h e c a s t i n g s o b t a i n e d by t h e University of Dayton w e r e solution t r e a t e d a t 9 5 5 C ( 1 7 5 0 F), 1 h, after HIP a n d prior t o aging.
N u m b e r s in p a r e n t h e s e s a r e t h e n u m b e r of t e s t s for e a c h s o u r c e .
S o u r c e : R. Boyer et al., Microstructural/Property
Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, T h e Minerals, Metals, a n d Materials Society,
1991,p511-520

908 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Cast Ti-15-3: Variation in tensile elongation

15

15

Shading denotes
^25.4mm
(1.0 in.) thick

10

10

5h

//

f < 1 2 . 7 m m (0.5 in.)

V,//

/I

> 1 2 . 7 m m (0.5 in.)

(a)
(b)
Letters d e n o t e supplier designation. E a c h b a r r e p r e s e n t s d a t a from a given s o u r c e . C a s t i n g s w e r e supplied by TTTech, Howmet, Tiline, and Precision C a s t p a r t s from t h e United S t a t e s a n d from Tital in Germany. T h e compositions w e r e within t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of A M S 4 9 1 4 for Ti-15-3 sheet
e x c e p t for o x y g e n . T h e o x y g e n c o n t e n t r a n g e d a s high a s 0 . 1 6 4 5 w t % (the specification m a x i m u m is 0.13%). S o u r c e s a r e identified randomly a s
S o u r c e s A through E.
Given t h e association b e t w e e n low ductility a n d thicker c r o s s s e c t i o n s , t h e likely factors that influence ductility a r e grain s i z e a n d t h e thickness
of grain b o u n d a r y a . W h e n c o m p a r i n g grain s i z e s of high- a n d low-ductility s p e c i m e n s from a given supplier, t h e thicker material, with the lower
elongation, h a d a consistently larger grain size. However, if d a t a for c a s t i n g s of various s h a p e s a n d s i z e s from all suppliers a r e considered together,
n o clear trend is apparent.
Minerals, Metals, a n d Materials Society,
S o u r c e : R. Boyer eta!., Microstructural/Property Relationships in Ttanium Aluminides and Alloys,The
1991, 511-520

High-Temperature Strength

Ti-15-3: Typical STA compressive yield strength

Compressive yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)(a)

Temperature
^C

Direction

MPa

ksi

-51

-60

1253 + 34

181.7 4 . 9

1292 + 43

187.4 + 6 2

24

75

1 0 9 2 1 69

158.4 1 0 . 0

1165 3 2

169.0 1 1 . 9

205

400

961 4 6

139.4 6 . 6

962 32

139.5 4 . 6

N o t e : S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d 8 h a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F). (a) S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s a r e for t w o or t h r e e s a m p l e s . Source: Beta Titanium

in the 1980's, R . R Boyer a n d H.W. Rosenberg, E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Alloys

Ti-15-3: High-temperature tensile properties

Direction
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Elongation,%
Modulus of elasticity, GPa ( 1 0 ksi)
3

RT

2 0 4 C ( 4 0 0 F)

1250(181.3)
1245(180.6)
1127(163.4)
1146(166.2)
8.7
8.2
99.3(14.4)
98.6(14.3)

N o t e : S h e e t a g e d 8 h a t 4 9 5 C ( 9 2 5 F). Average of t h r e e t e s t s . Source: Beta Titanium

Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 4 1 5

1135 (164.6)
1147(166.3)
980(142.2)
996(144.5)
7.8
7.3
92.4(13.4)
93.8(13.6)
Alloys

4 2 5 "C (800 F)
999(144.9)
1010(146.5)
837(121.4)
854(123.8)
13.0
11.3
84.8(12.3)
82.7(12.1)

in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg,

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 909

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Ti-15-3: Notch/smooth strength ratio

Ti-15-3: Yield strength v s temperature

Temperature, F
-200

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

600

-200

200

400

600

1.3

Solution a n n e a l e d
5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h , a g e

Solution a n n e a l e d

H300

EL - 5 % :

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h , a g e

1.2

4 8 0 C ( 8 9 5 F), 1 6 h, a g e

4 8 0 C ( 8 9 5 F), 16 h, a g e

1.1

H200

1.0
100 >
0.9
N o t c h f a c t o r = 3,
0.8
-200

-100

100

200

300

400

-200

-100

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

100

200

300

400

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Data points r e p r e s e n t a v e r a g e s of t h r e e t e s t s of 1 2 7 m m (0.05 in.)

g a g e material t e s t e d in t h e longitudinal direction.
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Notch/smooth strength ratio a s a function of t e m p e r a t u r e for 1.27

m m (0.05 in.) g a g e s h e e t material.
S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Ti-15-3: Bearing strength at high temperatures

Temperature
C
JF
24

RT

205

400

425

800

Dir.
L

Bearing ultimate
strength
e/D = 1.5
e/D = 2 . 0
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
1987
1878
1705
1746
1667
1651

288.2
272.3
247.3
253.2
241.7
239.5

2231
2323
2057
2062
2006
2049

Bearing yield
strength
e/D = 1 . 5
MPa
ksi

323.6
336.9
298.4
299.1
290.9
297.1

1689
1743
1545
1558
1460
1431

e/D = 2 . 0
MPa
ksi

244.9
252.8
224.1
225.9
211.8
207.5

1830
1989
1762
1795
1615
1644

265.4
288.5
255.6
260.3
234.2
238.5

N o t e : A g e d 8 h a t 4 9 5 C ( 9 2 5 F). Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Ti-15-3: Ultimate shear strength at high temperatures

Temperature

_F

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

24
205
425

RT
400
800

784
711
636

113.7
103.1
92.3

799
705
637

115.9
102.3
92.4

N o t e : A g e d 8 h a t 4 9 5 C ( 9 2 5 F). Source: Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Creep
Properties

Ti-15-3 follows a stress exponential creep law

at 430 C (800 F). Product aged 8 h at 495 C (925
F) fits the following equation:
95.087a
= 0.00010865 exp
RT

where is the minimum creep strain rate in %/h, is

the applied stress in ksi, is absolute temperature
in K, and R is the gas constant. This relationship removed 95.1% of the variance in .

Ti-15-3: Transverse creep at 425 C (800 F)

Stress
MPa
827
724
483
207
138
103

ksi
120
105
70
30
20
15

(a) E x t r a p o l a t e d Source: Beta Titanium

0.1%

0.2%

0.03
0.10
0.20
4.2
36
170

0.10
0.25
0.9
13.5
117
535

Time toindicated creep, h

0.5%
0.35
1.0
5.6
87
520(a)
2500(a)

1.0%
0.8
2.5
19.4
400(a)

Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

2.0%
2.4
7.0
75

910 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Creep at 205 C (400 F)
Stress
Sheet

Direction

A
A
A
A

L
L

L
L

Plastic creep
strain, %

MPa

ksi

827
862
827
862
827
862
827
862

120
125
120
125
120
125
120
125

Tune,
h

0.18
0.11
0.02
0.14
0.07
0.08
0.05

579
1008
1001
1004
1002
1003
1001

N o t e : S h e e t w a s a g e d a t 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F). S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME,
1984

Ti-15-3: Creep at 600 F and 100 ksi

Aging treatment
Aged at 455 C (850 F), 16 h

Aged at480 C (900 F), 12 h

Prestrain(a),

Total c r e e p strain i n 1 0 h,

M i n i m u m creep
rate,
%/h

0
0
8
0
0
8

0.324
0.293
0.364
0.293
0.320
0.377

0.00016
0.00015
0.00018
0.00017
0.00020
0.00020

N o t e : S h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 i n . ) t h i c k w a s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d a s i n d i c a t e d , (a) N o m i n a l a m o u n t of s t r e t c h p r i o r to aging to simulate

f o r m i n g s t r a i n s . S o u r c e : R . K a n e k o a n d C . W o o d s , " L o w T e m p e r a t u r e F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A C o n t r a c t o r Report 3706,
NASA, 1983, 15

Fatigue Properties
Ti-15-3: Smooth and notched fatigue
R u n o u t stress(a)
Temperature

Smooth
F

_C
-51
24
205

-60
75
400

Notchedflb)

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

724
655-758
655-690

105
95-110
95-100

207
207-241
221-241

30
30-35
32-35

(a) R u n o u t > 1 0 cycles, R = 0 . 1 , m a x i m u m s t r e s s s h o w n . (b)K = 3. S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H. W.Rosenberg, E d , TMS/AIME, 1984, 419
7

Fatigue

Crack
Growth

Ti-15-3 exhibits crack growth characteristics

much like mill annealed Ti-6A1-4V, although Ti-

15-3 is not as sensitive to environments such as

saltwater.

Ti-15-3: Crack growth at AK= 22 MPaVm (20 ksiVin.)

Evaluating the data at AK= 22 MPaVnT (20 ksiVUnT) shows da/dN increases slightly as sheet gage increases. The combined salt
water plus frequency effect is just at the "detection limit' statistically.
da/dN
Environmental effect
Gage effect

Air at 20 Hz
Salt at 5 Hz
1.3 m m (0.050 in.)
2 5 m m (0.100 in.)

a t A K = 2 2 MPaVm ( 2 0 ksiVin.):

10"* i n .

lO^mm

9.12
9.80
858
10.33

232
249
218
262

N o t e : T e s t e r r o r for t h e s e d a t a w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e 12 1 0 " m m / c y c l e (0.49 1 0 " inVcycle). S o u r c e : B e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R
B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1984, 4 1 9
6

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 911
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Ti-15-3: Crack growth in air and salt solution

Ti-15-3: Crack growth data for sheet

10'

10

1.25 m m g a g e s h e e t

1.75 m m g a g e s h e e t

0 . 0 5 m m ( 0 . 0 0 2 in.) s h e e t
a g e d 1 6 h a t 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F)

1 . Longitudinal air
2 . Longitudinal air

10'b-

3 . T r a n s v e r s e air
4 . T r a n s v e r s e salt
10

10
10

10"

10*

10

10

AK, MPaVm

AK, MPaVm
S o u r c e : S e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R . R . Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 4 2 0

S p e c i m e n s w e r e t e s t e d in t h e T-L orientation. S h e e t w a s a g e d a t
5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 8 h. R=0.1; frequency, 3 0 Hz, a t 2 2 C (72 F).
S o u r c e : S e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 2 2 3

Fracture Properties
Ti-15-3: RT fracture toughness of sheet

Gage
mm

in.

1.27

0.050

1.78

0.070

Specimen
orientation

F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s (Kc)
MPaVm"
ksiVin.

L-T
T-L
L-T
T-L

100
100
113
107

91
91
103
97

N o t e : Y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f 1 0 3 5 M P a ( 1 5 0 k s i ) a t R T . D i r e c t i o n a l i t y i s l o w , 3 t o 4 M P a V m ~ ( 3 t o 4 k s i V i n T ) . Lot-to-lot v a r i a t i o n s c a n be u p to 11
M P a V m (10 k s i V u T ) . S o u r c e : Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R . R . B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 4 1 6

Ti-15-3: Fracture toughness of STA plate

Heat
treatment
800 C (1470 F), 20 min, AC,
480C(895F), 14h,AC
800 C (1470 F), 20 min, AC,
510C(950F),14h,AC

Orientation

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Ultimate tensile
strength

Elonga-

Fracture toughness
(Kic)

tion,

MPa

ksi

MPaVm

ksiVin.

L-T

1253

182

1376

199

6.2

44.3

40.3

T-L
L-T

1304
1213

189
176

1421
1337

206
194

6.6
7.8

46.8
42.1

42.6
38.3

T-L

1263

183

1382

200

6.9

43.4

39.5

N o t e : H o t rolled p l a t e h a d a c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n (wt%) of 3.37 Al, 0 . 0 0 4 C, 3 . 3 6 Cr, 0.17 F e , 0 . 0 0 6 1 H , 0 . 0 0 8 0 N , 0 . 1 4 0 , 3 . 0 4 S n , a n d 15.10

V. I t w a s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a t 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 0 F) for 2 0 m m , air cooled, t h e n a g e d a t 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F) for 8 or 14 h . Source: C. Ouchi, H . S u e n a g a ,
H . S a k u y a m a , a n d H . Takatori, Effects o f T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g Variables o n Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Alloy

Plate, i n Designing With Titanium, 1986, 130

912 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Fracture toughness v s sheet thickness

T h i c k n e s s , in.
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
80
d

-70

LIVE GRAPH
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S
CO
(0

-65

With s i d e g r o o v e s
-60

Without s i d e g r o o v e s

u
S
u.

55
5

10

15

20

25

Thickness, mm
Alloy w a s h e a t treated to a c h i e v e strength levels of 1 0 5 5 M P a ( 1 5 3
ksi) yield strength a n d 1117 M P a ( 1 6 2 ksi) tensile strength, with
7 . 5 % ductility. C o m p a c t tension s p e c i m e n s with a n d without Vs h a p e d s i d e g r o o v e s (depth < 1 0 % original thickness) w e r e t e s t e d
on a servohydraulic m a c h i n e in load control.
S o u r c e : P. P o u l o s e , Determination of Fracture T o u g h n e s s from Thin
Side-Grooved S p e c i m e n s , Eng. Fract. Mech., Vol 2 6 , 1 9 8 7 , 2 0 3

Plastic Deformation

Strain Hardening. Annealed Ti-15-3 does not

follow the usual strain hardening laws as the
spread between the tensile yield and ultimate tensile strengths is quite small. Once stable flow is established (post yield strains), an approximately
exponential stress-strain relationship is observed.
The stress-strain "curve" at large strain may be estimated as:
Flow stress =

g m a x

where is the true plastic strain; max is the maximum load; and As is the initial area.
Strain-Rate Sensitivity. Ti-15-3 is quite insensitive to strain rate in the annealed condition,
as indicated by tensile strain rates ranging from
0.005 to 0.1 m i n (see table). Strain rate may have
an effect on ductility, particularly at high strain
rates.
- 1

exp

Ti-15-3: Effect of strain rate on tensile properties

Strain
rate,
min'

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

0.005
0.005
0.050
0.050
0.100
0.100

745
758
752
752
765
758

738
752
724
731
738
731

107
109
105
106
107
106

29
30
25
24
24
23

108
110
109
109
111
110

Tensile yield
strength

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e a n n e a l e d a t 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F). Source: H . W. Rosenberg, Ti-15-3 Property D a t a , Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's,
TMS/AIME, 1984

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 913

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
Tensile
Stress-Strain

Click here to view

Click here to view

Ti-15-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for sheet

Ti-15-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for sheet

1200
Longitudina I

900
CL

160

600I

140
120

Long tr

100

ansverse

80

- 60
300

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

"
CO

^40

0.012

0.004

0.008

Strain, m m / m m

0.012

0.016

Strain, m m / m m
0.5 to 1.9 m m (0.020 to 0 . 0 7 6 in.) solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d s h e e t .
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

0 . 5 3 to 3 . 1 7 m m (0.021 t o 0 . 1 2 5 in.) solution treated s h e e t .

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

LIVE GRAPH
Compressive
Stress-Strain

Click here to view

Ti-15-3: Typical compressive properties
0

33

66

99
l_

900

Longitu

J
L

132

165
1

sverse
tran.

Click here to view

Modulus, 1 0 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, G P a

1200

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: Tangent modulus

160
140

205 -C

10
12
14
16
r ->==1200
1

RT

0-

H150

10001

iinal

6
8
'1

4 2 5 (

CD

800

--1100

>

600

300

400

200

T r a n s \ rerse

0
0.004

0.008

0.012

Strain,

0.016

0.02

20

0.024

0.5 to 1.9 m m (0.020 to 0 . 0 7 6 in.) s h e e t a g e d at 5 4 0 C (1000 F).

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 E , 1 9 8 8

40

60

80

100

120

Modulus, G P a

mm/mm

Typical c o m p r e s s i v e t a n g e n t m o d u l u s for solution treated a n d a g e d

Ti-15-3.
S o u r c e : Collected Engineering D a t a S h e e t s , AFML-TR-78-179,
1978

Flow Stress

Ti-15-3 has been studied at temperatures of

850 a n d 760 C to determine flow characteristics
and potential euperplastic formability. Specimens
were tested in the as-received condition and, as
such, h a d a grain size of about 80 . It is found
t h a t this alloy exhibits deformation behavior quite
different from t h e two-phase alloys i n t h a t it tends
to flow soften with about 2 to 4% strain (see figure).
The softening is reflected in the stress vs strainrate characteristics, where the prestrain can be
seen to reduce the flow stresses and increase the
strain-rate sensitivity observed over a wide range
of strain rates.

The microstructural changes t h a t occur during

softening include the development of a subgrain
structure. This deformation behavior is characteristic of the conventional hot deformation behavior of other alloys. An interesting aspect of the deformation of the large grained titanium alloy is
that, once the subgrain structure has developed
with the 2 to 4% strain, the flow stress is constant
with strain, and the strain-rate sensitivity, m, also
remains nearly constant (see figure).
*
A d a p t e d f r o m C H . H a m i l t o n , Superplastic
ternational,

1985

Forming,

A S M In-

914/ Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: R o w stress at 815 C

Click here to view

Click here to view

140

0.6'

120

0.5-

100

5x

10 /S
J

0.4

I
40

0.3

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: Strain-rate sensitivity

0.2

8 1 5 C, 2 10

/S

8 1 5 C, l O ^ / s
0.1
2x10

760

'/S

C,2x.^0- ls
A

7 6 0 C, l O ^ / s
0|

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

R o w s t r e s s v s strain at c o n s t a n t strain rate.

S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton, Superplasticity in Titanium Alloys,
plastic Forming, ASM International, 1 9 8 5 , 13-22

Ti-15-3: Flow stress v s strain rate at 850 C

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Strain

Strain

Strain-rate sensitivity, m, a s a function of strain for s p e c i m e n s deformed u n d e r c o n s t a n t strain rate.

S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton, Superplasticity in Titanium Alloys, Superplastic Forming, ASM International, 1985, 13-22

Super-

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1000

100

Strain r a t e , s
R o w s t r e s s v s strain rate at 8 5 0 C s h o w i n g t h e effect of a small prestrain.
S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton, Superplasticity in Titanium Alloys, Superplastic Forming, A S M International, 1985, 13-22

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Ti-15-3 is a very high strength, metastable

beta alloy whose primary commercial applications
in forgings are aerospace a n d missile components,
pressure vessels, and corrosion-resistant applications. The alloy can be fabricated into all forging
product types, although closed die forgings predominate.
Ti-15-3 is a moderately forgeable alloy (when
forged above the transus), with higher unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeability, and
less crack sensitivity in forging t h a n the - alloy
Ti-6A1-4V. Due to the high alloying content of Ti15-3, flow stresses are almost double t h a t of the

near- alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The desired final microstructure from thermomechanical processing
of Ti-15-3 during forging manufacture is fine
transformed , with limited grain boundary films
and with a fine recrystallized prior grain size in
preparation for final thermal treatments. The
very fine micro structural features of Ti-15-3
achieved in forgings are responsible for its excellent strength, corrosion, and fatigue properties.
Thus, Ti-15-3 is typically forged above the transus through one or more forgings operations. Reheating for subsequent forging operations recrystallizes the alloy, thus refining prior grain size.

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 915

has lower strain-rate sensitivity than - and

near- alloys, and t h u s unit pressure reductions
and forging shape sophistication improvements
through these technologies are modest in comparison to other titanium alloys.
Ti-15-3, as with all alloys has a higher affinity
for hydrogen t h a n other alloy classes. Although Ti15-3 forms less case from heating operations
t h a n other alloy classes, therefore requiring less
metal removal in chemical pickling (milling processes), control of chemical removal processes is essential to preclude excessive hydrogen pickup.

Ti-15-3 is generally not subtransus ( + ) forged,

because there is no microstructural advantage and
there is a significant increase in unit pressure requirements.
Final thermal t r e a t m e n t s for Ti-15-3 forging
include solution annealing and aging. Forgings
may be supplied in the solution annealed (ST) condition and/or fully aged (STA). In the ST condition,
Ti-15-3 has lower strengths, but much higher ductility and toughness t h a n in the STA condition. Solution treatment is conducted at 785 C (1450 F),
followed by air cooling or equivalent cooling rates.
Aging is conducted at 480 to 620 C (900 to 1150
F).
B e t a forging w o r k i n g histories for Ti-15-3
require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of reduction are not recommended. Although Ti-15-3 is cold
worked in other product forms (sheet), cold working is not used for forgings. Ti-15-3 may be successfully isothermally or hot die forged. However, it

Ti-15-3: Forging process temperatures

Metal temperature
C
F

Process
Beta forge
Temperature
totransus(a)

790-925
30 to 65 above
transus

relative

1450-1700
55 to 120
above transus

N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4: Forging" for r e c o m m e n d e d die t e m p e r a t u r e s , (a) S u b t r a n s u s forging of Ti-15-3 h a s not b e e n found adv a n t a g e o u s d u e to h i g h u n i t p r e s s u r e s .

Ti-15-3: Effect of post-forge heat treatment on properties

Post-forge
treatment
STA785C,AC + 510C,
8h
STA785C,AC + 535C,
8h
DA510C,8h
DA535C,8h

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile Elongastrength

tion,
MPa
%
ksi

Reduction
of area,

Fracture toughness
(Klc)
M P a Vm
ksiVin.

Critical crack
length(a)
in.
mm

AKth(b)
MPaVnT ksiVin.

1192

173

1275

185

22

57

52

2.5

0.09

1055

153

1151

167

11

30

61

55

3.6

0.14

4.4

1165
1096

169
159

1234
1158

179
168

10
12

24
32

59
67

53
61

2.8
4.1

0.11
0.16

4.4

Smooth
fatigue(c)
MPa
ksi
840

122

4.0

810

117

4.0

830
810

120
117

N o t e : Lake m o s t commercial alloys, Ti-15-3 d o e s n o t r e s p o n d to t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s i n g to i m p r o v e fracture properties b e c a u s e morphology i s not significantly

modified, (a) Critical crack l e n g t h L 1 [KjJYS] .
(b) ^ i s t h e t h r e s h o l d s t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y i n fatigue crack g r o w t h r a t e t e s t s , (c) S m o o t h f a t i g u e stress a t 1 0 cycles, t e s t s
conducted a t J? = 0.1 to 0.3, F = 3 0 to 125 H z . Source: G.W. K u h l m a n , "Critical Appraisal o f T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g (TMP) o n Structural T i t a n i u m Alloys"
7

Forming

Ti-15-3 approaches the formability of the

higher strength commercial-purity grades of titanium. Extensive work has been done to evaluate
shop forming of -15-3. Studies have included
flange, bead, draw, joggle and bending forming of
sheet materials at room temperature followed by
aging. Ti-15-3 has been fabricated using a cold
shear spinning operation to produce low-cost t a n k

replacements of Ti-6A1-4V. It is not very good in

stretch forming operations (due to the low degree
of strain hardening), but the alloy can be drawn
quite deep. It can also be hot formed, but this degrades the economics. The fonning properties of
Ti-15-3 are rather insensitive to minor variations
in reduction, annealing time, and temperature.

Ti-15-3: Room-temperature formability comparison of annealed alloys

Alloy
Ti-15-3

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
758

110

CPTi

275

40

Ti-6AMV

827

120

Gage
mm

in.

1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0

0.040
0.080
0.040
0.080
0.040
0.080

Minimum
bend
radius
2.4f
2.4f
3.0r
3.0r
4.7f
5.5f

Stretch
form limit,

%
28
20
20
7
7

Hydroform
limit, %
Stretch
Shrink
12
20
12
12
8
8

Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C A Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Report 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

1.0
1.5
1.0

916 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Typical formability of annealed alloy

Ti-15-3: Shear spinnability comparison of aerospace

materials

Bend radius
Cup height
Draw
Flange
Stretch
Shrink
Joggle
Lid
dlt
Springback

M a x i m u m roomtemperature reduction, <

Material
17-7 PH
Haynes 25
Ti-6A1-4V
6061
C103
Ti-8V-7Q--3 Al-4Sn- lZr
1100
Ti-8V-4Cr-2Mc-2Fe-3Al
Type 301 stainless steel
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn

38
40
50
63
66
69
83
83
83
84

2.0i
7.62 mm (0.30 in.)
46%(a)
20%
l%(b)
2
5
15 at 90

(a) L i m i t of d i e s , n o t ofmaterial, (b) Special procedures can improve

t h i s significantly. Source: H.W. Rosenberg, Ti-15-3 Property Data,
Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1984

Source: A . E . Leach, F o r m e d Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn T a n k a g e , Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Ti-15-3: Hydrogen content vs room-temperature formability

Hydrogen
content,
ppm

0.89-mm gage material

A n n e a l e d b e n d results(a)
Longitudinal
Transverse

90
129
970
1575
2000
3300
4000

...
0.44r
...
0.65
...
...
>13f

1.78-mm g a g e material
Annealed cup
t e s t s (b)

...
0.74*
...
0.94i
...
...
>13/

9.40
9.14
9.40
0 9

(a) M i n i m u m b e n d r a d i u s e x p r e s s e d a s t i m e s t h i c k n e s s () for 105 bend, (b) C u p h e i g h t o f Olsen-type cup t e s t i n m i l l i m e t e r s . Source: Beta

Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4

Ti-15-3: Tensile properties of foil

Gage
mm

in.

0.25

0.010

0.075

0.003

Direction

Bending

827
841
827
827

Source: H.W. Rosenberg, Ti-15-3 P r o p e r t y D a t a , Beta

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

fttanium

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

121
122
121
121

807
814
800
821

Elongation,
%

117
118
116
119

16
16
4
7

Alloys in the 1980's, T M S / A I M E , 1984

Ti-15-3: Effect of aging on bend angle brake formed parts

Angle change
after a g i n g (a),'
B e n d angle,
45
90
90
90
90
90
135

Punch
radius
2f
2/
2t
2.3
2.3
2.7
It

Specimen
configuration

Bend
axis

L
L

L
L
L
L

E n d 1(b)

E n d 2(b)

0 1

0 2

0 1

02

4.8
-0.8
-1.4
-1.2
+0.1
+0.7
+2.0

+1.2
-1.3
+1.1
-1.4
...
-1.2
+0.5

+1.2
-0.9
-0.8
-1.2
-0.2
+1.7
-0.4

+1.2
-1.2
0
-2.1
-0.5
-0.9

N o t e : 2.0 m m (0.080 in.) w i t h a of 2 5 m m ( 1 i n . ) for L s p e c i m e n a n d a a n d a o f 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) for s p e c i m e n . L s p e c i m e n 4 5 7 m m (18 in.)

long; 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) long, (a) A g i n g t r e a t m e n t : 5 0 5 C (940 F) for 12 h. (b) A n g l e m e a s u r e d 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) from e a c h end. Source: R. Kaneko
a n d C A . Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3
1

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 917

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15-3: Springback

Ti-15-3: Peak strain v s bend angle

Click here to view

< = 1 . ) mm

A ,

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

r = 2.7 r
r = 2.0 f

^ *

2.4 /
r = 2.() mm
^ r = 2.0
r=1.6r
15

45

75
105
Free bend angle, d e g r e e s

165

135

80

120

160

Free bend angle, d e g r e e s

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e springback of a n n e a l e d Ti-15-3.
S o u r c e : R. K a n e k o and C A W o o d s , "Low-Temperature Forming of
B e t a Titanium Alloys," NASA R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

Ti-15-3: Minimum bend radii in cold press brake bending of annealed or solution treated alloys

Alloy

40

Minimum bend radius as a

function of sheet thickness, t
t<
1.75 m m (0.069 in.)
1.75 m m
< t < 4.76 m m
(0.069 in.)
(0.1875 in.)

C P titanium
ASTM grade 1
ASTM grade 2
ASTM grade 3
ASTM grade 4
R nllnvc

2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5

3.0
2.5
25
2.0

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al

3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
2.0

3.5
3.0
4.0
35
2.0

S o u r c e : G A L e n n i n g , J A H a l l , M . E . R o s e n b l u m , a n d W.B. T r e p e l ,
"Cold F o r m a b l e Titanium S h e e t M a t e r i a l Ti-15-3-3-3," Report
AFWAL-TR-82-4174, Air Force W r i g h t A e r o n a u t i c a l Laboratories,
D e c 1982; a n d M i l i t a r y S t a n d a r d M L L - T - 9 0 4 6 J , U S G o v e r n m e n t
P r m t i n g Office

Influence of b e n d a n g l e a n d radius o n circumferential strain of ann e a l e d 2 . 0 m m (0.080 in.) s h e e t S p e c i m e n width, 1 5 0 m m (6 in.).

O p e n s y m b o l s r e p r e s e n t longitudinal d a t a . C l o s e d s y m b o l s represent transverse data.
S o u r c e : R. K a n e k o a n d C.A. Woods,"Low-Temperature Forming of
Beta Titanium Alloys," NASA Report 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

918/ Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15-3: Forming limit diagram

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100

Fracture region
80

60rSize, mm
1 5 wide
3 0 wide
4 5 wide
1 5 0 x 1 5 0 (dry)
1 5 0 x 150 (Teflon)
1 5 0 x 1 5 0 (Duck butter)
Necked

40

20

A c c e p t a b l e region

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

20

0
10
Minor strain, %

30

40

60

50

Forming limit diagram for 2.0 m m (0.080 in.) Ti-15-3 s h e e t . Unlubricated (dry) p u n c h e s e x c e p t a s n o t e d with teflon (Withrodraw 525) and duck
butter of 1.0 m m (0.040 in.) thick film o n p u n c h s i d e . P u n c h s p e e d s w e r e 2 5 mm/min (1.0 in./min) e x c e p t for s o m e 150 1 5 0 m m ( 6 x 6 in.) specim e n s run a t 5 1 0 mm/min (20 in ./min).
S o u r c e : R. K a n e k o a n d C.A. W o o d s , "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of Beta Titanium Alloys," NASA R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , 1 9 8 3

Heat Treatment

Ti-15-3: Stress relief and solution annealing treatments

Temperature

Heat
treatment
Typical stress relief
Solution treating range
Typical solution treatment

op

Time,
min

Cooling
method

650
790-815
790

1200
1450-1500
1450

12
5-30
15

AC
AC
AC

Ti-15-3: Effects of cold work on strength and ductility

Ti-15-3: Aging treatments

Aging temperature
565
540
510
480

1050
1000
950
900

Aging time,
h

T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
120

1 40

1 60

1 80

200

220

240

260

8-16
8-24
8-32
16-48

N o t e : U s e of t h e l o n g e s t a g i n g t i m e s i s r e c o m m e n d e d w h e n i t i s d e sirable to m i n i m i z e p r o p e r t y scatter. I n m a n y cases, u s e of t h e

s h o r t e s t t i m e s will b e q u i t e satisfactory. S o u r c e : Beta ffitanium Alloys in the 1980's, R . R . B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d . ,
T M S / A I M E , 1984

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

T e n s i l e strength, M P a
Source: H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Property S c a t t e r in Beta Titanium: Some
Problems a n d Solutions, Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980s,
TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

Ti-15V-3AI-3Cr-3Sn / 919

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-15-3: Effect of aging on tensile properties
1600

Click here to view

50

500 C a g e

12001

800b-? -

"

0 . 2 % proof s t r e s s

50

600 C a g e

40

1400

30

ll

S 10001

1600

Tensile strength

1400

LIVE GRAPH

12001

30

Elongation

20

S 1000
Tensile strength
35

10

800

Ui

. 2 % proof s t r e s s -

10

Elongation
600

600
10

100

10

Aging time, h

100

Aging t i m e , h

(a)

(b)

2 m m (0.08 in.) s h e e t solution treated at 8 0 0 C.

S o u r c e : M. O k a d a , D. Banerjee, a n d J.C. Williams, Titanium Science and Technology, Vol 3 , D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, G e r m a n y ,
1985, 1 8 3 6

Ti-15-3: Effect of aging on property scatter

Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h , ksi
120

140

200

160
1 ->

180
1

200

220
1

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

a.
/

c 150|

73

p 1 0 0 |
co

2h

50

-.
C

950

^0

16 h V

4h

1 0 ts

750

^v45

8
^ , 5 6 5
2h \

8h
/ 1
16 h

1150

1350

1550

Ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h , M P a
Effects of aging t e m p e r a t u r e a n d time o n s c a t t e r of t r a n s v e r s e tensile strength.
S o u r c e : H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Property S c a t t e r in B e t a Titanium: S o m e
P r o b l e m s a n d Solutions, Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980s,
TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4

TIMETAL* 21S/921

| TIMETAL 21S
Ti-15Mo-3AI-2.7Nb-0.25Si
Common Name: Beta-21S
UNS Number: R58210
Tom O'Connell, TIMET

Beta-21S is a very recently developed metastable alloy that offers the high specific strength and
good cold formability of a metastable alloy, but
h a s been specifically designed for improved oxidation resistance, elevated temperature strength,
creep resistance, and thermal stability. Developing commercial applications in forgings include
aerospace components and prosthetic devices. For
the latter application, with appropriate thermomechanical processing, Beta-21S modulus is
comparable to bone. For t h e former, Beta-21S may
be processed to very high strengths with excellent
oxidation and corrosion resistance.
Strip is the main product form. Beta-21S is also
well suited for metal matrix composites because it
can be economically rolled to foil and is compatible
with most fibers. Strip is available in gages from
0.3 to 2.5 mm (0.012 to 0.100 in.).
Chemistry. The composition of Beta-21S is
based on the objective of obtaining a cold Tollable,
strip-producible alloy for economical processing
into foil form. The key to processing an alloy to foil
form is cold rolling of strip product. If an alloy cannot be cold rolled as strip, a hot process on a handmill using cover sheets to form packs for heat retention is the only other viable option. Although
the pack process offers the opportunity to crossroll to minimize texture, it is nonetheless labor intensive and inherently a lower yield process.
In light of the fact t h a t a cold rollable, strip-producible alloy was of primary importance, it was decided that a metastable alloy was the best approach. This meant t h a t the ordinary obstacles to
overcome were the poor oxidation resistance and
elevated-temperature mechanical properties of
this class of alloy. The initial approach was to concentrate on the Ti-Mo and Ti-Cr systems. Although
the Ti-V system is most commonly used for metastable alloys (e.g., Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al and Ti-3A18V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo), vanadium is well known for its
detrimental effects on oxidation resistance. Conclusions of chemistry screening on oxidation resistance were as follows:
.

Silicon, niobium, hafnium, and tantalum were

beneficial additions to the Ti-Mo system, as
well as palladium, aluminum, and iron.

Tin, zirconium, cobalt, yttrium, and iron were

not beneficial additions to a Ti-Mo base.

20% Mo provides no advantage in oxidation resistance over 15% Mo.

No additions were found t h a t improve the corrosion resistance of the Ti-Cr series.

Effect of Oxygen. In a study on the effect of

oxygen, oxygen levels up to 0.25% were found to
have no significant effect on the strength/ductility
relationship of aged Beta-21S. Higher oxygen levels degrade ductility. Increasing oxygen decreases
the work-hardening capability of annealed sheet
material, which could adversely affect some aspects of formability.
Oxygen absorption a t the surface during exposure in air at elevated temperature degrades tensile ductility. The magnitude of the effect in sheet
is dependent on t h e exposure time and temperature and on sheet thickness. After a suitable heat
treatment, Beta-21S is metallurgically stable for
at least 1000 h up to 615 C (1140 F).
P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d Conditions. Beta-21S
is available as cut sheet, strip, plate, bar, billet,
and bloom. It is typically provided in the beta solution treated condition, which precipitates to provide strengthening on aging. The morphology and
distribution of the depend on the heat-treatment
temperature and t h e oxygen content. Lower heattreatment temperatures and higher oxygen contents result in homogeneous spheroidal a; higher
aging temperatures and lower oxygen result in
lath-type a.
Applications. Beta-21S is most useful for applications above 290 C (550 F), with thermal stability up to 625 C (1160 F) and creep resistance
comparable to Ti-6A1-4V. Developing commercial
applications include forged prosthetic devices and
cold rolled foil for metal matrix composites. Special properties include a modulus t h a t is comparable to bone, improved oxidation resistance up to
650 C (1200 F), and resistance to aerospace hydraulic fluids (e.g., Skydrol).The latter properties
have led to a number of aircraft engine applications. Excellent corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement resistance have led to chemical and offshore
oil use.
Selected References
1. W.M. Parris and P.J. Bania, "Beta-21S: AHighTemperature Metastable Beta Titanium Alloy," Proc. 1990 TDAInt. Conf., Orlando, 1990
2. W.M. Parris and P. J. Bania, "Oxygen Effects on
the Mechanical Properties of TIMETAL 21S,"
Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego, 1992
3. J.S. Grauman, "A High-Strength CorrosionResistant Titanium Alloy," Proc. 1990 TDAInt.
Conf., Orlando, 1990
4. J.S. Grauman, "Corrosion Behavior of
TIMETAL-21S for Nonaerospace Applications," Proc. 7th Int. Titanium Conf., San Diego, 1992

922 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta-21S: Typical composition range

Composition,
Minimum
Maximum
Aim

Al

Nb

Mo

Si

Fe

2.5
3.5
3.0

2.4
3.0
2.8

14.0
16.0
15.0

0.15
0.25
0.20

0.2
0.4
0.3

wt%
C

N
0.11
0.15
0.13

0.05

H2

0.05

0.015
bal

Physical Properties

P h a s e s a n d Structures. The micro structure

of Beta-21S consists of recrystallized grains with
occasional unrecrystallized grains. In addition,

Beta-21S: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting range(a)
Density(b)
Elastic modulus,
Beta annealed
Beta annealed + aged
Electrical resistivityfb)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacityip)
Thermal conductivity(b)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion(c)

titanium silicides are present. The principal a g i n g

product is (close-packed hexagonal a). O m e g a
() also has been observed, though it would n o t b e
a problem with proper heat treatment.
Beta-21S: Electrical resistivity vs temperature
T e m p e r a t u r e , F

- 7 9 3 to 810 C (1460-1490 F)
1672 to 1747 C (3041 to 3177 F)
4.94 g / c m (0.178 lb/in. )

500

1500

1000

1.50

74 to 85 GPA (10.7 to 12.3 1 0 psi)

96.5 to 103.5 GPa (14 to 15 10 psi)
1.35 - m
Nonmagnetic
6

1.46

710 J/kg (0.17 Btu/lb F)

7.5 W / m (4.3 Btu/ft h F)

1.42

8.5 x 1 0 " / C (4.7 x 1 0 " / F)

6

(a) C a l c u l a t e d s o l i d u s a n d l i q u i d u s t e m p e r a t u r e s , respectively, (b)

Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C ( 6 8 t o 7 8
F). (c) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 2 0 0 C ( 3 9 0 F)

1.38

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1.34
200

400

1000

800

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Corrosion Properties

Electrical resistivity (R) b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d 7 5 0 C (77 a n d 1380 F) fits

t h e expression:
R ( 1 0 " m) = 134 + 0.035 T-1.11 1 ( -1.27 1 0
B e t a a n n e a l e d plus 6 0 0 C (1110 F) for 8 h
5

Molybdenum improves corrosion resistance in

reducing media, and this well-known effect is apparent when the corrosion rate of Beta 21S and
grade 2 Ti are compared in HC1 solution (see figure). However, the increased resistance from molybdenum in reducing media generally comes at
the expense of resistance in oxidizing media. In
this regard, the possible additive or synergistic effect of alloying on oxidation resistance was considered during the development of Beta 21S. The best
overall oxidation resistance occurred with aluminum-silicon additions (see table). This alloying results in a slightly higher repassivation potential
compared to other molybdenum-containing titanium alloys (see table on next page).
Crevice corrosion r e s i s t a n c e improves
with molybdenum additions, and a chloride crevice corrosion test (5% NaCI at 90 C, pH adjusted to
0.5 and 1.0) indicated a chloride crevice corrosion
threshold between pH 0.5 and 1.0.
H y d r o g e n D a m a g e . Beta-21S retains ductility up to hydrogen levels of2000 ppm. The percent
of retained ductility versus hydrogen content is
shown (see figure on next page). High hydrogen
levels (2000 ppm) will slow down aging kinetics.

- 8

Beta-21S: Corrosion rate as a function of HCI concentration

Beta a n n e a e d

G r a d e 2 Ti

Beta-21S

/
/
j

10

HCI c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,

12
%

14

16

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Boiling HCI, 72-h test.

S o u r c e : J . S . G r a u m a n , "A New High Strength, Corrosion Resistant
Titanium Alloy," TDA Int. Conf., Orlando, 1 9 9 0

TIMETAL 21S/923
w

Beta-21S: Oxidation results from alloy development

Alloy

Beta-21S: Repassivation potential comparison

Repassivation potential

Weight gain, %
Alloy

250-gheat
Ti-15Mo-5Fe-2Hf
Ti-15Mo-5Fe-0.2Si
Ti-15Mo-5Fe-2Nb
Ti-15Mo-5Fe-2Nb-0.2Si
Ti- 15Mo-3Nb-1.5Ta-3Al
Ti-15Mo-5Nb-0.5Si
Ti-15Mo-5Nb-3Al-0.5Si

2.40
1.52
1.17
0.94
0.83
0.71
0.60

Ti-15Mc-5Nb-3Al-0.50Si
Ti-15Mo-5Nb-0.5Si
Tl-15Mo-3Nb-1.5Ta-3Al0.2Si
Ti-15Mo-2Nb-3Al-0.2Si

0.90
0.73
0.67

8.2-kgheat

0.62

vsAg/AgCl

Beta-21S
grade 2
T1-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo

2.8
6.2
1.8
2.5
2.7

N o t e : T h e g a l v a n o s t a t i c m e t h o d , boiling 5 % N a C I solution p H adj u s t e d to 3.5, w a s u s e d to m e a s u r e r e p a s s i v a t i o n . After approxim a t e l y 1 h of exposure, t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n w a s subjected to a cons t a n t current d e n s i t y of 2 0 0 m A / c m . S o u r c e : J . S . G r a u m a n , "A
N e w H i g h S t r e n g t h , Corrosion R e s i s t a n t T i t a n i u m Alloy," T D A
Int. Conf., Orlando, 1 9 9 0
2

250-g buttons
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al
Commercially Pure
Ti-15Mo-5Zr
Ti-15Mo-3Sn
Ti-15Mo-5Co
-15-0.1
Ti-15Mo-5Re
Ti-15Mo
Ti-15Mo-5Fe
Ti-15Mo-3Al
Ti-15Mo-0.2Pd
Ti-15Mo-0.1Si
Ti-15Mo-5Hf
Ti-15Mo-0.2Si
Ti-15Mo-0.5Si
Ti-15Mo-3Ta
Ti-20Mo-2Nb
Ti-15Mo-2Nb
Ti-15Mo-5Nb
Ti-15Cr-2Pd
Ti-15Cr-3Ta
Ti-15Cr-5Nb
Ti-15Cr-0.5Si
Ti-15Cr-3Sn
Ti-15Cr-3Al
Ti-15Cr-5Mo
Ti-15Cr

>65
7.70
7.70
5.37
2.89
2.73
2.68
2.63
2.10
2.00
1.79
1.45
1.41
1.27
1.17
1.04
0.99
0.98
0.95
9.76
9.44
7.62
7.00
4.11
3.68
2.90
2.27

N o t e : Initial oxidation r e s u l t s from a 4 8 - h e x p o s u r e a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0

F) o n 1.5 m m ( 0 . 0 2 in.) strip cold rolled from 2 5 0 - g h e a t , 8.2-kg
heat, a n d 250-g b u t t o n s . Source: W M . Parris a n d P.J. B a n i a , "Beta2 IS: A H i g h T e m p e r a t u r e M e t a s t a b l e B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy," T D A
Int. Conf., Orlando, 1 9 9 0

Beta-21S: General corrosion behavior

C o r r o s i o n rate,
mm/year

Medium
3% boiling H S 0
10% FeCl , boiling
0.5% HCI, boiling
1% H Q , boiling
1.5% HCI, boiling
2% H Q , boiling
2.5% HCI, boiling
3% H Q , boiling
4% H Q , boiling
10% HCI, boiling
15% H O , boiling
28% HCI, boiling, deaerated
10% formic acid, 10% acetic
acid, boiling, deaerated
2

0.16
0.01
0.00254
0.00508
0.01016
0.01778
0.02794
0.04064
0.127
4.0
15.0
55.0
0.0

N o t e : B e t a a n n e a l e d material. Source: J . S . G r a u m a n , "A N e w

H i g h S t r e n g t h , Corrosion R e s i s t a n t T i t a n i u m Alloy," T D A Int.
Conf., Orlando, 1 9 9 0

Beta-21S: Effect of hydrogen on residual ductility

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Thermal Properties
Hear
Capacity

The specific heat (C ) for beta-annealed plus

aged Beta-2 IS between 25 and 750 C (77 and 1380
F) (see figure) fits the expression:
C (cal/g C) = 0.116 + 4.83 ()
p

Thermal
Expansion

The thermal coefficient of linear expansion (a)

for beta-annealed plus aged Beta-21S between 25
and 750 C (77 and 1380 F) (see figure) follows the
expression:
(ppm/ C) = 6.75 + 1.28 - 2.27
xlO^T +
1.52xlQT T
-2

Thermal
Conductivity

1000

4000

2000
3000
H, p p m

Cathodically c h a r g e d 1.5 m m (0.06 in.) s h e e t in t h e b e t a - a n n e a l e d

condition. B a s e d o n b e n d radius t e s t s o n s h e e t material cathodically
c h a r g e d with H. Residual ductility d e t e r m i n e d from initial ductility
without c h a r g e , which w a s equivalent t o 1 5 % 3%.

The thermal conductivity between 25 and 750

C (77 and 1380 F) for beta-annealed plus aged

5000

Beta-2 IS (see figure) fits the equation:

Q (W/m C) = 7.33 + 1.66 "
2

924 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Beta-21S: Specific heat v s temperature

Beta-21S: Thermal coefficient of linear expansion

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500

670

1500

1000

500
0.16
HO. 1 5

'600

H0.14

HO. 1 3

.9

530

H0.12
0.11

460
200

400

600

800

1000

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

600

800

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Beta a n n e a l e d plus 6 0 0 C (1110 F) for 8 h

Beta a n n e a l e d plus 6 0 0 C (1110 F) for 8 h

Tensile Properties

Beta-21S: Thermal conductivity

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

See also "Processing" for tensile data.

Although oxygen levels below 0.33 wt% do not appear to significantly affect the strength/ductility relationship, results of tests (see table) on sheet from two
heats containing 0.14 and 0.25 wt% oxygen showed a
deleterious effect on ductility for the higher oxygen
content in the series aged at 595 C (1100 F). In the
annealed condition, there is another effect of oxygen,
which could be important in certain types of forming
operations. In the annealed condition, the difference
between yield, and ultimate tensile strengths decreased
as the oxygen level increased from 42 MPa (6.1 ksi) at
0.09% oxygen to 12 MPa (1.7 ksi) at 0.33% oxygen.
This behavior implies a decrease in work-hardening
capability with increasing oxygen and, concomitantly,
an increase in the tendency to neck locally and fail
during stretching or drawing operations.

200

1500

1000

400

600

800

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Beta a n n e a l e d plus 6 0 0 C (1110 F) for 8 h

Beta-21S: RT tensile properties of sheet v s oxygen content

Aging
temperature
F

Aging
time, h

None
480

895

8
16
24
540

1000

4
8
16

Oxygen
content, %
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
880.5
931.5
1093.8
1011.5
1257.0
1143.9
1383.2
1473.5
1428.6
1529.3
1297.0
1381.8
1269.4
1388.7
1289.4

ksi
127.7
135.1
158.6
146.7
182.3
165.9
200.6
213.7
207.2
221.8
188.1
200.4
184.1
201.4
187.0

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
8603
914.3
983.9
975.0
1145.3
1114.9
1276.9
1373.5
1319.7
1454.8
1199.7
1297.6
1185.3
1303.2
1205.3

Elongation,

ksi

124.8
132.6
142.7
141.4
166.1
161.7
185.2
199.2
191.4
210.9
174.0
188.2
171.9
189.0
174.8

12.0
15.0
Hi
14.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
3i
3.0
8.0
5.5
5.0
3.5
6.0

N o t e : Cold r o l l e d 5 0 % p r i o r t o a n n e a l i n g . 0 . 1 4 % o x y g e n a n n e a l e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 5 m i n , A C ; 0 . 2 5 % o x y g e n a n n e a l e d a t 857 C (1610

F), 5 m i n , A C . P r i o r t o t e n s i l e t e s t i n g , all s h e e t s p e c i m e n s w e r e d e s c a l e d a n d p i c k l e d t o r e m o v e 0 . 0 5 m m ( 0 . 0 0 2 i n . ) from each surface to
r e m o v e a n y m a t e r i a l c x m t a m i n a t e d b y o x y g e n a n d / o r n i t r o g e n d u r i n g h e a t t r e a t m e n t . Tensile t e s t i n g w a s c a r r i e d o u t according to ASTM
E 8 . G a g e s e c t i o n for t h e s h e e t s p e c i m e n s w a s 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 i n . ) 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) a n d for t h e b a r s p e c i m e n s 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 i n . ) d i a m e t e r x 25 mm.
S o u r c e : W.M. P a r r i s a n d P.J. B a n i a , " O x y g e n E f f e c t s o n t h e M e c h a n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of TTMETAL 2 I S , " 7 t h I n t . T i t a n i u m Conf., July 1992
(continued)

TIMETAL* 21S/925

Beta-21S: RT tensile properties of sheet v s oxygen content (continued)

Aging
temperature
C

Aging
time,h

content, %

24
595

1100

4
8

595

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Oxygen

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25

1409.3
1268.0
1388.7
1103.8
1180.4
1063.9
1172.2

204.4
183.9
201.4
160.1
171.2
154.3
170.0

1341.1
1192.2
1336.9
1024.6
1108.7
996.3
1103.9

194.5
172.9
193.9
148.6
160.8
144.5
160.1

3.5
6.0
3.5
11.0
6.0
11.0
7.5

0.14
0.25
0.14
0.25

1074.2
1194.2
1116.3
1199.7

155.8
173.2
161.9
174.0

999.8
1128.7
1059.1
1128.7

145.0
163.7
153.6
163.7

10.0
5.0
8.0
6.5

1100
16
24

N o t e : Cold rolled 5 0 % prior to a n n e a l i n g . 0.14% o x y g e n a n n e a l e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 5 m i n , A C ; 0.25% o x y g e n a n n e a l e d at 8 5 7 C (1610

F), 5 m i n , A C . Prior to t e n s i l e t e s t i n g , all s h e e t s p e c i m e n s w e r e d e s c a l e d a n d pickled to r e m o v e 0.05 m m ( 0 . 0 0 2 in.) from e a c h surface to
r e m o v e a n y m a t e r i a l c o n t a m i n a t e d b y o x y g e n and/or n i t r o g e n d u r i n g h e a t t r e a t m e n t . Tensile t e s t i n g w a s carried out according to A S T M
E8. C a g e s e c t i o n for t h e s h e e t s p e c i m e n s w a s 6 m m (0.25 in.) 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) a n d for t h e bar s p e c i m e n s 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 in.) diameter 2 5 m m .
Source: W.M. P a r r i s a n d P.J. B a n i a , "Oxygen Effects o n t h e M e c h a n i c a l Properties o f TIMETAL 2 I S , " 7 t h h i t . T i t a n i u m Conf., J u l y 1992

Beta-21S: RT tensile properties of sheet and bar vs oxygen content

S i m u l a t e d stripflb)
Heat
treatment(a)

Oxygen,

845 C (1550 F), 10 min, AC

845 C (1550 F), 10 min,

AC + 480 C(900F), 14h, AC
o

845 C (1550 F), 10 min,

A C + 5 4 0 C(1000 F),8h,
AC

845 C (1550 F), 10 min,

A C + 595 (1100 F), 8h, AC
0

0.090
0.120
0.130
0.183(c)
0.229(d)
0.334(e)
0.090
0.120
0.130
0.183(c)
0.229(d)
0.334(e)
0.090
0.120
0.130
0.183(c)
0229(d)
0.334(e)
0.090
0.120
0.130
0.183(c)
0.229(d)
0.334(d)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
813.6
859.8
874.3
900.5
930.8
970.8
1336.9
1443.1
1391.4
1447.3
1541.7
1579.6
1157.0
1314.2
1320.4
1421.7
1434.8
1461.1
937.0
1068.0
1060.5
1152.8
1223.2
1289.4

Hot rolled bar

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

118.0
124.7
126.8
130.6
135.0
140.8
193.9
209.3
201.8
209.9
223.6
229.1
167.8
190.6
191.5
206.2
208.1
211.9
135.9
154.9
153.8
167.2
177.4
187.0

771.6
819.8
847.4
888.8
912.9
958.4
1258.3
1341.8
1306.6
1375.6
1470.7
1462.4
1024.6
1232.8
1243.2
1319.7
1377.6
1359.7
822.6
986.0
987.4
1081.8
1148.0
1194.2

111.9
118.9
122.9
128.9
132.4
139.0
182.5
194.6
189.5
199.5
213.3
212.1
148.6
178.8
180.3
191.4
199.8
1972
119.3
143.0
143.2
156.9
166.5
173.2

Elongation,

%
19.8
20.1
17.3
18.4
17.4
21.5
6.8
4.1
3.0
2.8
2.3
3.0
9.6
5.8
5.8
1.4
4.3
3.4
16.8
12.5
9.0
7.9
8.0
6.5

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Reduction Elongation,
of area,

837.1
847.4
874.3
882.6
899.1
917.0

121.4
122.9
126.8
128.1
130.4
132.9

795.7
815.7
843.9
853.6
890.1
913.6

115.4
118.3
122.4
123.8
129.1
132.5

66.8
66.2
61.8
63.6
66.1
61.4

22.5
24.0
23.0
23.3
27.0
26.5

1431.4
1434.2
1494.8
1583.1
1540.3
1202.5
1325.2
1326.6
1395.5
1467.3
14252
1045.3
1103.2
1099.8
1166.6
1232.1
1259.0

207.6
208.0
216.8
229.6
223.4
174.4
192.2
192.4
202.4
212.8
206.7
151.6
160.0
159.5
169.2
178.7
171.2

1352.1
1346.6
1415.5
1501.7
1443.1
1037.0
1253.5
1254.9
1329.5
1388.0
1332.8
947.4
1010.1
1011.5
1084.6
1146.6
1180.4

196.1
195.3
205.3
217.8
209.3
150.4
181.8
182.0
192.8
201.3
193.3
137.4
146.5
146.7
169.2
166.3
171.2

15.8
15.9
12.5
10.4
5.0
47.6
24.3
24.4
19.0
192
8.0
44.2
35.5
35.2
26.9
22.5
16.0

7.0
6.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
10.9
8.3
8.5
7.0
7.8
4.0
11.5
14.0
13.5
12.0
10.3
8.3

(a) A n n e a l i n g time for s h e e t w a s 10 m i n , for b a r 1 h. (b) Cold rolled 5 0 % prior t o a n n e a l i n g , (c) A n n e a l e d 8 5 7 C. (d) A n n e a l e d 8 7 0 C. (e) A n n e a l e d 8 8 5 C. Source: W.M.
P a r r i s a n d P.J. Bania, "Oxygen Effects o n t h e M e c h a n i c a l Properties of TIMETAL 2 1 S , " 7 t h Int. T i t a n i u m Conf., J u l y 1 9 9 2

Beta-21S: Typical room-temperature aged tensile properties

Aging
temperature(a)
F

540

Duplex(b)

1000

Test
direction
L
L

Ultimate tensile
strength

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

MPa

ksi

1288
1326
1346
1379
1100
1185
1165
856
840

1353
1394
1422
1438
1179
1243
1240
920
914

196
202
206
208
171
180
179
133
132

189
192
195
200
159
172
169
124
122

(a) A g e d 8 h after b e t a a n n e a l , (b) 8 h a t 6 9 0 C ( 1 2 7 5 F), A C , + 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F) for 8 h , A C

Elongation,

%
9.0
7.5
6.5
7.0
11.0
11.0
10.0
18.0
20.0

926/ Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta-21S: Typical RT beta-annealed tensile properties

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
Longitudinal
869
869
834
855
869
869
869
876
903
862
855
862
924
938
938
896

126
126
121
124
126
126
126
127
131
125
124
125
134
136
136
130

Tensile yield

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
924
896
862
876
896
896
876
883
952
896
896
896
952
986
986
924

Elongation, %

134
130
125
127
130
130
127
128
138
130
130
130
138
143
143
134

11.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
12.0
11.0
13.0
11.0
12.0
10.0
14.0
11.0
10.0

Ultimate tensile
strength

strength
MPa
ksi

MPa

ksi

Elongation, %

Transverse
910
903
876
889
896
903
896
903
945
903
896
896
965
972
979
952

952
931
910
910
931
931
903
910
1007
938
938
924
993
1014
1027
979

138
135
132
132
135
135
131
132
146
136
136
134
144
147
149
142

10.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

132
131
127
129
130
131
130
131
137
131
130
130
140
141
142
138

High-Temperature Strength
Beta-21S: High-temperature tensile properties (aged at 540 C)
Test
temperature
C
F
24

75

205

400

315

600

425

800

540

1000

Test
direction

Tensile yield
strength
MPa

ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

L
L

L
L

L
L

L
L

L
L

1288
1326
1346
1379
1105
1096
1127
1154
1041
1019
1089
1050
976
969
1016
1005
576
674
616
648

187
192
195
200
160
159
163
167
151
147
158
152
141
140
147
145
83
97
89
94

1353
1394
1422
1438
1200
1204
1233
1249
1149
1156
1197
1158
1090
1077
1132
1122
838
849
867
886

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196
202
206
208
174
175
179
181
166
167
173
168
158
156
164
162
121
123
125
128

Elongation,
%
9.0
7.5
6.5
7.0
8.5
9.5
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
22.0
22.0
25.0
24.5

TIMETAL* 21S 7927

Beta-21S: High-temperature tensile properties (aged at 540 C)

Test
temperature
"C
F
24

75

205

400

315

600

425

800

540

1000

Test
direction
L

L
L

L
L

L
L

L
L

L
L

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Tensile yield
strength
MPa

ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

1100
1185
1165
893
903
907
944
832
830
861
875
776
807
818
856
598
587
613
633
598
587
613
633

159
172
169
129
130
131
137
121
120
125
127
112
117
118
124
86
85
89
92
86
85
89
92

1179
1243
1240
1011
1020
1036
1069
955
969
1001
994
909
925
946
967
741
751
773
822
741
751
773
822

171
180
179
146
148
150
155
138
140
145
144
132
134
137
140
107
109
112
119
107
109
112
119

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Elongation,
11.0
11.0
10.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
7.0
26.9
24.0
28.5
12.0
26.9
24.0
28.5
12.0

928 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Crack Resistance
Beta-21S: Fracture toughness
Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Heat
treatment
Beta annealed

865

124

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
879

127

F r a c t u r e toughness
Elongation,

Test
medium

15

Air

(Kc)
MPaVm

Saltwater
Beta annealed + 540 C (1000 F), 8 h

1220

177

1320

191

Air
Saltwater

Beta annealed + 595 C (1100 F), 8 h

1040

151

1130

164

7.5

Air

1073
107.5
107.5
106.7
75.4
72.6
683
67.8
100.8
100.8

ksiVin7
97.8
97.8
97.8
97.1
68.6
66.0

62.3
61.7
91.7
91.7

N o t e : C e n t e r n o t c h s h e e t s p e c i m e n s 1.4 ( 0 . 0 5 in.) t h i c k

Beta-21S: Fatigue crack growth

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Beta-21S: Fatigue crack growth

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10
AK, MPaVm

AK,

10
MPayjm

As in other b e t a alloys, microstructure a n d h e a t treatment s e e m to

h a v e virtually n o effect on crack growth r a t e s of Beta-21S. Solution
treated a n d a g e d for 8 h a t 5 4 0 C (1000F). Room-temperature tests
atlabain29Hz;H=0.1

B e t a a n n e a l e d (790 C, 10 min) s h e e t , 1.4 m m (0.05 in.) center

notch s a m p l e , t e s t e d at RT; R=0.1; 2 9 Hz in lab air

Formability. Limited foraiing data indicate a

siimlarity to Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn (Ti-15-3). In addition to tensile tests, some indication of sheet formability in annealed material was obtained by bend
testing 25 mm (1 in.) wide strip. These specimens
were bent 105 around successively smaller radii
either until cracking visible at 20x magnification
occurred or until the minimum radius of 0.75 mm
(0.030 in.) was reached. Sheet in the annealed condition from all heats sustained a 105 bend around
a 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) radius without cracking. This
translates to a bend ductility of 1 or less for sheet
at all oxygen levels. Thus, oxygen contents up to
0.33% had no significant effect on this criterion for

formability. However, as shown in the previous

section on tensile properties, tensile data indicated a possible oxygen effect on other aspects of
sheet formability.
Machining, welding, a n d brazing of Beta21S is typical of beta alloys and is considered similar to that of Ti-15-3.
H e a t Treatment. In cases where high-temperature exposure is anticipated, a duplex overage
is used to retain ductility. The high temperature
age "weakens" the grains relative to the grain
boundaries and the second age stabilizes the
grains against embrittlement. (See table and figures.)

Processing

TIMETAL* 21S 7929

Beta-21S: Selected heat treatments

Treatment

Temperature
C

Solution treatment (beta anneal)

Aging(a)

800-815
480
540
595

Duplex age
First stage
Second stage

690
650

"F

Duration

Cooling method

1470-1500
900
1000
1100

4 min, minimum
24 h
8h
8b

AC
AC
AC

1275
1200

8h
8h

AC
AC

(a) T h r e e selected a g i n g t r e a t m e n t s t h a t cover s t r e n g t h levels likely t o b e u s e d i n commercial applications

Beta-21S: Ultimate tensile strength v s aging time

Beta-21S: Tensile yield strength v s aging time

1500

1500

1300

1300

180

160

700

54 0 C ( 1 0 00 F)

59 5 C (11 0OF)

8 2 C(90C F)

>
c

120

- = 100

20

30

40

160

---

-1140 w
4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)

50

120

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)
700
500

5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F)
1.5 m m s h e e t
10

100
-|80

20

30

40

50

Time, h

Time, h

B e t a a n n e a l e d 1.5 m m (0.06 in.) s h e e t a g e d for indicated t i m e s a n d

temperatures

Beta a n n e a l e d 1.5 m m (0.06 in.) s h e e t a g e d for indicated times a n d

temperatures

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Forging

1100

900

1.5 im s h e e t
10

900
>

-|180

_
ID

1100

500

|200

Beta-2 IS can be fabricated into all forging

product types, although current closed die forging
predominates. Beta-2 IS is a reasonably forgeable
alloy when forged above its beta transus, with
higher unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeability, and less crack sensitivity in forging than the
- alloy Ti-6A1-4V. Due to the high alloying content of Beta-2 IS, flow stresses are higher than
those of the near-beta alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The desired final microstructure from thermomechanical
processing of Beta-2 IS during forging manufacture
is a fine transformed , with limited grain boundary films and a fine, recrystallized prior grain size
in preparation for final thermal treatments.
T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l P r o c e s s i n g . The very
fine microstructural features of Beta-2 IS achieved
in forgings are responsible for its excellent mechanical properties and fatigue resistance. Reheating for subsequent forging operations recrystallizes the alloy from prior hot work, refining the
grain size. Beta-2 IS is generally not subtransus
forged because there is no microstructural advantage, and there is a significant increase in unit
pressures.
Final thermal treatments for Beta-21S include

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a simple anneal (or solution anneal) for low-modulus applications or solution anneal and aging for
higher strength levels. Forgings may be supplied
annealed, solution annealed, and/or fully aged
(STA). Annealing or solution annealing generally
is conducted at 815 to 870 C (1500 to 1600 F). Aging is conducted at 535 to 595 C (1000 to 1100 F).
Beta forging working histories for Beta-2 IS require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of beta reduction are not recommended.
Hydrogen. Beta-21S, as with all beta alloys,
has a high affinity for hydrogen. Although Beta21S forms less case from heating operations than
other alloy classes, therefore requiring less metal
removal in chemical pickling (milling) processes,
control of chemical removal processes is essential
to preclude excessive hydrogen pickup.
R e c o m m e n d e d forging metal temperatures range from 790 to 850 C (1450 to 1560 F).
Recommended die temperatures are summarized
in "Technical Note 4: Forging."

Beta CEZ^/931

Ti-5AI-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1 Fe
Beta-CEZ
Compiled by Y. Combres, CEZUS Centre de Recherches, Ugine, France

Beta-CEZ is a multifunctional near- titanium alloy exhibiting high strength, high toughness, and intermediate-temperature creep resistance. Its processing flexibility makes it suitable
for a wide range of applications.
P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d Conditions. Typical
product forms consist of forged billets in diameters
ranging from 150 to 300 m m (6 to 12 in.) and forged
or rolled bar in diameters ranging from 10 up to
110 mm (0.4 to 4.3 in.). Rolled plate and sheet are
also available in thicknesses ranging from 25 to 3
mm (1 to 0.1 in.) and 500 m m (20 in.) wide. Products are supplied in t h e forged or solution treated

conditions. The microstructure is fine and

equiaxed.
Applications. Typical applications include
heavy section forgings used for medium-temperature compressor disks in which an optimum combination of strength, ductility, toughness, and creep
resistance is required. Beta-CEZ is a structural
alloy with very high strength and a good combination of strength, ductility, and toughness. Near-net
shape forgings are possible due to the excellent formability of the alloy. Component applications are
as forged parts, springs, and fasteners.

Beta-CEZ : Chemical composition

Physical Properties

Element

Crystal Structure. In t h e solution treated

and aged condition, t h e microstructure consists of
+ phases. The lattice parameters of the closepacked hexagonal phase are = 2.9287 A and c =
4.6606 A, whereas t h e lattice parameter of t h e
body-centered cubic phase is a = 3.2040 A.
Grain Structure. The microstructure is typical of metastable alloys and may be or + ,
either equiaxed or lamellar. Highest strength and
ductility are achieved with an equiaxed primary
phase and a finely precipitated secondary phase
microstructure. Optimum toughness is obtained
with lamellar primary microstructures.
Transformation Products. The continuous
cooling (CCT) diagram is similar to t h a t of Ti-17.
Alpha precipitation occurs first at grain boundaries and secondly inside t h e grains. For instance,
the time difference between grain boundary and
intragranular precipitation is about 1 h when
cooled a t 1 C/min (1.8 F/min) from the field. The

Composition, wt%

Aluminum
Tin
Zirconium
Molybdenum
Chromium
Iron
Oxygen
Hydrogen

4.5-5.5
1.5-2.5
3.5^1.5
3.5-4.5
1.5-2.5
0.5-1.5
800-1300 p p m
<150ppm

transformation of samples cooled from the field

exhibits a coarse precipitation above 700 C
(1290 F) and fine acicular precipitation between
700 and 400 C (1290 and 750 F). A temperature
of > 750 C (1380 F) is recommended for solution
treatments below t h e transus, whereas aging
treatments are performed below 700 C (1290 F)
Chemical Corrosion Resistance. Corrosion
resistance in acid or seawater, as well as hydrogen
uptake and embrittlement are currently being
studied. Data are not available yet.

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Beta-CEZ : Thermal coefficient of linear expansion vs temperature

Beta-CEZ : Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Solidus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

890 C (1634 F)
- 1 5 5 0 C (2820 F)
1602 C (2916 F)
4.69 g/cm
580J/kg (0.14 Btu/lb F)
6.7 W / m (3.8 Btu/ft h F)
10 l O - ^ C (5.5 1 0 - ^ F )

200

600

Temperature, F
800 1000 1200 1400 1600

16

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 t o 2 5 C (68 t o

7 8 F ) . (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e t o 6 0 0 C (1110
F). S e e figure.

400

15
8.0

14
" 1 3

7.0

c 12
>
11
:
>

10

6.0

5.0

8
50

150

250

350 450 550 650

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

750

850

950

932 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Beta-CEZ : Young's modulus vs temperature

Mechanical Properties
Tensile
Properties

Young's m o d u l u s

Temperature
C
"F

Tensile properties depend strongly on microstructure (see table). Forged or rolled bars exhibit
an equiaxed microstructure, whereas processed
and "through the transus" processed pancakes
exhibit lamellar and necklaced microstructures,
respectively. Beta-CEZ can maintain a high
strength level at high temperatures for both the
equiaxed or lamellar microstructures (see figure).

122
106
100

68
570
750

20
300
400

1 0 psi

GPa

Beta-CEZ : Typical tensile properties

Product

12.7 m m (V2 in.) diam rolled bar

25 m m (1 in.) thick rolled plate

300 m m (12 in.) diam "through the

transus" processed

Elonga-

strength

tion,

ksi

MPa

ksi

As forged
830 C (1525 Q , 1 h, W Q + 5 5 0 C (1020 F), 8 h, A C
830 C (1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC
860 C (1580 F), 1 h, W Q + 550 C (1020 F), 8 h, AC
860 C (1580 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC
As rolled

1040
1601
1283
1557
1370
1490

150
232
186
226
198
216

960
1518
1208
1478
1304
1345

139
220
175
214
189
195

18
2
11
2
5
11

830 C (1525 F),

830 C (1525 F),
860 C (1580 F),
860 C (1580 F),
As rolled, L
As rolled,
830 C (1525 F),
L

1506
1373
1723
1540
1222
1260
1334

218
199
250
223
177
182
193

1460
1349
1683
1485
1124
1163
1287

211
195
244
215
163
168
186

13
15
7
9
15
11
13

1351

196

1300

188

12

1405

203

1338

194

10

194

1 h, W Q
1 h, W Q
1 h, W Q
1 h, W Q

+ 550 C (1020 F), 8 h, AC

+ 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC
+ 550 C (1020 F), 8 h, AC
+ 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC

1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC,

830 C (1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC,

860 C (1580 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC,

L

300 m m (12 in.) diam -processed

pancake

0.2% y i e l d

strength
MPa

form
150 m m (6 i n ) diam forged bar

Ultimate tensile
Heat
treatment

860 C (1580 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC,

600C(1110F),8h,AC

1418

205

1340

1608

233

1472

213

830 C (1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 570 C (1060 F), 8 h, A C

830 C (1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 6 0 0 C (1110 F), 8 h, AC
600C(1110F),8h,AC
830 C (1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 570 C (1060 F), 8 h, A C
830 C(1525 F), 1 h, W Q + 600 C (1110 F), 8 h, A C

1357
1326
1227
1314
1263

197
192
178
190
183

1171
1188
1138
1200
1170

170
172
165
174
169

5
6
10
10
11

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Beta-CEZ : Creep property comparison

Beta-CEZ: Yield strength comparison

Temperature, F
1200

200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400
r1'rt -
"T1 1 ' 1

1100

1000

900

Beta-CEZ
Ti-17
Ti-6246
Ti-6246 S

10"

160

140
Equiaxed, bar
Necklaced, bar

120

800

Lamellar, p a n c a k e
T i - 1 7 lamellar, p a n c a k e

700
600
500
0

10
100

200

300 400
500
600 700
800
T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 3 0 0 m m (12 in.) d i a m p r o c e s s e d p a n c a k e s with
a lamellar microstructure.
S o u r c e : Ti-17 a n d Ti-6246 d a t a c o u r t e s y of S N E C M A .

16
13
14
15
Larson-Miller p a r a m e t e r (m)
Beta-CEZ h a d lamellar, n e c k l a c e d , a n d e q u i a x e d microstructures;
Ti-17 s p e c i m e n s h a d lamellar p r o c e s s e d structures. All specim e n s w e r e 3 0 0 m m (12 in.) diameter, m = T(20 + log / ) 1 0 (Tin K;
fin h).
12

- 3

Beta C E Z / 9 3 3
w

Beta-CEZ: Low-cycle fatigue for equiaxed microstructures aged at 600 C

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1500

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1300

S T 8 3 0 C

S T 8 6 0 C

CD

180

- 160
H

-H140
0

1100
0_
5
950I

120

s c k l a c e d , t i g e d at 56() C

U imellar, a g e d at 6 0 0 ' C

absP

800

100

700

650

- 80

500
3.0

3.4

3.8

4.2

4.6

5.0

500

5.4

3.0

3.4

3.8

Log c y c l e s t o failure

(a)

4.6

4.2

5.0

Log c y c l e s t o failure

(b)

a ) S p e c i m e n s w e r e from 1 5 0 m m (6 in.) d i a m forged bar. b) Beta-CEZ: Low-cycle fatigue for lamellar a n d n e c k l a c e d microstructures after solution treating a t 8 3 0 C. b) N e c k l a c e d microstructures w e r e 8 0 m m (3.1 in.) d i a m "through t h e t r a n s u s " forged b a n lamellar microstructures w e r e
3 0 0 m m (12 in.) diam - p r o c e s s e d p a n c a k e .

Fatigue

The alloy behaves very well in low-cycle fatigue

conditions between 20 C (68 F) (700 MPa, or 101
ksi) for 1 0 cycles) and 400 C (750 F) (600 MPa, or
4

Crack
Propagation
Resistance

Products with the best toughness exhibit good

fatigue crack propagation resistance at 20 C (68
F). Typical da/dNcharacteristics are shown here.

87 ksi for 1 0 cycles). For high-cycle fatigue,

equiaxed microstructures have a fatigue limit of
900 MPa (130 ksi) for 10 cycles at 20 C (68 F).
4

Beta-CEZ : Fatigue crack propagation for lamellar or

necklaced microstructures
da/dN,

AK
MPaVm

Fracture
Toughness

Equiaxed micro structures are characterized by

toughness ranging from 45 to 55 MPaVmT(40 to 50
ksiVin.). Toughness of the lamellar structure
ranges from 60 to 90 MPaVm" (54 to 82 ksiVmT),
whereas the necklaced microstructure has a
toughness ranging from 65 to 95 MPaVm (59 to 86
ksiVin. )(see figure).
Low-temperature
toughness
usually
ranges from 30 to 45 MPaVrrT (27 to 41 ksiVinT) at
-253 C (-423 F).

ksiVin.

nun/cycle

5.4
9.1
54

"
2 xlO"

6
10
60

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e from 3 0 0 m m (12 in.) d i a m e t e r p a n c a k e s i n

t h e p r o c e s s e d or "through t h e t r a n s u s " p r o c e s s e d condition.

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Beta-CEZ : Fracture toughness vs yield strength
comparison
Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , ksi
14CM

120
1

140

160
-

180
>-

200
1
H120

12Q

Fabrication

-1100
E 100

Forming

100
1

Because the strain-rate sensitivity exponent of

Beta-CEZ is rather high compared to conventional alloys (0.3 for Beta-CEZ versus 0.2 for Ti6A1-4V), plastic flow is more stable and enhances
formability. The metastable nature of the alloy
lowers its sensitivity to temperature.
Hot w o r k i n g in the + range is recommended at 800 to 860 C (1470 to 1580 F) to maintain a fine equiaxed microstructure. In the range,
a temperature around 920 C (1690 F) is suggested to obtain a lamellar structure by processing.
"Through t h e Transus" P r o c e s s i n g is a patented technique that results in a "necklaced" microstructure. It is applied to a 100% metastable
structure below 890 C (1635 F). Lamellae in the

80

Equiaxed
Necklaced

H80

"55

60l

40

20
600

800

1000

1200

1400

Yield s t r e n g t h (0.2%), M P a
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 7 0 m m (2.7 in.) diam + rolled b a r (equiaxed
structure) a n d 8 0 m m (3.1 in.) diam t h r o u g h t h e t r a n s u s " forged
b a r (necklaced structure).

934 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

core of the grains and fine equiaxed grains at the

boundaries are thus obtained, which leads to an
excellent combination of strength, ductility, and
toughness.
Superplastic F o r m i n g . The alloy displays
superplastic properties between 725 and 775 C
(1340 and 1430 F); 1000% ductility can be
reached at strain rates as high as 8 I O s . Diffusion bonding is being studied.
Superplastic properties of Beta CEZ alloy are
obtained at temperatures as low as 725 C (Scripta
Met, Vol 29, No. 4,1993, 503-508). The as-forged
material exhibits a complex microstructure, in-4

_1

eluding the usual and the globular primary alpha phases, but also a significant amount of acicular alpha. The superplastic behaviour of this unusual microstructure is associated with the
breaking up of the acicular alpha in the first steps
of deformation, which leads to a very fine mean
grain size. The origin of superplasticity at these
low temperatures is not yet clearly understood.
More detailed investigations are needed, particularly to determine the effective diffusion coefficients in the phase, since slow and fast diffusing
elements (in comparison to Ti atoms) are present
in this alloy.

Beta C E Z : Strain-rate sensitivity at 760 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

, 0.1
, 0 . 3 - 0 . 4
e 04-05
0

10"

, 0 . 5 - 0 . 6

10 *

10"

Strain r a t e , s~

10"

Deformation a t 7 6 0 C
S o u r c e : Scripta Met, Vol 2 9 , 5 0 3 - 5 0 8

Heat
Treatment

S o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t is recommended between 750 and 860 C (1380to 1580 F) from 1 to 4 h.

A g i n g is recommended between 525 and
650C (980 to 1200 F) from 30 min to 8 h. As a
Beta-CEZ : Hardness kinetics for equiaxed microstructures

Product
form
150 m m (6 in.)
diam forged bar

Heat
treatment
As forged
860C(1580F),2a,
W Q + 5 5 0 C (1020 F),
r,AC

Aging t ime,
(),
min

Hardness
(30 k g ) ,
HV

0
1

345
380

3
10
30
100
300
1000
3000

440
470
485
480
465
460
460

function of aging time, the hardness evolves rapidly (see table). Maximum hardness is about 560
HV.

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI / 935

I Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI
Common Name: Ti-8823
Reviewed by R. Boyer, Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.

very high strength levels are consistent with the

general advantages of beta titanium alloys.
The limitations of Ti-8823 are consistent with
some of the disadvantages in general of beta titanium alloys, such as higher density (than for example alpha-beta alloys), relatively poor creep
strength at moderately high temperatures, and
marginal weld properties in the heat-treated condition. Also, smooth specimens of the Ti-8823 alloy
do not appear to have the fatigue strength that
might be expected from such a high tensile
strength material. Ti-8823 also suffers from melting problems due to its high molybdenum content.

Ti-8823 was developed by Timet primarily as a

high-strength formable sheet alloy, but it also possesses hardenability in sections up to 100 m m (4
in.) and possibly up to 150 m m (6 in.). As such, it
has been considered as a possible fastener alloy,
spring alloy, and for structural forgings.
Producers have found the metallurgical behavior of Ti-8823 to be more predictable t h a n Ti-13VllCr-3Al, because Ti-8823 recrystallizes uniformly during hot working and ages (hardens)
without forming an intermetallic compound
phase. Also, it is superior to the Ti-13-11-3 beta alloy in aging kinetics because less aging time is required to reach high strength levels (see figure).
Additionally, Ti-8823 has good fracture toughness, notch fatigue strength, modulus of elasticity,
stress-corrosion resistance, and thermal stability
at least to 315 C (600 F). The good formability of
Ti-8823 in the annealed condition, its deep hardenability, and capability for heat treatment to

Selected References
R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
Code 3721, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
1970

Ti-8823: Typical composition range

Al
Minimum
Maximum
Nominal

2.6
3.4
3.0

Fe

Mo

7.5
8.5
8.0

1.6
2.4
2.0

7.5
8.5
8.0

O2

0.05

0.1
0.16

0.05

0.015

Physical Properties

Modulus of elasticity of Ti-8823 alloy varies

with the heat treatment condition. For example,
values of 70 to 75 GPa (10 to 11 10" psi) have
been measured for solution heat treated condition
of Ti-8.5Mo-8.5V-2.25Fe-2.5Al-0.10O compositions. Solution heat treated plus aged bar of25,50,
75, and 100 mm (1,2,3, and 4 in.) section thickness
had measured modulus values of 115, 114, 106,
and 109 GPa (16.7,16.5,15.4, and 15.8 x 10" psi),
respectively. Longitudinal and transverse elastic
modulus values were about the same for bar of 75
and 100 mm (3 and 4 in.) section thickness. Temperature effects are also shown (see table on next page).

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Ti-8823: Aging response vs Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

Ultima te tensil
1300

1400

|200

3 strength

190

Ti-8823
1200

180

T e n s i e yield s trength] 170

Itimate t i n s i l e st e n g t h .
160 i >
s

/ /

.11001

T M 3 V - 1 1Cr-3AI
1000

-=1 1 5 0

55

140
s

Ti-8823: Summary of typical physical properties

900

Tensil e yield s r e n g t h '

800
Beta transus
Density(a)
Magnetic permeability

775 C (1425 F)
4.85 g / c m (0.175 lb/in. )
Nonmagnetic
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 t o

78 F)

130

- 120
4

12

16

20

24

Aging t i m e a t 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F), h
Aging r e s p o n s e of alloys solution t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 1 0
min, AC, a n d c d d rolled 2 5 %
R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s
Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

936 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-8823: Modulus of elasticity

M o d u l u s , G P a ( 1 0 psi) at;
6

Heat treated condition

-55 C (-65

7 8 5 t o 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 5 0 t o 1475F), W Q o r A C
785 C (1450 F), 10 min, A C + 4 8 0 C (900 F), 8 h, AC
785C(1450F), 10rrnn,AC + 595C(1100F),24h, AC
S o u r c e : R A . W o o d , Beta Titanium

Alloys,

21C(70 F)

awcceooT)

86(12.5)
118(17.2)
110(15.9)

98(14.2)
95(13.8)

F)

107 (15.6)
108(15.7)

M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

Ti-8823: Oxidation resistance

Temperature

Weight gain,

"C

"F

815

1500

980

1800

1040
1200

1900
2200

S o u r c e : R A . W o o d , Beta Titanium

Alloys,

g/cm

Exposure time, h
2
4
8
2
4
8
4
4

0.003
0.014
0.040
0.040
0.082
0.210
0.106
0.152

M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

Mechanical Properties

See also "Processing" for mechanical property data.

Tensile property data for Ti-8823 are a function

of thermomechanical history, product form, test
temperature, etc. The aging response, as with all
beta titanium alloys, can be significantly influenced by thermomechanical history (see figure).
Thus, mechanical property data is included in the
heat treatment section at the end of this
datasheet.

Ti-8823 is cold workable, and this characteristic allows an excellent combination of

strength and ductility to be achieved for certain
applications. High strength levels can be obtained
in this alloy, which translate to high structural efficiency. As with most beta titanium alloys, usage
is limited to about 315 C (600 F).

Ti-8823: Effect of cold work and cold work plus aging

20001
A s cold worked plus aged

-H280

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

18001

8 h at 495 C (925 F)
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

260

12hat425C(800F)
-1240

16001

-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
6 h at 480 C (900 F)

{220

14001

H200

180

160

H140

- 20
40
50
Cold reduction, %

70

90

W . H . Heil, T i - 8 M o - 8 V - 2 F e - 3 A I R o d a n d Bar for Fastener Application," Titanium Metals Corporation of America, Technical Data Sheet, Mar 1969

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI / 937

Sheet

Ti-8823: Tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

16

24

Click here to view

32

Aging t i m e , h

12

16

20

24

28

Aging t i m e , h

Effect of a g i n g h e a t t r e a t m e n t v a r i a b l e s on t h e tensile properties of 1.27-mm (0.050-in.) s h e e t solution h e a t t r e a t e d 1 5 min at 8 1 5 C (1500 F),

water quenched.
R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 7 2 - 1 1 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

LIVE GRAPH

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LIVE GRAPH
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Effect of a g i n g h e a t t r e a t m e n t h a r d n e s s of 1.5 m m (0.060 in.) s h e e t

solution h e a t t r e a t e d 3 0 min a t 8 0 0 C (1475 F) a n d air cooled.
R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Fastener
Stock

Effect of 8-h aging t e m p e r a t u r e o n tensile properties of 6.5 m m

(0.256in.) d i a m e t e r rod solution h e a t t r e a t e d 1 5 min a t 7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0
F), air cooled

Ti-8823: Mechanical properties of fastener stock

Heat treatment

strength
MPa
ksi

Shear
Elongation,
%

strength
MPa

ksi

960

139

1027

149

22

703

102

875

127

930

135

24

662

96

...

...

...

...

...

682-703

99-102

Unspecified, except 650 C (1200 F) aging

Source: R A Wood, Beta Titanium

Ultimate tensile

strength
MPa
ksi
o

15min,785 C(1450F),AC+8h,650 C
(1200 F), A C
20min,775C(1425 F),AC+8h,650 C
(1200 F), A C
o

Tensile yield

Alloys,

M C I C 72-11, B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

938 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-8823: Room-temperature shear and tensile properties v s cold work or heat treatment
Tensile
yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Ultimate
tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Double
shear
strength
MPa
ksi

Reduction
Elongation,
of area,

Condition/
heat treatment

Diameter
mm
in.

20 min, 775 C (1425 F), AC

20 min, 775 C (1425 F), AC
+ 8h,495 C(925F),AC
15 min, 785 C (1450 F), AC
15 min, 800 C (1475 F), AC
Hot rolled
HR+14%CR
HR + 36%CR
HR + 53%CR
HR + 53% CR + 8 h, 495 C (925 F), AC
HR+61%CR
H R + 6 1 % CR + 8 h, 495 C (925 F), AC
15 min, 785 C (1450 F), AC + 8 h,
650C(1200F) AC
20 min, 775 C (1425 F), AC + 8 h,
650C(1200F),AC

7.9
7.9

0.312
0.312

862
1268

125
184

889
1344

129
195

29
8

58
21

655
834

95
121

4.8
7.9
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.8
4.8

0.190
0.312
0.312
0.284
0.244
0.208
0.208
0.191
0.191
0.190

889
862
937
993
1151
1220
1599
1282
1613
958

129
125
136
144
167
177
232
186
234
139

930
868
972
1034
1179
1255
1661
1303
1668
1027

135
126
141
150
171
182
241
189
242
149

17
28
24
21
12
12
6
10
9
22

58
64
68
64
57
57
18
52
35

662
620

96
90

655
696
703
924
724
951
703

95
101
102
134
105
138
102

7.9

0.312

875

127

930

135

24

662

96

Source: R. Woods a n d R. F a v o r , Titanium

Bar and
Billet

Alloys Handbook,

M C I C H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-8823: Room-temperature tensile properties of forged bar and billet (STA)

Bar
stock
section

Orientation
and
location

25 mm (1 in.) square

L-C

50 mm (2 in.) square

L-O
L-C
TO
T-C
L-O
L-C
TO
T-C
L-O
L-MR
L-C
TO
T-MR
T-C
L-O
L-MR
L-C
L-MR
L-O
T-C
L-O
L-MR
L-C
TO
T-MR
T-C

75 mm (3 in.) square

100 mm (4 in.) square

100 mm (4 in.) round

150 mm (6 in.) square

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa

ksi

1151
1151
1172
1172
1241
1193
1137
1144
1165
1158
1096
1151
1158
1165
1179
1172
1124
1137
1117
1144
1130
1199
1172
1165
1130
1172
1151
1137

167
167
170
170
180
173
165
166
169
168
159
167
168
169
171
170
163
165
162
166
164
174
170
169
164
170
167
165

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1255
1268
1248
1186
1296
1220
1199
1165
1241
1179
1179
1199
1186
1220
1241
1234
1213
1213
1213
1227
1213
1261
1227
1227
1193
1248
1220
1206

182
184
181
172
188
177
174
169
180
171
171
174
172
177
180
179
176
176
176
178
176
183
178
178
173
181
177
175

Elongation,

%
8.0
8.5
7.0
9.5
6.0
6.0
10.0
9.5
5.0
7.0
10.0
8.0
9.0
5.0
6.5
7.0
10.5
8.5
85
8.5
9.0
55
4.5
5.0
5.0
4.0
35
4.0

Reduction of
area,%
13.9
13.2
16.8
19.0
16.0
11.5
16.1
15.3
10.2
15.4
24.1
14.6
16.6
4.8
11.7
10.9
17.0
14.7
17.5
14.6
155
7.8
8.6
7.8
6.3
4.0
4.7
7.8

Modulus of
elasticity
psi
10 GPa
6

116
114
114
98

16.8
16.6
16.6
14.3

107
101
110
100
110
107
100
107
106
107
109
109
108
109
111
112

15.6
14.7
16.0
14.5
16.0
15.6
14.6
15.6
15.4
15.6
15.9
15.9
15.8
15.9
16.1
16.3

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s from 2 5 a n d 5 0 m m ( 1 a n d 2 in.) bar w e r e 4.7 mm ( 0 . 1 8 7 in.) i n diameter, 2 5 m m ( 1 in.) g a g e l e n g t h . R e m a i n d e r of specimens

w e r e 6.4 m m (0.252 in.) i n d i a m e t e r , 5 0 m m (2 in.) g a g e l e n g t h . L, l o n g i t u d i n a l ; T, transverse; C, center; O, outside; MR, m i d radius. Source:
R A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI / 939

High-Temperature Strength

Ti-8823: Tensile properties of welded sheet at 315 C (600 F)

Ultimate tensile
Heat treatment
800 C (1475 F), 30 min, AC
+480C(900F),8h,AC
+ weld
800 C (1475 F), 30 min, A C
+ weld + 4 8 0 C (900 F), 8 h,
AC
800 C (1475 F), 30 min, AC
+ 595 C(1100 F), 16h, A C
+ weld
800 C (1475 F), 30 min, A C
+ 595 C (1100 F), 16 h, AC
+ weld
800 C (1475 F), 30 min, A C
+ 595C(900F),8h,AC
+ weld + 480 C (900 F), 3 h,
1110
AC

strength.
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation in:
5 0 m m (2 in.), %
Total
Local
Uniform

593
605
605
1275
1296
1255
613
593
613
848
813
820
1103
1096
161

86
88
88
185
188
182
89
86
89
123
118
119
160
159
1041

579
600
593
1193
(a)
(a)
600
579
586
731
675
799
1013
1041
151

84
87
86
173
(a)
(a)
87
84
85
106
98
116
147
151
5

35
30
45
15
5
5
25
40
35
20
5
20
5
10
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
2.5
0
2.5
2

1.5
3.5
5
2
2
1
5
5.5
4
3.5
4.5
4.5
2
3
2.5

1151
1110
1110

167
161
161

1082
1061
1041

157
154
151

10
10
10

2.5
2.5
2.5

3
3
3

13 m m
(0.5 in.), %

Young's m o d u l u s
GPa
10" p s i

14
12
18
6
2
2
10
16
14
8
2.5
8.5
2.5
4
104

101
106
102
105
117
110
69
104
82
96
90
102
101
94
15.1

14.7
15.4
14.9
15.2
17.0
16.0
10.0
15.1
11.9
13.9
13.1
14.8
14.7
13.7

4
4
4

109
100
95

15.9
14.6
13.8

(a) B r o k e before r e a c h i n g y i e l d s t r e s s

Ti-8823: Tensile strength at 315 C (600 F)

Condition
480C(900F),8h,AC
480 C (SWOT), 24 h, AC

Ti-8823: Notched tensile strength

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
944-979
1061

%of RT
strength

137-142
154

74-79
81

Notched
tensile strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
Room temperature
480 C(900F),8h,AC
480C(900F),24h,AC
315 C (600 F) test
480C(900F),8h,AC
480C(900F),24h,AC
o

(a)

NTS/UTS
ratio(a)

1068-1186
1130

155-172
164

0.77-0.87
0.83

1172-1268
1296

170-184
188

1.10-0.92
1.10

= 8

Ti-8823: Creep deformation at 315 C (600 F)

Exposure conditions/
Age treatment
880 MPa (128 ksi) load at 315 C (600 F)
480C(900 F),8h,age
o

950 M P a (138 ksi) load at 315 C (600 F)

480C(900F),24h,age

Exposure time, h

Total e l o n g a t i o n
after exposure, %

Creep
Deformation, %

150
500

5.5
4

0.29
0.38

500
150
500

5
6
5

0.7
0.27
0.40

940 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fatigue and Fracture

Ti-8823: Notched fatigue strength

Ti-8823: Low-cycle torsional fatigue

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0.1

>

D/ , (slope = -0.3)
^"""^^

0.01
S T A (slo >e = -0.5)

0.001 [
0.1

10
100
C y c l e s t o failure

F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s
(H=3.5); cold rolled 2 5 % ; h e a t t r e a t e d 7 8 5 C ( 1 4 5 0 F) 1 0 min, AC
+ 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F), 8 h, AC; R= 025;
A=0.6

Processing
F o r g i n g . Ti-8823 should be hot forged and hot
rolled above its beta transus temperature of775 C
(1425 F). The recommended hot working temperature is 760 to 980 C (1400 to 1800 F) with
breakdown a t the higher temperatures and finishing at t h e lower temperatures. Cold working is
used to finish such products as sheet, strip, plate,
rod, and wire. Intermediate annealing m a y be necessary during these cold working operations.
F o r m i n g . The formability of t h e Ti-8823 alloy
in the annealed or solution heat treated condition
is excellent. It has relatively low yield strength,
tolerably low work-hardening characteristics, and
high ductility in tension and compression. Bending of flat-rolled product and upsetting of rod or
wire at room temperature may be accomplished

10000

T i - 8 8 2 3 w a s given either the generally r e c o m m e n d e d solution treatm e n t a n d a g e (STA) h e a t t r e a t m e n t o f 8 0 0 C (1475 F), 1.5 h, WQ,
followed by a g i n g at 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F ) ~ 8 h ; o r d i r e c t a g e (DA) after
h o t working a t 5 1 0 C (950 F), - 8 h. Solid cylindrical specimens approximately 0 2 0 0 in. in d i a m e t e r w e r e t e s t e d .
P.T. Lum a n d R. Chait, Proc. 2 n d Int. Conf. Mechanical Behavior of
Materials, 1976, 796-800

Ti-8823: Hot-salt corrosion comparison of sheet

Temperature, F
500

250

Ti-8823: Effect of alloy content on aging

1000

600

300

700

350
400
Temperature, C

800

450

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Aging kinetics of solution a n n e a l e d s h e e t within normal minimum (a) a n d normal m a x i m u m (b) alloy content for indicated a g i n g temperatures.
R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC 7 2 - 1 1 , Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

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Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3AI / 941

with relative ease to produce formed products.

Aged sheet may be hot formed with good results
and overaged (stabilized). Rivet wire may be upset
at room temperature to form highly satisfactory
rivet heads.
Machining. Ti-8823 is machinable by most
conventional techniques. It is more easily machined in the solution treated condition t h a n in the
aged condition. It requires rigid set up, heavy feed,
slow speed, and adequate coolant.
Welding. Ti-8823 has fairly good weldability
and weld stability. Through the use of conventional titanium welding practices, this alloy can be
joined and useful mechanical properties maintained. The as-welded material exhibits properties similar to those of solution t r e a t e d annealed
material, except for lowered tensile ductility. Generally, properties of welded material using a postweld aging t r e a t m e n t are somewhat less desir-

able t h a n those of unwelded solution treated plus

aged material.
H e a t Treatment. Stress relief anneal can be
accomplished using a full annealing treatment or,
in t h e case of aged material, a stress relief may be
obtained by partial reaging at the same aging temperature used initially (see table).
Ti-8823: Recommended heat treatments
Treatment

Temperature
C
F

Solution treatment
(anneal)
Aging
Overage (stabilization)

785-800
480-510
650

1450-1475
900-950
1200

Duration
(a)
8h
...

Cooling
method
ACorOQ(b)
AC
AC

(a) D u r a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h i c k n e s s , (b) Sufficient r a t e to p r e v e n t

formation

Ti-8823: Bend radii of welded 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) gage sheet

Orientation of
weld bead
to bend axis

Aging treatment after

s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t (a)
Room temperature
Weld

Passed

None (control)
Transverse
Parallel
None (control)
Transverse
Parallel
None (control)
Transverse
Parallel
None (control)
Transverse
Parallel
None (control)
Transverse
Parallel
Transverse
Parallel
Transverse
Parallel
Transverse
Parallel
Transverse
Parallel
Transverse
Parallel

480 C (900 F)> 8 h, AC + weld

Weld + 480 C (900 F), 8 h, AC

595 C (1100 F), 16 h, AC + weld

Weld + 595 C(1100 F), 16h, AC

205 C(400F)
o

480 C (900 F), 8 h, AC, weld

Weld + 480 C (900 F), 8 h, AC
595 C (1100 F), 16 h, AC + weld
Weld + 595 C (1100 F), 16 h, AC
595 C (1100 F)
Weld + 595 C (1100 F),16hrs, AC

Failed
1.8
1.8
2.4
6.6
2.1
2.4
8.0
>9.5T
>8.3
3.6T
2.0
1.0
3.6
3.7
11.or

2.2T
2.1
3.0
7.4
2.4
25T
9

A2T
2.3T
1.6
4.1
4.3
11.9T
0.9T
2.0T

1.57
>6.5T

(b)
2.6
3.0
3.0
7.8

(b)
1.6
2.5
2.57"
7.3
>2.0T
>8.0

(a) 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 5 F) solution t r e a t m e n t for 3 0 m i n , A C . (b) Insufficient m a t e r i a l

Ti-8823: Tensile properties of heavy sections vs section size and location

Section size/
beat treatment

Location

100 mm (4 in.) square, 800 C

(1475 F ) l h , W Q + 5 4 0 C
(1000F),8h,AC
150 mm (6 in.) square, 800 C
(1475 F), l h , W Q + 540C
(1000F),8h,AC
200 mm (8 in.) square, 800 C
(1475 F ) , l h , W Q + 5 4 0 C
(1000F),8h,AC

L-O
L-MR
L-C
L-O
L-MR
L-C
L-O
L-MR
L-C

Ultimate tensile
i t r e n g t h
MPa
ksi
1210
1197
1182
1186
1232
1213
1183
1213
1226

175.6
173.7
171.5
172.1
178.7
176.0
171.6
176.0
177.8

Elongation

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
1133
1150
1160
1120
1165
1146
1103
1148
1155

164.4
166.9
168.3
162.5
169.0
166.3
160.0
166.5
167.6

Source: E . B o h a n e k , D e e p H a r d e n a b l e T i t a n i u m A l l o y s for L a r g e Airframe E l e m e n t s i n Titanium

Reduction
of area,

(4D),
10.0
8.0
9.0
8.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
5.5
4.0

24.1
14.6
16.6
14.8
12.1
14.0
10.1
6.6
55

Science and Technology,

a n d H . B u r t e , Ed., P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 9 3 . L, longitudinal; O, outside; C, center; M R , m i d r a d i u s

Vol 3 , R. Jaffe

942 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-8823: Tensile properties of foil vs cold rolling and heat treatment

Condition

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

9 3 % cold rolled
Annealed 2 min, 785 C (1450 FXa)
Stabilized 4 h, 675 C (1250 F)(b)
Annealed+stabilized(c)
A n n e a l e d + 6 h, 510C(950F)(d)

1268
937
1110
930
1441

1365
944
1179
986
1530

184
136
161
135
209

Elongation,
%
1
7
8
13
5

198
137
171
143
222

Modulus of
elasticity,
10* p s i
GPa
82
96
124
110
131

12
14
18
16
19

(a) F a s t cool i n v a c u u m , (b) S l o w cool i n v a c u u m , (c) ( a ) t r e a t m e n t p l u s (b) t r e a t m e n t (d) ( a ) t r e a t m e n t p l u s t h e 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F) treatment,

v a c u u m cooled. S o u r c e : W . H . H e i l a n d J . M . P a r t r i d g e , T i - 8 M o - 8 V - 2 F e - 3 A l - I t s D e v e l o p m e n t a n d S h e e t P r o p e r t i e s , " Pacific N o r t h w e s t Meta l s a n d M i n e r a l s C o n f e r e n c e , P o r t l a n d , O r e g o n , A p r 5 , 1 9 7 1 , reported i n Beta Titanium Alloys, R. Wood, M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e Columbus
Laboratories, 1972, 73-101

Ti-8823: Tensile properties of rod and wire v s processing and heat treatment

Processing/
heat treatment

Diameter
mm
in

As hot rolled
HR+CR
H R + C R + 8 h, 480 C (900 F), A C
HR+CR
H R + C R + 24 h, 425 C (800 F), A C
H R + C R + 4 h, 480 C (900 F), A C
HR+CR
H R + C R + 8 h, 480 C (900 F), AC
HR+CR+8h,510C(950F),AC
HR+CR
H R + C R + 8 h, 4 8 0 C (900 F), AC
H R + C R + 8 h, 5 1 0 C (950F), A C
HR+CR

7.9
7.2
7.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.8
4.8
2.3
1.6
0.9

0.312
0.284
0.284
0.244
0.244
0.244
0.208
0.208
0.208
0.191
0.191
0.191
0.090
0.063
0.036

Cold
work,

%
None
14
14
36
36
36
53
53
53
61
61
61
91
96
99

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
937
993
1489
1151
1751
1572
1227
1599
1468
1282
1613
1489

136
144
216
167
254
228
178
232
213
186
234
216

Ultimate tensile
strength
Elongation(a),
MPa
ksi
%
972
1034
1586
1186
1827
1675
1255
1661
1523
1303
1668
1544
1324
1330
1365

141
150
230
172
265
243
182
241
221
189
242
224
192
193
198

24
21
10
13
3
10
12
6
10
9
10
12
0.19(b)
0.15(b)
0.14(b)

Reduction
of area

%
68
64
33
57
11
30
57
18
38
52
35
46
58
65
59

(a) I n 4 D e x c e p t a s i n d i c a t e d , (b) I n 2 5 0 m m ( 1 0 in.). S o u r c e : J . A . R e e d , " H i g h S t r e n g t h Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al," T M C A I n t e r n a l P r o g r e s s Report

o n P r o j e c t 9 9 - 6 , r e p o r t e d i n Beta Titanium Alloys, R. Wood, M C I C 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1 9 7 2 , 7 3 - 1 0 1

Ti-15Mo-5Zr/943

|Ti-15Mo-5Zr
T. Nishimura, Special Metals Laboratory, Kobe Steel LTD
Ti-15Mo-5Zr is a metastable type alloy t h a t
exhibits good cold formability and age hardenability. It is stabilized by molybdenum to enhance
corrosion resistance to reducing atmospheres. Zirconium is added to (1) enhance corrosion resistance above the level achieved by molybdenum, (2)
suppress transformation to prevent embrittlement, and (3) to improve thermal stability of the
phase. Zirconium additions of 5% minimum are
used to enhance thermal stability.
P r o d u c t Form. Forging billet and bar, hot
rolled plate and bar, cold rolled sheet, and cold
drawn wire are available. Cold rolled sheet is
available in thicknesses up to 0.1 mm (0.004 in.).
The standard cold drawn wire diameter minimum
is 1.0 m m (0.04 in.).

P r o d u c t Condition a n d Microstructure.
Ti-15Mo-5Zr typically is processed to plate, billet,
or bar in the temperature fields. Solution treatments in the region are used to obtain low flow
stress and high ductility for cold processing. Products usually are supplied in t h e annealed condition. Annealing is carried out j u s t above the transus temperature for a fine-grained recrystallized
microstructure.
Applications. Ti-15Mo-5Zr is used in the
chemical industry because of its high strength,
good cold formability, and high corrosion resistance. In addition, it is used as an erosion-resist a n t overlay for steam turbine blades in which
phase is intentionally used to obtain an extremely
high hardness in spite of being brittle.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Chemical composition of bar, wire, and sheet

H(a)

O(a)

N(a)

0.020

0.20

0.05

Chemical composition, %
Fe(a)
0.35

Zr

Mo

Ti

4.5-5.5

14.0-16.0

rem

(a) M a x i m u m . S o u r c e : K o b e S t e e l

Physical Properties

Crystal Structure. Body-centered cubic single-phase is obtained in the solution treated condition. Close-packed hexagonal phase and cph
phase are precipitated during aging below 400
C (750 F) and above 450 C (840 F), respectively.
Omega phase is usually avoided because it causes
embrittlement.
Grain Structure. The grain structure and
distribution of phases depend on thermomechanical history. The grain size after annealing ranges
from approximately 20 to 100 um.
A g i n g Transformations. See "Heat Treatment" at the end of this datasheet.
Elastic
Properties

Modulus of Elasticity. At 25 C (77 F), 78

GPa (11 x l O psi) in as-quenched state.
Modulus of Rigidity. At 25 C (77 F), 34 GPa
(5 1 0 psi) in as-quenched state.
6

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Physical property summary

5.06 g/cm

Density
Specific heat at 70 C
Thermal coefficient of
liner expansion
Magnetic permeability
Beta transus

0.13cal/gC

8.5 lo^rc
1.000
730 C (1345 F)

Source: Kobe Steel

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Corrosion resistance at 90 C

1.6
C P Ti
/ M i - ( Dr-Mo alloy

1.2

0.8

Corrosion
Properties

Ti-15Mo-5Zr has high corrosion resistance to

reducing atmospheres. It h a s better corrosion resistance in boiling hydrochloric acid or sulfuric
acid solutions t h a n commercially pure titanium.
Additionally, Ti-15Mo-5Zr has higher erosion resistance compared to Ti-6A1-4V or other titanium
alloys.

Ti- 1 5 M o - 0 . 2 P d

0.4

Ti-15Mo-5Zr

200

400
Time, h

Typical corrosion in 12 wt% H S 0 ,

Z n S 0 , and 66 wt% H 0 .
S o u r c e : K o b e Steel
2

600

800

2 0 wt% N a j S O * 2 wt%

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944 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Erosion resistance comparison

3r

g2|UJ

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-15Mo-5Zr
Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr
Stellite

U T S , M P a (ksi)

T Y S (0.2%), M P a ( k s i )

El,%

RA,%

1492(216)
1497(217)
1356(196.7)
1410(204.4)
1110(161)

1419(205.8)
1403(203.5)
1333(193.3)
1291 (187.2)
633(91.8)

8.3
4.4
25
4.8
9.7

18.6
3.5
4.9
7.8
9.6

Hardness, HV
418
421
434
402
410

S o u r c e : J. Hoashi, era/., "Material A s p e c t s o n 4 0 Inch Long Titanium Alloy Blade for S t e a m T u r b i n e s , " Titanium S t e a m Turbine Blading, Workshop
P r o c e e d i n g s , R.I. Jaffee, Ed., 1 9 8 8

Tensile Properties
A comparison of mechanical properties with
other titanium materials was carried out with hot
rolled and annealed or solution treated bar. The
ductility of Ti-15Mo-5Zr is approximately twice
that of Ti-6A1-4V at the same strength level. A

maximum tensile strength is obtained by aging at

around 400 C (750 F), but elongation is very low
because of phase precipitation. The practical
high-strength aging temperature rangesfrom450
to500C (840 to 930 F).

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Mechanical properties of hot rolled bar at room temperature

Ultimate tensile
Alloy
Ti-15Mo-5Zr(a)
Ti-15Mo-0.2Pd(a)
CPTi(b)
Ti-6Al-4V(b)
Ti-5Al-2Cr-lFe(b)

strength
MPa
ksi
961
1118
412
961
1000

139
162
59
139
145

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
922
1069
323
892
951

(a) S o l u t i o n treated, (b) A n n e a l e d . S o u r c e : K o b e S t e e l

133
155
47
129
138

Elongation,

Reduction

25
20
41
13
19

ofarea,
65
55
70
35
40

Charpy impact
toughness,
J/cm

59
39
176
39
49

Hardness,
HV
283
278
140
330
320

Ti-15Mo-5Zr 7945

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Isochronal curve of tensile properties v s aging temperature

Temperature,
600
1

2100

700
1

800
1

900

1000
1

'

1100
rz 3 0 0

2 0 min
-

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. 4

17001

< ' A
/

1 0 0 min

280

1 0 0 0 min
5 0 0 0 min

260
240

CO

2 0 0 =S
c

ONI
1300

220

160

900
300

350

400

450

550

500

600

Temperature, C
(a)
600
1

LIVE GRAPH

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700
1

"

'

Temperature, F
800
" ""
'

900
1

1000
1

2 0 min

100 min

1 UUU ITmi
5 0 0 0 nin

<

- -

1100
1

/
yA

/,

300

X
\ \ >
\ "\

>

350

/a

c )yA

AT-

400

450
Temperature, C

500

550

600

(b)
S p e c i m e n s w e r e 9.5 m m (0.35 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled b a r at 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F); 9 8 % reduction. Solution treated a t 7 3 0 C (1345 F), W Q . Aged a s
indicated.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of B e t a Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D K o b e Steel Engineering Reports, Vol 32, No. 1

946 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-15Mo-5Zr 7947

Fatigue and Fracture

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Smooth rotating bend fatigue (R = -1)

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Repeated torsion fatigue (R = -1)

130

900

600

LIVE GRAPH

120

Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

800

Click here to view

500

a! 7 0 0 |

\\

110
- 1 5 M o - 5 Z r - 3 Al
1

100

Ti-6AI-4V ]

90
600

400

500

400

300|
10'

Fracture
Properties

Ti-15Mo-5Zr

10

10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

10"

10

10'

10

10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

10

10'

S m o o t h s p e c i m e n s of 6.5 m m (0.25 in.) hot rolled plate w e r e t e s t e d

at room t e m p e r a t u r e . S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d a s
follows: Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI (UTS, 1421 M P a ) : 7 3 5 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h,
W Q + 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F), 1 0 0 0 min, AC. Ti-15Mo-5Zr ( U T S , 1 3 3 7
M P a ) : 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 4 5 F), 1 h, W Q + 4 7 5 C (890 F), 1 0 0 min, A C . 2 5
Hz t e s t frequency
S o u r c e : Kobe Steel

S m o o t h s p e c i m e n s of 1 5 m m (0.25 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled b a r w e r e

t e s t e d a t 3 4 0 0 rpm a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution
t r e a t e d a n d a g e d a s follows. Ti-15-5-3 (UTS, 1 4 5 5 M P a ) : 7 3 5 C
(1360 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F), 1 0 0 0 min, AC. Ti-15-5 (UTS,
1 3 7 7 MPa): 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 4 5 F), 1 h, W Q + 4 7 5 C (890 F), 1 0 0 min,
AC. TI-6AI-4V (UTS, 1124 M P a ) : 9 2 5 C (1700 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0
C ( 9 3 0 F), 4 h, A C . 3 4 0 0 rpm t e s t
S o u r c e : Kobe Steel

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Delayed fracture properties

Fracture was not influenced by changes in environment (air,
water, 3.5% NaCI)

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Charpy impact toughness vs temperature

-300

1600

LIVE GRAPH
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-200

Temperature, F
-100
0
100

200

300

80

Ti-15Mo-5Zr, S T A

220

-200
A

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI, S T A
60

A s solution t r e a t e d
A s solution t r e a t e d

.40
C

'

800

20

LIVE GRAPH
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D
400
0.01

60
0.1

10

100

-200

Time, h
N o t c h e d s p e c i m e n from 1 5 m m (0.6 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled b a r t e n sile t e s t e d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . Kj = 7.6. S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution
t r e a t e d a n d a g e d a s follows. A: 7 3 0 C (1345 F), 1 h, W Q , 5 5 0 C
( 1 0 2 0 F), 1 0 0 min, A C . B: T r e a t m e n t A plus 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 4 5 F), 1 h,
W Q . C: 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 4 5 F), 1 h, W Q , 4 7 5 C (890 F), 1 0 0 min, A C . D:
7 3 0 C (1345 F), 1 h, W Q , 4 2 5 C (800 F), 1 0 0 min, W Q .
S o u r c e : Kobe Steel

-100

100

200

Temperature, C

1000

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al
As solution treated
STA

735C,lh,WQ
735Clh,WQ
+ 500 C 1000 min,
AC

Ti-lSMo-5Zr
730C,lh,WQ
730Clh,+475C
100 min, AC

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 5 m m (0.6 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled b a r h e a t treated

a s indicated.
S o u r c e : Kobe Steel

Fabrication

Forming. Ti-15Mo-5Zr is similar to Ti-15V3Cr-3Sn-3Al or Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al.

M a c h i n i n g characteristics are similar to
other titanium alloys.

Heat Treatment. Solution treating at 730 C

(1345 F), 1 h, followed by water quenching is recommended. With sheet thicknesses less t h a n 3 mm
(0.1 in.) or wire of diameters less t h a n 3 m m (0.1

948 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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in.), air cooling is acceptable. Recommended aging

temperatures are 450 to 500 C (840 to 930 F).
After aging at low temperatures of around 400
C (840 F), the alloy is highly strengthened but is
extremely brittle because of phase precipitation.
However, during aging over 450 C (840 F),
phase precipitates without embrittlement. The
maximum amount of phase is obtained at
around 500 C (930 F) (see figure below). The optimum combination of strength and ductility can
be obtained by solution treating and aging at 730
C (1345 F), 1 h, water quenching + 475 C (890
F) for 100 to 1000 min, AC.
Welding. With a filler rod of Ti-15Mo-5Zr, TIG
welding can be carried out with minimal defects.
Hardness increases niinimally in the heat-affected and fusion zones. Ti-15Mo-5Zr can be
welded with commercially pure titanium as well.
Corrosion and wear resistance of parts made of
commercially pure titanium can be enhanced by
overlay welding and hardening.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr: Aging transformation diagram

1100

600

50
\ .

\ .

+ +

400

'

600

700

800

0.6

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

m 0.4|

0.2

^>

300

'

700

600

300
10

100

9.5 m m (0.35 in.) diameter b a r hot rolled a t 8 8 0 C (1615 F), 9 8 %

reduction. X-ray diffraction analysis.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigakj, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of B e t a Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D Kobe Steel
Engineering R e p o r t s , Vol 32, No. 1

LIVE GRAPH
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700
1

800
1

900

5 0 0 0 1

5000 mm

eg 41

1 0 0 0 min

F
1000

1 0 0 min
en ,
2

500

2 0 min
2 0 min
0

600

350

450
Temperature,

650

550
C

9.5 m m J 0 . 3 5 in.) diameter b a r hot rolled a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F), 9 8 % reduction. X-ray diffraction analysis. / = I {1010} / / { 2 0 0 }
/ ={1122} /200}

1200

\ ^

(b)

(a)

X
1

Temperature,

1100
1

1 0 0 0 mil

1 0 0 mi

400

\ /

/-

10000

1000
T i m e , min

800

1100
'

Temperature,
1000
1

900

F
900

'

TI-15Mo-5Zr: Amount of and phases during aging

Temperature,

-11000

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI/949

|Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI
. Nishimura, Special Metals Laboratory, Kobe Steel

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al is a metastable titanium alloy that is characterized by high strength, good

cold formability, and in particular, high corrosion
resistance to reducing atmospheres. Its corrosion
resistance is superior to that of Ti-0.2Pd.
Chemistry. Molybdenum enhances corrosion
resistance to reducing atmospheres. Zirconium is
added to (1) further enhance corrosion resistance
above that achieved by a single molybdenum addition, (2) suppress transformation to prevent
embrittlement, and (3) to improve thermal stability of phase. Zirconium additions of 5% minimum
are required to enhance thermal stability. An aluminum addition of 3% is needed to suppress
transformation effectively at lower temperatures
and longer times. Moreover, aluminum enhances
post-aging strength and resistance to oxidation as
well.
P r o d u c t Forms. Forging billet and bar, hot
rolled plate and bar, cold rolled sheet, and cold
drawn wire are available. Cold rolled sheet is
available in thicknesses up to 0.1 mm. The standard cold drawn wire diameter minimum is 1.0 mm.

Conditions. Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al is hot worked or

cold worked. Prior to cold working, the material is
solution treated to obtain low flow stress and high
ductility. Products usually are supplied in the solution treated condition. Solution treatment is carried out alternatively either in the temperature
field (at 800 to 850 C, or 1470 to 1560 F) for cold
formability, or in the - field at 735 C (1350 F)
for a good combination of strength and ductility after aging. In the former case, the microstructure
consists of a small amount of phase and recovered phase.
Applications. In addition to its high corrosion resistance, Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al has high
strength. It can be used in various applications
where many other titanium alloys cannot be used.
For example, it is a candidate material for sour gas
well plants because of its high strength-to-density
ratio and resistance to atmospheric stress-corrosionCTacking.Moreover, it is currently used as an
erosion shield material for 1015 mm (40 in.) titanium turbine blades in power plants.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Chemical composition

Chemical composition, %
H(a)

0(a)

N(a)

Fe(a)

Zr

Mo

0.020

0.20

0.05

0.35

2.5-3.5

4.5-53

14.0-16.0

Ji
rem

(a) M a x i m u m . A l l p r o d u c t f o r m s b a r , w i r e , s h e e t , p l a t e . S o u r c e : K o b e S t e e l

Physical Properties

Crystal Structure. Body-centered cubic

phase is obtained after solution treating in the
temperature region and quenching. Close-packed
hexagonal phase and phase precipitate during
aging above and below 425 (795 F), respectively.
Compared with Ti-15Mo-5Zr, embrittlement
caused by phase does not occur as predominantly
because the amount of phase is reduced by the
3% aluminum additions.
Grain Structure. The grain structure and
distribution of phases depend on the thermomechanical history of the material. The grain size
obtained by solution treating above the transus

generally ranges from approximately 20 to 100

um.
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Thermal conductivity vs temperaT e m p e r a t u r e , F
14

12

100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 9 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 r r _0
i-15Mo-52!r-3AI

i-15V-3Cr -3Sn-3AI
10.030 j>

.
0

-~

10.025 ik

= 10

TI-6AI-4V

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Physical property comparison

TM5Mo-5Zr
Density, g/cm?
Specific heat, cal/g C
Thermal coefficient of

5.06
0.13 at 70

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al
5.01

8.5

linear expansion,
Magnetic permeability
IO-VC
Beta transus, C

1.000
730

1.000
785

-k).020

H0.015

100

200
300
Temperature, C

400

500

S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d 1 0 0 u m cold rolled foil, laser flash

method.
S o u r c e : Advanced Aircraft Technology Development C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J AC Report No. 6 2 0 1 , 1 9 8 8

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950 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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M o d u l u s of Elasticity. At 25 C (77 F), 80 to

100 GPa (11 to 14.5 x 1 0 psi).
M o d u l u s of Rigidity. At 25 C (77 F), 43 GPa
(6.2xl0 psi).

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Relationship between yield

strength/density ratio and Kiscc

Corrosion
Properties

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al h a s high corrosion resistance

to reducing atmospheres. Its erosion resistance is
somewhat inferior to t h a t of Ti-15Mo-5Zr. However, the strength, ductility, and toughness of Ti15Mo-5Zr-3Al are superior to Ti-15Mo-5Zr, and it
is used as a n erosion shield as well as Ti-15Mo-5Zr.
Stress-corrosion cracking properties in a H 2 S saturated solution with 5% NaCI and 0.5%
for solution treated and aged samples
are shown (see figure).

90

300

75

250

200

60

to

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI

DL
S

150'

.45

CH3COOH

i
MP35N

30

100

15

50

10

15

20

25

35

30

Yield s t r e n g t h / d e n s i t y ratio, km
Double cantilever b e a m . S p e c i m e n s w e r e 10 mm thick hot rolled
plate solution treated a n d a g e d 7 3 5 C (1360 F), 1 h, WQ+500C
( 9 3 0 F), 1000 min, F C in v a c u u m . Test atmosphere, H S saturated
5 % NaCI + 0 . 5 % C H C O O H water.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D Kobe Steel
Engineering Reports, Vol 3 2 . No. 1
2

Mechanical Properties

Tensile properties of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al u n d e r

optimum heat t r e a t m e n t can obtain a high tensile
strength of 1470 M P a (213 ksi) with an elongation

of 15% (see table). A higher tensile strength of over

1570 MPa (227 ksi) can be obtained by duplex aging (see table).

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Mechanical properties of aged specimens

Tensile strength, MPa (ksi)
Reduction of area, %
Hardness, HV (10 kg)
NTS/TS ratio(with KfS3)
Charpy impact strength, kg m / c m
Fatigue strength, MPa (ksi)

1475 (214)
14
59
412
1.06(a)
3.06
685 (100)

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s a g e d a t 7 3 5 C (1350 F), W Q + 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F ) ,
1 0 0 0 m i n . 9 . 5 m m ( 0 . 3 5 i n . ) d i a m e t e r b a r h o t r o l l e d a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5
F), 9 8 % r e d u c t i o n , ( a ) N o t c h e d t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h / t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h
r a t i o w i t h n o t c h f a c t o r (K^ i n d i c a t e d .
S o u r c e : T. N i s h i m u r a , M . N i s h i g a k i , a n d Y. M o r i g u c h i , " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of B e t a T i t a n i u m A l l o y Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al," R & D K o b e
S t e e l E n g i n e e r i n g R e p o r t s , Vol 3 2 , N o . 1

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Mechanical properties of duplex aged specimens

Aging
treatment(a)
425 C (795 F), 1000 min + 475 C (890 F), 1000 min
425 C (795 F), 1000 min + 500 C (930 F), 1000 nrin

Tensile
strength

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

Hardness
(10kg),
HV

52
58

413
417

MPa
1585
1558

230
225

N o t e : 9.5 m m ( 0 . 3 5 i n . ) d i a m e t e r b a r h o t r o l l e d a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F), 9 8 % r e d u c t i o n , (a) S o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t : 7 3 5 C (1350 F), 60 min, WQ,

S o u r c e : T. N i s h i m u r a , M . N i s h i g a k i , a n d Y. M o r i g u c h i , " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy T i - 1 5 M o - 5 Z r - 3 A l , " R & DKobe Steel Engin e e r i n g R e p o r t s , Vol 3 2 , N o . 1

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI/951

ST Condition

Tensile strength is relatively higher after solution treatment (ST) a t 735 C (1350 F), where
phase exists, t h a n after solution treatment above
the transus (785 C, or 1445 F). As for material
solution treated above the transus, a n elongation

of over 20% and a reduction of area of 60% can be

obtained, with cold rollability u p to over 90%.
Strength decreases with increasing solution temperature because of grain coarsening.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of solution temperature on tensile properties

1400
1100

LIVE GRAPH

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500
1600
-
r -

LIVE GRAPH
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Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F

1400

1700
i

1500

1600

1700

UTS

Click here to view

-M50
10001

H140 s

- "- -

5) 9001

130

TYS

-H120

800
735

835
885
785
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

935

735

785
835
885
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

935

t r a n s u s is 7 8 5 C. 9 . 5 m m (0.35 in.) diameter b a r hot rolled a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F); 9 8 % reduction. Condition: Solution treated.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of B e t a Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D K o b e Steel Engineering R e ports, Vol 3 2 , No. 1

Tensile properties after aging are affected significantly whether solution treatments are carried
out below or above the transus. In material solution treated a t 735 C (1350 F), age hardening begins in t h e early stages of aging a n d strength increases to 1470 M P a (213 ksi) accompanied by a

slight decrease in ductility after aging for 1000

min. In material solution treated above the transus, however, age hardening is more sluggish, and
ductility tends to decrease after aging, u p to 1370
M P a (199 ksi).

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of solution temperature on tensile properties

1400

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500
1600

1700

1400

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Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500
1600

1700

LIVE GRAPH
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785
835
885
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

935

735

785
835
885
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

935

9.5 m m (0.35 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r hot rolled a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F); 9 8 % reduction. S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution treated for o n e hour a n d a g e d a t 5 0 0 C
(930 F) for indicated times.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D K o b e Steel Engineering R e ports, Vol 3 2 , N o . 1

952 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Isochronal curve of tensile properties at various aging temperatures
T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600

300

700

350

800

900

400
450
500
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Temperature, F
1000

550

1100

600

600

300

700

350

800

900

1000

400
450
500
Temperature, C

550

1100

600

9.5 m m (0.35 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r hot rolled a t 8 8 0 C ( 1 6 1 5 F), 9 8 % reduction. S p e c i m e n s w e r e solution t r e a t e d a t 7 8 5 C (1450 F) and water
q u e n c h e d a n d a g e d a t indicated t i m e s .
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D K o b e Steel Engineering Reports, Vol 32, N o . 1

Effect of
Temperature

The accompanying figure in this section illustrates the dependence of tensile properties and
notch strength on temperature for material that is

solution treated at 735 C (1350 F) for 1 h, followed by water quenching and aging at 500 C
(930 F) for 1000 min.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Temperature dependence of mechanical properties

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-400

200

800

400

1000

2250
300

205018501-

250
1650tQL

S i 450r-

H200*

12501050-

150

850100

650450
-300

-200

-100

100

200

300

400

500

600

T e m p e r a t u r e , "C
1 5 m m (0.6 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled bar. Ti-15-5-3:735 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C (930 F), 1 0 0 0 min, A C . T M 5 - 5 : 7 3 0 C (1345 F), 1 h, WQ
+ 4 7 5 C (890 F), 1 0 0 min, AC. E x p o s u r e time, 2 0 min s m o o t h tensile s p e c i m e n .
S o u r c e : K o b e Steel

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI/953

Fatigue Properties

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Smooth specimen rotating bend

fatigue

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Smooth specimen repeated torsion fatigue

LIVE GRAPH

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890

Click here to view

640

Ti-15Mo-5Zr U T S , 1 3 7 9 M P a
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI U T S , 1 4 5 5 M P a
Ti-6AI-4V (STA) U T S , 1 1 2 5 M P a

120

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI U T S , 1 4 2 0 M P a

790rH110
o.
5
690I

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI

A TJ-6AI-4V

590I-

-MOO

CO
a.

80

540h
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI

<o 4 9 0 | -

H90

440-

-|80

390-

70

Ti-15Mo-5Zr

Ti-15Mo-5Zr

490

-160

340

10"

10

10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

10'

10

1 5 m m (0.6 in.) d i a m e t e r hot rolled b a r t e s t e d a t 3 4 0 0 rpm at room

t e m p e r a t u r e . Ti-15-5-3: 7 3 5 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C (930
F), 1 0 0 0 min, AC. Ti-15-5:730 C (1345 F), 1 h, W Q + 4 7 5 C (890
F), 1 0 0 min, AC. Ti-6AI-4V: 9 2 5 C (1700 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C
(930 F),4h,AC.
S o u r c e : K o b e Steel

10'

90

Ti-15Mo-5Zr U T S , 1 3 3 8 M P a

590r-

-J50
10

10
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

10'

10

6.5 m m (0.25 in.) hot rolled plate a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . Ti-15Mo-5Zr3AI: 7 3 5 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F ) , 1 0 0 0 min, AC.Ti15Mo-5Zn 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 4 5 F), 1 h, W Q + 4 7 5 C (890 F), 1 0 0 min,
AC.

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Crack propagation rate data

10"

LIVE GRAPH

- T i - 1 5 - 3 (20 p m )

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-Ti-15-5-3 (20 pm)

Ti-15-5-3 (56 pm)
10~Tr

T i - 1 5 - 3 (54 p m )

Fracture Properties
8

10

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Delayed fracture properties
10

1990

10"

1
10
S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y factor, M P a Vm

10"

1 m m (0.04 in.) thick cold rolled s h e e t solution treated a n d a g e d . Ti15Mo-5Zr-3AI: S T + 5 0 0 C (930 F), 8 h, A C . Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI:
ST + 540C(1000F),8h,AC.3to5Hz; R=0.1.
S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology Development C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report No. 6 2 0 1 , 1 9 8 8

N o t c h e d s p e c i m e n from 1 5 m m (0.6 in.) d i a m e t e r h o t rolled bar tensile t e s t e d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . K| = 7.6; R= 0 . 0 4 . A: 7 3 5 C (1360

F), 1 h, W Q . B: 7 3 5 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h , W Q , 4 5 0 C (840 F), 6 0 0 0
min, A C . C : 7 3 5 C(1360 F), 1 h, W Q , 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F), 1000 min,
AC. D: 7 3 5 C (1360 F), 1 h, W Q , 5 2 5 C ( 9 7 5 F), 3 0 0 min, AC. E:
7 3 5 C (1360 F ) , 1 h, W Q . 5 5 0 C ( 1 0 2 0 F), 3 0 0 min, AC.
S o u r c e : Kobe Steel
e

954/ Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of grain size on fracture toughness

Fracture toughness
Grain size,

Kc

Kapp

urn

MPaVnT

ksiVInT

MPaVm

ksiVktT

20(a)
56(b)

48
40

53
44

52
43

57
47

N o t e : 1 m m ( 0 . 0 4 i n . ) c o l d r o l l e d s h e e t s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d , (a) 8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F), 2 . 5 m i n , A C + 5 0 0 C ( 9 3 0 F), 8 h , A C . (b) 8 5 0 C (1560

F), 3 0 m i n , A C + 5 0 0 ( 9 3 0 F), 8 h, A C . S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d A i r c r a f t T e c h n o l g y D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r of J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , SJAC
Report No. 6201,1988

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of notch factor on notch

tensile strength

LIVE GRAPH
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2
3
4
5
Notch factor, Kj

Ti-15-5-3:15 m m (0.6 in.) diameter hot rolled b a r Solution t r e a t e d

a t 7 3 5 C ( 1 3 6 0 F), 1 h, W Q ; a n d solution treated a n d a g e d a t 7 3 5
C (1360 F), 1 h, W Q + 5 0 0 C (930 F), 1000 min, A C . T1-6AI-4V
a n n e a l e d at 7 0 0 C ( 1 2 9 0 F), 2 h, AC.
Source: Kobe Steel

Flow Stress

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Flow stress v s temperature

1200

1300

Temperature, F
1400 1500 1600

1700

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Flow stress comparison

1800

1250

1600
Unalloyed Ti

1400
1000
n
75d

500I

1200-

10001-

800-

600-

H200

Ti-15-5-3
-)150

H100

Ti-15-3-3-3

LL

400-

250

H50

200
0
600

700

800
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

900

1000

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 7 m m (0.275 in.) plate hot rolled a t 1 1 0 0 C ( 2 0 1 0

F).
S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology Development C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report No. 6 0 1 0 , 1 9 8 6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.8
Strain

1.0

1.2

1.4

Cold rolled mill s h e e t . Ti-15-5-3 a n d Ti-15-3: solution treated. Unalloyed titanium: a n n e a l e d .

S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology Development C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report No. 6 0 1 0 , 1 9 8 6

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI/955

Forming Properties

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of solution treatment temperatures on n-value

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Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Effect of solution treatment temperatures on r-value
1.5

/
1.0

>

0.05
0.5

/ /
/

- --

0.0
700

750
800
850
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

700

900

1 m m (0.04 in.) thick cold rolled s h e e t h e a t treated a t 1100 C (2010

F), 9 0 % , hot rolled + ST, 3 0 min, W Q + 8 6 % , cold rolled + ST, 3 0
min, W Q .
S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology Develpment C e n t e r of J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report No. 6 0 1 0 , 1 9 8 6

750

900

800
850
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

1 m m (0.04 in.) thick cold rolled s h e e t h e a t t r e a t e d a t 1100 C (2010

F), 9 0 % , hot rolled + ST, 3 0 min, W Q + 8 6 % , cold rolled + ST, 3 0
min, W Q .
S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C R e p o r t No. 6 0 1 0 , 1 9 8 6

LIVE GRAPH
Sheet Forming

Click here to view

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Relationship between bend angle
and springback

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Erichsen value of cold rolled sheet

Erichsen value

Thickness, m m
0.5
1.0

7.5
7.5

6.3
8.4

5.8

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 7 0 7 0 m m (2.75 2 . 7 5 in.), solution treated

at 8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F), W Q . g r a i n s i z e w a s 5 6 u m ; p u n c h diameter,
2 0 m m (0.78.); g r a p h i t e g r e a s e w a s u s e d a s a lubricant. Source: Adv a n c e d Aircraft Technology D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r o f J a p a n e s e Aeros p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report N o . 6 0 1 0 , 1 9 8 6

60

90

150

Bend angle, degree

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1.0 m m (0.04 in.) thick cold rolled s h e e t solution
treated a s indicated: 8 0 0 C (1470 F), 2 . 5 min, AC (20 u m grain
size) a n d 8 0 0 C ( 1 4 7 0 F), 3 0 min, A C (56 grain size). O p e n
symbol, longitudinal; c l o s e d symbol, t r a n s v e r s e .
S o u r c e : A d v a n c e d Aircraft Technology D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r of
J a p a n e s e A e r o s p a c e C o m p a n i e s , S J A C Report No. 6 1 0 3 , 1 9 8 7

956 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Heat Treatment

Solution treatment conditions depend on subsequent product application. When cold formability is required, the material should be solution
treated j u s t above the transus (785 C, or 1450
F). To obtain a better combination of strength and
ductility after aging, the material should be solution treated at 735 C (1350 F) for 0.5 to 1 h. Water
quenching is preferable as a cooling treatment after solution treating.
A g i n g should be carried out at temperatures of
425 to 500 C (795 to 930 F). Maximum strength

can be obtained after aging at temperatures of 425

to 450 C (795 to 840 F), but long times are required. However, age hardening occurs relatively
rapidly during aging at temperatures of475 to 500
C (885 to 930 F).
To obtain a higher strength, duplex aging is
sometimes used. The first aging is carried out at
425 C (795 F) for phase to precipitate finely,
and the second aging at 475 to 500 C (885 to 930
F) is used to accelerate the growth of the precipitates.

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Aging transformation diagrams

Click here to view

Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI: Amount of phase during aging
T e m p e r a t u r e , F
8

700
1

800

900

1000
1

zr

1100

5000 m

- 6
B

S 2

1 0 0 0 rr in

10

10

10

350

T i m e , min
9.5 m m (0.35 in.) diameter bar hot rolled at 8 8 0 C (1615 F); 9 8 %
reduction. X-ray diffraction.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of Beta Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D Kobe Steel
Engineering Reports, Vol 32, No. 1

400

i \

/
10(

) min

_ -i
^

/ '
1/

/
10

A^

450
500
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

2 0 min

550

600

/ = /[101 oy/pOOJp. 9.5 m m (0.35 in.) diameter bar hot rolled at 880
C ( 1 6 1 5 F), 9 8 % reduction. X-ray diffraction.
S o u r c e : T. Nishimura, M. Nishigaki, a n d Y. Moriguchi, "Characteristics of B e t a Titanium Alloy Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3AI," R & D Kobe Steel
Engineering Reports, Vol 32, No. 1

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr / 957

|Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr
Common Name: Transage 129
Trade Names: Transage 129, T129
UNS Number: Unassigned
Compiled by Frank A. Crossley, Retired

Transage 129 is a martensitic, high-hardenability, age-hardenable, high-strength titanium-base alloy. It is a noncommercial, experimental alloy intended to improve structural
efficiency in chemical a n d air frame applications.
Transage 129 is less sensitive to the usual impurities t h a n other (non-Transage) titanium alloys and
has excellent fatigue resistance.
P r o d u c t Forms a n d Fabrication. Transage
129 can be produced i n all mill product forms. It
has good formability and can be drawn at room
temperature into deep cups with reasonable die
radii. Transage 129 is especially recommended for
cold formable sheet applications and it can be
welded by all methods. Weld efficiency of 100% h a s
been demonstrated to strength levels to 1446 M P a
(210 ksi) for two-pass electron beam transverse
weldments on 1.4 m m (0.056 in.) sheet. The alloy
has excellent net-shape capability by isothermal
forging, which can be done at temperatures as low
as 650 C (1200 F), although beta forging at 760 to
815 C (1400 to 1500 F) is considered optimum.
P r o d u c t Condition. The typical condition for
the application of Transage 129 is aged to strength
levels of 1240 MPa (180 ksi) or higher. In common
with other Transage alloys, it h a s exceptionally
high hardenability. Uniform age hardening is obtainable in heavy sections t h a t are air cooled from
beta solution heat treatment to achieve strengths
of 1240 MPa (180 ksi) or higher. In t h e age-hardened condition, Transage 129 under a triaxial
stress state, e.g., at the tip of a crack loaded in tension, undergoes strain-initiated, stress-induced
transformation. This is an energy-absorbing phenomenon that increases resistance to crack propagation.

Transage 129: Composition limits of wrought alloy

Element
Aluminum
Carbon
Iron
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Tin
VanadiunXa)
Zirconium
Boron
Hydrogen
Yttrium
Residual elements
Each
Total
Titanium

Composition, wt%
1.7-2.7
0.08 max
0.20 max
0.05 max
0.15 max
1.5-2.5
10.5-12.5
10.0-12.0
0.03 max
0.015 max
0.005 max
O.lOmax
0.40 max
bal

(a) T h e v a n a d i u m - a l u m i n u m m a s t e r alloy (nominally 15 to 17 w t %

a l u m i n u m ) addition i s to b e c a l c u l a t e d to obtain t h e n o m i n a l v a n a d i u m c o n t e n t of 11.5 wt%.

Selected References
FA. Crossley and R.W. Lindberg, Microstructural Analysis of a High-Strength MartensiteBeta Titanium Alloy, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf.
Strength of Metals and Alloys, Vol 3, Asilomar,
American Society for Metals, 1970, 841-845
FA. Crossley, R.L. Boorn, R.W. Lindberg, and
R.E. Lewis, Fracture Toughness of Transage
129 Alloy, Titanium Science and Technology,
Vol 3, R.I. Jaffee and H.M. Burte, Ed.,
TMS/AIME, Plenum Press, 1973, 2025-2039
FA. Crossley and J.M. Van Orden, ANew Titanium Alloy for Forms and Weldments, Met.
Eng. Quart., Vol 13,1973, 55-61; also Source
Book on Materials Selection, Vol 2, American
Society for Metals, 170-176
FA. Crossley, A New Cost and Weight Saving
Titanium Alloy, Met. Prog., Vol 114 (No. 3), Aug
1978, 60-64
FA. Crossley and R.H. Jeal, Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of the High Hardenability
Martensitic Transage Titanium Alloys, 21st
Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf, Paper No. 81-0535-CP reprinted
from CP811, A Bound Collection of Technical
Papers, AIAA, Apr 1981, 134-140; also J. Aircraft, Vol 18 (No. 8), Aug 1981, 683-686
FA. Crossley andN.E. Paton, Superplastic Behavior of the Martensitic Transage Titanium
Alloys: Hot Working Verifications of Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Verification of
Process Models, C C . Chen, Ed., ASM International, 1983, 53-69
FA. Crossley, The Martensitic Transage Titanium Alloys for Improved Structural Efficiency and Reduced Cost, Materials and
ProcessesContinuing Innovations, SAMPE,
1983, 1352-1367
FA. Crossley, The Martensitic Transage Titanium Alloys: Their Metallurgy, Processing
Characteristics and Potential Applications,
Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer
and H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984,
349-386,485-496
FA. Crossley, E. Walden, and J.M. Van Orden,
"Evaluation of Transage 129 (Ti-2Al-llV-2SnHZr) Alloy for Heavy Section Forgings," unpublished paper
FA. Crossley, "Transage 129 (Ti-2Al-llV-2SnHZr): Properties of Forgings and Extrusions,"
unpublished paper, 1973
FA. Crossley, private communication, July
1992

958 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

H.M. Flower, A.I.P. Nwobu, and D.R.F. West,

Age Hardening Reactions in Transage 129 and
134, Titanium Science and Technology, Vol 3,
G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, and W. Bunk, Ed.,
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985, 1567-1574

Phases and Structures

B e t a T r a n s u s . 720 C (1325 F)
Hardening. Because of the dominant influence of the martensitic transformation on the age
hardening response, Transage 129 (in common
with other Transage alloys) h a s exceptionally good
reproducibility of mechanical properties within a
given heat and from heat to heat. In wrought products in both the solution heat treated and the aged
conditions, microstructures are so fine that the
use of transmission electron microscopy is necessary to resolve them. Upon cooling from beta solution heat treatment at rates slower t h a n a water
quench, the alloy transforms partially to a submicroscopic martensite ('). Complete transformation is apparently blocked by the generation of for-

est dislocations during transformation. Upon

heating into the age hardening temperature range
of425 to 565 C (800 to 1050 F), dislocations rapidly annihilate, and the martensitic grows at the
expense of retained . This results in a very fine
and uniform Widmanstatten distribution of in a
matrix. Water quenching from beta solution heat
t r e a t m e n t produces some stressed-induced orthorhombic martensite (a"), which m a k e s age
hardening mechanics more complex.
Segregation during ingot solidification is
ehminated by subjecting the product to an anneal
of 925 C (1700 F), or higher, for 1 h somewhere
in the processing schedule following initial ingot
breakdown.

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 129: Estimated martensite start temperature

Click here to view

Transage 129: Occurrence of phase

T r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1100

600

500r-

Ti29

34

Ti34"""~
.

"

800
-

700

300
10"'

>

800
1

900
1

1000

1100

1200
s

900

JZ

170
160

1100

400

- 180

No

Ti29_^

700

1000

600

600

.1

10"

10

10"

Aging t i m e , h
Temperature v s aging time for t h e o c c u r r e n c e of p h a s e in 2 5 m m
(1.0 in.) T r a n s a g e 129 and 134 alloy plate, b e t a solution h e a t treated
a n d water q u e n c h e d .
S o u r c e : A.I.P. Nwobu, "Decomposition of B e t a - P h a s e in T r a n s a g e
1 3 4 a n d 129 Titanium Alloys," P h . D . dissertation, Department of
Metallurgy a n d Materials S c i e n c e , Imperial College, London, 1 9 7 9

I iooo|
>-

8h

24 h

- 150
H140

900
300

350
400
450
500
550
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e , C

600

Yield strength v s transformation t e m p e r a t u r e for 8- a n d 24-h isothermal transformations of T r a n s a g e 129, indicating a c h a n g e in

a g e hardening m e c h a n i s m occurring at approximately 4 7 0 C (875
F). Transition from nucleation a n d growth transformation to athermal martensitic transformation w a s responsible. 2 5 m m (1.0 in.)
plate from a 45-kg (100-lb ingot) forged to a 7 6 m m (3.0 in.) plate a n d
continuously rolled to 2 5 m m plate from 9 5 5 C (1750 F). S p e c i m e n
blanks isothermally transformed from 8 0 0 C (1450 F) for 2 0 min.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, July 1992

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr / 959

Physical Properties
Transage 129: Summary of typical physical properties
Beta transus
Density(a)
Magnetic permeability

Transage 129: Resistance to crevice corrosion

Anodic breakdown residual potential (ABRP) of selected titanium alloys. The higherthe ABRP test value, the less susceptible the material to pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion.

- 7 2 0 C (1325 F)
4.816 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )
Nonmagnetic
3

(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to

Material

7 8 F)

Transage 129(a)
CPTi
Ti-4AMV
Ti^Al

Transage 129: Modulus of elasticity

1400

1500

1600

110

LIVE GRAPH

(a) 2 5 m m (1 in.) p l a t e ; u l t i m a t e tensile s t r e n g t h = 1 2 9 6 M P a (188

ksi); e l o n g a t i o n , 7%; r e d u c t i o n of area, 23%. (b) Post-publication
correction: 8 . 1 V i s t h e v a l u e for very high-purity Ti; C P Ti h a s valu e s from 7.3 to 7.9 d e p e n d i n g upon purity. Source: F A . Crossley
a n d J.M. V a n O r d e n , A N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy for F o r m s a n d Weldm e n t s , Met. Eng. Q u a r t . , Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ; a l s o S o u r c e B o o k on
Materials Selection, Vol 2 , A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 7 0 - 1 7 6

Click here to view

15

Q.
CD

8.2
8.1(b)
6.5
6.2
4.0
3.9

1-8-0
1-8

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300

ABRP,V

100!
14 :a
4 5 5 C ( 8 5 0 F)
?

4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)

90

1 3 2>

5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F)

12
80
700

750

800

900

850

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Modulus of elasticity v s billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e for a g e h a r d e n e d
s p e c i m e n s from 1 3 m m (1/2 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r extrusions. Extrusion
billets w e r e p r e p a r e d from a 4 5 kg (100 lb) ingot. T h e 3 4 m m (1.35
in.) d i a m e t e r by 5 0 m m (2.0 in.) length billets w e r e c o a t e d with protective g l a s s . T h e billet c h a m b e r w a s h e a t e d to 3 1 5 C (600 F). T h e
reduction ratio w a s 1 0 : 1 .
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 (Ti-2AI-11 V-2Sn-11Zr): Properties of Forgings a n d Extrusions," unpublished paper, 1 9 7 3
C

Tensile Properties
Transage 129: Tensile properties for various product forms

Material/
heat treatment
125 mm plate from 820-kg ingot; 815 C, 1 h, AC, 620 C, 1 h, AC, 455 C, 24 h, AC
21.5 mm sheet; 760 C, 20 min, fan air cooled, aged at:
650 C, 1 h, AC, 425 C, 24 h, AC
650 C 1 h, AC, 480 C 24 h, A C
480C,24h,AC
313 mm diameter extrusion, 10:1 reduction from 815 C, aged at
510C,24h,AC
650 C, 1 h, AC, 425 C, 24 h, A C
A25 mm diameter extrusion, 10.2:1 reduction from 815 C, AC, aged at:
510C,24h,AC
650 C, 1 h, AC, 425 C, 24 h, AC
5115 x 180 x 610 mm forged billet; 790 C, 24 h, AC, 675 C, 1 h, AC, 455 C, 24 h,
AC

6175 mm diameter by 90 mm thick disc, upset 50% from 815 C by press forging;
815 C, 1 h, fan air cooled, 510 C, 24 h, AC

Orientation

Tensile yield
strength

Ultimate tensile
strength

Elongation,

Reduction
ofarea,

ksi

MPa

ksi

1124

163

1255

182

9.8

L
L
L

1280
1100
1200

186
160
174

1390
1190
1310

202
173
190

6
8
8

L
L

1240
1250

180
181

1350
1390

196
202

8
7.5

20
22.5

L
L
ST

1170
1160
1293

169
168
188

1230
1280
1344

178
185
195

9.4
8.7
2.0

30
22
2.5

Rl(a)

1251
1269
1265

182
184
184

1338
1358
1320

194
197
192

4.3
2.3
3.8

9.9
3.5
11.9

R2
Axial

1245
1276

180
185

1284
1327

186
192

5.5
3.0

14.7
5.5

MPa

%
24

(a) R l , R2, a n d axial are r a d i a l a n d axial directions i n t h e disc corresponding to short t r a n s v e r s e , longitudinal, a n d t r a n s v e r s e directions, respectively, i n t h e 115 x 175 x
6 1 0 m m forged billet from w h i c h t h e 114 180 x 100 m m w o r k p i e c e w a s cut. Source: M a t e r i a l 1 F A . Crossley a n d R.H. J e a l , "Fatigue a n d Fracture B e h a v i o r of t h e H i g h
Hardenability M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e T i t a n i u m Alloys," 21st Structures,
Structural Dynamics,
and Materials Conf., P a p e r N o . 8 1 - 0 5 3 5 - C P reprinted from C P 8 1 1 , A B o u n d
Collection of Technical P a p e r s , A I A A , A p r 1 9 8 1 , 134-140; also J. Aircraft, Vol 18 (No. 8), A u g 1 9 8 1 , 6 8 3 - 6 8 6 . M a t e r i a l 2 F A Crossley a n d J.M. Van O r d e n , A N e w
T i t a n i u m Alloy for F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart., Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 55-61; also Source Book on Materials Selection, Vol 2 , A S M International, 170-176. M a t e r i a l
4 , 5 , a n d 6 F A Crossley, "Transage 1 2 9 ( T i - 2 A l - l l V - 2 S n - l l Z r ) : P r o p e r t i e s of F o r g i n g s a n d E x t r u s i o n s , " u n p u b l i s h e d p a p e r , 1 9 7 3

960 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 129: Elevated temperature tensile property comparison

Final
aging
treatment(a)

Alloy
Transage 129

565C(1050F),24h,AC

Transage 162

593 C(1100F),24h,AC

Test
temperature
ep
C
24
315
480
24
480
24
205
315
425
480

75
600
900
75
900
75
400
600
800
900

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

1274
1078
905
1087
811
1212
1120
1040
1029
976

1196
946
725
995
651
1108
995
881
872
994

185
156
131
158
118
175
162
151
149
142

173
137
105
144
94
161
144
128
126
122

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

%
17.1
26.5
41.0
16.3
76.5
10.0
26.0
33.5
37.0
45.0

5
8.5
13
8
22
7
9
11.5
6
6

N o t e : 16 m m (5/8 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r p r o d u c e d b y h a m m e r f o r g i n g p i e c e s of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) p l a t e from a 4 5 k g ( 1 0 0 l b ) i n g o t . T r a n s a g e 162

( T i - 2 A l - l l . 5 V - 9 S n - 2 . 5 Z r ) w a s t h e e a r l y p r o t o t y p e for T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 . (a) All s p e c i m e n s g i v e n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y h e a t t r e a t m e n t of 815 C (1500
F), 3 0 m i n , A C , 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F), 2 4 h , A C . S o u r c e : F A . C r o s s l e y , " T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 ( T i - 2 A l - l l V - 2 S n - l l Z r ) : P r o p e r t i e s of F o r g i n g s a n d Extrusions," u n p u b l i s h e d p a p e r , 1973

Transage 129: Yield strength v s hardness

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

20
30
40
Hardness, HRC

50

Yield strength v s Rockwell C h a r d n e s s c u r v e fit from 1 3 a n d 2 5 m m

(112 a n d 1.0 in.) plate of T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 alloy after STA (solution h e a t
treat a n d a g e ) a n d STIT (solution h e a t treat a n d isothermally t r a n s form) treatments.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, July 1992

Sheet

LIVE GRAPH

Transage 129: Solution anneal temperature v s tensile strength of sheet

Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300

1400

Click here to view

Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , F

1500

1300

1400

1500

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

650

(a)

700
750
800
Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C

850

650

700
750
800
Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C

850

(b)

Tensile properties of cold rolled ( 5 0 % reduction) T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 alloy 1.5 m m (0.060 in.) s h e e t a s solution a n n e a l e d from 7 0 5 t o 8 1 5 C (1300 to
1 5 0 0 F) a n d fan air c o o l e d . Final reduction of 5 0 % unidirectional a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . Note that t h e b e t a t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e is 720 C (1325
F).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, July 1 9 9 2

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr / 961

LIVE GRAPH

Transage 129: Solution annealing temperature v s aged tensile strength

Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300
I

1600

LIVE GRAPH

1400
'

1500

Click here to view

Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300

1400

1500

230

Click here to view

220

1500

210
\~

1400

B)

"
1300

UTS

0 . 2 % offset yield s t r e n g t h s

'

200

X)

I
55

,
190

1200
650

700
750
800
Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C

180
850

650

850

700
750
800
Solution a n n e a l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , C

(a)
(b)
Tensile properties of cold rolled ( 5 0 % reduction) T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 alloy 1.5 m m (0.06 in.) s h e e t a s solution a n n e a l e d at v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s , fan air
cooled, a n d a g e d a t 4 8 0 C (900 F), 1 h, A C . Final reduction of 5 0 % unidirectional at room temperature. O p e n s y m b o l s , longitudinal; closed symbols, t r a n s v e r s e .
S o u r c e : FA. Crossley, private communication, July 1 9 9 2

Transage 129: Effect of strain on age hardening response

Effect of uniaxial strain on age hardening response of hot rolled Transage 129 alloy sheet
Tensile yield strength
a t s t r a i n of:
Aging
treatment(a)
None
480C(900F),24h
480C(900F),24h(b)
455 C ( 8 5 0 F ) , 2 4 h
455 C(850F),24h(b)
650 C (1200 F), 1 h, 480 C
(900F),4h
650 C (1200 F), 1 h, 455 C
(850F),24h
650 C (1200 F), 1 h, 425 C
(800F),24h
o

MPa

0%

ksi

736
1197

106.8
173.6

1463
1451
1096

MPa

5%
ksi

Ultimate tensile strength

a t s t r a i n of:
MPa

10%

ksi

0%
MPa

ksi

147.0
146.7
163.0
165.9
128.0

805
954
1049
1122
1043
917

116.7
138.3
153.2
162.7
151.3
133.0

777
1313

112.7
190.5

212.2
210.5
159.0

1014
1011
1123
1144
882

1571
1578
1718

1233

178.8

976

141.5

969

140.5

1252

181.6

987

143.2

992

143.8

5%
MPa

Elongation,
at strain

10%
MPa
ksi

ksi

0%

174.4
177.0
195.5
192.3
150.9

866
1180
1200
1334
1314
1065

125.6
171.2
174.1
193.5
190.6
154.5

24
8

227.9
228.8
176.6

1202
1220
1348
1326
1040

1377

199.7

1160

168.3

1176

1390

201.6

1201

174.2

1182

of: (%),
5% 1 0 %

5
2
10

8
6
3
4
14

16
8
8
4
3
11

170.5

10

171.4

10

10

N o t e : 1.5 m m ( 0 . 0 6 0 in.) s h e e t p r o d u c e d b y h o t r o l l i n g f r o m a 1 3 6 k g ( 3 0 0 l b ) ingot, ( a ) S o l u t i o n h e a t t r e a t e d a t 7 6 0 C (1400 F), 2 0 m i n , f a n a i r cooled, (b) O x i d e a n d cont a m i n a t i o n l a y e r d u e t o a g i n g t r e a t m e n t r e m o v e d b y s a n d b l a s t i n g a n d p i c k l i n g w h i l e t h e y w e r e left i n t a c t o n all o t h e r s p e c i m e n s . S o u r c e : F A . C r o s s l e y a n d J . M . V a n O r d e n , A N e w TCtenium Alloy for F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart., Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ; a l s o Source Book on Materiah Selection, Vol 2 , A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s ,
170-176

Creep Properties
Transage 129: Stress-rupture
Test
temperature
480
480
480
315

900
900
900
600

MPa

ksi

Rupture
time,
h

379
345
903
1076

55
50
131
156

36.2
77.4
0.1
0.1

Stress

N o t e : 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 h , A C , 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F), 2 4 h , A C

Deformation,
%
28
45

962 / Beta a n d Near-Beta A l l o y s

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 129: Larson-Miller plot for 0.1 % creep deformation

Transage 129: Stress-rupture comparison at 480 C

(900 F)
600

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
700

600

500
10

900

800

80

H70
T1-6AI-4V MA

Transage 162

H60

400

Transage 129
310'

50

T r a n s a g e 129

Ti-6AI-4V
40
200

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn
10

J30
10

10
R u p t u r e time, h

10

21

10

22

23

24

25

26

27

P=l (R)22x10"

30

C r e e p c o m p a r i s o n of 16 m m (5/8 in.) diameter b a r produced by

h a m m e r forging p i e c e s of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) plate from a 4 5 kg (100 lb)
ingot after 100-h e x p o s u r e at t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, July 1992

16 m m (5/8 in.) diameter bar p r o d u c e d by h a m m e r forging p i e c e s of

2 5 m m (1.0 in.) plate from a 4 5 kg (100 lb) ingot. T r a n s a g e 162 (Ti2AI-11.5V-9Sn-2.5Zr) w a s t h e prototype f o r T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 (-2.713V-7Sn-2Zr).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, r a n s a g e 129 (-2-11 V-2Sn-11 Zr): Properties of Forgings a n d Extrusions," unpublished paper, 1 9 7 3

Transage 129: Tensile properties following creep exposure

300-h c r e e p conditions
Temperature
Stress
"C
F
MPa
ksi
No exposure
315
600

827

120

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Strain,
%

1276
1469

0.84

185
213

Tensile properties
Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1192
1386

173
201

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

5
4

17
7

S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 172 h , A C , 5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F), 2 4 h , A C . N o t e : 1 6 m m (5/8 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r p r o d u c e d b y h a m m e r forging

p i e c e s of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) p l a t e f r o m a 4 5 k g ( 1 0 0 lb) i n g o t . S o u r c e : F A C r o s s l e y , " T r a n s a g e 129 (Ti-2A1- H V - 2 S n - l l Z r ) : P r o p e r t i e s of Forgings
a n d E x t r u s i o n s , " u n p u b l i s h e d p a p e r , 1973

Fatigue Properties
Transage 129: Room temperature load-controlled fatigue test properties

Material condition
1
2
3

Type of
loading
Axial
Axial
Rotating bend

M a x i m u m stress at 1 0 cycle runout

MPa
ksi
7

Kt
2.7
2.7
1.0

R
0.1
0.1
-1.0

400
345
600

58
50
87

M a t e r i a l 11.5 m m (0.060 i n . ) s h e e t p r o d u c e d b y h o t r o l l i n g from a 136 k g ( 3 0 0 lb) i n g o t h e a t t r e a t e d a t 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F), 2 0 m i n , fan air

cooled, 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F), 1 h , A C , 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F), 2 4 h , A C . M a t e r i a l 2 1 . 5 m m ( 0 . 0 6 0 in.) s h e e t p r o d u c e d b y h o t r o l l i n g from a 136 k g (300
lb) i n g o t h e a t t r e a t e d a t 7 6 0 C (1400 F), 2 0 m i n , f a n a i r cooled, 4 8 0 C (900 F), 1 h , A C . M a t e r i a l 3 2 5 m m (1.0 i n . ) p l a t e p r o d u c e d from
a n 8 2 0 - k g ( 1 8 0 0 - l b ) ingot. S o u r c e : F A C r o s s l e y a n d J . M . V a n O r d e n , A N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy for F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart.,
Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ; also Source Book on Materials
Selection, Vol 2 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y for M e t a l s , 1 7 0 - 1 7 6 ; a n d F A . C r o s s l e y a n d R.H.
J e a l , " F a t i g u e a n d F r a c t u r e B e h a v i o r of t h e H i g h H a r d e n a b i l i t y M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , " 21st Structures,
Structural
Dynamics, and Materials Conference, P a p e r N o . 8 1 - 0 5 3 5 - C P r e p r i n t e d from C P 8 1 1 , A B o u n d C o l l e c t i o n of T e c h n i c a l P a p e r s , AIAA, A p r 1981,
134-140; a l s o J. Aircraft, Vol 18 (No. 8), A u g 1 9 8 1 , 6 8 3 - 6 8 6

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr / 963

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 129: Rotating bend fatigue comparison

800

Transage 134
Transage 129

700

Transage 129: Notch fatigue comparison

600

1190 MPa UTS

500

co
CO

IN

80

H70

IN
IN

go

6 0 0

80

1400 MPa UTS

500

1 0 0 -a
Ti-6AI-4V F o r g i n g s s c a t t e r b a n d

1290 MPa UTS

110

60 %

to 4 0 0

50
300

co

Ti-6AI-4V
40

H70
400

200

10

10

10

10

106 0

10

10

10

10

10

10

30
10

C y c l e s to failure

Cycles to failure

2 5 m m (1.0 in.) plate p r o d u c e d from a n 8 2 0 kg (1800 lb) ingot. R =

- 1 . 0 ; A = oo. S m o o t h s p e c i m e n s .
S o u r c e : F A . C r o s s l e y a n d R.H. J e a l , "Fatigue a n d Fracture B e h a v ior of t h e High Hardenability Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys,"
21st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials
Conference,
Paper No. 81 - 0 5 3 5 - C P reprinted from C P 8 1 1 , A Bound Collection of
Technical P a p e r s , Al AA, Apr 1 9 8 1 , 134-140; also J. Aircraft, Vol 1 8
(No. 8), A u g 1 9 8 1 , 6 8 3 - 6 8 6

Axial, center-hole notch, high-cycle fatigue of 1.5 m m (0.060 in.)

T r a n s a g e 129 s h e e t produced by hot rolling from a 1 3 6 kg (300 lb)
ingot. H e a t t r e a t e d at 7 6 0 C (1400 F) 2 0 min, fan air cooled, a n d
a g e d to s t r e n g t h s indicated. Load controlled, R = 0 . 1 ; Kj = 2.7. Ti6AI-4V STA s h e e t (Kj = 2.8). Closed s y m b o l s d e n o t e t e s t s rerun at
higher s t r e s s .
S o u r c e : F. A. Crossley a n d J.M. Van O r d e n , A N e w Titanium Alloy for
F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart., Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ;
a l s o Source Book on Materials Selection, A m e r i c a n Society for Metals, Vol 2 , 170-176

Fracture Properties

Transage 129: Yield strength vs fracture toughness

Transage 129: Crack growth rate comparison at 20

C (68 F)

LIVE GRAPH

P l a n e - s t r a i n fracture t o u g h n e s s , MPaVm
30

40

50

60

70

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80

1400

10"

200

LIVE GRAPH

190

Click here to view

IN

10"

1 8 0 CM
O,

170

Bi
1 6 0 CD
150

10

CO
7J

Transage 134

'>>

140 c

'co
1 3 0 c
1120
20

30

40

50

60

70

P l a n e - s t r a i n fracture t o u g h n e s s , ksiVin.
2 5 m m (1.0 in.) c o m p a c t tension s p e c i m e n s t e s t e d according t o
ASTM E-399-70Tfrom 1 2 5 m m (5 in.) diam bar (129ET) a n d 2 5 m m
(1 in.) plate. O p e n s y m b o l s , isothermally transformed; c l o s e d s y m bols, solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d .
S o u r c e : F A . Crossley, R . L B o o m , R.W. Lindberg, a n d R-. Lewis,
Fracture T o u g h n e s s of T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 Alloy, Ttanium Science and
Technology, Vol 3 , R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, Ed., TMS/AIME, Plen u m P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 , 2 0 2 5 - 2 0 3 9 ; a n d F.A. Crossley, private c o m m u nication, July 1 9 9 2

Transage 129
10"'

Ti-6AI-4V s c a t t e r b a n d

10
10

10'

10

S t r e s s intensity r a n g e (), ksiVin.

2 5 m m (1.0 in.) plate produced from a n 8 2 0 kg ( 1 8 0 0 lb) ingot. R=
0 . 1 , 0 2 5 Hz.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley a n d R.H. J e a l , "Fatigue a n d Fracture Behavior of t h e High Hardenability Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys,"
21st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials
Conference,
P a p e r No. 81 - 0 5 3 5 - C P reprinted from C P 8 1 1 , A B o u n d Collection
of Technical P a p e r s , Al AA, Apr 1 9 8 1 , 1 3 4 - 1 4 0 ; a l s o J. Aircraft, Vol
1 8 (No. 8), Aug 1 9 8 1 , 683-686

964 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 129: Fracture and impact toughness

Processing temperature
Forging
Rolling
C
JF
_C
F

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

815 C (1500 F), 1 h, A C , 540 C (1000 F), 4 h, A C

955
1750
955
1217
176
1040
1905
870
1144
166
1040
1905
1040
1158
168
955
1750
870
1134
164
955
1750
955
1164
169
955
870
1750
171
1178
815 C (1500 F), 1 h, isothermal transformation to 4 5 5 C (850 F ) , 2 4 h , A C
955
1750
955
1138
165
1040
1905
870
1109
161
955
1750
870
1116
162
955
1750
955
1002
145
955
1750
955
1095
159
955
1750
870
1080
156
815 C (1500 F), 1 h, isothermal transformation to 455 C (850 F), 1 6 h , A C
955
1750
870
1212
175
955
1750
955
182
1257
955
1750
870
1180
171

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

1284
1223
1220
1207
1238
1294

186
178
177
175
179
187

6.5
8.5
7.0
8.5
7.8
8.5

15.1
26.6
15.3
21.7
21.6
18.9

1258
1196
1179
1128
1220
1183

182
173
171
163
177
171

10
12
10
13
9
11.5

1335
1334
1306

193
193
189

6
5
6.5

Charpy impact
toughness(a)
J
ft I b f

6.5
12.2
8.9
8.9
8.7

4.8
8.9
6.5
6.5
6.4

22.5
26.8
31.2
43.3
30.4
36.1

9.8
11.4
8.1

7.2
8.4
5.9

16.0
20.3
20.0

9.3
10
7.2

6.8
7.3
5.3

Fracture toughness(a)
CKlc)
MPaVm
ksiVin.

45.2

41.1

42.6
49.8
57.1

38.7
45.3
51.9

75.4

68.6

49.5

45.0

56.0
62.9

50.9
57.2

N o t e : 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) c o m p a c t t e n s i o n s p e c i m e n s u s e d for fracture t o u g h n e s s t e s t s performed acrording to A S T M E-399-70T. P l a t e produced b y forging billet to 75 mm
(3 in.) a n d t h e n rolling a t i n d i c a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s to 2 5 m m (1 in.), (a) A t 0 C (32 F). Source: F A Crossley, private c o m m u n i c a t i o n , J u l y 1992; a n d F A . Crossley, R.L.
B o o m , R.W. Lindberg, a n d R.E. L e w i s , F r a c t u r e T o u g h n e s s of T r a n s a g e 129 Alloy, Titanium Science and Technology, Vol 3 , R.I. Jaffee a n d H . M . Burte, Ed., TMS/AIME,
Plenum Press, 1973, 2025-2039

Working

Transage 129: Flow stress v s reciprocal temperature

LIVE GRAPH
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Transage 129: Flow stress v s strain rate

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
10"

A
r

Ti-6AL4V/^
/mil

y
T r a n s a g e 129 and 175

/ /

5
10

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0
1000/,

1.1

1.2

1.3

D e p e n d e n c e of flow s t r e s s on reciprocal t e m p e r a t u r e of 2 5 m m (1.0

in.) T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 plate c o m p a r e d with T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 a n d "-6-4V
at a c o n s t a n t strain rate of 1fJ^/s.
S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d N.E. P a t o n , Superplastic Behavior of t h e
Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys: Hot Working Verifications of
Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Verification of Process Models, C C . C h e n , Ed., ASM International, 1 9 8 3 , 5 3 - 6 9

Flow s t r e s s d e p e n d e n c e on strain rate of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) T r a n s a g e

1 2 9 plate a t 7 6 0 a n d 8 1 5 C (1400 a n d 1 5 0 0 F) c o m p a r e d with Ti6AI-4V a t 9 2 5 C (1700 F).
S o u r c e : F A . C r o s s l e y a n d N.E. Paton, Superplastic Behavior of the
Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys: Hot Working Verifications of
Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Verification of Process Models, C C . C h e n , Ed., ASM International, 1 9 8 3 , 5 3 - 6 9

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11 Z r / 965

Transage 129: Strain rate sensitivity of 25 mm plate

12
.
10
.I

- 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F)

LIVE GRAPH

- 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)

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TJ-6AI-4V (925 C)

0.8

0.6

"to

0.4

55

02
.
0.0

10

10""

10"

10"'

Strain r a t e , s"

S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d N.E. P a t o n , Superplastic Behavior of t h e

Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys: Hot Working Verifications of
Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Verification of Process Models, C.C. C h e n , Ed., ASM International, 1 9 8 3 , 5 3 - 6 9

Forging

Transage 129 has net-shape and near-netshape capabilities by isothermal forging at temperatures as low as 650 C (1200 F). However, considering relevant factors
such as load
requirements and die life, the optimum tempera-

ture is 760 to 815 C (1400 to 1500 F). Forging

above the t r a n s u s temperature of 720 C (1325
F) minimizes directionality of mechanical properties.

LIVE GRAPH

Transage 129: Effect of upset reduction on tensile properties

Click here to view

15

LIVE GRAPH

- -

Axial ()

--

Radial (S)

Click here to view

10

~~~~~
*
10

20

30

40

U p s e t reduction a t 6 7 5 C, %

10

20

30

40

50

U p s e t reduction a t 6 7 5 C, %

Effects of forging u p s e t reduction from 6 7 5 C (1250 F) on directionality of tensile properties; forgings h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 0 0 C (1450 F), 1 h, fan
air cooled, 5 1 0 C (950 F), 3 h, AC.
S o u r c e : F A Crossley, E. Walden, a n d J.M. Van Orden, "Evaluation of T r a n s a g e 129 (Ti-2AI-11V-2Sn-11Zr) Alloy for H e a v y Section Forgings,"
unpublished p a p e r

966 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 129: Extrusion constant vs temperature

Extrusion

1300
500

Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1400
1500
1600
1700

1800
H70

LIVE GRAPH
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H60

400

H50
a 300

T r a n s a g e 129

40

B e t a III

S 20|

30
20

100

10

700

1000

800
900
Billet p r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

2 5 m m (1.0 in.) diameter extrusions w e r e m a d e from billets prod u c e d from a n 8 2 0 kg (1800 lb) ingot. R a m s p e e d of 7 6 to 127 m m / s
(3 to 5 in7s) a n d 60 conical d i e s w e r e u s e d ; 10.2:1 reduction.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T r a n s a g e 129 (-2-11 V-2Sn-11Zr): Properties of Forgings a n d Extrusions," unpublished paper, 1 9 7 3

Transage 129: Mechanical properties of extrusions

Extrusion
temperature
op
C
760
815
980
760
815
980
760
815
980
760
815
980

1400
1500
1800
1400
1500
1800
1400
1500
1800
1400
1500
1800

Cooling
after
extrusion

Heat
treatment(a)

WQ
WQ
WQ
AC
AC
AC
WQ
WQ
WQ
AC
AC
AC

A
A
A
A
A
A

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1160
1140
1210
1140
1160
1170
1230
1210
1200

168
166
175
166
168
169
178
175
174

1170
1140

169
166

184
183
193
184
185
187
186
184
182
179
178
175

1270
1260
1330
1290
1280
1290
1280
1270
1250
1230
1230
1210

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

9.5
7.8
4.8
8.4
8.7
4.6
9.5
10.4
9.2
10.0
9.4
7.7

28
25
8.7
26
22
7.6
26
29
23
34
30
18

N o t e : 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) d i a m e t e r e x t r u s i o n s from billets produced from a n 8 2 0 k g ( 1 8 0 0 lb) ingot. R a m speed, 76 to 127 m m / s (3 to 5 iaJs);

60
conical dies; 10.2:1 reduction, (a) H e a t t r e a t m e n t A: 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F), 1 h, A C , 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F), 2 4 h, A C . H e a t t r e a t m e n t B: 510 C (950 F),
2 4 h, A C . Source: F.A. Crossley, T r a n s a g e 129 ( T i - 2 A l - l l V - 2 S n - l l Z r ) : P r o p e r t i e s of F o r g i n g s a n d Extrusions," u n p u b l i s h e d paper, 1973

Forming

Transage 129: Forming limit comparison

Olsen Cup
height
Material
Transage 129, solution treated, fan air cooled
Ti-70A, commercial purity
B120VCA, solution treated
BetaDT
Solution treated, water quenched
Solution treated, air cooled
Ti-6A1-4V, mill annealed

mm

in.

Transverse
bend
r a d i u s (R/t)

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Hardness,
HRC

7.14
7.37
6.35

0.281
0.290
0.25

2
2
3

734
483(a)
827(a)

105
70(a)
120(a)

27.3
26
32-36

8.38
6.35
3.05

0.330
0.25
0.12

2
3.5
4.5

738
883
827

107
128
120(a)

36

N o t e : 1.5 m m ( 0 . 0 6 0 in.) s h e e t produced b y h o t rolling from a 136 k g (300 lb) ingot. T r a n s a g e 129 s h e e t t h i c k n e s s i s 1.5 m m (0.060 in.), (a)
G u a r a n t e e d m i n i m u m Source: E A . Crossley a n d J . M . Van O r d e n , A N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy for F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart., Vol
1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ; also Source Book on Materials Selection, Vol 2, A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 7 0 - 1 7 6

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11 Z r / 967

Transage 129: Cold head ratio (Dt ID,)

Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1300
2.5

1400

2.0

1500

1600

Extrusion t e m p e r a t u r e
*

7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F)

7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F)

815C(1500F)

8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F)

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1.5!

1.0
700

750

800

850

900

Solution t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
13 m m (1/2 in.) d i a m e t e r extrusions w e r e p r o d u c e d from a 4 5 kg
(100 lb) ingot. T h e 3 4 m m (1.35 in.) d i a m e t e r by 5 0 m m (2.0 in.)
length billets w e r e c o a t e d with protective g l a s s . T h e billet c h a m b e r
w a s h e a t e d to 3 1 5 C (600 F). T h e reduction ratio w a s 10:1.
C r o s s h e a d s p e e d , 0.5 cm/min (0.2 in./min).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T r a n s a g e 129(Ti-2AI-11 V-2Sn-11Zr): Properties of Forgings a n d Extrusions," unpublished paper, 1 9 7 3

Heat Treatment
Transage 129: Recommended heat treatments
Duration,

Temperature
Treatment

Cooling
method

h
1/3
1

1400
1500
850-1050
800-1000

760

Solution () anneal of sheet

Solution () anneal of heavy sections
Aging (after solution anneal)
Isothermal transformation(b)
Triplex treatment(c)
1st stage ( anneal)
2nd stage (- anneal)
3rd stage (age)

815
455-565
425-540

24
24

Fan air cool

Water quench(a)
Air cool
Air cool
Fan air cool

See above
1200

650

800-900

425^180

Air cool

24

Air cool

(a) Water q u e n c h i n g for h e a v y section for m a x i m u m formability. If a g i n g follows solution a n n e a l , a n y c o n v e n i e n t cooling r a t e m a y be used.
(b) Solution t r e a t m e n t a n d i s o t h e r m a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n (STTT) produces h i g h e r t o u g h n e s s t h a n STA. (c) F o r superior fatigue r e s i s t a n c e

Solution
Temperature
Effect

Transage 129: Mechanical properties v s solution annealing

LIVE GRAPH
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195

LIVE GRAPH
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190

185

V. 1 8 0

175h

il

25h

170
1300

1400

1500

1600

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

1700

1800

1300

1400

1500
1600
T e m p e r a t u r e , F

1700

1800

(a)
(b)
Effect of solution h e a t t r e a t m e n t t e m p e r a t u r e o n tensile properties a n d fracture t o u g h n e s s of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) T r a n s a g e 129 plate. T h e solution h e a t
t r e a t m e n t s w e r e followed by a w a t e r q u e n c h . A g e d a t 5 1 0 C for 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : F A . Crossley, R.L. B o o m , R.W. Lindberg, a n d R.E. Lewis, Fracture T o u g h n e s s of T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 Alloy, Titanium Science and Technology,
Vol 3, R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, Ed., TMS/AIME, P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 , 2 0 2 5 - 2 0 3 9
(continued)

968 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 129: Ductility vs solution annealing

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

Temperature, F
(c)
Effect of solution h e a t treatment t e m p e r a t u r e on tensile properties
a n d fracture t o u g h n e s s of 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 plate. T h e
solution h e a t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e followed by a w a t e r q u e n c h . A g e d at
510Cfor24h,AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, R.L. Boom, R.W. Lindberg, a n d R.E. Lewis,
Fracture T o u g h n e s s of T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 Alloy, Titanium Science and
Technology, Vol 3 , R.I. Jaffee a n d H.M. Burte, Ed., TMS/AIME, Plenum Press, 1973, 2025-2039

Oxidation

Transage 129: Oxidation and contamination

Oxide and case depth vs Larson-Miller parameter for heating in air for 1 -h exposure
Oxide
film thickness
um
mils

Temperature
677
732
760
788
815
871

1250
1350
1400(a)
1450
1500
1600

2
8
9
10
14
15

0.1
0.3
0.36
0.4
0.6
0.6

Contamination
depth

mils

1.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.3

25
53
56
58
62
83

Total o x i d e a n d
contamination
u m

1.1
2.4
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.8

mils
27
61
66
68
76
98

N o t e : F r o m 7 3 0 t o 8 1 5 C ( 1 3 5 0 t o 1 5 0 0 F ) i n t e r g r a n u l a r diffusion of o x y g e n i s f a s t e r t h a n i n t r a g r a n u l a r . A t 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F), t h e t w o r a t e s
a r e a b o u t e q u a l , a n d o x i d e d i s s o l u t i o n a t t h e i n t e r f a c e i s f a s t e r t h a n o x i d e f o r m a t i o n , (a) I n t e r p o l a t e d v a l u e s

Transage 129: Effect of case on tensile properties

Quenching

Milled(a)

Fan air cool

No

Fan air cool

Water
Water

Yes

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
781+6

113.3 0 . 9

Yes

834 + 0

121.0 + 0.0

No

788+4
824 + 2

14.3 0 . 6
119.5 + 0.3

Tensile yield
strength

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

MPa

ksi

593 16

86.0 + 2.3

9.0 0 . 0

520+8

75.4 1.2

18.7 1.2

33.7 2.7

365 27
295 + 14

52.9 + 3.8
42.8 + 2.0

13.3 0.6

27.1 3 . 0
39.7

19.0 + 0.0

%
11.6 0 . 9

N o t e : 6.6 m m ( 0 . 2 6 i n . ) p l a t e p r o d u c e d f r o m 8 2 0 k g ( 1 8 0 0 l b ) i n g o t . B e t a s o l u t i o n a n n e a l e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 h . S a n d b l a s t e d t o r e m o v e
o x i d e s c a l e . T e n s i l e t e s t v a l u e s g i v e n a r e a v e r a g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n for t h r e e t e s t s , (a) M i l l e d 0.25 m m ( 0 . 0 1 0 i n . ) from s u r f a c e s . S o u r c e :
F A . Crossley, p r i v a t e communication, J u l y 1992

Ti-11.5V-2AI-2Sn-11Zr / 969

Welding
Transage 129: Tensile properties of GTA weldments
Comparison of tensile properties of base metal and two-pass, GTAW transverse welded specimens
Aging treatment
Temperature
"C
F

Time,
h

Specimen(a)
Base metal
Weldmetal(a)

None

540

1000

Base metal
Weldmetal(a)

510

950

24

Base metal
Weldmetal(a)

480

900

24

Base metal

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

365
283
303
1048
952
1034
1089
1103
1062
1200
1248
1196

869
738
731
1096
972
1048
1186
1124
1076
1244
1262
1200

53
41
44
152
138
150
158
160
154
174
181
172

126
107
106
159
141
152
172
163
156
180
183
174

Elongatii
13mm(l/:
%
20
20
16
14
9
6
14
8
6
11
7
7

N o t e : 1.7 m m (0.066 in.) solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d s h e e t , laboratory produced from 2 5 m m (1.0 in.) p l a t e produced from a 4 5 k g ( 1 0 0 lb) ingot;
final r e d u c t i o n of 5 0 % unidirectional a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , (a) Transverse w e l d . All s p e c i m e n s longitudinal. Source: R A . Crossley a n d J.M.
Van O r d e n , A N e w T i t a n i u m Alloy for F o r m s a n d W e l d m e n t s , Met. Eng. Quart., Vol 1 3 , 1 9 7 3 , 5 5 - 6 1 ; also Source Book on Materials
Selection, Vol 2, A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 7 0 - 1 7 6

Transage 129: EB tensile properties of EBW plate

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Condition
As-welded
Aged:540C(1000F),4h,AC
Aged:675 C(1250 F),2h,AC,
430C(900F),4h,AC
o

780
1172
1275

116
170
185

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
313
1110
1207

45.4
161
175

Elongation in
50 m m (2 in.),
%
12.8
6.5
5.2

Reduction
of area,
%
36
22
20

N o t e : B e a d - o n - p l a t e electron-beam, t r a n s v e r s e - w e l d e d 6.4 m m (0.25 in) p l a t e , 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 h, W Q . S a n d b l a s t e d a n d pickled to r e m o v e

0 . 0 8 9 m m ( 0 . 0 0 3 5 i n . ) , w e l d e d a n d a g e h a r d e n e d . S u r f a c e s m i l l e d to r e m o v e 0 . 2 5 m m ( 0 . 0 1 0 in.) to a c h i e v e c o n s t a n t c r o s s s e c t i o n a n d
to r e m o v e o x y g e n - c o n t a m i n a t e d s u r f a c e layer. E l e c t r o n - b e a m s e t t i n g s : 1 2 5 k V , 13 m A , a n d t r a v e l s p e e d of 12.7 m m / s ( 3 0 i n . / m i n ) .
Source: F A . Crossley, private communication, J u l y 1992

Ti-12V-2.5AI-2Sn-6Zr / 971

|Ti-12V-2.5AI-2Sn-6Zr
Common Name: Transage 134
Trade Names: Transage 134, T134
UNS Number: Unassigned
Compiled by Frank A. Crossley, retired

Transage 134 is a noncommercial, experimental high-strength titanium-base alloy recommended for applications where high strength and
high fracture toughness are desired in heavy sections. Like Transage 129 and 175, Transage 134 is
an age-hardenable alloy t h a t partially transforms to martensite during quenching.
Transage 134 can be produced in all mill product forms. Weldability and castability are good,
and the alloy has net-shape capability by isothermal forging, which can be performed at temperatures as low as 650 C (1200 F), although 815 C
(1500 F) is considered optimum.
For typical applications, Transage 134 can be
aged to strength levels of 1140 MPa (165 ksi) or
higher. At high strength levels it has the highest
fracture toughness of the Transage alloys. In common with other Transage alloys, Transage 134 has
exceptionally high hardenability. Uniform age
hardening is obtainable in heavy sections air
cooled from solution heat treatment to achieve
strengths of 1140 MPa (165 ksi) or higher.

Transage 134 (wrought, cast): Composition (wt%)

Element

wt%
2.0-3.0
0.08 max
0.20 max
0.05 max
0.15 max
1.5-2.5
11.0-13.0
5.5-6.5
0.03 max
0.015 max
0.005 max

Aluminum
Carbon
Iron
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Tin
Vanadium(a)
Zirconium
Boron
Hydrogen
Yttrium
Other
Each
Total
Titanium

O.lOmax
0.40 max
bal

(a) T h e v a n a d i u m - a l u m i n u m m a s t e r alloy (nominally 15 to 17 wt%

Al) addition i s to b e calculated to obtain t h e n o m i n a l v a n a d i u m cont e n t of 12.0 wt%.

Physical Properties
Transage 134: Summary of typical physical properties

Transage 134: Occurrence of phase

LIVE GRAPH
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Beta transus
Melting range
Density(a)
Electrical resistivity(a)
Magnetic permeability
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity(a)
Thermal coefficient of linear
expansion

750 C(1385 F)
Not available
4.733 g / c m (0.171/lb/in. )
Not Available
Nonmagnetic
Not available
Not Available
Not Available
3

- 1100

600

Ti29

Ti34

P 500r-

- 1000

- 900

No
Ti34~"""

800

Ti2aV* .

(a) Typical v a l u e s at room t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 t o

7 8 F)

..

700
4

300

P h a s e s a n d Structures. Like other Transage

alloys, Transage 134 transforms partially to a!
martensite upon cooling from solution heat
treatment at any rate slower t h a n a water quench.
Complete transformation is apparently blocked by
the generation of forest dislocations during transformation. Upon heating into the age-hardening
range of425 to 565 C (800 to 1050 F), dislocations
rapidly become annihilated and the martensitic
grows at t h e expense of the retained . This results
in a very fine and uniform Widmanstatten distribution of in a matrix.

10"'

ul

10

10

600
10

Aging time, h
T e m p e r a t u r e v e r s u s aging time diagram for t h e o c c u r r e n c e of
p h a s e in T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 a n d 1 3 4 alloys solution h e a t e d a n d water
quenched.
Source: A.I.P. Nwobu, "Decomposition of B e t a - P h a s e in T r a n s a g e
134 a n d T 1 2 9 T i t a n i u m Alloys," Ph.D. dissertation, Imperial College,
London, D e c 1 9 7 9

Transage 134 is less stabilized t h a n Transage

129 and 175 alloys. As a consequence, water

972 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 134: Transformations from solution treatment(a)

Air cool, fan a i r cool, o r oil quench
Quench transformation: > ' (<25 vol%) +
Age transformation: + ' - > +
Water quench
Quench transformation: " (100%)
Age transformation sequence:
(1) " ,. - > (co, a " , a ) + (see note)
L

(2)a" A a " + a"RA +

L

(3) +"

4+

(4),.-> + > 4 5 0 C ( 8 4 0 F )
N o t e : C o l d w o r k i n g of a " s t a b i l i z e s i t a g a i n s t r e v e r s i o n t o ' , h e p m a r t e n s i t e ; a " , o r t h o r h o m b i c m a r t e n s i t e s t r e s s i n d u c e d by w a t e r quenchi n g o r cold w o r k i n g ( c o n t r o v e r s i a l a s s o m e i n v e s t i g a t o r s c o n s i d e r a " t o form a t h e r m a l l y ) ; a " , a l l o y - l e a n a"; a " j ^ alloy-rich a"; b e t a formed
b y r e v e r s i o n f r o m "; , o m e g a p h a s e . S o u r c e : H . M . F l o w e r , A.I.P. N w o b u , a n d D.R.F. W e s t , A g e H a r d e n i n g R e a c t i o n s i n T r a n s a g e 1 2 9 a n d
134, T i t a n i u m S c i e n c e a n d Technology, Vol 3 , G. L u t j e r i n g , U . Z w i c k e r , a n d W. B u n k , E d . , D e u t s c h e G e s e l l s c h a f t fur M e t a l l k u n d e e . V , Germany, 1985,1567-1574

quenching from solution heat treatment produces 100% orthorhombic, deformation martensite (a"). Age hardening of this product is more
sluggish and produces significantly lower ductility
for a given strength level t h a n age hardening of a'
martensite.

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH
Corrosion

Segregation during ingot solidification can be

eliminated by subjecting the product to an annealing temperature of925 C (1700 F) or higher for 1
h at some point in the processing schedule. Castings can be homogenized by annealing at 900 C
(1650 F) for 2 h; this anneal may coincide with hot
isostatic processing (HIP).
Click here to view
Transage 134: Anhydrous methanol stress corrosion

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Transage 134: Cyclic polarization curve
1600

1100

12001 _

1000

~ 8001

+1100

CD
<

| > 4001-

CO
Q_
1 1 2 h, + 1 2 5 m V

Ti-6AI-4V

Transage 134

900-

120

Oh

110 J=

700-

100
90

600-

-400r-

140
130

co 8 0 0
co

150

80
500

^ . A

-800
10

10*

10

Current,
Localized corrosion resistance, m e a s u r e d by in vitro electrochemical t e s t s in T y r o d e ' s solution. T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 exhibited a b r e a k d o w n
potential of +1100 m V, which w a s better t h a n Hastelloy C - 2 7 6 a n d
Nitronic 5 0 (breakdown potentials of 4 4 6 0 a n d + 4 0 mV, r e s p e c tively).
S o u r c e : T. A. Bednarowicz, " U s e of T r a n s a g e 134 Titanium for Application of H u m a n Body Implant Material," Report No. TM 3 7 3 ,
C a m e r o n Iron Works, 1 Apr 1981

10
10
T i m e t o failure, h

10

2 0 3 m m (8 in.) diam T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 billet; h e a t treated at 815 C

(1500 F) for 1 hr, followed by air cooling; then at 5 5 0 C (1025 F)
for 2 hr, followed by air cooling; yield strength, 1 0 1 4 MPa (147 ksi).
3 8 m m (1.5 in.) T1-6AI-4V plate: h e a t treated at 1040 C (1900 F),
followed by water quenching; then a t 7 0 5 C (1300 F), followed by
air cooling; yield strength, 9 1 7 M P a ( 1 3 3 ksi). Arrows indicate runout.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys:
Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer and H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 4 4 9 6

Ti-12V-2.5AI-2Sn-6Zr / 973

Transage 134: Potentials in Tyrode solution

P o t e n t i a l , m V (Ag/AgCl)(a)
Protection potential
4 0 VThr
2.5V/hr

Breakdown potential
40V/hr
2.5V/hr

Material
Transage 134
C-276
Nitronic 50

>+1250(b)
+580
+300

+1500
+1160
+680

No hysteresis

+ l 100(b)
4460
440

+500
+20

Corrosion
potential
(96 hr)

Protection range
40V/hr
2.5V/hr

+440
-60

+1300
+1060
+220

+125
-100
+30

(a) P o t e n t i a l s a s a function of s c a n r a t e i n Tyrode solution a t 5 0 C (120 F) w i t h a c o n t i n u o u s p u r g e of 9 5 % air a n d 5% C 0 . (b) W a t e r oxidation/oxygen evolution

2

Typical Tensile Properties

Transage 134: Ultimate tensile strength v s elongation

LIVE GRAPH

Transage 134: Ultimate tensile strength vs reduction of area

LIVE GRAPH

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Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , ksi
140
1

10

'

160
.1

180
1

- solution

200
220
240
1
'
1

solution h e a t t r e a t m e n t

\
\

STA, W Q

Single a g e

Double a g e

200

STA, FAC
STDA, W Q

Avg. of 3 t e s t s

1350h

STDA, O Q
STDA, FAC
STDA, slow AC

o 1200h

heat treatment + a g e \
a>

210

1500

160
STDA: 1 st a g e < 6 5 0 ' q i s5o0

E 1050r-

4 7 % cold rolled + a g e
1100

1300

STDA: 1st a g e > 6 5 0 C

1500

140

900

r\J*

900 0

180
170

m
c

(-

190

1700

Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , M P a
1.3 t o 1.4 m m (0.050 to 0.56 in.) s h e e t p r e p a r e d b y hot rolling until
final cold rolling reduction of 2 8 or 4 7 % .
S o u r c e : RA. Crossley, "220 ksi Yield Strength T r a n s a g e Titanium,"
Final Technical Report No. LMSC/D-058737,9/26/79-5/31/80, U . S .
Naval U n d e r w a t e r S y s t e m s Center, C o n t r a c t / P R 6 6 6 0 4 - 9 1 6 9 2291

10

20

30 40
50 60 70
R e d u c t i o n of a r e a , %

80

90

100

4 5 kg (100 lb) ingot hot rolled to 2 5 m m (1 in.) plate from 8 7 0 C

(1600 F) a n d solution t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 1 hr, followed
by air cooling. 2 7 3 kg (600 lb) ingot extruded to 1 3 7 m m (5.4 in.) b a r
from 8 1 5 C (1500 F), turned down to 1 2 7 m m (5 in.), t h e n h a m m e r
forged from 8 7 0 C (1600 F) to 1 9 102 1 2 2 0 m m (3/4 4 4 8
in.) bar. In t h e c a s e of double aging, w h e n t h e first a g e is h i g h e r t h a n
6 2 5 C (1160 F), it is in fact a n - solution h e a t treatment.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys:
Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6

974 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 134: Typical tensile properties

Material
and solution
heat treatment
1.4 mm (0.056 in.)
sheet, cold rolled
28% reduction,
760 C (1400 F)/l/2
hr/FAC
25 mm (1 in.) plate
rolled from 870 C
(1600 F), 45 kg
(100 lb) ingot,
815 C (1500 F)
/ l hr/AC
13 mm (1/2 in.)
plate rolled from
815 C(1500F),
273 kg (600 lb)
ingot, 815 C(1500
F)/1 hr/AC, first
aging followed by
WQ
19x102
x 1220 mm (3/4
x 4 x 4 8 in.) hammer
forged bar 273 kg
(600 lb) ingot, 815
C(1500F)/1
hr/FAC, first aging
followed by FAC

First
C (F)

No.
of
specimen

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,
Refta)

440(825)

24

1593

231

1551

225

1.3

454(850)

24

1531

222

1489

216

1.8

595(1100

480(900)

1138

165

1060

154

595(1100)

480(900)

1193

173

1135

165

595(1100)

480(900)

1205

175

1135

165

10

29

51x51x76mm(2 x
524(975)
2 x 3 in.) block
isothemally forged
initially at 815 C
(1500 F) and
finished at 732 C
(1350 F), 273 kg
(600 lb) ingot, 815 C
(1500 F)/1 hr/FAC
127 mm (5 in.) bar
705(1300)
extruded from 815 C
(1500 F) from
273 kg (600 lb)
as-cast ingot, 815 C
(1500 F)/24 hr/AC;
815 C(1500F)/
1 hr/AC (average
cooling rate from 650
to 315 C(1200to
6O0 F)8 c/min
o

Aging treatment
Second
hr
hr
C O F )

...

14

45

8.5

25

...

1197

174

1142

166

482(900)

1289

187

1172

170

6.5

538(1000)

1151

167

1082

157

6.5

9.0

1227

178

1165

169

5.0

6.0

...

1014

147

(14F/min)
Cast-to-size and HIP
649(1200)
bars, 6.4 mm (1/4 in.)
reduced section,
815 C(1500F)/
1 hr/AC, average
538(1000)
cooling rate
35urnin
(64F/min)
203 mm (8 in.) diam
552(1025)
45 kg (100 lb) forged
billet, 815 C
(1500 F)/1 hr/AC
in order to estimate
the age-hardening
response of a 1364kg
(3000 lb) stress joint
o

24

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

(a) R e f 1: F A . Crossley, "220 k s i Yield S t r e n g t h T r a n s a g e Titanium," F i n a l Technical Report N o . L M S C / D - 0 5 8 7 3 7 , 9 / 2 6 / 7 9 - 5 7 3 1 / 8 0 , U . S . N a v a l U n d e r w a t e r Systems Center, C o n t r a c t / P R - 6 6 6 0 4 - 9 1 6 9 - 2 2 9 1 . R e f 2: F . A Crossley a n d R.H. J e a l , F a t i g u e a n d F r a c t u r e B e h a v i o r of t h e H i g h H a r d e n a b i l i t y Martensitic "Transage" Titanium Alloys,
21st Structures,
Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, P a r t 2 , AIAA, 1980, 572-577; also J. Aircraft, Vol 18(No. 8), A u g 1 9 8 1 , 6 8 3 - 6 8 6 . Ref 3: F A Crossley,
Effects of Process a n d H e a t T r e a t m e n t Variables on t h e Mechanical Properties of T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 Alloy (Ti-2.5Al-12V-2Sn-6Zr), Overcoming Material Boundaries, Vol 17,
S A M P E , 1985, 190-199. R e f 4: F A . Crossley, T h e M a r t e n s i t i c Transage T i t a n i u m Alloys: T h e i r Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d P o t e n t i a l Applications, Beta
TitaniumAlloys
in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. Rosenberg, Ed., T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 , 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6 . Ref 5: T. G a n n o n a n d S.W. McClaren, "Development of Advanced
N a v y Aircraft L a n d i n g Gear Structures," F i n a l Report, N a v a l A i r S y s t e m s C o m m a n d , Contract N 0 0 0 1 9 - 8 2 - 0 3 1 8 , 2 8 F e b 1984. R e f 6: F . A Crossley a n d W.J. Barice, Mechanical Properties of Two C a s t a n d Isostatically P r o c e s s e d M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e T i t a n i u m Alloys, J. Met., Vol 3 3 ( N o . 2), F e b 1 9 8 1 , 26-32

Ti-12V-2.5AI-2Sn-6Zr / 975

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 134: Comparison of age-hardening
kinetics

Transage 134: Tensile yield strength versus reduction of area

1450

1350

210

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
510
538
565
593/482

1450

200

1350

190
1250

_- 1 2 5 0

180

Age time, 2h,

Age time, 2h,

170

1150

Age time, 4h,

1150

Age time, 4h,

160

8l5C/1h/WQ + age
1050

Age time, 8h,

Age time, 8h, W Q

1050

150

Age time, 24h, AC

Age time, 24h, W Q

950

140

950
10

15

20

25

25

30

R e d u c t i o n of a r e a , %

Beta solution a n n e a l with w a t e r q u e n c h a n d a g e is c o m p a r e d with

solution a n n e a l , air cool, a n d a g e . In t h e former c a s e , t h e q u e n c h
product is orthorhombic (stress-induced) martensite (cc"); in t h e latter c a s e , it is h e p martensite (')- 2 7 3 kg (600 lb) ingot extruded to
1 3 7 m m (5.4 in.) b a r from 8 1 5 C (1500 F), turned down to 1 2 7 m m
(5 in.), then rolled to 1 3 m m (1/2 in.) plate from 8 1 5 C (1500 F).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, "Vought Titanium Landing G e a r Program
Analysis of R e s u l t s for T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 (Ti-2.5AI-12V-2Sn-6Zr)," 1 9 8 5

26

27
28
29
30
31
[T(R)/1000][20 + logr(h)]

32

33

Yield strength v e r s u s t h e Larson-Miller p a r a m e t e r (for combining

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d time in a single p a r a m e t e r to c o m p a r e aging b e haviors of T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 a s w a t e r q u e n c h e d a n d a s air cooled from
t h e p h a s e field. 2 7 3 kg (600 lb) ingot extruded to 1 3 7 m m (5.4 in.)
bar from 8 1 5 C (1500 F), turned d o w n to 1 2 7 m m (5.0 in.), then
rolled to 1 3 m m (1/2 in.) plate from 8 1 5 C (1500 F).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, J u n e 1 9 9 2

Fatigue Properties
LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 134: V-notch, round bar fatigue data {R=
-1.0,4 = )

Click here to view

Transage 134: Smooth-specimen axial fatigue data
( f ? = 0 , / \ = 1.0)
1100

400
50

H150
co 1 0 0 0

co 300I-

0.

40

-1140

H130

Ti-6AI-4V

forgings scatterband

120

30

200h
C l o s e d s y m b o l s : K. = 3.5
O p e n s y m b o l s : K, = 2 . 0
T r a n s a g e 134 UTS, 1193 MPa

20

100r-

Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI U T S , M P a , 1 1 0 3

110

-no

C o r o n a 5 U T S , 1041 M P a

700
10

10
10
C y c l e s to failure
H

10

4 5 kg (100 lb) ingot hot rolled to 2 5 m m (1 in.) plate from 8 7 0 C

(1600 F); solution treated a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 1 hr, followed by
air cooling, then a g e d a t 5 9 5 C (1100 F) for 1 hr, followed by air
cooling, plus 4 8 0 C (900 F) for 4 hr, followed by air cooling. Data
d e t e r m i n e d by Rolls-Royce, A e r o Division.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys:
Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6

10"

10

10

10

10

C y c l e s to failure
All materials w e r e 5 1 x 5 1 x 7 6 m m ( 2 x 2 x 3 i n . ) i s o t h e r m a l l y f o r g e d
blocks h e a t treated a s follows: C o r o n a 5 : 8 5 7 C (1575 F)/4
hr/FAC, 5 3 8 C (1000 F))/4 hr/AC; Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI: 7 7 9 C (1435
F)/1 hr/FAC, 771 C ( 1 4 2 0 F)/1 hrAVQ, 5 1 0 C (950 F)/ 8 hr/AC;
T r a n s a g e 134: 8 1 5 C (1500 F)/1 hr/FAC, 5 2 4 C (975 F)/, 4
hr/AC.
S o u r c e : T. G a n n o n a n d S.W. McClaren, "Development of A d v a n c e d
Navy Aircraft Landing G e a r Structures," Final Report, Naval AirSyst e m s C o m m a n d , Contract N 0 0 0 1 9 - 8 2 - 0 3 1 8 , 2 8 F e b 1 9 8 4

976 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Transage 134: Crack growth rate under 300-s hold
condition (f?=0.1)

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Transage 134: Crack growth rates in air and seawater (77=0.1)
10

10"

0" |
7

mi

* 0

rio l
3

14

Air

T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 , 1 test, RT

Air

Ti-6AI-4V, s c a t t e r b a n d , 2 0 t e s t s

Simulated seawater
Simulated seawater

10

10"

10'

10

10*

10

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (AK), ksiVin.

S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y range (AK), MPaVm

2 7 3 kg ( 6 0 0 lb) ingot extruded to 1 3 7 m m (5.4 in.) bar from 8 1 5 C
( 1 5 0 0 F), turned down t o 127 m m (5 in.), a n d h o m o g e n i z e d at 815
C ( 1 5 0 0 F ) f o r 2 4 h r , followed by air cooling. Yield strength, 1170
M P a ( 1 7 0 ksi). Frequency, 3 to 6 Hz h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F)
/ h r / A C , 7 0 0 C (1300 F ) / h r / A C , 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) / 4 h r / A C .
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys:
Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, flefa Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W.
R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6

4 5 kg ( 1 0 0 lb) ingot hot rolled to 2 5 m m (1 in.) plate from 8 7 0 C

( 1 6 0 0 F); h e a t treated a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)/1 hr/slow AC, 5 9 5 C
(1100 F)/1 hr/AC, 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)/5 hr/AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d R.H. J e a l , F a t i g u e a n d Fracture Behavior
of t h e High Hardenability Martensitic T r a n s a g e " Titanium Alloys,
21st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials
Conference,
Part 2, AIAA, 1980, 5 7 2 - 5 7 7 ; a l s o J. Aircraft, Vol 18(No. 8), Aug
1981, 683-686

Fracture Toughness

Transage 134: Fracture toughness for various heat treatments

Primary anneal
Temperature
Time

Cooling

Final

C(F)

method

age(a)

hr

593(1100)
690(1275)
690(1275)
705(1300)
565(1050)

2
1
1
1
1

WQ
WQ
AC
AC
AC

1
1
1
2
2

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa

ksi

1151
1276
1310
1303
1269

167
185
190
189
184

Yield
strength
MPa
1082
1200
1186
1227
1213

Elongation,

ksi
157
174
172
178
176

Reduction

Fracture

of area,

tmigliiifu>

9
4
7
3
4

25
7
15
5
7

MPaVm

ksiVin.

66.9
31.2
36.4

60.8
28.4
33.1

55.4

50.4

(a) F i n a l age: (1) 4 5 4 C ( 8 5 0 F)/24 hr/AC; (2) 4 8 2 C ( 9 0 0 F)/4 hr/AC. 13 m m ( 1 / 2 in.) rolled plate, solution h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)
for 1 hr, followed b y air cooling; m e c h a n i c a l properties for secondary - s o l u t i o n a n n e a l p l u s a g e v e r s u s double a g e . Source: F A . Crossley,
Effects of P r o c e s s a n d H e a t T r e a t m e n t Variables o n t h e Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s o f T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 Alloy (Ti-2.5Al-12V-2Sn-6Zr),
Material

Overcoming

Vol 17, S A M P E , 1985, 1 9 0 - 1 9 9

Boundaries,

Transage 134: Impact toughness and fracture toughness

Yield

Ultimate tensile
Specimen
No.
1
2
3

Direction(a)
L
L

strength
MPa
1197
1182
1207

ksi
173.6
171.4
175.1

strength
MPa
ksi
1150
1133
1160

166.8
164.3
168.3

Elongation in

Reduction

Fracture

5 0 m m (2 in.),

ofarea,

toughnes s
MPaVm
I DsdVin.

4.6
5.9
5.5

6.9
10.9
11.2

Charpy

59.7
58.6(b)
52.5

54.3
53.3(b)
47.5

56.8

51.7

impact energy
J
ft
lbf
13.6
16.3

10.0
12.0

(a) L, longitudinal; T, t r a n s v e r s e , (b) V a l u e q u e s t i o n e d s i n c e Pq t a k e n a s 2 3 3 8 k g ( 5 1 4 4 lb), w h i l e load v e r s u s deflection curve i n d i c a t e s t h a t Pq s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a b u t 3 2 7 3

k g ( 7 2 0 0 lb). E x t r u d e d bar t u r n e d d o w n to 127 m m (5 in.); t h e n i s o t h e r m a l l y forged i n i t i a l l y a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F ) a n d finally a t 7 3 0 C ( 1 3 5 0 F) t o 5 1 5 1 7 6 m m (2 2
3 in.) block. H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)/1 hr/FAC; 5 2 4 C ( 9 7 5 F)/4 hr/AC. Source: F A . Crossley, "Vought T i t a n i u m l U m d i n g G e a r P r o g r a m A n a l y s i s of R e s u l t s for
T r a n s a g e 1 3 4 (Ti-2.5Al-12V-2Sn-6Zr)," 1 9 8 5

Ti-12V-2.5AI-2Sn-6Zr / 977

Transage 134: Tensile properties of extruded bar

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa

Yield
strength
ksi

MPa

Aged: 635 C (1175 F)/2 hr/AC

896
130
Aged: 705 C (1300 F)/1 hr/C; 538 C (1000 F)/2 hr/AC
1089
158
Aged: 705 C (1300 F)/1 hr/AC; 482 C (900 F)/4 hr/AC
1289
187

Elongation,
%

ksi

Reduction
of area,
%

834

121

11.5

33

1020

148

16

1172

170

6.5

E x t r u d e d b a r t u r n e d d o w n to 127 n u n (5.0 in.); 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)/24 hr/AC. S o l u t i o n h e a t t r e a t e d a s 127 m m d i a m b y 2 7 9 m m (5.0 11 in.) 6

bar: 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 1 hr, followed b y air cooling ( a v e r a g e cooling r a t e from 6 5 0 to 3 1 5 C, or 1 2 0 0 to 6 0 0 F, of 8 C/min, or 14 F/min).
A g e d a s 6 7 m m (2 % in.) t h i c k sections. Source: F A . Crossley, T h e M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e T i t a n i u m Alloys: Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g
Characteristics a n d P o t e n t i a l A p p h e a t i o n s , Beta Titanium

Alloys

in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. Rosenberg, E d . , T M S / A I M E , 1 9 8 4 ,

349-386,485-496

Transage 134: Notched tensile properties

Condition
Oil quenched
Longitudinal
Transverse
Fan air cooled
Longitudinal
Transverse

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

0.2% y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

1225
1280

178
186

1155
1225

168
178

10.0
7.7

30.5
20.1

1205
1260

175
183

1135
1230

165
178

10.3
5.0(b)

29.0
22.7

Fracture
toughness
MPaVm
ksiVin.
59(a)

53(a)

Notched ultimate
tensile strength
(Kt = 5)
MPa
ksi

Notched
UTS/UTS

Notched
UTS/YS

1620
1640

235
238

1.32
1.28

1.40
1.33

1670
1670

242
242

1.38
1.32

1.47
1.35

N o t e : Tension t e s t properties a r e a v e r a g e s of t h r e e s p e c i m e n s , (a) LT orientation, (b) All t h r e e s p e c i m e n s broke n e a r p u n c h e d g a g e m a r k s ; individual v a l u e s w e r e 5 , 5 , a n d

5. E x t r u d e d b a r t u r n e d d o w n to 127 m m (5 in.), t h e n h a m m e r forged from 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F) to 19 102 m m (3/4 4 in.). H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F)/1 hr/OQ or FAC;
5 9 5 C (1100 F y i hr/OQ or FAC; 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F)/4 hr/AC. Source: F A Crossley, T h e M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e T i t a n i u m Alloys: T h e i r Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics
a n d P o t e n t i a l A p p h e a t i o n s , Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. B o y e r a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d , T M S / A I M E , 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6

Mechanical Properties of Bar

Transage 134: Tensile properties of cast-to-size bars

25

Test
temperature
op

Aging treatment
Temperature
Time,
Temperature
op
op
hr
"C
C

77

593
649
649

1100
1200
1200

1
1
1

538
566
538
482
482
538
593

1000
1050
1000
900
900
1000
1100

Time,
hr
3
2
24
4
24
4
2

No.
of
tests
3
3
2
3
3
2
2

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa
1310
1234
1227
1220
1179
1151
1110

190
179
178
177
171
167
161

0.2% y i e l d
strength
MPa
ksi
1269
1186
1165
1165
1138
1082
1041

184
172
169
169
165
157
151

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

2.3
3.5
4.0
3.7
3.7
6.5
6.5

3.7
6.0
6.0
6.3
7.3
9.0
9.0

Cast-to-size a n d h o t isostatically processed at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 2 hr, at 103 M P a (15 ksi); 6.4 m m (1/4 in.) r e d u c e d s e c t i o n . H e a t t r e a t m e n t : 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) for 1 hr,
followed b y air cooling (average cooling r a t e from 8 1 5 to 3 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 to 6 0 0 F) 3 5 C/min ( 6 4 F/min). Source: F A Crossley a n d W.J. Barice, M e c h a n i c a l Properties of Two
C a s t a n d Isostatically P r o c e s s e d M a r t e n s i t i c T r a n s a g e TCtenium Alloys, J. Met., Vol 3 3 ( N o . 2), F e b 1 9 8 1 , 2 6 - 3 2

978 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Heat Treatment

Although less than t h a t of Transage 129 and

175 alloys, Transage 134 h a s exceptional hardenability. For example, a 45 kg (100 lb), 200 mm
(8 in.) diam billet was air cooled from solution
heat treatment and age hardened uniformly to a
yield strength of 1014 MPa (147 ksi).
For maximum fracture toughness and fatigue
resistance at strength levels higher t h a n 1240
MPa (180 ksi), continuous grain-boundary must be
controlled. Continuous in prior- grain bounda-

ries results when a cooling rate from solution annealing slower than a water quench is followed by
an - solution anneal. This grain-boundary is
detrimental to fracture toughness. Continuous
grain-boundary does not result when an - solution anneal follows a water quench from solution
anneal because of the differences in the mechanisms of age hardening between orthorhombic
(stress-induced) martensite (a") and hexagonal
close-packed (hep) (').

Transage 134: Recommended heat treatments

Temperature

Treatment
Beta solution anneal
Ageformaximumstrength(1170-1585 MPa,or 170-230 ksi)
Double age for maximum toughness:
First age
Second age
Treatment for maximum toughness and fatigue resistance:
Solution anneal
/ anneal
Age

Cooling

C
815
440-525

"F
1500
825-975

Duration
0.25-1 hr
24 hr below 480 C
(895F),or4hrfor
higher temperatures

method
ACorOQ(a)
AC

550-595
455-485

1025-1100
850-900

2hr
24 hr

WQ
AC

815
650-700
455 or 480

1500
1200-1300
850-900

0.25-1 hr
lhr
24 hr

WQ
ACorOQ(a)
AC

(a) Oil quench (OQ) for heavier s e c t i o n s , b u t do not w a t e r q u e n c h (WQ).

Transage 134: Effects of heat treatment variables on double-aged mechanical properties

Variable

Direction(a)

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

870 C vs 815 C/1 h r / A C ; 565 C/1 h r / A C ; 480 C/4 hr/AC

870 C (1600 F)
L
1200
174
815 C (1500 F)
L
1269
184
Net change
...
-69
-10
870 C/1 hr/AC; 565 C/1 h r / W Q vs A C ; 480 C/4 hr/AC
WQ
L
1248
181
AC
L
1200
174
Net change
...
448
+7
815 C/1 hr/FAC; 565 C vs 595 C/2 h r / W Q ; 4 5 5 C/24 hr/AC
565 C (1050 F)

1207
175
595 C (1100 F)

1131
164
Net change
...
+76
+11

Yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,
%

Fracture
toughness
MPaVm
ksiVm7

1138
1213
-76

165
176
-11

7.0
4.0
+3.0

17
7
+10

53.1
55.4
-2.3

48.3
50.4
-2.1

1200
1138
+62

174
165
+9

7.5
7.0
+0.5

12
17
-5

55.3
52.7
+2.6

50.4
48.0
+2.4

1131
1069
+62

164
155
+9

9.0
10.0
-1.0

33
33
0

51.1
50.3
+0.8

46.5
45.8
+0.7

N o t e : Conclusions from this l i m i t e d s t u d y a r e t h a t for h i g h e r s t r e n g t h a n d s l i g h t l y h i g h e r fracture t o u g h n e s s , (1) solution a n n e a l at 815 C

( 1 5 0 0 F) rather t h a n at 8 7 0 C ( 1 6 0 0 F), (2) first t e m p e r a t u r e a g e a t 5 6 5 C ( 1 0 5 0 F) rather t h a n at 5 9 5 C ( 1 1 0 0 F), a n d (3) follow with
w a t e r quenching r a t h e r t h a n air cooling, (a) L, longitudinal; T, t r a n s v e r s e . Source: F A . Crossley, "Effects of P r o c e s s a n d H e a t Treatment
Variables on t h e Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s of Transage 134 Alloy (Ti-2.5Al-12V-2Sn-6Zr)," Overcoming Material Boundaries,
Vol 17, SAMPE,
1 9 8 5 , 190-199

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 979

| Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr
Common Name: Transage 175
Trade Names: Transage 175 and T175
UNS Number: Unassigned
Frank A. Crossley

Transage 175 is an experimental age-hardenable, high-strength titanium-base alloy. It

can be produced in all mill product forms and has
good castability and excellent weld repair capability by titanium alloy standards. The alloy has net
shape isothermal forging capability.
Typically, Transage 175 is aged to strength levels of 1240 MPa (180 ksi) or higher. In common
with other Transage alloys, Transage 175 has exceptionally high hardenability. Uniform age hardening is obtainable in heavy sections t h a t are air
cooled from (beta) solution heat treatment to
achieve strengths of 1240 MPa (180 ksi) or higher.
Development of Transage 175 has been pursued to
improve structural efficiency.
In common with other Transage alloys, Transage 175 has a unique age hardening mechanism.
In wrought products in both the solution heat
treated and the aged conditions, microstructures
are so fine t h a t transmission electron microscopy
is needed to resolve them. On cooling from beta solution heat treatment, whether by water quenching or a relatively rapid furnace cool, the alloy partially transforms to a submicroscopic martensite
('). Complete transformation is apparently
blocked by the generation of forest dislocations

during transformation. On heating into the age

hardening temperature range of425 to 565 C (800
to 1050 F), dislocations rapidly annihilate, and
the transformation product grows at the expense
of retained . This results in a very fine and uniform Widmanstatten distribution of in a matrix.
Segregation during ingot solidification is eliminated by subjecting the product to an anneal of 925
C (1700 F) or higher in the processing schedule.
Castings can be homogenized by an anneal of 900
C (1650 F) for 2 h; this anneal may coincide with
hot isostatic processing (HIP).
Transage 175 can be used to improve structural
efficiency and reduce cost in all applications for
which titanium alloys are used. Compared to the
most commonly used titanium alloys, it can extend
the temperature range of application. Transage
175 exhibits particularly good fatigue resistance in
wrought and cast forms. It has demonstrated true
endurance limits under various types of fatigue
loading and at various temperatures. For example, wrought Transage 175 under load-controlled
axial fatigue, R = 0, exhibited the same 4 1 0 cycle runout stress of 830 MPa (120 ksi) at 425 C
(800 F) as at room temperature.
5

Transage 175: Chemical composition

Composition,
wt%
Aluminum
Carbon
Iron
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Tin
Vanadium(a)
Zirconium
Boron
Hydrogen
Yttrium
Residual elements, each
Residual elements, total
Titanium

Specification requirements
T r a n s a g e 175, w r o u g h t
T r a n s a g e 175C, c a s t i n g s
2.2-3.2
0.08 max
0.20 max
0.05 max
0.15 max
6.5-7.5
12.0-14.0
1.5-2.5
0.03 max
0.015 max
0.005 max
O.lOmax
0.4
bal

2.0-3.0
0.08 max
0.20 max
0.05 max
0.15 max
6.5-7.5
11.0-13.0
1.5-2.5
0.03 max
0.015 max
0.005 mx
O.lOmax
0.40 max
bal

(a) T h e v a n a d i u m - a l u m i n u m ( n o m i n a l l y 15 to 17 w t % a l u m i n u m ) m a s t e r alloy addition i s to b e calculated t o obtain t h e n o m i n a l v a n a d i u m

content of 13.0 wt% for w r o u g h t products a n d 12.0 w t % for electrode stock for c a s t i n g s .

980 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Mechanical Properties
Transage 175 bar: Typical tensile properties
Typical tensile properties of 13 mm (0.5 in.) extruded bar, solution treated and aged at 815 C (1500 F), 1 h, air cooled, 480
C (900 F), 24 h, air cooled

lest
temperature
C

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi

24
260
427

76
500
800

1248
992
926

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1304
1136
1081

181
144
134

Elongation,

39
50
56

10
10
10

189
165
157

Reduction
o f area,

Cast Transage 175: Typical tensile properties

Test
sample
Base of 10 in. (255 mm) diameter
impeller
Cast-to-size tensile test bars

Temperature
op
C

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa

ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Elongation,

24

76

1158

168

1200

174

24
121
260
427

76
250
500
800

1103
1031
999
841

160
150
145
122

1150
1114
1100
1026

167
162
160
149

6
4
4
6

Reduction
o f area,

5.5
11
16
18
23

Transage 175: Modulus of elasticity

Material

Aging
treatment

Cast-to-size bars

540C(1000F),24h,AC

12 mm (0.47 in.)
extruded bar

510C(950F),24h,AC
540C(1000F),24h,AC
482C(900F)

Test
temperature
op
"C

Measurement(a)
Ext/strain gage
Strain gage
Ext
Ext

Strain gage

25
120
260
425
25
540

77
250
500
800
77
1000

25
425

77
800

No.
of
specimens
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
7

Modulus of
elasticity
10-psi
GPa
105
92
86
77
99.3
71.7
97.8
100.0 + 2.0
83.0 1.0

15.2
13.4
12.5
11.2
14.4
10.4
14.0
14.5+0.3
12.03+0.14

(a) Ext, e x t e n s o m e t e r . Source: S e e figure o n n e x t p a g e .

Transage 175: Directionality of properties

Beta solution heat treatment followed by subsequent martensitic transformation tends to annihilate prior texture. For example, Transage 175 sheet that was unidirectionally cold rolled for the final 47% reduction and heat treated at 760 C (1400 F),
1/2 h, fan air cooled, 480 C (900 F), 48 h, AC had tensile properties as follows:

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Orientation
Longitudinal
Transverse

1475
1393

Tensile yield
strength

214
202

MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

1344
1310

195
190

6
5

Source: F A . Crossley, private c o m m u n i c a t i o n , J u n e 1 9 9 2

Transage 175: Typical mechanical properties

Specimens
Cast-tc-size + HIP bar 815 C (1500
F), AC, 540 C (1000 F), 24 h, AC
Sheet 760 C (1400 F), 1/2 h, fan air
cooled, 440 C (825 F), 4 h, AC
760 C (1400 F), 1/2 h, fan air cooled,
440 C (825 F),8h,AC
440 C (825 F),24h,AC
(a) Conversion from Rockwell A scale

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Tensile yield
strength
ksi
MPa

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

Hardness
HRA
HRC

11.0

1151

167

1103

160

5.7

1407

204

1289

187

72.5

44(a)

1434
1455

208
211

1379
1413

200
205

1.7
1.8

73
73.5

45(a)
46(a)

39+1

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 981

Transage 175: Typical tensile properties

Aging
temperature,
Time,
Material

No.
of
specimens

368 mm (14.5 in.) dome isothermally forged at 815 C

(1500 F) and 0.21 mm/s (0.5in7min)
229 mm (9 in.) wheel isothermally forged at 815 C
(1500F)and0.16mm/s (0.38)
356 mm (14.0 in.) diameter by 1.8 mm (0.070 in.) cylinder
spin forged from 815 C (1500 F)
12 mm (0.5 in.) diameter extruded bar
Cast-to-size and bar, 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) reduced
section; cooled from solution heat treatment at 0.59 C/s
(64F/min)
Cast-to-size and bar, 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) reduced
section; cooled from solution heat treatment at 4.2 C/s
(450F/min)

510

24

41(a)

510

24

2
+22
24
24

2
2
3

538
579

24
24

3
2

538
538

2
2

510

24

510+
524
510
538

267 mm (10.5 in.) diameter cast and HIP impeller

Same as impeller above except that solution heat treated to
homogenize at 900 C (1650 F), 2 h
102 mm (4.0 in.) diameter bar produced from 818 kg (1800
lb) ingot, water quenched

Tensile yield
strength

Ultimate tensile
strength
ksi
MPa

Elongation,

Reduction
of a r e a ,

MPa

ksi

1418 3 4

206 5

1364 32

198 + 5

5.6 + 0.9

11.5 + 2.6

1338

194

1284

186

5.8

1341

194

1270

184

1254
1151

182
167

1185
1103

172
160

15
5.7

1291
1213

187
176

1264
1124

183
163

2.0
3.0

4.3
10

5
3

1216
1201

176
174

1208
1160

175
168

1.1
4.3

2.2
5.5

1282

186

1227

178

6.5

15.6

44
11

N o t e : All m a t e r i a l s w e r e solution h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) followed by air cooling or s l o w e r rate, except a s indicated, (a) T h e d a t a r e p r e s e n t t w o 8 1 8 k g ( 1 8 0 0 lb)
4 8 3 m m (19 in.) d i a m e t e r i n g o t s extruded i n t h e a s - c a s t s t a t e from 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) to 173 m m (6.8 in.) r o u n d ( 8 7 % reduction) a n d p r o c e s s e d as follows: Ingot N o . 1: U p s e t
2 0 to 3 0 % a n d r e d r a w n from 1095 C ( 2 0 0 0 F); u p s e t 2 0 to 3 0 % a n d r e d r a w n from 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F); u p s e t 2 0 to 3 0 % a n d r e d r a w n from 7 2 0 C ( 1 3 2 5 F); u p s e t 2 0 to 3 0 %
a n d r e d r a w n from 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F); a n d finally u p s e t 2 0 to 3 0 % a n d r e d r a w n from 7 2 0 C ( 1 3 2 5 F). A n n e a l e d at 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), 1 h, A C . U p s e t to 3 0 5 m m (12 in.) d i a m e t e r
p a n c a k e w o r k p i e c e from 8 1 5 C (1500 F) ( 7 3 % reduction). Ingot N o . 2: A n n e a l e d at 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F), 1 h, A C . U p s e t to 3 0 5 m m (12 in.) d i a m e t e r p a n c a k e workpiece from
8 1 5 C (1500 F) ( 6 8 % reduction). T h e e x t e n s i v e p r o c e s s i n g of Ingot. N o . 1 m a d e only slight i m p r o v e m e n t s i n s o m e t e n s i l e properties. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e property m o s t improved w a s r e d u c t i o n of a r e a , w h i c h w a s i n c r e a s e d b y 1 6 % . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , yield s t r e n g t h w a s d e c r e a s e d by a negligible 0 . 1 3 % . Therefore, t h e t e n s i l e d a t a w e r e t r e a t e d
collectively. A l s o , t h e s p e c i m e n s r e p r e s e n t radial a n d t a n g e n t i a l directions i n t h e d o m e a n d t h e a x i a l direction i n t h e skirt of t h e d o m e . E x t e n s i v e p r i m a r y b r e a k d o w n processing is unnecessary a n d unwarranted.

High-Temperature Strength

LIVE GRAPH
Transage 175: Tensile strength vs temperature for
extruded bar
Temperature,
200
2000

LIVE GRAPH

400

'

600

Click here to view

Transage 175: Modulus of elasticity vs temperature

800
1

'

1000

200

Temperature,
400
600

200

400

800

1000

UTS

Click here to view

c
1500

Lk

T Y S (0.2%)

250

Extruded bar

_J
T i - 6 2 4 2 s h e cit
T i - 6 2 4 2 1 3 rti m rolled b a r
2 0 0
a>
1 5 0 <2

<2 100C

"

H100

" - 200

"

400

8
600

600

Temperature, C

Temperature, C

S p e c i m e n s w e r e cast-to-size t e s t b a r s a n d 1 3 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r

bar extruded from 8 1 5 C (1500 F) at a reduction ratio of 2 0 : 1 , h e a t
treated a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h, AC, 4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical ProperQuart.,
ties of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy [Ti-2.7AI-13V-7Sn-2Zr], SAMPE
Vol 17 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5-12

S p e c i m e n s w e r e cast-to-size t e s t b a r a n d 1 3 m m (0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r

extruded bar. Cast-tc-size 6.4 m m (1/4 in.) r e d u c e d section, test
b a r s hot isostatically p r o c e s s e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 2 h, a n d 1 0 3
M P a (15 ksi) a n d h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h, AC, 5 4 0 C
(1000 F), 2 4 h, AC. 1 3 m m (0.5 in.) bar extruded from 8 1 5 C at a
reduction ratio of 2 0 : 1 , h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h, AC,
4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F ) , 2 4 h , A C .
S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d W.J. Barice, "Cast T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy for
Durability Critical Structural C o m p o n e n t s , " 2 2 n d Structures, Structural Dynamics, a n d Materials C o n f e r e n c e , P a p e r No. 81 - 0 5 3 5 - C P
reprinted from C P 8 1 1 , A Bound Collection of P a p e r s , AIAA, N e w
York, 1 9 8 1 , 134-140; also J. Aircraft, Vol 2 0 (No. 1), J a n 1 9 8 3 ,
66-69; a n d F.A. Crossley, "Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical PropSAMPE
erties of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy [-2.7-13V-7Sn-2Zr],"
Quart., Vol 17 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5-12; D a t a at 5 4 0 C (1000 F),
private communication, J u n e 1992

982 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 175: Elevated-temperature tension test properties

Test

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

temperature
op

76
76

24(a)
24
Avg
260

500

Avg
425

800

1300
1292
1316
1304
1136
1136
1136
1089
1073
1081

Avg

189
187.4
190.9
189
164.7
164.7
165
158.0
155.6
157

177
179.6
182.6
181
147.5
140.2
144
133.8
134.7
134

1220
1238
1259
1248
1017
967
992
923
929
926

Reduction

Elongation,

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
ksi
MPa

of area,

12
9.2
8.8
9
10.1
9.1
9.5
10.2
10.7
10.5

36
42.0
39.3
41
54.7
46.0
50
56.0
56.9
56

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e 12 m m (0.47 in.) e x t r u d e d b a r h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h , A C , 4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h , A C . (a) Lockheed tests,
a v e r a g e of t w o t e s t r e s u l t s ; all o t h e r s b y M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s , Inc., C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o . S o u r c e : SAMPE Quart., A p r 1986

Transage 175: Tensile properties vs temperature

Transage 175: Tensile strength vs temperature

Temperature,

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
200

LIVE GRAPH

1500

Click here to view

400

^>-_

600

'

800
1

200

1000

H150 *

1000

500

Isotherrnalry forged 1 6 nrim p l a t e

E x t r u d e d 1 2 m m d i a m e t er b a r

100

~ - ' !--7^

" 50

700

\ brought STA

600

400

Transage 175: Creep-rupture comparison at 425 C

-50

50

150

250

350

450

Click here to view

Click here to view

Transage bar 175

Ti-6242 s h e e t
Ti-6242 p a n c a k e forgings
10"

10

10'

550

Tensile t e s t properties of c a s t plus HIP T r a n s a g e 175 vs temperature c o m p a r e d with t h e ultimate tensile strength of Ti-6AI-4V in cast
a n n e a l e d , a n d wrought, solution h e a t treated and aged forms.
S p e c i m e n s w e r e cast-to-size bar, 6.4 m m (0.25 in.) reduced section, HIP a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 2 h, 1 0 3 M P a (15 ksi), and heattreated
at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h, cooling rate of 0.59 C/s (64 F/min), 540
C(1000F),24h,AC,
S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d W.J. Barice, "Cast T r a n s a g e 175 for Durability Critical Structural C o m p o n e n t s , " 2 2 n d Structures, Structural
Dynamics, a n d Materials Conference, P a p e r No. 81-0535-CP reprinted from C P 8 1 1 , A Bound Collection of Technical Papers, AIAA,
New York, Apr 1 9 8 1 ; a l s o J. Aircraft, Vol 2 0 (No. 1), J a n 1983, 6669

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

10"'

100

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

C o m p a r i s o n of tensile strength v s t e m p e r a t u r e of T r a n s a g e 175

with Ti-6AI-4V a n n e a l e d s h e e t . S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 6 m m (5/8 in.)
plate isothermally forged at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C
(1500 F)1 h, AC, 5 1 0 C (950 F), 2 4 h, A C . Extruded bar h e a t
t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h, AC, 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, J u n e 1992

10"'

- 120

H80

50d

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

300

160

Cast, annealed

T r a n s a g e 175

400

1000

-4.140

900

-6-4 V s h e e t , a n n e a i cd

200

FYS (0.2 %)

* .Ti-6AI-4V U T S -

- p*'

800

UTS

"

1100

TYS(0.2%)

600

180

H200

UTS

400

1300

10

10

Time, h
C r e e p - r u p t u r e a n d c r e e p c u r v e s for T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 c o m p a r e d with
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo at 4 2 5 C (800 F). S p e c i m e n s w e r e 13 m m
(0.5 in.) d i a m e t e r b a r extruded from 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) at reduction
ratio of 2 0 : 1 , h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h, AC, 4 8 0 C (900
F), 2 4 h , A C .
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical ProperQuart.,
ties of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy [Ti-2.7AI-13V-7Sn-2Zr], SAMPE
Vol 1 7 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5-12

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 983

Transage 175: High-temperature tensile properties

Test
temperature
C
F
25

First age
temperature
C
F

77
595

121
260
427

Age
time,
h

1100

250
500
800

Second age
temperature
F
C
540
480
565
540
540
540

Age
time,
h

1000
900
1050
1000
1000
1000

24
8
24
24
24
24

No.
of
tests
3
3
3
2
2
2

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1151
1131
1048
1117
1103
1027

Elongation,

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
ksi
MPa

167
164
152
162
160
149

1103
1041
979
1034
1000
883

160
151
142
150
145
128

Reduction
of area,

5.7
7.0
6.7
4.0
4.2
6.1

11.0
14.7
10.3
16.0
17.6
22.5

N o t e : Tension t e s t properties of cast-to-size plus hot isostatically p r o c e s s e d bar. Solution h e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 1 h, A C ; a v e r a g e cooling rate from 8 1 5 to 3 1 5 C
(1500 to 6 0 0 F) 0 . 5 9 C/s ( 6 4 F / m i n ) . Source: JOM, F e b 1 9 8 1 , 2 7

Fatigue
Transage 175: Axial fatigue test properties
Test
Material

op

113 mm (0.5 in.) bar extruded from 815 C

(1500 F) at areductionratio of 20:1
2230 mm (9 in.) diameter wheel isothermally
forged from - preform at 705 C(1300F)
and 0.42 mm/s (1.0 in./min) platen speed; heat
treated at 720 C (1325 F), 2 h, AC, 480 C
(900F),24h,AC
3230 mm (9 in.) diameter wheel isothermally
forged from preform at 815 C (1500 F) and
0.21 mm/s (0.5 inVmin) platen speed; heat
treated at 815 C (1500 F), 1 h, AC, 510 C
(950F),24h,AC
4Cast-to-size test bar, 815 C (1500 F),
2 h, 103 MPa (15 ksi); heat treated at 815 C
(1500 F), 1 h, AC 4.2 C/s (450 F/min), 580
C(1075F),2h,AC

Kt

Control

M a x i m u m stress, M P a (ksi),
o r s t r a i n (%) f o r c y c l e s :
10
10"
10'
840(122)

427

800

1.0

Load

1.0

24

76

1.0

Strain
Load

1.0
0.98

0
0.01

24

76

1.0

Load

0.98

0.01

120

250

1.0

Load

OO

-1.0

Load
Strain
Strain

OO

500

3.0
1.0
1.0

-1.0
0
0

260

1.0
1.0

60
0.33
60

1.22

840(122)

0.67
0.97

Frequency,
Hz

840(122)

60

378(55)

378(55)

189(27.5)
...
...

189(27.5)
...
...

60

60
0.33
0.33

Source: 1. F . A Crossley, E l e v a t e d T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical Properties of Transage 1 7 5 A l l o y [Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr], SAMPE Quart., Vol

17 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5 - 1 2 . 2 . F A C r o s s l e y , G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V A S h e n d e , "Process D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Mechanical Properties
o f a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e F o r g i n g o f T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy (Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d i n closed s e s s i o n at t h e 17th N a t . S A M P E Tech.
C o n f , Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a L a k e , NY; a n d G.L. Tingley, I s o t h e r m a l F o r g i n g a n d S h e a r S p i n n i n g of Transage 175 T i t a n i u m Alloy,"
R e p o r t N o . L M S C / D 9 4 1 0 6 1 , L o c k h e e d M i s s i l e s a n d Space C o m p a n y , Inc., S u n n y v a l e , CA, u n d e r contract N 0 0 1 2 3 - 8 1 C - 0 3 4 9 , N a v a l S e a
S y s t e m s C o m m a n d , W a s h i n g t o n , D C ; t e c h n i c a l monitor, P. J u n g , N a v a l O c e a n S y s t e m s C e n t e r , S a n D i e g o , CA, 3 0 April 1985, n o t released.
3 . S a m e a s Source 2 . 4 . F A C r o s s l e y a n d W.J. Barice, C a s t Transage 1 7 5 ^ for D u r a b i l i t y Critical Structural C o m p o n e n t s , J. Aircraft, Vol 2 0 (No. 1), J a n 1983, 6 6 - 6 9

Wrought Bar

Transage 175: Low-cycle strain-controlled axial fatigue at 400 and 425 C for STA extruded bar

Temperature
(C) F
(400)750
(425)800

Stress at termination
(MPa) ksi

Strain at
termination,%
Total

Elastic

1.22
1.05
1.11
1.22

1.190
1.030
1.095
1.200

Plastic

Total
range

Tensile

Compressive

Cycles
to failure

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.023

(992) 144
(868) 126
(896)130
(1006)146

(717) 104
(613) 89
(620)90
(627)91

(276)40
(255)37
(276)40
(379)55

>112,000
>115,000
108,000
142,000

N o t e : S p e c i m e n s were e x t r u d e d bar, 13 m m ( 0 . 5 in.) diameter, from 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) a t a r e d u c t i o n r a t i o of 20:1. H e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C

( 1 5 0 0 F), 1/4 h, AC, 4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F), 2 4 h , A C . Triangular w a v e f o r m a t 0.33 Hz. S m o o t h b a r t e s t i n g (R = 0). Source: F A C r o s s l e y , E l e v a t e d
T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s o f T r a n s a g e 175 Alloy [Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr], SAMPE Quart., Vol 17 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5-12

984 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 175: Load-controlled fatigue at 425 C

LIVE GRAPH

10001

Transage 175: Effect of processing on axial high-cycle

fatigue
Specimen

-H40
-

Click here to view

9001

130

Transage 175
<r= - . -

>v

_
+
20

- 110
7oq

100 .
Ti-6242

6001

90
80

500|
10'

10

10'

10

C y c l e s t o failure
Load-controlled, s m o o t h - b a r axial fatigue for T r a n s a g e 175 at 4 2 5
C (800 F) c o m p a r e d with Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo. S p e c i m e n s w e r e
extruded bar, 1 3 m m (0.5 in.) diameter, from 8 1 5 C (1500 F) at a
reduction ratio of 2 0 : 1 . H e a t t r e a t e d a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1/4 h, AC,
4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC. Triangular w a v e form. K. = 1. T r a n s a g e
1 7 5 t e s t e d a t R=0, A = 1 , 0 . 3 3 H z . Ti-6242 s p e c i m e n s w e r e 1.0 m m
(0.040 in.) s h e e t t e s t e d at R= 0 . 0 1 , A = 0 . 9 8 , 4 1 . 7 Hz.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e Mechanical Properties of T r a n s a g e 175 Alloy |Ti-2.7AI-13V-7Sn-2Zr], SAMPE Quart.,
Vol 17 (No. 3), Apr 1986, 5-12

Forgings

Transage 175: Effect of processing on high-cycle

fatigue

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

10

10
C y c l e s t o failure
5

10

10

High-cycle fatigue for - forged a n d h e a t treated a n d forged a n d

h e a t t r e a t e d conditions c o m p a r e d with Ti-6AI-4V. S p e c i m e n s w e r e
isothermally, n e a r - n e t - s h a p e forged w h e e l s , 2 3 0 m m (9 in.) in dia m e t e r , - p r o c e s s e d material c o n s i s t e d of - preforms isothermally forged a t 7 0 5 C (1300 F) a t a platen s p e e d of 0.42 mm/s (1.0
inVmin) a n d h e a t treated at 7 2 0 C (1325 F), 2 h, AC, 4 8 0 C (900
F), 2 4 h, AC. p r o c e s s e d material c o n s i s t e d of preforms isothermally forged at 8 1 5 C (1500 F) a n d 0.21 m m / s (0.5 inVmin) a n d
h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h, AC, 5 1 0 C (950 F), 2 4 h, AC.
Ti-6AI-4V b a r w a s 3 1 . 7 m m ( 1 . 2 5 in.) in diameter, a n n e a l e d . "-64V s h e e t w a s 1.6 a n d 3.1 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 a n d 0.125 in.) thick. Closed
R=0.01.
s y m b o l s a r e r e t e s t s of runout s p e c i m e n s .
S o u r c e : F A Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V A S h e n d e ,
" P r o c e s s D e v e l o p m e n t a n d M e c h a n i c a l Properties of a Near-NetS h a p e Forging of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy (-2.7-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," pres e n t e d in c l o s e d s e s s i o n at t h e 17th Nat. S A M P E Tech. Conf., Oct
2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a Lake, NY

S t r e ss l e v e l
ksi

Life(a),
cycles

no.

MPa

a+^preform(b)
Rerun 5
1
2
Rerun 4

1172
1103
1034
965

170
160
150
140

3
4

930
896

135
130

1.201 x l O (runout)

827

120

5.375 X l O (runout)

1100
1035
965
895
860
825
825

160
150
140
130
125
120
120

7,800
10,500
15,400
27,900
26,300
15,010(c)

760

110

Ppreform(b)
1
2
3
Rerun 6
Rerun 5
4
5
6

14,800
21,600
45,000
4.96 x l O

3.68 x l O

4.28 x 1 0 (runout)
4.53 x 1 0 (runout)
5

( a ) i ? = 0 . 0 1 . To m a x i m i z e s p e c i m e n u s a g e , r u n o u t s p e c i m e n s were
r e r u n a t h i g h e r s t r e s s , (b) S e e a c c o m p a n y i n g figure for processing
d e t a i l s of + a n d p r e f o r m s , (c) P r e m a t u r e f r a c t u r e d u e to defect

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 985

Castings

Transage 175: Stability of tensile properties under conditions of elevated-temperature fatigue

Exposure
conditions

Tensile yield

Ultimate

strength

tensile strength
MPa
ksi

MPa

None (avg 3Xa)

Strain-controlled fatigue at 120 C (250
F) to 100,000 cycles runout (avg 2)
None (single test)
Strain-controlled fatigue at 2 6 0 C (500
F) to 100,000 cycles runout (avg 3)

ksi

1103
1230

160
178

1145
1272

167
184

1123
1134

163
164

1213
1185

176
172

Reduction
of area,
%

Elongation

11
7.5

(a) N u m b e r of t e s t s a v e r a g e d

Transage 175: Low-cycle axial fatigue of cast-tosize bars at 120 and 260 C

Transage 175: High-cycle fatigue of cast-to-size

bars at 120 C

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

160ffl

14001

\
c

12001

1.2

CO
^ 1.01
cs

260C

<

121 C

/
0

1
10

"

eoq

600I

c 1000

10*

10

634 MPa

400
200|

10

10'

;=i.o

k; = 3

10"

10

C y c l e s t o failure

10

10'

10

C y c l e s to failure

Strain-controlled, s m o o t h bar, low-cycle fatigue c u r v e s for cast-tosize plus HIP s p e c i m e n s h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h,
cooled at rate of 4.2 C / s (450 F/min), 5 8 0 C (1075 F), 2 h, A C . R
= 0,=1.0,;=1.0.
S o u r c e : F A . Crossley a n d W.J. Barice, C a s t T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Titanium
Alloy for Durability Critical Structural C o m p o n e n t s , J. Aircraft, Vol 2 0
(No. 1), J a n 1983, 6 6 - 6 9 ; a n d F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic Trans a g e Titanium Alloys: Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics
a n d Potential Applications, B e t a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R.
Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 ,
485-496

Load-controlled, s m o o t h a n d notched bar, axial, R--1.0

high-cycle
fatigue for cast-to-size p l u s HIP at 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 2 h, 1 0 3 M P a
(15 ksi) s p e c i m e n s h e a t treated a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h, cooled at
rate of 4.2 C/s (450 F/min), 5 8 0 C (1075 F), 2 h, A C . C l o s e d symbols a r e r e t e s t s of 1 0 cycle run outs.
S o u r c e : F.A. C r o s s l e y a n d W.J. Barice, C a s t T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Titanium
Alloy for Durability Critical Structural C o m p o n e n t s , J. Aircraft, Vol 2 0
(No. 1), J a n 1 9 8 3 , 6 6 - 6 9 , a n d F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic Trans a g e Titanium Alloys: Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics
a n d Potential Applications, Befa Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R.
Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME, 1 9 8 4 , 3 4 9 - 3 8 6

Extrusion. Transage 175 has excellent extrudability. Cameron Iron Works, Inc., Houston,
extruded two 818 k g (1800 lb), 483 mm (19 in.) diameter, as-cast ingots (having no surface preparation) to 173 mm (6.3 in.) diameter bar for a reduction ratio of 6.8:1. The ingots were canned in
copper and extruded from 815 C (1500 F). Machined 50 mm (2.0 in.) diameter billets, jacketed in
copper, were extruded from 815 C to 12 m m (0.5
in.) diameter bar using a graphite and oil lubricant. The reduction ratio was 20:1, and the extrusion constant was 510 MPa (37 tsi).
Sheet Forming. All cold and hot forming
methods generally used for titanium alloys may be

applied. It also h a s exceptional superplastic forming capability. Optimum temperature of superplastic forming is 815 C (1500 F) and optimum
strain rates are 1.7 1 0 s or higher.
Forging. Transage 175 has excellent forgeability. It h a s near-net-shape and net-shape capabilities by isothermal forging at temperatures as
low as 650 C (1200 F). However, considering relevant factors such as load requirements, die life,
and uniformity of mechanical properties, the optimum parameters are a temperature of 815 C
(1500 F) and a platen speed of 0.21 mm/s (0.5
m./min). In h a m m e r forging, the workpiece temperature should not fall below 700 C (1300 F).

Forming

- 2

_ 1

986 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 175: Recommendations for the production of near-net-shape and net-shape forgings
Equipment
Temperature of dies and work
piece
Platen speed
Solution heat treatment
Temperature
Time
Cooling rate
Heavy sections
Light sections
Aging treatment
Temperature

Isothermal press
815 C + 15 (1500 2 5 F )
0.21 mm/s (0.5 ^)
8 1 5 C 1 5 C (1500 + 2 5 F)
l/2tolh
Fan air cool, or water quench
Air cool
450 to 540 5 C (850 to 1000 10 F), depending on strength desired. Strength range from 1520 to 1170 MPa (220 to 170 ksi)
4 h for short-time strength; 24 h for long-time strength at elevated temperatures and aging temperatures below 480 C (900 F)
Air cool

Time
Cooling rate

N o t e : A t 8 1 5 C (1500 F), T r a n s a g e 175 h a s a flow s t r e s s of 4 3 M P a ( 6 2 0 0 psi). T h e alloy will flow a t c o n s t a n t load a s long as the load per
unit plan a r e a exceeds t h e flow stress. If s h a p e i s to b e net, c h e m i c a l m i l l to remove surface c o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d to m e e t drawing dimensions.

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Transage 175: Effect of platen speed on mechanical properties

Click here to view

P l a t e n s p e e d , in./min
0

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.6

0.2

P l a t e n s p e e d , in./min

0.8

0.3

Platen speed, mm/s

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.4

0.5

Platen s p e e d , mm/s

Tension test properties v e r s u s platen s p e e d for T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 p r e f o r m s isothermally forged at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F) u p s e t to a reduction of 62%.

S p e c i m e n s w e r e 8 1 8 kg ( 1 8 0 0 lb) ingots p r o c e s s e d to 1 6 0 m m (6.3 in.) bar, then c o g g e d to 100 mm (4.0 in.) b a r a t 8 1 5 C (1500 F) for 58% reduction a n d a n n e a l e d 8 1 5 C, 1 h, to p r o d u c e preform stock. P r e f o r m s isothermally forged at 8 1 5 C at v a r i o u s platen s p e e d s and heat treated
at 8 1 5 C, 1 h, W Q , 5 2 5 C ( 9 7 5 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : G.L. Tingley, "Isothermal Forging a n d S h e a r Spinning of T r a n s a g e 175 Titanium Alloy," Report No. L M S C / D 9 4 1 0 6 1 , Lockheed Missiles
a n d S p a c e C o m p a n y , u n d e r contract N 0 0 1 2 3 - 8 1 C - 0 3 4 9 , Naval S e a S y s t e m s C o m m a n d , Washington, DC, technical monitor, Peter Jung, Naval
O c e a n S y s t e m s Center, S a n Diego, CA, 3 0 Apr 1 9 8 5 , not r e l e a s e d ; a n d F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys: Their Metallurgy,
Processing Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, Befa Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , E d , TMS/AIME,
1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 , 4 8 5 - 4 9 6

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 987

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Transage 175: Effect of forging temperature on mechanical properties

Temperature, F
1300

700

1350

725

1400

750

Temperature, F

1450

775

1500

800

1300

825

700

1350

725

Temperature, C

1400

750

1450

775

1500

800

825

T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Tension test properties v e r s u s isothermal forging t e m p e r a t u r e of + preforms u p s e t to 6 2 % reduction. S p e c i m e n s w e r e 8 1 8 kg (1800 lb) ingots
p r o c e s s e d to 1 6 0 m m (6.3 in.) round, t h e n c o g g e d to 1 0 0 m m (4.0 in.) round at 7 3 0 C (1350 F) for 5 8 % reduction to m a k e - preform stock.
Preforms w e r e upset isothermally at v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d 0.42 m m / s (1.0 inVmin) platen s p e e d . H e a t treated at 7 2 0 C (1325 F), 2 h, W Q ,
4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : G.L. Tingley, "Isothermal Forging a n d S h e a r Spinning of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Titanium Alloy," Report No. L M S C / D 9 4 1 0 6 1 , Lockheed Missiles
a n d S p a c e Company, u n d e r contract N 0 0 1 2 3 - 8 1 C - 0 3 4 9 , Naval S e a S y s t e m s C o m m a n d , Washington, DC, technical monitor, P e t e r J u n g , Naval
O c e a n S y s t e m s Center, S a n Diego, CA, 3 0 Apr 1 9 8 5 , a n d F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys: Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g
Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, S e f a Titanium Alloys in the 1980's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n b e r g , Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 3 4 9 - 3 8 6 ,
485-496

Transage 175: Tensile flow stress vs temperature

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1400
I

500

Temperature, F
1500
~
1

1700

1600
"

1800
70

Crosshead speed,
inVmin
-0.005, TYS
-0.005, UTS

400

60

0.1, TYS
0.1, UTS
-0.5, TYS

H50

-0.5, UTS
-1.0, TYS

300

-1.0, UTS

H40

H30

c 200

H20
100
-MO

600

700

800
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

900

1000

Ultimate tensile a n d tensile yield strength v s t e m p e r a t u r e with varying c r o s s h e a d s p e e d for preform material. S p e c i m e n s w e r e 160 m m (6.3 in.)
d i a m e t e r b a r p r o c e s s e d from 8 1 8 kg ( 1 8 0 0 lb) c a s t a n d extruded ingots, a n d a n n e a l e d at 9 2 5 C (1700 F), 1 h, AC.
S o u r c e : RA. Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J . R . Becker, a n d V.A. S h e n d e , " P r o c e s s D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Mechanical Properties of a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e Forging of T r a n s a g e 175 Alloy (-2.7-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d in c l o s e d s e s s i o n at t h e 17th Nat. S A M P E Tech. Conf., Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a
Lake, NY

988 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 175: Flow stress v s strain rate for various

temperatures

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

10

10

Initial strain r a t e , s~
R o w s t r e s s ( 0 . 2 % yield strength) v s initial strain rate for constant
c r o s s h e a d s p e e d hot tensile tests. S p e c i m e n s w e r e 1 6 0 m m ( 6 . 3
in.) d i a m e t e r b a r p r o c e s s e d from 8 1 8 kg ( 1 8 0 0 lb) c a s t a n d extruded
ingots a n d a n n e a l e d a t 9 2 5 C (1700 F), 1 h, AC. t r a n s u s is 7 6 5
C (1410 F).
S o u r c e : F A Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V A S h e n d e ,
" P r o c e s s D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Mechanical Properties of a Near-NetS h a p e Forging of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy -2.7-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," pres e n t e d in c l o s e d s e s s i o n a t t h e 17th Nat. S A M P E Tech. Conf., O c t
2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a Lake, NY

Forging
Properties

Transage 175: Mechanical properties of - forged wheels

Room-temperature mechanical properties of wheel forgings produced using an - preform forged at 705 C (1300 F) and
0.42 mm/s (1.0 in./min) and heat treated at 720 C (1325 F), 2 h, AC, 480 C (900 F), 24 h, AC
Tensile
specimen
location
Hub tang
Hub axial
Rim axial
Web tang
Web radial
Web radial
Web radial
Webradial(a)

Forging
number
1

2
3

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
1258
1230
1302
1247
1244
1258
1219
1258

182.4
174.8
188.8
180.8
180.4
182.4
176.8
182.4

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1318
1296
1382
1327
1327
1330
1282
1313

191.2
188.0
200.5
192.5
192.5
192.9
186.0
190.5

Elongation,

%
2.0
6.5
2.6
6.9
7.5
8.1
8.5
15

Reduction
of area,

%
5.5
23.8
7.0
23.8
21.0
22.4
29.2
20.3

(a) F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s (AT ) of 2 3 . 1 M P a V m (21.0 ksh/bT) i n R-T direction a n d 2 3 . 5 M P a Vm (21.4 ksivinT) i n T-R direction. Source: F A
Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V A S h e n d e , "Process D e v e l o p m e n t a n d M e c h a n i c a l Properties of a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e Forging of
T r a n s a g e 175 Alloy (Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d i n closed s e s s i o n a t t h e 1 7 t h N a t . S A M P E Tech. C o n f , Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , Kiamesha
Lake, N Y
fc

Transage 175: Mechanical properties of forged wheels

Room-temperature mechanical properties of wheel forgings produced by using a preform forged at 815 C (1500 F) and
0.21 mm/s (0.5 in./min) and heat treated at 815 C (1500 F), 1 h, AC, 510 C (950 F), 24 h, A C
Tensile
specimen
location
Hub tang
Hub axial
Rim axial
Web tang
Web radial
Web radial
Web radial
Webradial(a)

Forging
number
1

2
3

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
1321
1313
1312
1258
1285
1274
1271
1299

191.6
190.4
190.4
182.4
186.4
184.8
184.4
188.4

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1393
1380
1382
1327
1341
1341
1327
1344

202.1
200.1
200.5
192.5
194.5
194.5
192.5
194.9

Elongation,

%
2.0
4.2
4.3
5.9
6.1
6.3
5.5
55

Reduction
o f area,

%
3.9
12.3
18.1
16.7
13.8
18.1
16.7
13.8

(a) F r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s (K ) o f 3 1 . 4 M P a V m ( 2 8 . 5 ksiVmT) i n R-T direction a n d 3 0 . 9 M P a V m ( 2 8 . 1 ksiVhaT) i n T-R direction. Source: F A

Ic

Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V A S h e n d e , "Process D e v e l o p m e n t a n d M e c h a n i c a l Properties of a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e Forging of

T r a n s a g e 175 Alloy (Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d i n closed s e s s i o n a t t h e 1 7 t h N a t . S A M P E Tech. C o n f , Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , Kiamesha
Lake, N Y

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 989

Heat Treatment

Two types of heat treatments may be applied to

Transage 175: (1) solution anneal, preferably at
815 C (1500 F) for 174 to 1 h followed by fan air
cooling for thin sections to be cold formed, or followed by any convenient cooling rate in preparation for age hardening; and (2) solution anneal followed by aging at 425 to 563 C (800 to 1050 F)
depending on strength level desired. For a given
aging temperature, the slower the cooling rate
from the solution anneal, the lower the yield
strength obtained. This type of heat treatment
produces yield strength up to 1450 MPa (210 ksi).
The annealing temperature required to
achieve the lowest strength state is 815 C (1500
F) for 1/4 to 1 h followed by rapid air cool or water
quench depending on section size. However, from
the standpoint of stress relief, age hardening, per
se, eliminates residual stress due to the unique

age-hardening mechanism of Transage titanium

alloys. Consequently, partial or total age hardening facilitates machining because the workpiece is
more stable geometrically as metal is removed.
Yield strength can vary from 895 to 1450 MPa
(130 to 210 ksi) in inverse relation to age hardening temperature. For a given component, it may be
necessary to determine the aging temperature by
trial to achieve a desired combination of strength
and ductility and/or toughness.
Transage 175 has exceptional hardenability.
The alloy readily age hardens to strength levels of
1170 MPa (170 ksi) or higher, following the slow
cooling rates imposed by hot isostatic processing
facilities and by superplastic forming operations.
In steel terms, the ideal round size exceeds 200
m m (8.0 in.).

Transage 175: Effect of forging parameters on mechanical properties

1400

UTS

TYS

LCF, 1 0

1200-

1000-

processed

- processed

LCF, 1 0

30

800-

S
co

40

RA
20

600f-

400r-

Elongation

10

200*

C o m p a r i s o n of m e c h a n i c a l properties b e t w e e n - p r o c e s s e d a n d p r o c e s s e d wheel forgings.

- p r o c e s s e d material consisted of - preforms isothermally forged at 7 0 5 C ( 1 3 0 0 F) and 0.42 m m / s (1.0 in Vmin) a n d heat treated a t 7 2 0 C
(1325 F), 2 h, AC, 4 8 0 C (900 F), 2 4 h, AC. p r o c e s s e d material c o n s i s t e d of preforms, isothermally forged at 8 1 5 C (1500 F) a n d 0.21 m m / s
(0.5 inymin) a n d h e a t t r e a t e d at 815 C (1500 F), 1 h, AC, 5 1 0 C (950 F), 2 4 h, AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V.A. S h e n d e , " P r o c e s s Development and Mechanical Properties of a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e Forging of T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy (J1-2.7AI-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d in c l o s e d s e s s i o n at the 17th Nat. S A M P E Tech. Conf., Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a
Lake, NY
0

Transage 175: Typical heat treatments

STA wrought bar
815 C (1500 F) for 1 h, cooling rate optional from air cool to water quench depending on section size, age at 455 C (850 F) or higher temperature, depending on
strength desired and application temperature, for 2 to 24 h
Castings
STA: 900 C (1650 F) for 2 h, air cool, fan air cool, or forced gas cool, age at 540 C (1000 F) for 2 h, air cool
HIP: 900 C (1650 F), 103 MPa (15 ksi) for 2 h, forced gas ccoL age at 540 C (1000 F) for 2 h, air cool

990 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Transage 175: Effect of solution temperature

RT tensile properties of cast impeller after aging at 540 C (1000 F), 2 h, AC
Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
No homogenizatk)n(a)
1193
1261
1193
1165
1268
845C(1550F),2h(b)
1152
1133
1215
870C(16O0F),2h(b)
1110
1211
1262
890C(1650F),2h(b)
1202
1196
1204
925 C ( 1 7 0 0 F ) , 2 h ( b )
1135
1147
1226

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

MPa

ksi

173
183
173
169
184

1186
1261
1172
1165
1255

172
183
170
169
182

0.3
0.2
3.9
0.4
0.9

0.8
0.8
9.4
0.0
0.0

167.1
164.3
176.3

1137
1096
1194

164.9
159.0
173.2

3.9
3.5
3.0

5.2
4.8
3.2

161.0
175.7
183.1

1195
1235

173.4
179.1

3.1
2.9
3.3

2.4
2.4
3.2

174.4
173.5
174.7

1161
1163
1155

168.5
168.7
167.5

4.1
4.6
4.3

3.2
7.8
5.6

164.7
166.4
177.9

1089
1107
1192

158.0
160.6
172.9

3.1
3.6
3.7

4.0
3.2
3.2

(a) B a s e l i n e ; n o h o m o g e n i z a t i o n ; 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 2 h, g a s f a n cool, (b) P l u s furnace cooled to 5 4 0 C (1000 F), t h e n removed from furnace
a n d air cooled. Solution h e a t t r e a t e d at 8 1 5 C ( 1 5 0 0 F), 2 h, g a s f a n cooled a n d a g e d 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), 2 h, AC

Weldments

Transage 175: Tensile properties of electron-beam welded specimens

Tensile properties of specimens containing transverse EB weldments, post-weld aged at 525 C (975 F), 22 h, AC
No.
of
EB passes
None
Avg.
One
Avg.
Two
Avg.

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
MPa
ksi
1256
1284
1270
1293
1340
1317
1317
1310
1313

182.1
186.3
184.2
187.5
194.4
191.0
191.0
190.0
190.5

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1330
1352
1341
1340
1374
1357
1350
1384
1367

192.9
196.1
194.5
194.4
199.3
196.8
195.8
200.7
198.2

Elongation,
%
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5

Fractu
site

BM
BM
BM
BM

N o t e : T h e m a t e r i a l w a s a 3 5 6 m m (14 in.) d i a m e t e r spin-forged cylinder m a c h i n e d to 1.8 m m ( 0 . 0 7 0 in.) t h i c k n e s s . T h e material w a s preaged

5 1 0 C ( 9 5 0 F), 2 h, A C for stability i n m a c h i n i n g , welded, a n d post-weld a g e d 5 2 5 C (975 F), 2 2 h, A C . Test s p e c i m e n s w e r e axial, and the
g a g e d i m e n s i o n s w e r e 6.4 2 5 m m (1/4 1 in.). Source: F A . Crossley, G.L. Tingley, J.R. Becker, a n d V.A. S h e n d e , "Process Development and
M e c h a n i c a l Properties of a N e a r - N e t - S h a p e F o r g i n g o f T r a n s a g e 1 7 5 Alloy (Ti-2.7Al-13V-7Sn-2Zr)," p r e s e n t e d i n closed session at the 17th
N a t . S A M P E Tech. Conf., Oct 2 2 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 5 , K i a m e s h a L a k e , N Y

Ti-13V-2.7AI-7Sn-2Zr / 991

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Transage 175: Tensile properties v s solution treatment temperature of cast impeller

Click here to view

Transage 175: Power requirements for EB butt
weldments

Solution t r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1500
130

1550
1 '

1600
'

1650
'

T h i c k n e s s , in.
1700

0.1

0.2

0.3

- 180
c
i rVt lr\f

1100|

UTS

TYS

H160

>^

140 k v

600

200
0

850

900

950

Solution t r e a t t e m p e r a t u r e , C
Tensile properties with s t a n d a r d deviation b a r s for s p e c i m e n s t a k e n
from t h e b a s e of 2 6 7 m m (10.5 in.) diameter c a s t impeller v s t e m p e r a t u r e of 2-h solution h e a t treatments; 9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F) a p p e a r s
to b e optimum for solution h e a t treatment or HIP t e m p e r a t u r e . P r o c e s s i n g : HIP 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 2 h, 1 0 3 M P a (15 ksi), h e a t t r e a t e d at
9 0 0 C ( 1 6 5 0 F), 2 h, furnace cooled to 5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F), t h e n AC,
540 C(1000F),2h,AC.
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, T h e Martensitic T r a n s a g e Titanium Alloys:
Their Metallurgy, P r o c e s s i n g Characteristics a n d Potential Applications, Beta Titanium Alloys in the80's, R.R. Boyer a n d H.W. R o s e n berg, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1984, 349-386, 4 8 5 - 4 9 6 ; a n d F.A.
Crossley, private communication, J u n e 1 9 9 2
o

1 25 k V

40d
-

100
800

TOO KV

- 170

Thickness, mm
P o w e r requirements for e l e c t r o n - b e a m butt w e l d m e n t s of T r a n s a g e
175 s h e e t a n d plate for travel s p e e d of 13 m m / s (30 in./min). Data
a r e for single-pass, 1 0 0 % penetration welds. As-welded w e l d m e n t s
a r e ductile. T h e r e c o m m e n d e d s e q u e n c e for welded structures of
T r a n s a g e 175 is solution h e a t treat, e.g., 8 1 5 C (1500 F), 1 h,
AC, weld, a g e h a r d e n t o d e s i r e d strength level. T r a n s a g e 175 h a s
d e m o n s t r a t e d 1 0 0 % weld efficiency a t a strength of 1365 M P a (198
ksi).
S o u r c e : F.A. Crossley, private communication, J u n e 1992

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI/993

I Ti-8V-5Fe-1
UNS: Unassigned
Compiled by P. Russo, RMI Titanium Company

Product Forms a n d Conditions. Ti-8V-5Fe1A1 is generally supplied as bar and billet. The alloy can be hardened by solution treating and aging
cycles. Welding is not recommended.
Applications. Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl has been used
for aerospace fasteners and has potential for use in
appheations where high ultimate and shear
strengths are critical concerns.

Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl is a metastable -titanium alloy

that is capable of achieving an ultimate tensile
strength of more than 1380 MPa (200 ksi) and a
shear strength of more than 795 MPa (115 ksi).
Special precautions must be taken when melting
the alloy because of the segregation tendency of
iron. It is available only by special order.
Density: 4.65 g/cm (0.168 lb/in. )
3

Typical composition of Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al

Min, wt%
Max, wt%

Al

0.8
1.5

7.5
8.5

0.25
0.50

0.07

Fe

0.05

4.0
6.0

Ti
bal

Physical Properties

B e t a T r a n s u s . 830 14 C (1525 25 F)
Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Isothermal T T T diagram

550

1000

500
450-

+
0

400

700

CD

300I

Click here to view

S.350

800

LIVE GRAPH

900

-600

250
-500
200

10

10"
10
Time, s

10"

1J 04 0 0
a

9 5 5 C (1750 F), Vfc h, isothermal transformation, w a t e r q u e n c h .

S o u r c e : S.R. S e a g l e , "Initial Work on Isothermal Transformation
S t u d i e s of M S T 1 8 5 , " R e s e a r c h Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 2 6 1 , Project No.
2 5 0 0 4 , RMI Titanium C o m p a n y

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI: Elastic modulus

Elastic modulus
Temperature
C

Annealed

RT
315

600

GPa
114
101

10" p s i
16.5
14.7

Solution treated + aged

GPa
10 pai
B

114
100

16.5
14.5

Source: R A . Wood, "ATabulation of D e s i g n a t i o n s , Properties, a n d T r e a t m e n t s of T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys," D M I C M e m o r a n d u m 171,

B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 15 J u l y 1 9 6 3

994 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Mechanical Properties
See also "Heat Treatment" for tensile data.

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI:
properties

Guaranteed

Property

STA room-temperature

M i n i m u m value(a)

Ultimate tensile strength,

MPa (ksi)
Tensile yield strength, MPa (ksi)
Elongation (in AD), %
Reduction in area, %
Ultimate shear strength,
MPa (ksi)

1448(210)
1380(200)
6.0
12.0
793(115)

(a) M i n i m u m s for sizes u p to 2 7 m m (lVi6 in.) i n diameter. Source:

RMI Titanium Company

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Typical room-temperature tensile properties of mill-annealed bar

Bar
diam
inch

MPa

9.5
13

Typical room-temperature properties(a)

Ultimate
Yield
strength
strength
ksi
MPa

Reduction
o f area,

Elongation,
ksi

1209

175.2

1167

169.1

13.0

37.6

1212

175.7

1164

168.7

14.0

49.0

19

1161

168.3

1120

162.3

18.0

37.1

27

1228

178.0

1145

166.0

17.0

43.0

16

(a) 6.4 m m (V4 in.) d i a m s p e c i m e n s . Source: Aerospace

Structural

Metals Handbook,

Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 9 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 8

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Annealed room-temperature tensile properties

Yield
strength

Ultimate
strength

Annealing
treatment

MPa

675 C (1250 F),

720 C (1325 F),
760 C (1400 F),
675 C (1250 F),

1/2 h,
1/2 h,
1/2 h,
1/2 h,

AC
AC
AC
FC to 480 C (900 F), AC

1263
1210
1179
1236

Elongation

ksi

MPa

ksi

183.0
175.3
170.9
179.1

1233
1170
1151
1214

178.7
169.5
166.8
175.9

Reduction
of area,

15.0
16.0
13.5
20.5

47.5
47.7
43.0
52.9

Tensile properties of 6.4 m m (V4 in.) s p e c i m e n s from 9.5 m m (% in.) bar a n n e a l e d a s indicated. Source: Aerospace

StructuralMetahHand-

book, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 9 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 6 8

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 AI-0.14O: Room-temperature tensile properties of hot isostatically pressed gas-atomized powder

HIP

temperature
F

725

1340

780

1440

Heat
treatment(a)
As-fflP
A

C
As-HIP
A

ksi

0.2% offset
yield
strength
ksi
MPa

154
146
204
177
165
145
205
170

1037
960
1397
1160
1075
960
1315
1111

Tensile
1s t r e n g t h
MPa
1063
1007
1407
1217
1135
1015
1414
1175

150
140
188
170
155
140
190
161

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

6.3
17.2
6.3
12.5
9.4
16.4
4.7
10.9

29.1
39.8
8.0
27.8
19.9
37.2
9.9
24.3

(a) P r e p a r e d u s i n g rapid soUdification t e c h n i q u e s . A, 6 7 5 C ( 1 2 5 0 F), 1 h, air cooled; B , 6 7 5 C ( 1 2 5 0 F), 1 h, w a t e r quenched + 440 C ( 8 2 5

F), 4 h; C, 6 7 5 C ( 1 2 5 0 F), 1 h, w a t e r q u e n c h e d + 4 9 5 C (925 F), 4 h. Source: C F . Yolton a n d J.H. Moll, E v a l u a t i o n of a High Strength
R a p i d l y Solidified B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy, Prog. Powder Metall., Vol 4 3 , 1 9 8 7 , 4 9 - 6 3

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI/995

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of aging on RT tensile properties

Click here to view

=1260

1800

7 6 0 C , 1 h, W Q + 5 4 0 C, AC
7 6 0 C , 1 h, W Q + 5 4 0 C, AC

250

1700-

Ultimate s t r e n g t h

Yield s t r e n g t h

Ultimate s t r e n g t h

7 6 0 C , 1 h, W Q + 4 8 0 C, AC
240

7 6 0 C , 1 h, W Q + 4 8 0 C, A C

H230

-220

o> 5 0
R e d u c t i o n of a r e a
Elongation (25 m m )

12

16

Aging time, h

12

16

Aging time, h

16 m m ( A in.) diam bar.

S o u r c e : J R. G r o s s , "Creep a n d Stability of M S T 1 8 5 , " R e s e a r c h Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 2 9 8 , Project No. 9 3 0 0 3 , RMI Titanium C o m p a n y
5

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of stress-concentration factor

on room-temperature notch stress rupture

Notched
Tensile
Strength

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of stress-concentration factor

on notched strength

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

3500

LIVE GRAPH

6 7 5 C , 1 h , A C ( ^ = 1 6 7 - ksi)

4000

7 4 5 C , 1/2 h, W Q + 4 9 5 C , 2 h ,

3000

Click here to view

500

6 7 5 C , 1 h, AC
6 7 5 C , 1 h, AC

3500

A C (F^ = 2 2 8 - ksi)
400

7 4 5 C , 1/2 h, W Q + 4 9 5 C , 2 h, A C

3000

nj 2 5 0 0

7 4 5 C , 1/2 h, W Q + 4 9 5 C , 2 h, A C

D.

H400 =

4300
co

1500

5 5

7 4 5 C , 1/2 h, W Q + 4 9 5 C , 2 h, A C

2500

H300

2000
o>
c
0)

^500

6 7 5 C , 1 h, AC

200

-1200

1000
100

500
1

Shear
Strength

100

S t r e s s - c o n c e n t r a t i o n factor (Kj)

S t r e s s - c o n c e n t r a t i o n factor

S p e c i m e n s from 1 3 mm (Vfe in.) diam bar; r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e tests;

6 0 d e g r e e notch with a point radius ( a s indicated.
S o u r c e : L.J. BartJo, "The Effect of S t r e s s Concentration on Notch
Tensile a n d Static Notch Properties of Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al," RMI Titanium
C o m p a n y , R e s e a r c h Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 4 5 9 , MO 7 5 0 0 3 , Reactive
Metals, Inc., 3 0 D e c 1 9 6 4

S p e c i m e n s from 1 3 m m (V in.) diam bar; room-temperature tests;

6 0 d e g r e e notch with a point radius (/) a s indicated in other figure.
S o u r c e : L.J. Bartlo, T h e Effect of S t r e s s Concentration o n Notched
Tensile a n d Static Notch Properties of Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al," RMI Titanium
C o m p a n y , R e s e a r c h Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 4 5 9 , MO 7 5 0 0 3 , Reactive
Metals, Inc., 3 0 D e c 1 9 6 4

The shear strength will vary with the tensile

strength of the material. One study indicated t h a t
the shear strength is higher if the entire cross sec-

tion is tested, as opposed to machining material

from the surface to test the core. This is in contrast
to what is observed for the tensile strength.

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Room-temperature tensile tests and double shear test data
Elongation,

RA.

mm

in.

MPa

ksi

MPa

ksi

4.75

0.187

1445

209.7

1500

217.7

13

41.2

4.75

0.187

1440

208.8

1504

218.2

12

39.8

809

117.4

6.37

0.251

1418

205.6

1470

213.1

12

34.7

808

117.2

6.37

0.251

1418

205.6

1468

212.9

12

37.3

851

123.5

Test d i a m

0 . 2 % Y.S.

U.T.S.

Double shear
MPa
771

ksi
111.9

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e t e n s i l e t e s t s a n d double s h e a r t e s t s w e r e r u n i n t h e STA condition ( 1 4 0 0 F/1 h, W Q + 9 5 0 F/2 h , AC). Source: RMI Titanium Company

996 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fatigue
Strength

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 A l : Room-temperature fatigue of H-24

bolts
1000

= 1517 MPa

l u

-H40

LIVE GRAPH

F,.. = 1 4 3 8 M P a
co

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H120

800

H100 $

600|

400r-

H80
H60
40
200
10

10*

10

10'

10

10

C y c l e s to failure
Axial loaded, r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e test. Notch factor of bolt t h r e a d s
w e r e unspecified.
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3 7 1 9 ,
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories

High-Temperature Strength

LIVE GRAPH

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 A l : Effect of temperature on tensile strength

Tensile
Properties

220|

Click here to view

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 9 0 0
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' l ' ' ' 11500

1500

H1160

1160

100

200

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , F
300 400 500 600 700
>I "
-

LIVE GRAPH
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180

- I

800

^ U T S

180

- 140

0.

<2 1 4 0
H820

co

100 5

7 4 0 2, 1 h, WC3+
5 4 0 (2,

400

60

h, AC

I20
100

500

(a)

h, AC

140

140
200
300
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

6 7 5 <2, 1 h, FC to

480

4 8 0 (2,

100

820!

55 ioo
-1480

900

I '

200
300
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , C

400

500

(b)

16 m m (% in.) d i a m bar.
S o u r c e : Private communication, Reactive Metals, Inc.

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Thermal stability of bar

Effect of exposure to elevated temperature with load on room-temperature tensile properties of annealed and heat-treated
16 mm (% in.) diam bar

Creep exposure
temperature
C

Sti-ess
MPa
ksi

Time,
h

Subsequent room-temperature tensile properties(a)

Permanent
Ultimate
Yield
deformation,
strength
strength
%
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi

E l o n g a - Reductioi
of a r e a ,
tion,

Annealed bar
425

800

315
600
Heat-treated specimen
425

800

140
345
140
210
760

None
20
50
20
30
110

10
10
313.3
310.5
310.5

310

None
45

212.5

0.155
0.83
1.29
2.79
0.78

1228
1220
1220
1220
1220
1220

178
177
177
177
177
177

1180
1187
1200
1180
1170
1152

171
172
174
171
170
167

18.3
235
23.5
7.5(b)
23.0
22.5

44.8
52.3
52.5
10.2(b)
54.0
51.1

1435
1455

208
211

1366
1394

198
202

12.0
15.0

37.5
38.9

(a) 6.4 m m (Vi in.) d i a m s p e c i m e n s , (b) Stress-corrosion crack. S o u r c e : Aerospace

b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1968

Structural

Metals Handbook,

Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 9 , Battelle Colum-

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI/997

Creep
Properties

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Creep deformation in 300 h for annealed bar

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI: Minimum creep rate for annealed bar

LIVE GRAPH

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1000

800

-140

-M00

-120

800

600r-100
Q-

in

600
-80

o>

55

40

CO
CO
CD

-40

425 C

co

55

-60

r-

H60

400

200r-

200r-20

0.01

0.1

100

10

10

10'

P e r m a n e n t deformation, %

Minimum c r e e p rate, l O ^ i n V i n . h

16 m m ( / in.) diam bar, 6 7 5 C (1250 F), 1 h, furnace cooled to 4 8 0

C (900 F), air cooled.
S o u r c e : J.R. G r o s s , "Creep a n d Stability of M S T 185," R e s e a r c h
Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 2 9 8 , Project No. 9 3 0 0 3 , Mallory-Sharon Titanium
Corporation, 1 9 J u n e 1958

16 m m ( / in.) diam bar, 6 7 5 C (1250 F), 1 h, furnace cooled to 4 8 0

C (900 F), air cooled.
S o u r c e : J.R. G r o s s , "Creep a n d Stability of M S T 185," R e s e a r c h
Report No. 1 0 0 0 R 2 9 8 , Project No. 9 3 0 0 3 , Mallory-Sharon Titanium
Corporation, 1 9 J u n e 1958

Forging. Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl is readily forgeable.

However, the material should receive final reductions of at least 50% below 815 C (1500 F) to opti-

mize ductility.
Welding of Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl is not recommended.

Fabrication

Heat Treatment

Ti-8V-5Fe-1AI: Typical heat treatments

Temperature
Treatment

Stress relief
Anneal
Alternate production anneal
Solution treat
Alternate solution annealing range
Aging

540-590
675
675-730
760
730-790(a)
480-540

op

Duration

1000-1100
1250
1250-1350
1400
1350-1450(a)
900-1000

Cooling

1 hour
1 hour
1-2 hours
1 hour

Air cool
Furnace cool
Air cool
Water quench

2 hours

Air cool

(a) D e p e n d i n g o n product form a n d desired properties

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of cooling on STA properties

Ultimate
Solution
treatment
745 C (1375 F ) , l h , W Q
745C(1375F),lh,AC
760 C (1400 F ) , l h , W Q
760C(1400F),lh,AC

ksi

MPa

ksi

Reduction
of area,
%

206
205
217
211

1339
1339
1408
1366

194
194
204
198

39
41
30
33

Yield
strength

strength
MPa
1421
1413
1497
1456

Elongation,

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e p r o p e r t i e s of 6.4 m m O/4 i n . ) d i a m s p e c i m e n s t a k e n f r o m 14 m m (?/\% i n . ) d i a m b a r , s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a s i n d i c a t e d , p l u s a

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) a g e for 2 h , a i r cooled. S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 9 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
1968

998 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

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Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of solution treatment temperature on tensile properties

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1 4 0 0 1 4 2 0 1440
1 <

1460

1480 1500
5-r-

1700

Ultimate s rength

30

'

Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , F
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
1 - i '
1

to 1 6 0 0
i

1380

20

Fitsduction of arc)a

F, 1 5 0 0

1400

!10
gth

50
^ " " ^

Yield s t r e r

Elongation 1 2 5 m m )

1300
740

760
780
800
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

820

(a)

740

' .

1380

820

760
780
800
Solution t e m p e r a t u r e , C

(b)

16 m m (% in.) diam bar, solution treated 1 h, w a t e r q u e n c h e d + 5 4 0 C (1000 F), 8 h, air cooled.

S o u r c e : J.R. G r o s s , T h e Effects of Heat T r e a t m e n t on the Mechanical Properties of MST 185 % Inch Diameter Bar," R e s e a r c h Report No.
1 0 0 0 R 2 2 6 , Project No. 3 4 0 0 2 , RMI Titanium C o m p a n y

Ti-8V-5Fe-1 Al: Effect of solution treatment and aging on tensile properties

LIVE GRAPH
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930

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
940 950 960 970 980

990

930

1000

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
940 950 960 970 980

990

1000

1650

LIVE GRAPH
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1550

14501

13501

1250
495

510

540

525

510
525
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

(a)

(b)
930
1

LIVE GRAPH
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Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
940
950
960
970
980
> 1 >
1
1 1 1 775 C

990

1000
20

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , F
930
940
950
960
970
980
9 9 0 1000
.
. . .
1
1 1 r- - 1
7 7 5 C
1

760 C

7 6 0 C

745C

7 4 5 C

- - '

'
m 10

6 2 0

CD
cr.

495

510
525
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

540

495

510
525
Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C

(d)

(c)

14 m m ( / in.) diam bar, solution treated Vfeh, w a t e r q u e n c h e d , a g e d 2 h, air cooled; r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e t e s t s .

S o u r c e : RMI Titanium C o m p a n y
9

16

540

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-16V-2.5AI/999

I Ti-16V-2.5AI
UNS Number: Unassigned
Compiled by P. Russo, RMI Titanium Company

Ti-16V-2.5Al is a metastable titanium alloy developed by RMI Titanium Company for use in
high-strength sheet appheations. The alloy can be
strengthened by solution treating and aging, and

it h a s been used as high-strength sheet for aircraft

applications. The alloy is available only by special
order.

P h a s e s a n d Structures. In the solutiontreated condition, Ti-16V-2.5Al consists of all

phase. The alloy is relatively lean in -stabilizers
and can form stress-induced martensites when deformed in the solution annealed condition. After
aging, the microstructure consists of fine in a
matrix.
Forging. Like most titanium alloys, Ti-16V2.5A1 has good forgeability. Final forging temperatures should be maintained in the - phase field.

Machining. Ti-16V-2.5Al is expected to have

machinability similar to other metastable titanium alloys, such as Ti-15V-3Sn-3Zr-3Cr and Ti3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr.
.

S e l e c t e d Reference
Determination of Design Data for Heat
Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet, Report No.
ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia
Company, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Dec 1962

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus
Melting (liquidus point)
Density(a)
Electrical
Magnetic permeability(a)
Specific heat capacity(a)
Thermal conductivity
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b)

Not available
Not available
4.65 g/cm (0.168 lbf/in. )
Not available
Nonmagnetic
527 J/kg (0.126 Btu/lb F)
8.7 W/m (5 Btu/ft h F)
9 10~V C (5.0 1 0" /F)
3

resistivity(a)

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 C (68 to 7 8 F). (b) M e a n coefficient from 4 0 to 9 5 C ( 1 0 0 to 2 0 0 F)

Elastic Properties
Young's
Modulus

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Room-temperature moduli of STA sheet

Sheet thickness

Tensile modulus

mm

in.

Direction

0.5

0.02

1.6

0.063

3.2

0.125

GPa
99.3
96.5
95.8
97.9
95.2
96.5

Compressive modulus

10 psi
6

14.4
14.0
13.9
14.2
13.8
14.0

GPa

97.2
97.2
102
103

10 psi
6

14.1
14.1
14.8
15.0

S o l u t i o n treated a t 7 5 0 to 7 6 5 C ( 1 3 8 0 to 1 4 1 0 F) for 3 0 m i n , air cooled a n d a g e d at 5 2 5 to 5 3 0 C (975 to 9 9 0 F) for 4 to 6 h. Source: "Determination

of D e s i g n D a t a for H e a t Treated Alloy Sheet," Report A S D - T D R - 6 2 - 3 3 5 , Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 ( 6 1 6 ) - 6 3 4 6 , Lockheed-Georgia
C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

1000 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-16V-2.5AI: Effect of temperature on compressive
modulus

TM6V-2.5AI: Effect of temperature on tensile

modulus

Temperature, F

Temperature, F
400

200

LIVE GRAPH

600

800

3?

1000

100

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600

800

1000

100

ra

90

400

200

90

80

80

CO

"Longitudinal

ZJ
3
3

"Transverse

"

70

60

70
"Longitudinal

Transverse

60

Pei

50
150

300

450

600

50

Tangent
Moduli

300

150

450

600

Temperature, C

Temperature, C
1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t .
"Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1962

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t .

"Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)-

T1-16V-2.5AI: Typical compressive tangent modulus curve

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Typical compressive tangent modulus curves

T a n g e n t modulus, 10 psi
1500

LIVE GRAPH
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1200

5
10
1 !' ' 1 !

27 C (80 F)
/ !

15
20
1 : ' ' 1

95 C (200 F)
e

205C(400F)

900

55

6 0

LIVE GRAPH

T a n g e n t modulus, 1 0 psi
10

Click here to view

15

H200
;

-4150

- 315C(600F);
425 C (800 F)- 100

55

l
480 C (900 F > v
H50

300
540^CT^000^F)J
40

80

160

120

T a n g e n t modulus, G P a

Secant
Moduli

40

80

120

T a n g e n t modulus, G P a

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, longitudinal.

Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report N o . ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F
33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1962

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, transverse.

Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, Dec 1962

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Typical compressive secant modulus

curves

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Typical compressive secant modulus

curves

Secant modulus, 10 psi

4

10

12

LIVE GRAPH

Secant modulus, 10 psi

4
6
8
10
12

Click here to view

14

16

14

1250 27 C (80 I F )

LIVE GRAPH
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95 C (200
1000 205 C (400 F)

H150

315 C(600F)
o

425

9:

750

55

5 0

(800 F)
-1100

250

30

60

90

120

Secant modulus, G P a
1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, longitudinal.
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, Dec 1962

30

60

90

120

Secant modulus, G P a
1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, transverse.
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1962

TM6V-2.5AI/1001

Room-Temperature Strength

Ti-16V-2.5Al is an age-hardenable alloy. A

range of tensile properties is attainable, with yield
strength values greater t h a n 1240 MPa (180 ksi)

possible. The formation of stress-induced martensite in solution-annealed material can result in a

relatively low ratio of yield to tensile strengths.

T1-16V-2.5AI: Mechanical design properties (B-basis)

Property(a)
Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi)
L

Yield strength, MPa (ksi)

L

Compressive yield strength MPa (ksi)

L

Shear strength, MPa (ksi)

L

Ultimate bearing strength, MPa (ksi)

e/D=1.5
L

e/D = 2.0
L

Bearing yield strength, MPa (ksi)

e/D =1.5
L

e/D = 2.0
L

Elongation, %
L

Young's modulus, GPa

L

Compressive modulus, GPa

L

0.5
(0.02)

S h e e t t h i c k n e s s , m m (in.)
1.6
(0.063)

3.2
(0.125)

1172(170)
1158(168)

1110(161)
1131(164)

1158(168)
1158(168)

1089(158)
1082(157)

1000(145)
1034(150)

1076(156)
1076(156)

1044(151)
1076(156)

1117(162)
1151(167)

717(104)
703(102)

703(102)
690(100)

731 (106)
724(105)

1531(222)
1482(215)

1613(234)
1613(234)

1620(235)
1606(233)

1738(252)
1724(250)

1944(282)
1951(283)

1951(283)
1889(274)

1400(203)
1448(210)

1434(208)
1434(208)

1455(211)
1476(214)

1558(226)
1565(227)

1593(231)
1593(231)

1710(248)
16% (246)

3.7
3.8

6.2
5.4

6.9
6.3

99.3 (14.4)
96.5 (14.0)

95.8(13.9)
97.9(14.2)
97.2(14.1)
97.2(14.1)

95.2(13.8)
96.5 (14.0)
102(14.8)
103(15.0)

(a) L, longitudinal; T, t r a n s v e r s e . 7 5 0 to 7 6 5 C ( 1 3 8 0 to 1 4 1 0 F), 3 0 m i n , air cooled + 5 2 5 to 5 3 0 C (975 to 9 9 0 F), 4 to 6 h, a i r cooled. Source:

"Determination of D e s i g n D a t a for H e a t T r e a t e d T i t a n i u m Alloy Sheet," Report N o . A S D - T D R - 6 2 - 3 3 5 , Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 ( 6 1 6 ) - 6 3 4 6 ,
Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1 9 6 2

1002 / Beta a n d Near-Beta A l l o y s

High-Temperature Strength

LIVE GRAPH

vs

Tensile
Strengths
Temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

200

150

Creep
Properties

LIVE GRAPH

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TM6V-2.5AI: Effect of temperature on yield
strength

300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Click here to view

TM6V-2.5AI: Effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
1000

600

450

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

200

150

1000

450

300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t .
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. A S D - T D R - 6 2 - 3 3 5 , Vol 1, Contract AF 3 3 (616)-6346, L o c k h e e d - G e o r g i a C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t .

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , Dec 1962

TM6V-2.5AI: Creep and rupture data

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Creep and rupture data

LIVE GRAPH

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100

100
Rupture

75

75

Rupture

\ 1 . 0 %
"* *\0.5%
S

50

50h
0.2%
2 5 h-

0.1%

0.1

1
10
100
T i m e at 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F), h

^ ^ \ ^ _ 0 . 5 %

0.1%

" - ^ ^ 0 . 2 %

0.05%^
.

^ \ 1 . 0 %
25

1000

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t ; t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , 3 1 5 C (600 F).

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. A S D - T D R - 6 2 - 3 3 5 , Vol 1, Contract AF 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

0.1

0.05%

__!

10

.7771
100

. . .'
1000

T i m e a t 3 7 0 C (700 F), h
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test temperature, 3 7 0 C (700 F).
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

TM6V-2.5AI/1003

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Creep and rupture data

100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
75

I-"
EC

CO

5 0 " 0.5%

c
CD

^>v.

Rupture

0 . 2 % ^ ^ \
\
25 " 0.1%
^ " v ^ ^ - v ^

CD
L

1.0%
0

0.05%
I

^ " ^ " ^ ^ ^

1 1 . ..Ml

0.1

> 1 1 HI

10

100

1000

T i m e at 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F ) , h
1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 2 5 C (800 F).
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for H e a t T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1 9 6 2

LIVE GRAPH
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TM6V-2.5AI: Compressive yield strength

Compressive
and Shear
Strengths
vs Temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

200

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Effect of temperature on ultimate

shear strength
T e m p e r a t u r e , F
400
600
800

200

1000

1000

10|

100

LIVE GRAPH
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75r-

Q.
c
CD

50

25
150

300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

450

600

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t .
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for H e a t T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1 9 6 2

150

300
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

450

600

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t .

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1962

1004 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fatigue Strength

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Unnotched
Fatigue

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TM6V-2.5AI: Fatigue properties of sheet at RT

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Fatigue properties of sheet at 200 C

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
100

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi

200

100

50

1200

1000

\ i o

900

= 1.0

^ 1 0 ^ \

-1

R=(\-A)/{\+A)
A

1000

1500

500

1500

1000

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 2 0 0 C (400 F); /

= 1.0.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

LIVE GRAPH

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Ti-16V-2.5AI: Fatigue properties of sheet at 315 C

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Fatigue properties of sheet at 425 C

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
150

-t

Mean stress, MPa

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) STAsheet; t e s t e d at room t e m p e r a t u r e ; K| = 1.0.

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design Data for H e a t Treated Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

100

250

Mean stress, MPa

50

= 0.3

N/Vj^

10

-1

10
300

y /
5

0
1000

600t

200

150

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
200

50

i o o q 1<1
j4

100

150

= oo

ZU1.0

200

.-,

/
:

750

75C

\ i o
1 0

500f

250

/
\ ^

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 3 1 5 C (600 F);

= 1.0.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for H e a t Treated Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1 9 6 2

-1
-6

A = 0.3

o*\c

"v^V

25C

S^S^V
\

1500

R={\-A)/(\+A)

1 0 ^ ^ ^

500
1000
Mean stress, MPa

-1

500

A = 0

>..._^. i

1000

1500

Mean stress, MPa

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 2 5 C (800 F); K|
= 1.0.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

TM6V-2.5AI/1005

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TM6V-2.5AI: Fatigue properties of sheet at 480 C

TM6V-2.5AI: Notched fatigue of sheet at RT

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
0

50

100

150

500
1000
Mean stress, MPa

200

1500

500

1000

Click here to view

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Notched fatigue properties of sheet at
315 C
M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
100
150

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
100
150
100CM

HI 4 0

H140
H120

H120
S.

7501

750I
-M00

H100
H80

5001

H60

5oq

250

500
1000
Mean stress, MPa

1500

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

TM6V-2.5AI: Notched fatigue of sheet at 200 C

cu

200

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) STAsheet; t e s t e d at room t e m p e r a t u r e , K;=2.82.

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, C o n t r a c t AF 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1 9 6 2

LIVE GRAPH

1000

Mean s t r e s s , ksi
100
150

Mean stress, M P a

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) S T A s h e e t ; t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 8 0 C (900 F); K|

= 1.0.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

Notched
Fatigue

50

1500

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) STA s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 2 0 0 C (400 F); K;

= 2.82.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy S h e e t , " Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1 9 6 2

250L^

500

1000

1500

Mean s t r e s s , M P a
1.6 m m (0.063 in.) STAsheet; t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , 3 1 5 C (600 F); K.
= 2.82.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, C o n t r a c t A F 3 3 (616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1 9 6 2

1006 / Beta a n d Near-Beta A l l o y s

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Ti-16V-2.5AI: Notched fatigue properties of sheet

at 425 C

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Notched fatigue properties of sheet

at 480 C

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
100

M e a n s t r e s s , ksi
100
150

150

1000

H140
4l20

oT

750
H100

500

250I

1500

500
1000
Mean stress, MPa

500

1500

1000

Mean stress, M P a

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 2 5 C (800 F); KJ

= 2.82.
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy Sheet," R e p o r t No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 3 3 (616)-6346, L o c k h e e d - G e o r g i a Company, D e c 1962

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test t e m p e r a t u r e , 4 8 0 C (900 F); K;

= 2.82.
S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for H e a t Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

Plastic Deformation

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TM6V-2.5AI: Typical compressive stress-strain

curves
Strain, 10"" in./in.
12
1200

18

2 7 C (80 F)
9 5 C ( 2 0 0 F)

Ti-16V-2.5AI: Typical compressive stress-strain

curves
Strain, 10"" in./in.
12

24
1400

-160

2 7 C (80 F)
9 5 C ( 2 0 0 F)
/ / ^ \ ^ 2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F) '.
/ / ^ ^ ^ 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)

2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F) - 1 4 0

900

^ 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F)
^ 4 2 5 C ( 8 0 0 F)

10001-

-120

4 8 0 C ( 9 0 0 F) - 1 0 0 "
CO
co
-80

6001-

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F)
300h

-60

24

18

co

-40
-20

/J^^^^

800h

425

( )
c

80

4 8 0 C (900 F) 2
CO

600|
4001200

My

5 4 0 C ( 1 0 0 0 F) _

0
6

12
18
Strain, 10~ m m / m m

24

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, longitudinal.

Source: "Determination of Design Data for H e a t T r e a t e d Titanium
Alloy Sheet," R e p o r t No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 3 3 (616)-6346, L o c k h e e d - G e o r g i a Company, D e c 1 9 6 2

12
18
Strain, 10" m m / m m

24

1.6 m m (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, t r a n s v e r s e .

S o u r c e : "Determination of Design D a t a for H e a t Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract AF 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia C o m p a n y , D e c 1962

TM6V-2.5AI/1007

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

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TM6V-2.5AI: Typical tensile stress-strain curves

Strain, 10

in./in.

12
1200

TM6V-2.5AI: Typical tensile stress-strain curves

Strain, 10"

18

'

24

27C(80F)

1200

X^--

205C(400F)

/ / / 3 1 5 C ( 6 0 0 F )

// jy'
co
co

425 C (800 F)

/^-
"

/ ^ " ^

' 100
" 80

480 C (900 F)

60

900

- 120

/ / / / '
/

"
co"

600

_L

12

18

24

27 C (80 F)
95 C (200 F)

205 C (400 F)

- 140

^
/

315 C (600 F) J
5

600
/

C (900 F)

80

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, longitudinal.

Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report N o . ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, D e c 1962

*
CO
CO

ffl

60
540 C (1000 F)

20

Strain, 10" mm/mm

120

C (800 F)

en

24

160

100

40

540 C (1000 F)

18

95 C (200 F)
900

in./in.

12

40
20

12

"

18

24

Strain, 10~ mm/mm

3

1.6 mm (0.063 in.) S T A s h e e t ; test direction, transverse.

Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium
Alloy Sheet," Report N o . ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Contract A F 33(616)-6346, Lockheed-Georgia Company, Dec 1962

I Advanced Materials

Titanium A l u m i n i d e s / 1 0 1 1

| Titanium Aluminides
In recent years, alloying and processing have
been used to control the ordered crystal structure,
microstructural features, and grain boundary
structure and composition to overcome the brittleness inherent to ordered intermetallics (Ref 1-3).
Success in this work has inspired parallel efforts
aimed at improving strength properties. The results have led to t h e development of a number of
attractive intermetallic alloys with useful ductility
and strength.
Alloy design work has centered primarily on
aluminides of nickel, iron, and titanium (Ref 1-3).
These materials possess a number of attributes
t h a t make t h e m attractive for high-temperature
applications. They contain sufficient amounts of
aluminum to form, in oxidizing environments, thin
t h a t often are compact
films of alumina
and protective (Ref 4). These materials have low
densities, relatively high melting points, and good
high-temperature strength properties.
Many of t h e alurninides exist over a range of

compositions, but the degree of order decreases as

the deviation from stoichiometry increases. Additional elements can also be incorporated without
losing t h e ordered structure. In many instances,
the so-called intermetallic compounds can be used
as bases for alloy development to improve or optimize properties for specific applications.
Because of their low density, titanium aluminides based on ^ and TiAl have been considered attractive candidates for applications in advanced aerospace engine components. Despite a
lack of fracture resistance (low ductility, fracture
toughness, and fatigue crack growth rate), the titanium aluminides
(a-2) and TiAl () have potential for enhanced performance.
In addition to low ductility at ambient temperatures, the oxidation resistance of titanium
aluminides is lower than desirable at elevated
temperatures (Ref 5-7). The titanium aluminides
are characterized by a strong tendency to form
at high temTi02 r a t h e r t h a n the protective
peratures. Because of this tendency, a key factor in
increasing the maximum use temperatures of
these aluminides is enhancing their oxidation resistance while maintaining adequate levels of
creep a n d strength retention at elevated temperatures.

T13AI

(AI2O3)

AI2O3

*
Information i n the d a t a s h e e t s ' T i t a n i u m A l u m i n i d e s , " " T 1 3 A I
A l l o y s , " and " G a m m a A l l o y s " w a s e x t r a c t e d f r o m the article "Ordered I n t e r m e t a l l i c s " b y C T . l i u , J.O. Stiegler, a n d F.H. F r o e s , in
ASM

Vol 2 , 1 9 9 0 , w i t h additional i n f o r m a t i o n

Handbook,

from

S . C . H u a n g , B . Marquardt, and R.G. R o w e o f G e n e r a l Electric

Company.

Properties of nickel, iron, and titanium aluminides

Crystal
structure(a)

Alloy
Ni Al
NiAl
Fe Al

LI2 (ordered fee)

Bl (ordered bec)

OO3 (ordered bec)

Bl (ordered bec)
Bl (ordered bec)

FcAl

DO j 9 (ordered
hep)

TiAl

L\q
(ordered
tetragonal

T1AI3

DO22 (ordered

Critical ordering

Melting

temperature
C
F

point
C

op

Material
density,
g/cm

Young's
modulus
GPa
10 psi

1390
1640
540
760
1250
1100

2535
2985
1000
1400
2280
2010

1390
1640
1540
1540
1250
1600

2535
2985
2805
2805
2280
2910

7.50
5.86
6.72

179
294
141

25.9
42.7
20.4

5.56
4.2

261
145

37.8
21.0

1460

2660

1460

2660

3.91

176

25.5

1350

2460

1350

2460

3.4

tetragonal)

(a) fee, face-centered cubic; bec, b o d y - c e n t e r e d cubic; cph, close-packed h e x a g o n a l . S o u r c e : ASM Handbook,

Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., 1990

Properties of titanium aluminides, titanium-base conventional alloys, and nickel-base superalloys

Conventional
Property
Density, g/cm
Modulus, GPaOO psi)
Yield strength, MPa (ksi)(a)
Tensile strength, MPa (ksi)(a)
Creep limit, C(F)
Oxidation limit, C (F)
Ductility at room temperature, %
Ductility at high temperature, %
Structure
3

Nickel-base

titanium alloys

TisAl

TiAl

superalloys

4.5
96-117(14-17)
380-1150(55-167)
480-1200(70-174)
600(1110)
600(1110)
20
High
eph/bec

4.1-4.7
100-145(14.5-21)
700-990 (101-144)
800-1140(116-165)
760(1400)
650(1200)
2-10
10-20
D0

3.7-3.9
160-176(23.2-25.5)
400-650(58-94)
450-800(65-116)
1000(1830)
900(1650)
1-4
10-60
Ll

8.3
206(30)

(a) A t room t e m p e r a t u r e . Source: ASM Handbook,

1 9

Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., 1 9 9 0 , p 9 2 6

1090(1995)
1090(1995)
3-5
10-20
fcc/Z^

1012 / Advanced Materials

Titanium aluminides: Property comparison of titanium aluminides with titanium alloys and superalloys
Property

Ti alloys

Density, g/cm Ob/in. )

Stiffness.GPailC^psi)
Creep temperature (max), C(F)
Oxidation temperature (max), C(F)
Ductility, RT, %
Ductility, operating temperature, %
3

4.54(0.16)
110(16)
540(1000)
590(1095)
15
15

Superalloys

a-2
4.04(0.14)
176(25)
900(1650)
815(1500)
1-3
5-12

4.84(0.17)
145(21)
730(1345)
705(1300)
2-4
5-12

Source: J . C . C h e s n u t t , T i t a n i u m A l u n i i n i d e s for A e r o s p a c e Appheations, i n Superalloys

8.3 (0.30)
207(30)
1090(1995)
1090(1995)
3-10
10-20

1992, S.D. Antolovich, R.W. S t u s r u d , R . A MacKay,

D . L . A n t o n , T. K h a n , R.D. Kissinger, a n d D . L . Klarstrom, Ed., T h e Minerals, M e t a l s a n d M a t e r i a l s Society, 1992

Titanium aluminides: Processing capability

Alloy
Conventional
Alpha 2
Gamma

Ingot metallurgy

Forging

Sheet rolling

Casting

Yes
Yes
With difficulty

Yes
Yes
With difficulty

Yes
With difficulty
With difficulty

Yes
Limited
Yes

Titanium aluminides: Mechanical property comparison

Alpha-2

Gamma

1100 MPa (159 ksi) UTS with 2-3% tensile ductility at room temperature
Up to 6% tensile ductility at room temperature
620 MPa (90 ksi) UTS at 760 C (1400 F)
Good HCF for K = 1
Good oxidation resistance
t

620 MPa (90 ksi) with 3% tensile ductility at room temperature

550 MPa (80 ksi) UTS at 760 C (1400 F); 380 MPa (55 ksi)
UTS at 870 C (1600 F)
Excellent oxidation resistance
More fire resistant than conventional titanium alloys

Source: Superalloys
1992, S.D. A n t o l o v i c h , R.W. S t u s r u d , R A MacKay, D.L. A n t o n , T. K h a n , R.D. Kissinger, a n d D.L. Klarstrom, Ed., The
M i n e r a l s , M e t a l s a n d M a t e r i a l s Society, 1 9 9 2

References
1. High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys, Materials Research Society Symposia
Proceedings, Vol 39, C C . Koch, C.T. Liu and
N.S. Stoloff, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1985
2. High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys II, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol 81, N.S. Stoloff, C C .
Koch, C.T. Liu, and O. Izumi, Ed., Materials
Research Society, 1987
3. High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Proceedings, Vol 133, C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S.
Stoloff, and C C Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989
4. .A. Aitken, Intermetallic Compounds, J.H.
Westbrook, Ed., Wiley, 1967, 491-516
5. N.S. Choudhury, H . C Graham, and J.W.
Hinze, in Properties ofHigh Temperature Alloys with Emphasis on Environmental Effects, Electrochemical Society, 1976,
668-680
6. . Khobaib and F. W. Vahldiek, in Space Age
Metals Technology, Vol 2, F.H. Froes and
R A . Cull, Ed., Society for t h e Advancement
of Material and Processing Engineering,

Titanium aluminides: Creep behavior comparison

C o n v e n t i o n a l Ti-5-5-2-2

M j

100
C o n v e n t i o n a l Ti-6-2-4-2

IMI 8 2 9

10
25

30
35
Larson-Miller p a r a m e t e r ,
P = (7+460)(20+log 0 x 1 0 "

40

C o m p a r i s o n of t h e c r e e p behavior of conventional titanium alloys

a n d titanium aluminide intermetallics.
S o u r c e : F.H. F r o e s , Mater. Edge, No. 5, May 1 9 8 8

1988, 262-270
7. J. Subrahmanyam, Cyclic Oxidation of Ahiminated Ti-14Al-24Nb Alloy, J. Mater. Sci.,
Vol 23,1988, 1906-1910

Titanium Aluminides /1013

T 1 3 A I ( 2 or

-2)

3 has an ordered DO19 structure t h a t contains three independent slip systems t h a t account
for dislocation motion on the basal {0001}, prism
{1010}, and pyramidal {0221} planes (Ref 1, 2).
Prism slip requires only a single dislocation without creating a near-neighbor antiphase boundary,
and additional slip requires movement of two dislocations (superdislocations) (Ref 3). In addition,
two independent slip systems involving (c + a) slip
occur to satisfy the Von Mises criterion for uniform
deformation.
Compositional Stability. The a-2 (Ti Al) alloy has a wide range of compositional stability with
aluminum contents of 22 to 39 at.%. The compound
is congruently disordered at a temperature of 1180
C (2155 F) and an aluminum content of 32 at.%.
The stoichiometric composition, Ti-25A1, is stable
up to about 1090 C (1995 F) (Ref 4). Ternary
phase diagrams centered around the a-2 phase
have been a subject of research and debate (Ref 58); the Ti-Al-Nb ternary for a-2 alloys at 900 C is
well established (see "Ti Al-Nb (O-Phase)" in this
introduction).

2. W.J.S. Yang, " C Component Dislocations in

Deformed T 1 3 A I , Metall. Trans. A, Vol 13,
1982, 324
3. H.A. Lipsitt, D. Schechtman, and R.E.
Schafrik, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 11, 1980,
1369
4. T.B. Massalski, Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Vol 1 and 2, American Society for
Metals, 1986
5. H. Bohm and K. Lohberg, Uber eine Uberstrukturphase vom CsCl-Typ im System Titan-Molybdan-Aluminum, Z. Metallk., Vol
49,1958, 173-178
6. .J. Jewett et al., in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol
133, CT. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S. Stoloff, and
C.C. Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society,
1989, 69-74
7. .J. Kaufmanetal., in.Sixth World Conference on Titanium, Part II, P. Lacombe et al.,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989, 985990
8. R.G. Rowe, High Temperature Aluminides
and Intermetallics, S.H. Whang, CT. Liu,
and D. Pope, Ed., TMS, 1990

References
1. W.J.S. Yang, Observations of Superdislocation Networks in Ti3Al-Nb, J. Mater. Sci.
Lett., Vol 1,1982, 199-202

Tensile data for P/M single-phase T i A I

3

Temperature
"C
F
25

77

400

750

600

1110

700

1290

800

1470

900

1650

Powder
type(a)
R
R
R

R
R
R

R
R
R
R

R
R
R
R
R

Elastic
modulus
GPa

147.2
133.1

111.7
111.7

94.6
94.1
96.2

73.1

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

21
19

16
16

13.7
13.6
13.9

10.6

570.4

82.7

564.0
397.3
523.7
311.7
347.7
443.8
442.7
412.7
425.4
386.2
411.2
247.5
375.1
384.7
345.4
271.2

81.8
57.6
75.9
45.2
50.4
64.3
64.2
59.8
61.7
56.0
59.6
35.9
54.4
55.8
50.1
39.3

507.5

73.6

498.9
598.5
476.4
523.5
519.9
496.0
410.9
479.9
495.6
393.0
320.6

72.3
86.8
69.1
75.9
75.4
71.9
59.5
69.6
71.9
56.9
46.5

Fracture
stress
MPa

ksi

533.5
473.7
337.0
564.0
679.9
598.8
576.4
655.0
590.9
608.9
581.6
571.8
553.9
514.4
586.1
642.4
692.2

77.3
68.7
48.8
81.8
98.6
86.8
83.6
95.0
85.7
88.3
84.3
82.9
80.3
74.6
85.0
93.1
100.4

533.6

77.4

626.8

90.9

537.2
474.0

77.9
68.7

Elonga- Reduction
tion,
of area, S p e c i m e n
%
%
typeflb)
0.5

0.4
0.3

0
0.1
1.6
0.6

0.3
0.3
3.0
3.7
1.8
2.7
3.9
0.9
3.0
6.7
8.3
7.0
3.6
1.7
9.0

0
0
0.4
0
0.2

0
0.4
2.2
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.7
3.5
4.8
4.7
4.4
3.6
4.6
2.1
4.2
9.1
10.3
9.5
4.5
4.7
2.0
13.6

A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

(a) indicates type A s p e c i m e n m a n u f a c t u r e d from m a c h i n e chip p o w d e r (TU15.2A1); R i n d i c a t e s Type A s p e c i m e n m a n u f a c t u r e d from rotating electrode p o w d e r (Ti17.1A1). (b) S p e c i m e n Type A i s 5 7 . 1 5 m m (2.25 in.) long; s t r a i n r a t e , 0.036 c m / m i n . S p e c i m e n Type i s 2 2 . 9 m m (0.9 in.) long; s t r a i n rate, 0.064 cm/min. Source: Metall.
Trans. A, Vol 11A, A u g 1980, 1 3 7 1

1014 / A d v a n c e d Materials

T13AI: Crystal structure

Aluminum

[ 2 1 1 0

(a)

(b)

(a) ) o h e x a g o n a l superiatlice structure of "3 with lattice c o n s t a n t s of c = 0.420 n m a n d a- 0.577 n m . (b) Possible slip p l a n e s a n d slip vectors
in the structure.
S o u r c e : W . J . S . Yang, J.Mater. So.Lett.,Vol
1 , 1 9 8 2 , 199-202; W . J . S . Yang,Metall. Trans.A, Vol 1 3 , 1 9 8 2 , p 3 2 4
19

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-AI

The -TiAl phase h a s an L l ordered face-centered tetragonal structure (Ref 1-3), which has a
wide range (49 to 66 at.% Al) of temperature-dependent stability (Ref 1). At the equiatomic TiAl
composition, the cla ratio is 1.02; tetragonality increases up to cla = 1.03 with increasing aluminum
concentration (Ref 4-6). VVTthin the compositional
range specified at off-stoichiometric compositions,
excess titanium or aluminum atoms occupy antisites without creating constitutional vacancies
(Ref 7). The - phase apparently remains ordered up to its melting point of approximately
1450 C (2640 F).
The layered arrangement of titanium and alu0

minum atoms on successive (002) planes and the

slight tetragonality of cla = 1.02 gives rise to two
types of dislocations with l/2(110)-type Burgers
vectors on (111} in -TiAl: ordinary dislocations
1/2(110) and superdislocations (011) = 1/2(011) +
1/2(011) that will leave the superlattice undisturbed. Another superdislocation, with a Burgers
vector of 1/2(112), has also been suggested (Ref 8,
9). The superdislocation core can dissociate further into other complex partial dislocations, which
are energetically more favorable, involving planar
defects such as stacking faults and antiphase
boundaries (Ref 8-10). The 1/6(112) on {111} partials form twin dislocations, but 1/6(211) partials

T i t a n i u m A l u m i n i d e s /1015

Tensile data for single-phase TiAl (60-40 at. %)

Temperature
op
C

Remarks or
pre treatment

25

77

600

1110

Electropolished
As extruded

700

1290

As extruded

800

1470

As extruded

900

1650

High strain rate

As extruded

1830

High strain rate

Exposed to air for
168hat900C
100hat900C
100hatl000C
As extruded

1000

Tensile yield
s t r e n g t h (0.2%)

Elastic modulus
GPa

10 psi

161.0
176.9
174.1
162.0
151.7
159.6
147.2
128.0
133.8
132.8
115.3
115.3
116.0

23.3
25.6
25.2
23.5
22.0
23.1
21.3
18.5
19.4
19.2
16.7
16.7
16.8

115.3

16.7

91.0
95.8

13.2
13.9

As extruded

MPa

(a) R e t e s t e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . S o u r c e : Metall.

ksi

417.8
404.0
359.2
368.2
301.0
286.1
335.1
148.2
147.5
286.1

60.6
58.6
52.1
53.4
43.6
41.5
48.6
21.5
21.4
41.5

352.3
324.1

51.1
47.0

219.3
220.3
301.3

31.8
31.9
43.7

164.4
172.7
158.9
111.7
131.7

23.8
25.0
23.0
16.2
19.1

174.1
179.6
182.7
129.3
167.5

25.2
26.0
26.5
18.7
24.3

[101]

[001]

[011]
Al

Ti

(a)

[101]

1 1 2

[121]

/2<110] Ve<2lT] + Ve<121]

<011] Ve<112] + Ve<121] + Ve<112] + Ve<121]
Ve<112] + V3<112] + /2<110]
1

Fracture
stress
MPa
ksi

Elongation,
%

Reduction
of area,
%

445.4
486.1
487.5
477.8
473.0
426.8
450.9
359.9
348.9
375.8
216.5
191.7
322.7

64.6
70.5
70.7
69.3
68.6
61.9
65.4
52.2
50.6
54.5
31.4
27.8
46.8

-0.1

0.47
0.78
0.62
0.78
10.45
9.21
0.31
27.6
35.9
8.42

1.65
2.08
1.03
1.95
13.8
19.35
0.67
39.0
39.7
9.45

194.1

28.1

55.0
46.8
28.1

67.5
62.3
32.4

20.0

137.9
(a)

0.75
0.69

(a)
37.2

Trans. A, Vol 6, N o v 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 9 3

-TiAI: Crystal structure

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

/2<12] Ve<112] + /3<112]

1

- Ve<112] + Ve<211] + Ve<121] + Ve<112]

(b)
(a) O r d e r e d f a c e - c e n t e r e d tetragonal (L1 ) TiAl structure. S h a d e d
a r e a r e p r e s e n t s t h e (111) plane, (b) Slip dislocations o n (111) plane,
ordinary dislocations 1/2(110), superdislocatjons (011) a n d
1/2(112), a n d twin dislocations 1/6(112) with possible dissociations.
S o u r c e : E . S . B u m p s ef al., Trans. A/ME, Vol 1 9 4 , 1 9 5 2 , p 6 0 9 - 6 1 4
0

are forbidden as twinning dislocations in the L I q

structure (Ref 11,12).
In single-phase alloys containing 52 to 54
at.% Al, deformation at room temperature occurs
by motion of both ordinary and superdislocations;
however, the superdislocations [011] and [101] are
largely immobile because segments of the trailing
l/6[112]-type superpartials form faulted dipoles
t h a t m u s t be extended as deformation progresses
(Ref 8-10,12,13). Increasing temperature and decreasing aluminum content increase the 1/2(110)
slip activity as the faulted dipoles disappear and
twinning dominates (Ref 13, 14). In two-phase Ti48A1, t h e deformation modes of primary grains
are twinning with (112) twin dislocations and slip
by l/2[110]-type dislocations.
The extremely low ductility values at ambient
temperature and t h e increased ductility with increasing temperatures strongly influence the observed fracture mode. Tensile and fatigue specimens indicate t h a t t h e predominant fracture
modes are cleavage at low temperatures due to dislocation pile-up and intergranular fracture above
the brittle-ductile transition temperature (Ref 1317).
References
1. H.R. Ogden et al., Constitution of TitaniumAluminum Alloys, Trans. AIME, Vol 191,1951,
1150-1155
2. D. Clark, K S . Kepson, and G.I. Lewis, A Study
of the Itanium-Aluminum System up to 40
at.% Aluminum, J. Inst. Met., Vol 91, 19621963, 197
3. Y.-W. Kim, Intermetallic Alloys Based on
Gamma Titanium Aluminide, J. Met., Vol 41
(No. 7), 1989, 24-30
4. E.S. Bumps, H.D. Kessler, and M. Hansen, Titanium-Aluminum System, Trans. AIME, Vol
194,1952, 609-614
5. P. Duwez and J.L. Taylor, Crystal Structure of
TiAl,J.Mei.,1952,p70
6. S.C. Huang, E.L. Hall, and M.F.X. Gigliotti, in
High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys II, Materials Research Society Symposia

1016 / Advanced Materials

TiAl: Fracture mechanism map

Temperature, C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

0.2

0.4
0.6
H o m o l o g o u s t e m p e r a t u r e , 7V T

0.8

Normalizing p a r a m e t e r s : T = 1 7 4 3 K, E = 1 7 3 . 6 - 0 . 0 3 4 7(in C).

S o u r c e : K r i s h n a m o h a n r a o ef al., Fracture M e c h a n i s m M a p s forTi, Acta Metall., Vol 3 4 , 1 9 8 6 , 1 7 8 3 - 1 8 0 6
m

Proceedings, Vol 81, N.S. Stoloff, C C . Koch,

C.T. Liu, and O. Izumi, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1987, 481-486
7. R.P. Elliott and W. Rostoker, The Influence of
Aluminum on the Occupation of Lattice Sites
in the TiAl Phase, Acta Metall., Vol 2, 1954,
884-885
8. G. Hug, A. Loiseau, and A. Lasalmonie, Nature
and Dissociation ofthe Dislocations in TiAl Deformed at Room Temperature, Philos. Mag. A,
Vol 54 (No. 1), 1986, 47-65
9. . Kawabata and O. Izumi, Dislocation Structures in TiAl Single Crystals Deformed at 77K,
Scr. Metall, Vol 21,1987, 433-434
10. G. Hug, A. Loiseau, and P. Veyssiere, WeakBeam Observation of a Dissociation Transition
in Ti-Al, Philos. Mag. A, Vol 57 (No. 3), 1988,
499-523
11. D.W. Pashley, J.L. Robertson, and M.J. Stowell, The Deformation of Cu Au \,Philos. Mag. A,
8th series, Vol 19,1969, 83
12. D. Schechtman, M.J. Blackburn, and H.A. Lipsitt, The Plastic Deformation of TiAl, Metall.

Trans., Vol 5,1974, 1373

13. H.A. Lipsitt, D. Schechtman, and R.E.
Schafrik, The Deformation and Fracture of
TiAl at Elevated Temperatures, Metall. Trans.
A, Vol 6,1975, 1991
14. E.L. Hall and S.-C. Huang, in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings,
Vol 133, C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S. Stoloff, and
C C Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society,
1989, 693-698
15. . Kawabata and O. Izumi, Dislocation Reactions and Fracture Mechanism in TiAl L l
Type Intermetallic Compound, Scr. Metall, Vol
21,1987, 435-440
16. . Kawabata et al, Bend Tests and Fracture
Mechanisms of TiAl Single Crystals at 2931083 K, Acta Metall, Vol 36 (No. 4), 1988,
963-975
17. S.M.L. Sastry and H.A. Lipsitt, Fatigue Deformation of TiAl Base Alloys, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol 8,1977, 299

At higher niobium levels, the 0C2 phase evolves

to a new ordered orthorhombic structure that is
based on the composition T^ALNb (O phase),
which h a s been observed in titanium aluminides
with compositions from Ti-25Al-12.5Nb to Ti-25A130Nb (Ref 1-4). The crystal structures of the cc2
and ordered orthorhombic phases are compared in
t h e accompanying figure, which shows the basal
planes a n d atomic positions in t h e lanes above and
below t h e plane of sheet.
In t h e ordered orthorhombic T^ALNb phase,
Banerjee and Mozer et al., have independently obtained results that are consistent with a preferential occupation of one of the D0i$ titanium subsites
by niobium atoms (Ref 3, 5). This results in rear-

rangement to a structure with orthorhombic

rather t h a n hexagonal symmetry. The triangular
regions superimposed on the diagram reveal this
distortion in the atomic positions of the next layer
of atoms in each structure.
Single-phase alloys of ordered orthorhombic
have excellent creep resistance, particularly after
beta h e a t treatment. However, a fine two-phase
structure of and ordered beta ( ) leads to significant strengthening and better room-temperature
ductility and fracture resistance than single-phase
alloys. The phase exhibits better strength and
toughness t h a n 3 . Additional information on
alloys with phase is provided in the following article " 3 Alloys."

Ti AI-Nb (O Phase)
2

Titanium Aluminides /1017

References
1. R.G. Rowe, The Mechanical Properties of titanium Aluminides Near Ti-25Al-25Nb, in Microstructure IProperty Relationships in Titanium Alloys and Titanium Aluminides, Y. Kim
and R.R. Boyer, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1990, 387398
2. R.G. Rowe, "Recent Developments in Ti-al-Nb
Alloys," in High Temperature Aluminides and
Intermetallics, S.H. Whang, D.P Pope, and
J.O. Stagier, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1990, 375-401
3. D. Banerjee, A New Ordered Orthorhombic

Phase in a TigAl-Nb Alloy, Acta Metall., Vol 36,

1989, 871-882
4. .J. Kaufman, T.J. Broderick, C H . Ward, and
R.G. Rowe, Phase Relationships in the TigAl +
Nb System, in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989, 985-990
5. . Moser, L A . Bendersky, W.J. Boettinger, and
R.G. Rowe, Neutron Powder Diffraction Study
of the Orthorhombic Ti2AlNb Phase, Scr. Metall. Mater., Vol 24,1990, 2363-2368

Basal plane schematics for the oa (DO19 and O) (ordered orthorhombic) phases

T h e large circles indicate atomic positions in t h e plane of the p a p e r . S m a l l e r circles represent a t o m s in p l a n e s a b o v e a n d below t h e plane of t h e
paper.
S o u r c e : B. Mozer era/., Scr. Metall. Mater., Vol 2 4 , 1 9 9 0 , 2 3 6 3 - 2 3 6 8

1018 / A d v a n c e d Materials

Ti-AI-Nb ternary section at 900 C

Ti

Ti-60Nb

Ti-

T h e solid points w e r e single p h a s e a t 9 0 0 C, t h e o p e n points had two p h a s e s , a n d o p e n triangles divided into t h r e e s e g m e n t s contained three
p h a s e s at 9 0 0 C, a n ordered orthorhombic p h a s e with C m c m symmetry lies b e t w e e n 2 5 a n d 2 8 at.% Al for Nb c o n t e n t s of 1 5 to 3 0 at.%. T h e
p h a s e h a d a n orderd B2 (csCI structure) crystal structure for compositions n e a r t h e aluminum solubility limit for this p h a s e (approximately 13-15
a t . % Al). D i s a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e p h a s e b o u n d a r y compositions a n d tie-line compositions s u g g e s t e d that equilibration of t h e p h a s e
w a s not a c h i e v e d in 6 0 0 h o u r s at 9 0 0 C o v e r t h e 10 to 12 at.% Al composition r a n g e b e t w e e n the and p h a s e s .
S o u r c e : R.G. R o w e , etal., P h a s e Equilibria in Ti-AI-Nb Alloys n e a r Ti NbAI, S e v e n t h World C o n f e r e n c e on Titanium, 1 9 9 3
0

Ti AI Alloys/1019
3

3 Alloys
Common Name: Alpha-2 Aluminide Alloys

The semicommercial and experimental Ti Al

alloys developed to date are two phase (-2 + /2),
with contents of 23 to 25 at.% Al and 11 to 18 at.%
Nb. Alloy compositions with current engineering
significance are Ti-24Al-llNb (Ref 1, 2), Ti-25A110Nb-3V-lMo (Ref 3), Ti-25Al-17Nb-lMo (Ref 4),
and modified alloy compositions such as -24.516Nb-6(Ta, Mo, Cr, V).
The current understanding of T13AI, based
from a recent review article (D. Banerjee et al.,
Physical Metallurgy of T13AI Based Alloys, International Symposium on Structural Intermetallics,
TMS/AIME) suggests the following:

The phase should be the major constituent of

tough alloys and therefore these should contain typically greater than 15% Nb
3

Nb is also desirable for high-temperature

strength and stress rupture capability

Al contents greater than 25% are unacceptably

detrimental to toughness

Mo additions of about 1% are desirable for

high-temperature strength

Only lath structures provide adequate creep

resistance but must be optimised for strength,
ductility, and creep

No real problems associated with processing

exist
Much of the early work on the a-2 titanium aluminides was conducted on Ti-24Al-llNb (at.%).
More recently, work has focused on characterizing
Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo, which has higher tensile
strength and creep resistance t h a n Ti-24Al-llNb.
Of late, some work has focused on Ti-24.5A112.5Nb-1.5Mo, which has improved oxidation resistance over Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo with similar
mechanical properties. Alloys with a two-phase
microstructure of ordered orthorhombic aluminide
(Ti2Al-Nb) and ordered beta ( ) are also being
studied at higher niobium contents (Ti-25Al-25Nb,
at.%). Ordered orthorhombic (O) appears to im0

prove fracture toughness and creep resistance. In

contrast niobium additions to generally enhance most material properties, although excessive niobium can degrade creep performance of
two-phase T^Al alloys (a-2 + /2). Niobium can
be replaced by specific elements for improved
strength (molybdenum, tantalum, or chromium),
creep resistance (molybdenum), and oxidation resistance (tantalum, molybdenum).
Material Processing. Microstructural features that can be varied by thermomechanical
processing include primary a-2 grain size and volume fraction, secondary a-2 plate morphology and
thickness, and t h e presence of secondary grains
(Ref 5). Beta processing generally results in elongated Widmanstatten a-2 in large primary
grains in a m a n n e r similar to that in conventional
titanium alloys (Ref 6).
Up to 4 wt% can be dissolved in titanium alloys at elevated temperatures. This hydrogen can
then be used to improve processibility, and final
mechanical properties are enhanced after its removal. Removal of the hydrogen can be easily
achieved by vacuum annealing (Ref 7, 8). This
thermomechanical processing technique allows titanium aluminides to be processed at reduced temperatures (Ref 7-10) and results in a finer microstructure (Ref 7,8,10,11).
P r o d u c t Forms/Applications. Although a
number of demonstration parts have been produced and tested, it is not currently used on a production basis. The material has been produced in
most forms including castings, forgings, extrusions, and rolled sheet. Its mechanical properties
are strongly effected by microstructure a n d processing. For example, the room-temperature tensile ductility of rolled sheet material may exceed
20% elongation, whereas that of cast or heat
treated material may be less than 1% elongation.
Microstructural response to various processing parameters have been identified {Met. Trans., 23A,
295-305; and P. Sagar Mater Sci & Engr, 1993).

Phases and Structures

Ternary phase diagrams centered on the T13AI
phase and the pseudobinary Ti Al-Nb (O-phase)
system have been a subject of considerable research (Ref 12-15). The ternary Ti-Al-Nb section at
900 C h a s been well established (see t h e previous
introductory article "Titanium Aluminides'' in this
Volume). The phase is stable over a large range
3

*
T h e s e c t i o n "Microstructural Stability" w a s e x t r a c t e d f r o m an
article b y R . G . R o w e , " A d v a n c e d T i 3 A l - P h a s e A l l o y Property
C o m p a r i s o n , " Synthesis, Processing
and Modelling
of
Advanced
Materials,
A S M International, 1991

of Nb contents, and it can dissolve a greater fraction of beta stabilizers such as Mo and V into solid
solution t h a n can the a-2 phase. Solid-solution effects on phase properties may be a topic of research.
The alloys t h a t are being studied for potential
engineering use generally contain high levels of
stabilizers such as niobium and, as a result, contain a small volume fraction of phase, which also
may be ordered. When cooled rapidly from heat
treatment or processing temperatures, t h e microstructure often contains an ordered orthorhombic

1020 / Advanced Materials

() phase in addition to the ordered hexagonal and

phases. At niobium contents of less than 5 at.%, a
martensitic transformation to the phase occurs
during rapid cooling from the high-temperature
phase (Ref 14,16,17).
Increased niobium contents suppress the
martensitic transformation, and or B2 can be retained at room temperature (Ref 14, 16, 18). This
quenched-in B2 phase is metastable, and it contains transitional microstructures and phases
such as antiphase boundaries (Ref 16,17), "tweed"
microstructures (Ref 14, 16, 19, 20), the phase
and fine phase particles (Ref 19). The transforms to a-2 on heat t r e a t m e n t in a similar manner to the transformation t h a t occurs in conventional terminal titanium alloys (Ref 6).
Microstructural Stability.* T^Al-based alloys all appear to have microstructures that are kinetically stable, but not necessarily in equihbrium
at potential service temperatures. This occurs because of the slow redistribution of aluminum and
niobium between a and phases at low temperatures. It has been shown in Ti-25Al-12.5Nb, however, t h a t there is a large difference in the a and
or phase compositions between service temperatures (650 C, or 1200 F) and heat treatment
temperature (900 to 1000 C, or 1650 to 1830 F)
(Ref 21, 22). In Ti-25Al-12.5Nb, annealing for 1 h
at 1040 C (1905 F) led to a compositional separation into phase of the composition Ti-22.8A118.1Nb and an 02 phase of the composition Ti28.1Al-11.3Nb. This heat treatment was chosen
because it is characteristic of the two-phase annealed microstructures for many titanium aluminides and represents the microstructure in
which many alloys are evaluated. After aging at
650 C (1200 F) for 68 h, disordered phase precipitation at grain boundaries had the composition
Ti-6.2Al-44.5Nb.
Titanium aluminides heat treated at temperatures much higher t h a n their service temperature
hence appear to have a relatively large chemical
driving force to shift to new a and phase compo2

sitions. In the case of Ti-25Al-12.5Nb, the phase

at elevated temperatures changed to disordered
low aluminum bec phase after aging at 650 C
(1200 F). The slow kinetics of bulk diffusion at
650 C (1200 F) appears to have lead to discontinuous precipitation.
It has been observed t h a t aging Ti-25Al-10Nb3V-lMo at 870 C (1600 F) after oil quenching
from 1085 C (1990 F) leads to cellular recrystallization or autorecrystallization (Ref 23). Given
the large phase composition shifts observed in Ti25Al-12.5Nb between 1040 and 650 C (1905 and
1200 F), discontinuous precipitation may also occur in Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo. Discontinuous precipitation has been observed in Ti-25Al-30Nb after
aging 100 h at 870 C (1600 F) (Ref 24). It was not
observed in Ti-22Al-27Nb aged for the same time.
This suggests that high-niobium + alloys also
have the potential for discontinuous precipitation,
but that for Ti-22Al-27Nb, the kinetics may be
slower than for Ti-25Al-30Nb or Ti-25Al-10Nb-3VlMo.
0

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo: Beta approach curve

Temperature,
1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

100

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

1120

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : B. Marquardt (General Electric), 7th WoridConference
Titanium

on

Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo: T T T diagram
12000

1100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
900

700

500

Optical only
+ X-ray + S E M + TEM
Opt + X-ray + S E M
SEM only

300
10

Opt + X-ray
10"

10

10*

10=

10

10'

Time, s
T h e s y m b o l s r e p r e s e n t t h e a c t u a l t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e combinations that w e r e e v a l u a t e d .
S o u r c e : A. Bartz, "The Time-Temperature-Transformatjon Kinetics of Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo Alloys," M a s t e r s thesis, Wright S t a t e University,
1992

T i A I Alloys/1021
3

Oxidation

Isothermal oxidation behavior of 3 base alloys is not very different from IMI 834 at 650 to 700 C.
Isothermal oxidation in air at 705 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

"

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0.5I

* T i - 2 4 . 5 A I - 1 2 . 5 N b - 1 . 5 M o (at.%)

LIVE GRAPH

Isothermal oxidation in air at 650 C

"Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo

Ti-5AI-10Nb-3V-1 Mo

"Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1Mo
0.4

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (wt%)

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (wt%)

9)

0.3I

J * '

-"

c/

-A

0.2

,'
0.1
'

25

50

75

100

25

50

Time, h

100

75

Time, h

S o u r c e : J . C . Schaeffer, I s o t h e r m a l Oxidation B e h a v i o r of A l p h a - 2
T i t a n i u m Aluminide Alloys, Scr. Metall., s u b m i t t e d for publication

S o u r c e : J . C . Schaeffer, I s o t h e r m a l Oxidation B e h a v i o r of Alpha-2

Titanium Aluminide Alloys, Scr. Metall., s u b m i t t e d for publication

Mechanical Properties

Typical mechanical properties for a number of

a-2 alloys are listed in t h e accompanying table.
High-niobium (O phase) alloys with the orthorhombic Ti2Al-Nb ordered phase are listed separately. Large gains in toughness can be achieved
when t h e orthorhombic (O) phase forms as the major constituent rather t h a n the a-2. The best com-

binations of strength and ductility are obtained

when 0 2 / 0 phase particles are completely encased
by B2 films in the microstructure (D. Banerjee et
al., Physical Metallurgy of T 1 3 A I Based Alloys, International Symposium on Structural Intermetallics, TMS/AIME, 1993).

Properties of a-2 T i Al alloys with various microstructures

3

Tensile yield

Ultimate tensile
strength

strength
Alloy

Microstructure(a)

-251
Ti-24Al-llNb
Ti-24Al-14Nb
Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo

Ti-24.5Al-17Nb
Ti-25Al-17Nb-lMo

FW
W
W
FW
C + P
W + P
FW+P
W
W + P
FW

MPa
538
787
761
831
825
823
745
759
942
952
705
989

ksi
78
114
110
120
119
119
108
110
137
138
102
143

MPa
538
824
967
977
1042
950
907
963
1097
1010
940
1133

ksi
78
119
140
142
151
138
132
140
159
146
136
164

Elonga-

Plane-strain

tion,

f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s CKic)
MPaVm
kraVmT

%
0.3
0.7
4.8
2.1
2.2
0.8
1.1
2.6
2.7
5.8
10.0
3.4

Creep
rupture(b)
44.7

13.5

12.3

59.5
>360

28.3

25.7

62

20.9

19.0

476

(a) E , e q u i a x e d a - 2 ; W , W i d m a n s t a t t e n ; F W , fine W i d m a n s t a t t e n ; C , c o l o n y s t r u c t u r e ; P , p r i m a r y a - 2 g r a i n s , (b) T i m e t o r u p t u r e , h , a t 6 5 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 F ) a n d 3 8 0 M P a (55

k s i ) . S o u r c e : Y.-W. K i m a n d F . H . F r o e s , i n Proc. Symp. High-Temperature

ThAI Alloys

Aluminides

and Intermetallics,

Production of two-phase alloys by alloying

T^Al with -stabilizing elements results in up to a
doubling of strength. Interface strengthening of
the two-phase mixture appears to be predominantly responsible for t h e increased strength, but
other strengthening factors, such as long-range order, solid solution, and texture effects, also contrib-

TMS, in press

ute (Ref 5, 25). A fine Widmanstatten microstructure with a small amount of primary -grains exhibits better ductility than microstructures with a
coarse Widmanstatten microstructure or an
aligned acicular a-2 morphology (Ref 5).
The fatigue properties of titanium alloys are
strongly influenced by microstructure, and work

1 0 2 2 / A d v a n c e d Materials

Ti-24AI-11Nb: Tensile and fracture properties

Microstructure
Equiaxed
2 +
Coarse
basketweave
Fine
basketweave

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Temperature
F
C
25
600
25
600
25
600

77
1110
77
1110
77
1110

648.8
378.8
461.9
344.9
688.4
442.1

94.1
54.9
66.9
60.0
99.8
64.1

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Young's
modulus
GPa
10 psi

692.9
636.5
688.7
681.6
842.6
767.8

193.8
53
90
60
77
76

100.5
92.3
100
98.8
122.2
111.3

Total
elongation,
%

13.6
7.7
13.0
8.7
11.1
11.0

2.11
38.8
3.8
20.0
3.1
24.4

Fracture
strain,
%

MPaVm

4.0
29.5
3.2
35.1

Source: K S . C h a n , Influence of Microstructure o n I n t r i n s i c a n d Extrinsic Toughening i n a n A l p h a - T w o T i t a n i u m A l u m i n i d e Alloy, Metall.

188

k s i \ inT

20.4
12.5
22.5
18.2
15.0
19.8

4.2
64.1

18.5
11.3
20.4
16.5
13.6
18.0

Thins. A, Vol 2 3 , J a n 1992,

Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo: Room-temperature tensile properties

Young's
modulus
GPa

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

10 psi
6

94.4
100.2
115.1
113.7
104.8
104.5
105.9
106.1
90.2
88.6
104.0
101.6

13.7
14.5
16.7
16.5
15.2
15.1
15.3
15.4
13.1
12.8
15.0
14.7

563
672
726
745
581
632
753
711
556
618
809
727

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa

81.6
97.4
105.3
108.0
84.2
91.6
109.2
103.1
80.6
89.6
117.3
105.4

Elongation,

Reduction
of area,

ksi

806

116.9

7.0

958
896
821
725
967
904
745
656
996
812

138.9
129.9
119.0
105.1
140.2
131.1
108.0
95.1
144.4
117.7

6.2
1.6
6.5
0.8
5.9
2.1
3.5
0.3
3.6
0.6

9.9
6.8
9.4
10.7
8.7
9.2
6.7
4.0
6.7
1.1
7.6
4.5

N o t e : Property v a r i a t i o n s for different microstructural c o n d i t i o n s a s reported in C H . Ward et al., "Microstructure, Tensile Ductility, and
F r a c t u r e T o u g h n e s s o f Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo," Seventh World Conference on Titanium, to b e p u b l i s h e d

on these alloys (Ref 6) suggests t h a t high-ductility

alloys perform best under low-cycle fatigue (LCF)
conditions (Ref 26). The low ductility exhibited in
material with Widmanstatten plates in + alloys is responsible for reduced high-temperature
LCF strength. Early data (Ref 27) suggests t h a t fatigue crack growth rate is relatively insensitive to
TfrNb-AI
Alloys

microstructure, although the coarse Widmanstatten microstructure exhibits the slowest fatigue
crack growth rate at low stress intensities. Fracture toughness appears to depend on microstructures as well as alloy composition, but the precise
relationship is yet to be defined (Ref 5).

Ti-22AI-27Nb: Air tensile tests

Test
temperature
:
F
22

72

540

1000

650

1200

760

1400

Aging
treatment
None
None
540 C(1000 F), lOOh
540 C (1000 F), 100 h
650 C (1200 F), lOOh
650 C (1200 F), lOOh
760 C (1400 F), 100 h
760 C (1400 F), 100 h
None
None
540 C (1000 F), 100 h
540 C (1000 F), 100 h
None
None
650 C (1200 F), 100
650 C(1200 F), lOOh
None
None
760 C (1400 F), 100 h
760 C (1400 F), 100 h

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi
1056
1028
1083
1090
1090
1076
987
966
849
856
876
890
794
807
794
807
559
593
462
552

153
149
157
158
158
156
143
140
123
124
127
129
115
117
115
117
81
86
67
80

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi
1152
1083
1166
1159
1145
1145
1076
1083
1007
1049
1049
1070
938
945
938
952
787
766
649
731

167
157
169
168
166
166
156
157
146
152
152
155
136
137
136
138
114
114
94
106

Elongation,
%
3.4
2.2
3.3
2.8
2.6
2.5
5.2
5.0
14.3
14.3
17.9
16.1
14.3
12.5
10.7
10.7
10.7
14.3
21.4
16.1

N o t e : T w o - p h a s e 0 - alloy (Ti-22Al-27Nb) h e a t treated a t 1 0 0 0 C ( 1 8 3 0 F), A r + 7 6 0 C ( 1 4 0 0 F), 5 0 h. Source: R.G. R o w e et al., Mater. Res.
Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol 2 1 3 , 1 9 9 1 , 7 0 3 - 7 0 8
0

T i A I Alloys/1023
3

O-phase alloys: Vacuum tensile properties

Test
temperature
C
F

Heat
t r e a t m e n t , C

Tensile yield
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate tensile
strength
MPa
ksi

Ultimate
elongation,
%

Elongation to
failure,
%

Ti-25.3Al-21Nb(0 + a )
2

1050 + 815
1050 + 815
1175 + 760
1175 + 760
1175 + 760
1175 + 760
1175 - 760

22
650
22
315
480
650
760

72
1200
72
600
895
1200
1400

847
680
...
894
765
730
615

123
98
...
129
111
106
89

881
936
924
946
960
945
778

127
135
134
137
139
137
113

0.4
17.5
0.1
0.4
2.1
2.5
2.5

0.4
18.1
0.1
0.6
2.1
2.5
2.9

22
650
22
315
480
650
760

72
1200
72
600
895
1200
1400

1245
1005
1134
977
929
878
734

180
145
164
141
134
127
106

1415
1110
1175
1163
1132
1014
822

205
161
170
168
164
147
119

4.6
3.3
0.9
7
8.7
2.4
1

4.6
9.9
0.9
7.2
10.4
3.1
1.2

22
316
480
480
650
650
760

72
600
895
895
1200
1200
1400

1294
1181
1127
1210
1116
1125
867

187
171
163
175
162
163
125

1415
1428
1359
1439
1257
1292
954

205
207
197
208
182
187
138

3.5
7.9
7.3
7.5
4.5
5.5
1.2

3.6
8.3
10.2
9.3
8.3
8.8
11.3

T i - 2 1 . 7 A I - 2 5 3 N b ( 0 + )
1000 +
1000 +
1125 +
1125 +
1125 +
1125 +
1125 +

815
815
815
815
815
815
815

Ti-21.8Al-27Nb(0 + p )
o

815
815
815
815
815
815
815

N o t e : Compositions a r e g i v e n i n at.%. Source: R.G. R o w e et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp.

The titanium aluininide T^AlNb with an ordered orthorhombic crystal structure rather t h a n
the ordered hexagonal -D0 structure of Ti Al was
stronger and has higher fracture toughness t h a n
19

Proc., Vol 2 1 3 , 1 9 9 1 , 7 0 3 - 7 0 8

conventional 012 alloys. This is also t h e case for twophase + alloys. The fracture toughness of the
two-phase + alloy Ti-22Al-27Nb has been
shown to be 28 MPaVm (25 ksi V"in.)
0

High-Temperature Strength

Specific y i e l d s t r e n g t h s at high temperatures are a principal advantage of titanium aluminides relative to nickel-base superalloys (see
figure). However, only the recent high-niobium (O
+ ) phase alloys exceed the specific strength of
IN718 over the entire temperature range. Ti-22A127Nb had the highest specific strength and had
3.3% tensile ductility at room temperature.
In the direct aged condition, it had a two-phase
fine Widmanstatten + microstructure between prior single-phase grains. A similar alloy,
Ti-24.6Al-23.4Nb, also had a two-phase + microstructure, but with a very low volume fraction
of phase. The direct aged microstructure of this
alloy consisted of single-phase grain surrounded
by phase. Its strength was less than t h a t of Ti22Al-27Nb, but it exhibited comparable room-temperature ductility. Its specific yield strength was
comparable to t h a t of Ti-24Al-17Nb-lMo. The
properties of Ti-24.6Al-23.4Nb reflect the properties of a nearly single-phase alloy.
Creep R e s i s t a n c e . The creep-rupture properties of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo and other advanced
titanium aluminide alloys are comparable, on a
0

density-corrected basis, to t h a t of nickel-base superalloys (Ref 28). However, titanium aluminides,

like most titanium alloys, exhibit relatively large
primary creep strains, often above 0.2% strain.
Thus, although they may exhibit low steady-state
creep rates, titanium aluminide creep lifetimes
are thus determined largely in the primary creep
domain (Ref 21). A comparison of t h e creep resistance of recent titanium aluminides with that of
the nickel-base superalloy IN718 is shown by the
plot of creep stress vs Larson-Miller parameter for
0.2% creep strain (see figure). The Larson-Miller
parameter for the plot was computed using a constant of 12.5, which has been found to produce the
best fit over a wide range of creep stresses for titanium aluminide alloys (Ref 29). Correcting IN718
for its density by dividing its creep stress by the ratio of the density of IN718 to the average density of
the titanium aluminide alloys, shows that IN718
has considerably greater creep resistance than
these titanium aluminide alloys. Therefore, appheations where specific creep resistance is controlling appear to favor superalloys when section
thicknesses are adequate. For this reason, much of

1024 / Advanced Materials

Specific yield strength

200

400
-

Temperature,

600

1000

800

1200

1400

f N - >

-Ti-22AI-27Nb ( O +

LIVE GRAPH

the effort in recent alloy development studies has

been to improve titanium aluminide creep resistance while maintaining or improving room-temperature fracture toughness (Ref29,30).

-Ti-24.6AI-23.4Nb ( +

Click here to view

-Ti-24AI-17Nb-1Mo(a2)
-Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1Mo (a-,)
-Ti-24AI-11Nb<02)
IN718
2 2

> 1

200

400

600

800

Temperature, C
Strength-to-weight ratios at various t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e s for ordered
orthorhombic alloys (Ti-22AI-27Nb a n d Ti-24.5AI-23.5Nb), both
conventionally c a s t ; three current
titanium aluminides; a n d Alloy
7 1 8 ( U N S N 0 7 7 1 8 ) , a nickel-base superalloy. N o t e that 7-222 7 N b h a s a 4 5 % a d v a n t a g e over Ti-24AI-17Nb-1Mo at 6 5 0 C
(1200 F).
S o u r c e : R . G . R o w e , Advanced TigAI-Base Alloy Property Comparis o n , Processing and Modelling of Advanced Materials, ASM International, 1 9 9 1

Titanium aluminides: Larson-Miller diagram 0 . 2 % creep strain

450

LIVE GRAPH

-25-10Nb-3AI-1 M o (2)
|
Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1Mo(1)

|60

Click here to view

350

50

-W0
'250

-too
Ti-22AI-27Nb
Ti-22AI-27Nb a g e d 760 C

150

"Ti-24.6AI-23.4Nb

H20

IN718 density corrected

H10
10

12

14

16

18

20

T(K)[12.5 + log f(h)] / 1 0 0 0

T h e t w o - p h a s e + p a l l o y Ti-22AI-27Nb h a d a 0 . 2 % c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e ( b a s e d o n m e a s u r e m e n t s at 3 8 0 M P a ) that w a s c o m p a r a b l e to t h e creepresistant alloys Ti-25AI-8Nb-2Ta-2Mo a n d Ti-24AI-17Nb-1Mo. T h e high v o l u m e fraction p h a s e alloy Ti-24.6AI-23.4Nb h a d t h e highest 0.2%
c r e e p lifetime of all of the titanium a l u m i n i d e s .
T h e c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e of Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1 M o p r o d u c e d by two different p r o c e s s i n g routes h a s b e e n plotted b e c a u s e of t h e large differences in
c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e . Following the work o n "-25-10Nb-3V-1 Mo, T1-24AI-17Nb-1 Mo w a s d e v e l o p e d , which h a d c r e e p r e s i s t a n c e that w a s comparable t o "-25-10Nb-3V-1 Mo alloys, b u t with higher fracture t o u g h n e s s . Independently d e v e l o p e d Ti-25AI-8Nb-2Ta-2Mo h a d a c r e e p resistance
c o m p a r a b l e t o that of 7-24-17Nb-1 Mo, but t h e s a m e fracture t o u g h n e s s a s -25-10Nb-3V-1 Mo. Its alloying constituents w e r e e x p e c t e d to
l e a d to i m p r o v e d environmental r e s i s t a n c e .
S o u r c e : R . G . R o s e , Advanced Ti AI-Base Alloy Property C o m p a r i s o n , Processing and Modelling of Advanced Materials, ASM International, 1991
0

T13AI
Alloys

Recent detailed investigation into the effect of

microstructure on creep behavior in Ti-25Al-10Nb3V-lMo h a s shown that t h e colony-type microstructure exhibits better creep resistance t h a n
other microstructures (Ref 31). Creep resistance of
Ti-25-10-3-1 is raised by a factor of ten in the
steady-state regime over t h a t of conventional alloy

Ti-1100 (Ti-6Al-3Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si) and two orders of magnitude over t h a t of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo-0.lSi (Ref 31). However, 0.4% creep strain in
Ti-25-10-3-1 is reached within 2 h.
Additions of silicon and zirconium appear to
improve creep resistance (Ref 32), but the most significant improvement is attained by increasing the

Ti AI Alloys/1025
3

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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TI-24.5AI-12.5Nb-15Mo: Yield strength vs temperature

400

Temperature, F

Temperature,
200

600
800
1000
r-iT-iy

1600

400

600

800

1000

220

Beta heat treated

a.

200

1200

" B e t a forged
(0

Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo: Elongation vs temperature

1 2 % a pha-2

CM

1200

2 % alpha-2

200-s

Betaf orged

2 % primary a l p h a - 2
1200

7 % primary a l p h a - 2

180 c?

2 % primary alpha-2

CM
160

7 % alph a - 2

15

>
c

oo 8 0 0
"D
CD

B e t a ri e a t tree t e d

>-

400
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Temperature, C

Temperature, C
S o u r c e : B. Marquardt (General Electric), 7th World Conference
Titanium

S o u r c e : B. Marquardt (General Electric), 7th World Conference

Titanium

on

on

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Ti-24.5AI-12.5Nb-1.5Mo: Larson-Miller diagram for
time to 0.2% creep

aluminum content to 25 at.% and Kmiting -stabilizing elements to about 12 at.% (Ref 2, 33). However, t h e Ti-24.5Al-17Nb-lMo alloy exhibits a rupture life superior to t h a t of other a-2 alloys (Ref 5).
Some recent work (see figures) h a s focused on t h e
properties of Ti-24.5Al-12.5Nb-l.5Mo, which h a s
improved oxidation resistance over Ti-25Al-10Nb3V-lMo.
TkNb-AI
Alloys

500

400

Strength and ductility of + alloys are

strongly dependent on heat treatment, with t h e
highest strength observed in t h e as-heat-treated
condition, and the highest ductility after extended
aging. The ordered orthorhombic alloys having the
best combination of tensile, creep, a n d fracture
toughness properties are two-phase + alloys
such as Ti-22Al-27Nb.

300

200

100|
21

22

23

24

7 ( 1 2 . 5 + log f ) x 0 . 0 0 1
7"isinR; fisin h o u r s .
S o u r c e : B. Marquardt (General Electric), 7th World Conference
Titanium

on

Ti-22AI-27Nb: Yield strength and ductility v s temperature

Temperature, F
200

400

1400

600

800
I

1000

1200

1400
1

Yield s t r e n g t h

LIVE GRAPH

1200

Click here to view

1000

800

H15

- '
-

. -

600

- -

- -

400

200

Elongation

200

A g e d 5 0 h, 7 6 0 C
U

Aged150h,760C

400

Temperature, C
structure.
Conventionally c a s t Ti-22AI-27Nb with t w o - p h a s e ( +
S o u r c e : Adv. Mater. Process., Vol 1 4 1 , Mar 1 9 9 2 , 3 3 - 3 5

Hio

As heat treated; t w o - p h a s e
an nealed, 8 1 5 C

&

600

800

1026 / Advanced Materials

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Properties of single (O) and two-phase ( + ) alloys

Temperature,
500

Temperature, F

1000

1100

1500

1000

1300

1400 1500 1600 1700

r

1000

-H40

1200

800

600

600

-28.5-23 .9Nb (O)

\
^

j\

-22-27 b ( O + p

- 100

80

400

200|

>< 4 0 0

o \

-24 1 1 N b ( a a )

60
40
20

Lil

200

400

600

800

550

1000

650

Temperature, C

750

950

850

Temperature, C

(a)

(b)

T i ^ N b - b a s e alloys having t w o - p h a s e , o r d e r e d + m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s a r e stronger than conventional ctg titanium aluminides. Yield strength
c u r v e s (a) w e r e e s t i m a t e d from vickers microindentation h a r d n e s s d a t a . Ti-23.5AI-25Nb is a n + alloy p r e p a r e d by rapid solidification. Ti-24AI11 Nb is a n ctg alloy p r e p a r e d by conventional casting. Both alloys w e r e b e t a h e a t treated. Yield strength c u r v e s (b) w e r e e s t i m a t e d from three-point
b e n d t e s t d a t a for b e t a h e a t treated materials. T h e high a l u m i n u m Ti-28.5AI-23.9Nb alloy is t h e s t r o n g e s t of t h e t h r e e , but its fracture toughness
a n d ductility a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a r e unacceptably low. T h e t w o o r d e r e d orthorhombic alloys w e r e rapidly solidified; t h e o^ alloy w a s conventionally c a s t .
S o u r c e : Adv. Mater. Process., Vol 1 4 1 , Mar 1 9 9 2 , 33-35

Fracture Toughness

Adapted from 'The Physical Metallurgy of T13AI Based Alloys" by D. Banerjee etal, International Symposium on Structural Intermetallics, TMS/AIME, 1993

The presence of some B2 or phase in t h e microstructure is necessary for ductility and toughness in Ti Al base alloys (see figure). However, microstructures containing greater t h a n 10 to 15%
B2 are not likely to provide adequate creep resistance. The most important microstructural features which control ductility and toughness are (1)
the continuity of B2 phase around cx particles, in
preference to / contact, (2) the size of a particles, since grain size effects on cleavage crack initiation are well established and (3) the volume
fraction of the B2 phase, in t h a t adequate thick3

ness of B2 between a particles is required to ret a r d microcrack extension out of oc .

The typical variations in cc^O morphology and
distribution obtained through thermomechanical
processing are similar to the range of structures
t h a t can be obtained in conventional titanium alloys. An equiaxed morphology is obtained by processing in the two- phase + B2 or +B2 region to
recrystallize both B2 and oc or O. A lath morphology occurs on solution treatment in the single
phase region followed by cooling through the ^/
transus. A range of properties are associated with
2

Effect of B2 on ductility/toughness

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

40

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
30

25AI-11Nb

25AI-16Nb

27AI-15Nb

-I

co

24AI-20Nb

27AI-14Nb-1Mo

26AI-11 N b - 4 T a

to 2 0

10

50

/1

i\

4|

D.

S30I

S 20

25AI-11 Nb
27AI-15Nb

26AI-11Nb-4Ta

10

26AI-14.5Nb-0.5Mo

24AI-15Nb

0.0

0.2

24AI-20Nb
0.4

0.6

V o l u m e fraction of B2

0.8

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

V o l u m e fraction of B2

(a) Ductility a s a function of B2 volume fraction; (b) fracture t o u g h n e s s a s a function of B2 v o l u m e fraction

0.8

1.0

Ti AI Alloys/1027
3

LIVE GRAPH
such microstructures (see figure). The strength of
the lath structures increases with cooling rate
from the single phase region, t h a t is, with decreasing lath size, while the ductility maximizes at
some intermediate cooling rate. These trends are
observed for all alloys, irrespective of composition.
The maximum in ductility is always associated
with a basketweave lath structure without any noticeable prior grain boundary product.

Click here to view

Ti-25AI-16Nb: Typical tensile property variations
Cooling rate,
0.001
1200

0.01

C/sec

0.1

1100

References
1. M.J. Blackburn, D.L. Ruckle, and C E . Bevau,
"Research to Conduct an Exploratory Experimental and Analytical Investigation ofAlloys,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-78-18, U.S. Air
Force Materials Laboratory, 1978
2. M.J. Blackburn and M.R Smith, "Research to
Conduct an Exploratory Experimental and
Analytical Investigation of Alloys," Technical
Report AFML-TR-81-4046, U.S. Air Force
Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, 1981
3. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "R&D on
Composition and Processing of Titanium Aluminide Alloys for Turbine Engine," Technical
Report AF-WAL-TR-82-4086, U.S. Air Force
Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, 1982
4. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "Development of Improved Toughness Alloys Based on
Titanium Aluminides," Interim Technical Report FR-19139, United Technologies, 1988
5. Y.-W. Kim and F.H. Froes, in Proceedings of the
Symposium on High-Temperature
Aluminides
and Intermetallics, TMS, in press
6. F.H. Froes, D. Eylon, andH.B. Bomberger, Ed.,
Titanium Technology: Present Status and Future Trends, Titanium Development Association, 1985
7. F.H. Froes and D. Eylon, Hydrogen Effects on
Materials Behavior, A.W. Thompson and N.R.
Moody, Ed., TMS, 1990
8. F.H. Froes, D. Eylon, and C. Suryanarayana, J.
Met., March 1990
9. W.H. Kao et al., in Progress in Powder Metallurgy, Vol 37, Metal Powder Industries Federation, 1982, 289-301
10. C.H. Ward et al., in Sixth World Conference on
Titanium, Part II, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G.
Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989,
1009-1014
11. W.J.S. Yang, Observations of Superdislocation
Networks in T i ^ - N b , J. Mater. Sci. Lett., Vol
1,1982, 119-202
12 . Bohm and Lohberg, Uber eine Uberstrukturphase vom CsCl-Typ im System Titan-Molybdan-Aluminum, Z. Metallk., Vol 49,
1958, 173-178
13 .J. Jewett et al., in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society, Symposia Proceedings, Vol 133,
C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S. Stoloff, and C C Koch,
Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 69-74
14. . J. Kaufman et al., in Sixth World Conference
on Titanium, Part II, P. Lacombe et al., Ed., Les
Editions de Physique, 1989, 985-990
15. R.G. Rowe, High Temperature Aluminides and
Intermetallics, S.H. Whang, C.T. Liu, and D.
Pope, Ed., TMS, 1990
16. R. Strychor, J.C. Williams, and W A Soffa,
Phase Transformations and Modulated Micro-

20

30
40
50
60
70
Primary a l p h a 2 v o l u m e fraction

80

Tensile properties at room t e m p e r a t u r e for a "-25-16Nb alloy; lath

s t r u c t u r e s a s function of cooling rate () a n d equiaxed structures
(2 + ) a s a function of primary, e q u i a x e d ce2 volume fraction.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

structures in Ti-AI-Nb Alloys, Metall. Trans. A,

Vol 19 (No. 2), 1988, 225-234
S.M.L. Sastry and H.A. Lipsitt, Ordering
Transformations and Mechanical Properties of
and Ti Al-Nb Alloys, Metall. Trans. A, Vol
8,1977, 1543
WA. Baeslack III, M.J. Cieslak, and T.J.
Headley, Structure, Properties and Fracture of
Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welded Ti-14.8 wt% Al21.3 wt% Nb TCtanium Aluminide, Scr. Metall,
Vol 22,1988, 1155-1160
J.C. Williams, in Titanium Technology:Present
Status and Future Trends, F.H. Froes, D. Eylon, and H.B. Bomberger, Titanium Development Association, 1985, 75-86
A G . Jackson, Teal, and F.H. Froes, inHighTemperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys II,
Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol 81, N.S. Stoloff, C C Koch, C.T.
Liu, and O. Izumi, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1987, 143-149
R.G. Rowe, Creep and Discontinuous Precipitation in a Ti Al-Nb Alloy at 923 K, Scr. Metall
Mater.,Vol 24,1990, 1209-1214
R.G. Rowe and E.L. Hall, Stress-Assisted Discontinuous Precipitation During Creep of
TisAl-Nb Alloys, Mater. Hes. Soc. Symp. Proc.,
Vol 213,1991, 449-454
C.H. Ward, J.C. Williams, and AW. Thompson,
Microstructural Instability in the Alloy Ti25Al-10Nb-3V-lMo, Scr. Metall. Mater., Vol 24,
1990, 617-622
R.G. Rowe and D. Banerjee, "Cellular Precipitation in Ti-25Al-30Nb at.%," to be published
C H . Ward et al., in Sixth World Conference on
Titanium, Part II, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G.
Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989,
1103-1108
R.W. Hertzberg, Deformation and Fracture
Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 2nd ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, 1983
M.S. Stucke and H.A. Lipsitt, in Titanium
Rapid Solidification Technology, F.H. Froes
and D. Eylon, Ed., TMS, 1986, 255-262
R.G. Rowe, Recent Developments in Ti-AI-Nb
Alloys, in High Temperature Aluminides and
Intermetallics, C.T. Liu, S.H. Whang, D.P.
Pope, and J.O. Stigler, Ed., TMS/AIME, 1990,
375-401

22.

23.

24.
25.

26.
27.
28.

1028 / Advanced Materials

29. B.J. Marquardt, G.K. Scarr, J.C. Chesnutt,

C.G. Rhodes, and H.L. Fraser, "Research and
Development for Improved Toughness Aluminides," U.S. Air Force, WRDC Report No.
WRDC-TR-89-4133, June 1990
30. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "Improved
Toughness Alloys Based Upon Titanium Aluminides," U.S. Air Force, WRDC Report No.
WRDC-TR-89-4095, Oct 1989
31. W. Cho, "Effect of Microstructure on Deformation and Creep Behavior of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-

lMo," Technical Report, U.S. Air Force Office of

Scientific Research, Oct 1988
32. C.G. Rhodes, in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, Part I, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G.
Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989,
119-204
33. M.G. Mendiratta and H.A. Lipsitt, SteadyState Creep Behavior of Ti Al-Base Intermetallics, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 15,1980, 2985-2990
3

G a m m a (Ti-AI) A l l o y s /1029

| Gamma (Ti-AI) Alloys

Currently available alloys contain approximately 46 to 52 at.% Al and 1 to 10 at.% M, with
being at least one of the following: vanadium, chromium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, tungsten,
and molybdenum (Ref 1 to 7). These alloys can be
divided into two categories: single-phase () alloys
and two-phase ( + -2) materials (Ref 2). The (a-2
+ )/ phase boundary at 1000 C (1830 F) occurs
at an aluminum content of approximately 49 at.%,
depending on the type and level of solute M. Single-phase alloys contain third alloying elements
such as niobium or tantalum t h a t promote
strengthening and further enhance oxidation resistance (Ref 8,9). Third alloying elements in twophase alloys can raise ductility (vanadium, chromium, and manganese) (Ref 1, 2, 5-7), increase
oxidation resistance (niobium and tantalum) (Ref
8 a n d 9), or enhance combined properties (Ref 2).
M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g . The microstructure of
the nominally alloys can be single-phase , or in
slightly leaner compositions, two-phase + -2. By
appropriate thermomechanical processing (TMP),
the morphology of the phases can be adjusted to
produce either lamellar or equiaxed morphologies,
or a mixture (duplex structure) of the two (Ref 2,5,
10).
The lamellar structure can lead to refinement
of the microstructure, improved ductility (Ref 5, 7)
and a decreased microstructure scale by recrystallizing t h e fine grains (Ref 11). Optimum ductility
occurs a t about 10 vol% a-2. When the a-2 phase
content exceeds 20 vol%, ductility can be degraded
(Ref 6). This ductility behavior is consistent with
the fact t h a t a-2 becomes increasingly brittle with
increasing aluminum content over 25 at.% (Ref
12). The a-2 plates contain approximately 35 at.%
Al.
Control of the microstructure in single-phase
alloys requires optimization of grain size and morphology. In two-phase alloys, the volume ratio of
lamellar to equiaxed gamma (LG/yG) m u s t also be
controlled (Ref 2, 5, 6, 10, 13). A lamellar volume
fraction of about 30% gives rise to the optimum
combination of properties with desirable high-

temperature creep resistance and acceptable levels of tensile strength and ductility (Ref 13). Heat
treatment temperature and time strongly affect
the LG/yG volume ratio. Thermomechanical processing refines the microstructure when processing
is conducted in such a way t h a t both the and
grains are recrystallized in the ( + ) phase field.
Grain morphology varies considerably depending on composition, solution treatment temperature and time, cooling rate, and stabilization temperature and time (Ref 2). Grain size decreases
with reduced aluminum content and with additions of vanadium, manganese, and chromium
(Ref 6, 7). The number of annealing twins in the
phase increases as aluminum content decreases,
or when manganese or vanadium levels are increased (Ref 6). Chromium additions increase the
volume fraction of the lamellar structure (Ref 7).
Typical processing of gamma alloys
IM

PM

Alloy ingot

Alloy powder
elemental powder

Cast NNS

HIP
homogenize

Consolidate
HIP or HP

HIP

Billet

Casting

NNS

Hot work
Heat treatments
HIP, hot isostatic pressing; HP, hot pressing; N N S , n e a r - n e t s h a p e .
S o u r c e : Y.-W. Kim a n d D.M. Dimiduk, P r o g r e s s in t h e Understanding of G a m m a Titanium Aluminides, JOM, Aug 1 9 9 1 , 4 0 - 4 7

Mechanical Properties

The strength and ductility of alloys are

strongly dependent on alloy composition and TMP
conditions (Ref 2), although the Ti-52A1 (at.%) alloy demonstrates the lowest hardness value at
room temperature, regardless of the TMP treatment (Ref 14 to 18). At 1000 C (1830 F), strength
tends to decrease gradually with increasing aluminum levels (Ref 2). Tensile strength and hardness
vary in the same fashion with variations in alumin u m content (Ref 2). Room-temperature tensile
elongation is maximum at a composition of approximately Ti-48A1 (at.%) (Ref 18).
Ternary alloys of composition Ti-48A1 with ap-

proximately 1 to 3% of vanadium, manganese, or

chromium exhibit enhanced ductility, but Ti-48A1
alloys with approximately 1 to 3% of niobium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, or tungsten exhibit
lower ductility than binary -481 (Ref 2). The
brittle-ductile transition (BDT) occurs at 700 C
(1290 F) in -561, and it occurs at lower temperatures with decreasing aluminum levels. Increased room-temperature ductility generally results in a reduced BDT temperature. Above the
BDT temperature, ductility increases rapidly with
temperature, approaching 100% at 1000 C (1830
F) for the most ductile alloy compositions. The

1030 / Advanced Materials

a fracture toughness of 12 MPaVnT(10.9 ksiVmT) is

observed for a fine structure that is almost entirely
, Kic is greater than 20 MPaVnT (18.2 ksiVmT)
when a large volume fraction of lamellar grains is
present (Ref 2, 10). Creep properties of alloys,
when normalized by density, are better than those
of superalloys, but they are strongly influenced by
alloy chemistry and TMP. Increased aluminum
content and additions of tungsten (Ref 19) or
carbon (Ref 13) increase creep resistance. Increasing the volume fraction of the lamellar structure
enhances creep properties (Ref 13), but lowers
ductility. The level of creep strain from elongation
on initial loading and primary creep is of concern
because it can exceed projected design levels for
maximum creep strain in the part.

elastic moduli of alloys range from 160 to 176

GPa (23 1 0 to 25.5 1 0 psi) and decrease slowly
with temperature (Ref 2,10).
Low-cycle fatigue experiments (Ref 13) suggest
t h a t fine grain sizes increase fatigue life at temperatures below 800 C (1470 F). Fatigue crack
growth rates for alloys are more rapid t h a n those
for superalloys, even when density is normalized
(Ref 4). Both fracture toughness and impact resistance are low at ambient temperatures, but fracture toughness increases with temperature; for example, t h e plane-strain fracture toughness (Ki )
for Ti-48Al-lV-0.lC is 24 MPaVm (21.8 ksWinT) at
room temperature (Ref 13). Fracture toughness is
strongly dependent on the volume fraction of the
lamellar phase. In a two-phase quaternary alloy,
6

Wrought Ti-48AI-2Cr-2Nb: Microstructural effects on mechanical properties

Mechanical
property

Test t e m p e r a t u r e

Duplex
structure

op

RT

Plastic ductility, %
760

1400

Yield strength, MPa (ksi)

RT
760

1400
RT

Toughness, MPaVm~(ksi Vin.)

1400
1200
1400
1400
1400
1000
1200
1400

760
650
760
760
760
540
650
760

Alternate stress at 1 0 cycles, MPa (ksi)

7

Creep rate(a), per h

Creep time to 0.2% strain(a), h
100-h rupture strength, MPa (ksi)

(a) Tested a t 1 0 5 M P a . Source: Intermetallic

als, 1 9 9 1 , 3 6 3 - 3 7 0

Compounds

Structure

Ti-47AI-1Cr-1 V-2.5Nb: Tensile properties

and Mechanical

3.1
50.0
480(69)
406(59)
14.3(13)

0.4
2.8
455 (66)
403 (58)
28.3 (25.7)

19.2(17.4)
276(40)
172(25)
3.3 x l O "
25
580(84)
480(69)
230(33)

276(40)
207(30)
4.0 x l O
800
525(76)
510(74)
370(53)

Properties,

Transformed
structure

- 7

O. Ozumi, Ed., T h e J a p a n I n s t i t u t e of M e t

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

800

Strain, %

R o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e tensile properties of a t w o - p h a s e alloy in various post-forging h e a t t r e a t m e n t conditions. A: 1 3 7 0 C, 2 h, C C t o 9 0 0 C, 6 h,

AC. B: 1 3 6 0 C, 1 h, C C to 9 0 0 C, 2 4 h, A C . C: 1 3 5 0 C , 1 h, C C to 1000 C, 5 h, A C . D: 1 3 3 0 C, 5 h, C C + 9 0 0 C, 6 h, A C . E: 1 2 8 0 C , 3 h, C C
to 9 0 0 C, 4 h, A C . F: 1 2 8 0 C, 2 h, C C + 9 0 0 C, 6 h, A C . G. 1 0 0 0 C, 2 4 , AC.
S o u r c e : Y W . Kim a n d D.M. Dimiduk, P r o g r e s s in U n d e r s t a n d i n g of G a m m a Titanium Aluminides, JOM, Aug 1 9 9 1 , 4 0 - 4 7

G a m m a (Ti-AI) A l l o y s /1031

Effect of aluminum content

45

48

50

55

60

Aluminum content, at.%

Effect of aluminum content on r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e tensile elongation
a n d h a r d n e s s of binary titanium aluminide alloys. H a r d n e s s valu e s a t 1 0 0 0 C (1830 F) a r e a l s o s h o w n . Note t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e
region a n d t h e t w o - p h a s e (a?+) region.
S o u r c e : ASM Handbook, Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., 1990, 9 2 8

High-Temperature Strength

Ti-48AI-2Cr-2Nb: Yield strength (0.2%) vs temperature

Tensile properties v s temperature

Test temperature, F
390

750

1110

1470

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
500

1830

1000

1500

500

LIVE GRAPH
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450

400|

350

300
200

400

600

800

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
S o u r c e : Microstnjcture/Property
Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T h e Minerals,
Metals a n d Materials Society, 1 9 9 1 , 135-148

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Test temperature, C
R a n g e s of yield strength a n d tensile elongation a s functions of t e s t
t e m p e r a t u r e - alloys. BDT, brittle-ductile transition.
S o u r c e : ASM Handbook, Vol 2 , 1 0 t h ed., 1990, 9 2 9

1032 / Advanced Materials

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100-h rupture s t r e n g t h s a s a function of t e m p e r a t u r e for duplex a n d

fully transformed microstructures.
S o u r c e : Microstructure/Property
Relationships in Titanium and Alloys, Y.-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T h e Minerals, Metals, a n d Materials Society, 1 9 9 1 , 1 3 5 - 1 4 8

Fatigue Strength

Ti-48AI-2Cr-2Nb: Load-controlled high-cycle fatigue

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

C y c l e s t o failure

S-N c u r v e s for t h e duplex a n d fully transformed microstructures. A r r o w s d e n o t e runouts; runouts occurred a t 2 7 5 M P a for both structures. Axial
bend, A= 1 . 0 , 3 0 Hz.
Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, Y-W. Kim a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T h e Minerals, Metals and MaS o u r c e : Microsbvcture/Property
terials Society, 1 9 9 1 , 1 3 5 - 1 4 8

G a m m a (Ti-AI) Alloys /1033

Environmental Resistance

-501 is known to be highly resistant to oxidation. However, its desirable tendency to form
AI2O3 preferentially to Ti02 exists only up to 850
C (1560 F). Oxidation resistance is reduced with
decreasing aluminum content or increasing volu m e fraction of the a-2 phase. Alloying elements
t h a t improve ductility (vanadium, chromium, and
manganese) typically decrease oxidation resistance; consequently, the most ductile alloys require additional elements, such as niobium, which
improve the oxidation resistance. However, even
in alloys with such a combination, the tendency to
preferentially form AI2O3 is not expected to exist at
900 C (1650 F) or higher temperatures. Apparently, alloys with a high aluminum content and
substantial additions of niobium or tantalum will
be more desirable for oxidation resistance if approaches to provide these alloys with reasonable
ductility can be identified. As a minimum, this requires knowledge of the /2 + phase boundary in
t h e Ti-AI-Nb and Ti-Al-Ta ternary systems.
Although there is little solubility for hydrogen
in -TiAl, the hydrogen solubility in 2-(31) is
substantial. Thus, when two-phase alloys dissolve hydrogen, the amount is likely to be highly
dependent on the a-2 volume fracture. Hydrogen
absorption can be reduced by reducing the amount
of a-2 phase or lamellar structure, or by adding
such elements as niobium and tantalum t h a t improve oxidation resistance. In either case, the typical reduction of room-temperature ductility has
been a barrier to these using alloys in hydrogen environments.

Oxidation of gamma alloys at 850 C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100

200

300

400

500

Cyclic e x p o s u r e time, h
Weight c h a n g e s v e r s u s time for titanium alloys during rapid thermal
cycling in air at 8 5 0 C (1560 F). T h e c u r v e for Ti-48AI-2 V-4Nb is included for c o m p a r i s o n 1 -h c y c l e s in air, 3 0 0 ml/min.
S o u r c e : Intermetallic CompoundsStructure
and
Mechanical
Properties, O. Ozumi, Ed., T h e J a p a n Institute of Metals, Y.-W. Kim
a n d R.R. Boyer, Ed., T h e Minerals, Metals a n d Materials Society,
1991, 363-370

References

1. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "Research to

Conduct an Exploratory Experimental and
Analytical Investigation of Alloys," Technical
Report AFWAL-TR-80-4175, U.S. Air Force
Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, 1980
2. Y.-W. Kim, Intermetallic Alloys Based on
Gamma Titanium Aluminide, J. Met., Vol 41
(No. 7), 1989, 24-30
3. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "Titanium Alloys of the TiAl Types," U.S. patent 4,294,615,
1981
4. M.J. Blackburn, J.T. Hill, and M.P. Smith, "R &
D on Composition and Processing of Titanium
Aluminide Alloys for Turbine Engines," Technical Report AFWAL-TR-84-4078, U.S. Air
Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, 1984
5. S.-C. Huang and E.L. Hall, in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings,
Vol 133, C.T. Liu, AJ.Taub, N.S. Stoloff, and
C C . Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society,
1989, 373-383
6. . Tsujimoto and Hashimoto, in High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, Vol 133, C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S. Stoloff,
and C C Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 391-396

7. . Kawabata, . Tamura, and O. Isumi, in

High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Material Research Society Symposia
Proceedings, Vol 133, C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S.
Stoloff, and C C Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 329-334
8. D. J. Maykuth, "Effects ofAlloying Elements in
Titanium," DMIC Report 136B, Battelle Memorial Institute, May 1961
9. LA. Zelonkov and Y.N. Martynchik, Oxidation
Resistance of Alloys of Compound TiAl with
Niobium at 800 and 1000C, Metallofiz., Nauk.
Dumka, Vol 42,1972, 63-66
10. .-. Kim and F.H. Froes, in Proceedings of the
Symposium on High-Temperature
Aluminides
and Intermetallics, TMS, in press
11. C R . Feng, D.J. Michel, and C R . Crowe, in
High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III, Materials Research Society Symposia
Proceedings, Vol 133, C.T. Liu, A.I. Taub, N.S.
Stoloff, and C C Koch, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 669-674
12. M.J. Blackburn, D.L. Ruckle, and C E . Bevau,
"Research to Conduct an Exploratory Experimental and Analytical Investigation ofAlloys,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-78-18, U.S. Air
Force Materials Laboratory, 1978

1 0 3 4 / A d v a n c e d Materials

13. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, " R & D Composition and Processing of Titanium Aluminide Alloys for Turbine Engine," Technical
Report AFWAL-TR-82-4086, U.S. Air Force
Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, 1982
14. E.S. Bumps, H.D. Kessler, and M. Hansen, Titanium-Aluminum System, Trans. AIME, Vol
194,1952, 609-614
15. H.R. Odgen et al., Mechanical Properties of
High Purity Ti-Al Alloys, J. Met., Feb 1952
16. M.J. Blackburn and M.P. Smith, "The Understanding and Exploitation of Alloys Based on
the Compound TiAl (Gamma Phase)," Technical Report AFML-TR-79-4056, U.S. Air Force
Materials Laboratory, 1979

17. T. Tsujimoto et al., Structures and Properties of an Intermetallic Compound TiAl

Based Alloys Containing Silver, Trans. Jpn.
Inst. Met., Vol 27 (No. 5), 1986, 341-350
18. S.-C. Huang, E.L. Hall, and M.F.X. Gigliotti,
in Sixth World Conference on Titanium, Part
II, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, 1989, 11091114
19. S.M. Barinovei al., Temperature Dependence
of Strength and Ductility of the Decomposition
of Titanium Aluminide, Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Vol 5,1983, 170-174

Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys /1035

| Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys

T.W. Duerig and A.R. Pelton, Nitjnol Development Corporation

This datasheet describes some of t h e key properties of equiatomic and near-equiatomic titamum-nickel alloys with compositions yielding
shape memory and superelastic properties. Shape
memory and superelasticity per se will not be reviewed; readers are referred to Ref 1 to 3 for basic
information on these subjects. These alloys are
commonly referred to as nickel-titanium, titanium-nickel, Tee-nee, Memorite, Nitinol, Tinel,
and Flexon. These terms do not refer to single alloys or alloy compositions, but to a family of alloys
with properties t h a t greatly depend on exact compositional make-up, processing history, and small
ternary additions. Each manufacturer h a s its own
series of alloy designations and specifications
within the "Ti-Ni" range.
A second complication t h a t readers must acknowledge is t h a t all properties change significantly at the transformation temperatures M , Mf,
Ag, and A f (see figure on the right and the section
"Tensile Properties"). Moreover, these temperatures depend on applied stress. Thus, any given
property depends on temperature, stress, and history.
s

Product

Forms
and
Applications

Effect of phase transformation

A,

> -J
to

Martensite

Austenite (parent)
Typically 20 C
i

Heating

M = Martensite start
temperature
Mf = Martensite finish
temperature
A g = Start of reverse
s

transformation of martensitel
A . = Finish of reverse
transformation of martensitel

T e m p e r a t u r e ->
Schematic illustration of the effects on a phase transformation on
the physical properties of Ti-Ni. All physical properties exhibit a discontinuity, characterized by the transformation temperatures
shown.
Source: C M . Wayman and T W . Duerig, Engineering Aspects of
Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig, ef al., E d . , Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990, 10

Titanium-nickel is most commonly used in the

form of cold drawn wire (down to 0.02 mm) or as
barstock. Other commercially available forms not
yet sold as standard product would include tubing
(down to 0.3 mm OD), strip (down to 0.04 mm in
thickness), and sheet (widths to 500 m m and thicknesses down to 0.5 mm). Castings (Ref 4), forgings
and powder metallurgy (Ref 5) products have not
yet been brought from the research laboratory.
Typical Conditions. Titanium-nickel is most
commonly used in a cold worked and partially annealed condition. This partial anneal does not recrystallize the material, but does bring about the
onset of recovery processes. The extent of the postcold worked recovery depends on m a n y aspects of
the application, such as the desired stiffness, fatigue life, ductility, recovery stress, etc. Fully annealed conditions are used almost exclusively
when a maximum M is needed. Although the cold
worked condition does not transform a n d does not
exhibit shape memory, it is highly elastic and has
been considered for many applications (Ref 6).
R e s p o n s e to Heat Treatment. Recovery
processes begin at temperatures as low as 275 C
(525 F). Recrystallization begins between 500 and
800 C (930 and 1470 F), depending on alloy composition and the degree of cold work.
Aging of unstable (nickel-rich) compositions
begins at 250 C (525 F), causing the precipitation
of a complex sequence of nickel-rich precipitates
(Ref 7), as these products leach nickel from the matrix, their general effect is to increase the M temperature. The solvus temperature is about 550 C

(1020 F).
Applications for titanium-nickel alloys can be
conveniently divided into four categories (Ref 8):
Free recovery (motion) appheations are those in
which a shape memory component is allowed
to freely recover its original shape during heating, thus generating a recovery strain (Ref 9).

Many shape memory-related properties are

discussed in subsequent sections (transformation

temperatures, superelasticity, etc.). Some properties, however, are strictly peculiar to shape mem-

Constrained recovery (force) applications are

those in which the recovery is prevented, constraining the material in its martensitic, or
cold, form while recovering (Ref 9). Although
no strain is recovered, large recovery stresses
are developed. These appheations include fasteners and pipe couplings and are the oldest
and most widespread type of practical use.
Actuators (work) appheations are those in
which there is both a recovered strain and
stress during heating, such as in the case of a
titanium-nickel spring being warmed to lift a
ball (Ref 10). In these cases, work is being done.
Such appheations are often further categorized according to their actuation mode, e.g.,
electrical or thermal.

Special
Properties

Cooling^

Superelasticity (energy storage) refers to the

highly exaggerated elasticity, or springback,
observed in many Ti-Ni alloys deformed above
A g and below Ma (Ref 11). The function of the
material in such cases is to store mechanical
energy. Although limited to a rather small temperature range, these alloys can deliver over
15 times the elastic motion of a spring steel.

1036 / A d v a n c e d Materials

ory alloys and cannot be conveniently categorized

in standard outline forms. The more important of
these properties are discussed below.
Free-recoverable strain in polycrystalline
titanium-nickel can reach 8%, but is limited to a
maximum of 6% if complete recovery is expected.
Applied stresses opposing recovery reduce
recoverable strain. Clearly, stronger alloys will be
affected less by opposing stresses. Work output is
maximized at intermediate stresses and strains.
Recoverable s t r e s s e s generally reach 80 to
90% of yield stress. In fact, alloy behavior depends
on numerous factors, including the compliance of
the resisting force and t h e constraining strain (Ref
9 and 12). Typical values are as follows:
Condition

20

Click here to view

Plastic
Recovery
Amnesia

10h

Recovery stress, M P a

Annealed barstock
Cold worked barstock annealed
at500C(930F)
Cold worked wire annealed at
400C(750F)

LIVE GRAPH

Free recovery behavior

10

15

Total deformation strain, %

400
700

Ti-Ni-Fe barstock with 5 0 a t . % Ni a n d 3 % F e fully a n n e a l e d , tested

in uniaxial tension. After deforming Ti-Ni to various total strains (xaxis), the material springs b a c k to t h e plastic strain levels shown by
t h e o p e n circles. After heating a b o v e A,, most of t h e strain is recovered, but s o m e a m n e s i a persists. T h e difference b e t w e e n the plastic strain a n d t h e a m n e s i a is t h e recoverable strain (closed circles).
S o u r c e : J.L. Proft a n d T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape
Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
London, 1990, 115

1000

Work output of a Ti-Ni alloy

Effects of opposing stresses on recovery strain

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Applied s t r e s s , ksi

Applied s t r e s s , ksi
30

40

50

60

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

100

200

300

400

500

600

Applied s t r e s s , M P a
Ti-Ni-Fe barstock with 50 a t . % Ni a n d 3 % F e fully a n n e a l e d , t e s t e d
in uniaxial tension.
S o u r c e : J.L. Proft a n d T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape
Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig ef al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
London, 1990, 115

200

300

400

Applied s t r e s s , M P a
Ti-Ni-Fe barstock with 5 0 a t . % Ni a n d 3 % Fe in a work-hardened
condition, t e s t e d in uniaxial tension.
S o u r c e : J.L. Proft a n d T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape
Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig ef al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
London, 1990, 115

Chemistry and Density

Density, 6.45 to 6.5 g/cm

Titanium-nickel is extremely sensitive to the

precise titanium/nickel ratio (see figure below).
Generally, alloys with 49.0 to 50.7 at.% titanium
are commercially common, with superelastic alloys in the range of 49.0 to 49.4 at.% and shape

memory alloys in the range of 49.7 to 50.7 at.%. Binary alloys with less t h a n 49.4 at.% titanium are
generally unstable. Ductility drops rapidly as
nickel is increased.
Binary alloys are commonly available with M
s

Ti-Ni S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s /1037

temperatures between -50 and +100 C (58 to

212 F). Commercially available ternary alloys are
available with M temperatures down to - 2 0 0 C
(-330 F). Titanium-nickel is also quite sensitive to
alloying additions.
O x y g e n forms a Ti4Ni O . inclusion (Ref 13),
tending to deplete the matrix in titanium, lower
M , retard grain growth, and increase strength.
Levels usually are controlled to <500 ppm. Nitrogen forms the same compound and has an additive
effect to oxygen.
Fe, Al, Cr, Co, a n d V tend to substitute for
nickel, but sharply depress M (Ref 14 to 16), with
V and Co being the weakest suppressants and Cr
the strongest. These elements are added to suppress M while maintaining stability and ductility.
Their practical effect is to stiffen a superelastic alloy, to create a cryogenic shape memory alloy, or to
increase the separation of the R-phase from
martensite.
P t a n d P d tend to decrease M in small quantities (~5 to 10%), then tend to increase M , eventually achieving temperatures as high as 350 C (660
F) (Ref 17).
Zr a n d Hf occasionally have been reported to
increase M , but are generally neutral when substituted for titanium on an atomic basis.
N b a n d C u are used to control hysteresis and

Effect of composition on M

Click here to view

200

LIVE GRAPH

H300

150

100

(?

50

....!

m
0

-50

-100

-150

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

Nickel, a t . %
M t e m p e r a t u r e s in nickel-titanium alloys a r e extremely sensitive to
compositional variation, particularly at higher nickel c o n t e n t s .
S o u r c e : K.N. Melton, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig ef al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990, 10
s

martensitic strength. Nb is added to increase hysteresis (desirable for coupling and fastener applications), and copper (Ref 19) is added to reduce
hysteresis (for actuator applications).

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Phases and Structures

Crystal
Structure

The high-temperature austenitic phase (P)has a

B2, or CsCl ordered structure with a = 3.015 A. The
most common martensitic structure (B19') has a
complex monoclinic structure with = 2.889 A, b =
4.120 A, c = 4.622 A, and = 96.8 (Ref 20). The M
can range from <-200 to +100 C (-328 to 212 F). It
0

is worth noting that there is also a "transition"

structure that preceded the martensite, called the
R-phase with a rhombohedral structure (Ref 21).
Although this R phase exhibits a number of interesting properties, it will not be reviewed extensively here.

1038 / A d v a n c e d Materials

Time-temperature-transformation curve
1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

-M800

TiNi
TiNi + T i N i + T i N i
1 1

900

1 4

TiNi + T i N i + TiNi
2

TiNi + T i ^ N i . ^

1600

TiNi + Ti Ni
2

800r-

TiNi + TiNi
1400

o.

Jj

700l

Q.

g>

1200

600r-

1000
500r-

H800

400
0.01

0.1

10

100000

10000

1000

100
Aging time, h

Time-temperature-transformation curve forTi-51 Ni, which s h o w s precipitation reactions a s a function of t e m p e r a t u r e a n d time.

S o u r c e : M. Nishida, C M . Wayman, a n d T. H o n m a , Metall. Trans. A, Vol 1 7 , 1 9 8 6 , 1 5 0 5

Transformation
Products

The T-T-T diagram shows the aging reactions

in unstable (>50.6% Ni) titanium-nickel alloys
(Ref 7). In general, TiNi -> T i N i -> T i N i ->
T i N i as the aging temperature increases or as
n

1 4

time increases at a constant temperature. These

precipitation reactions can be readily monitored
via transformation temperature or mechanicalproperty measurements.

Physical Properties
Damping
Characteristics

Elastic
Constants

Internal friction and damping of titaniumnickel alloys are dramatically affected by temperature changes (see figure on left). Cooling (or
heating) produces peaks, which correspond to the
transformation temperatures. At higher temperatures, a very sharp increase is observed during

cooling through the M . These usually high damping characteristics (Ref 22) have been studied for
some time, but have not been used on a commercial basis due to their limited temperature range
and rapid fatigue degradation.

Dynamically measured moduli (Ref 23 and 24)

change markedly with the martensitic transformation and premartensitic effects (see figure on

right). Typical values of elastic moduli are 40 GPa

(5.8 x 10^ psi) for martensite and 75 GPa (10.8
10 psi) for austenite. From a practical point of

Ti-Ni-Cu alloy damping characteristics

-300

-200

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-100
0
100

Dynamic Young's modulus v s temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F

200

-200

300

100

-100
<

0
1

100

200
1

300

400
r

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

90
CD

T3

J"

80

70|

60

-200

-100

0
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

100

200

Internal friction of 44.7Ti-29.3Ni-26 C u (wt%) during cooling with

m e a s u r e m e n t frequency o f - 1 Hz.
S o u r c e : O . Mercier a n d E. Torok, J. Phys., Vol C - 4 (No. 43), 1982,
C-4270

-170

50
-70

30
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

130

230

A: Ti-55Ni (wt%). : 44.7Ti-29.3Ni-26Cu (wt%). C: 44.9TI-51.7Ni3.4Fe(wt%).

S o u r c e : O. Mercier, K.N. Melton, R. Gotthardt, and A. Kulik, Proc. Int.
Conf. Solid-Solid Phase Transformations, H.I. Aaronson, D.E. Laughlin, R.F. Sekerka, a n d C M . W a y m a n , Ed., AIME, 1982, 1259

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys /

view, however, modulus is of little value; apparent

elasticity is more controlled by the transformation
and by mechanical twinning. Poisson's ratio, , is
0.33 (Ref 25).
Electrical
Resistivity

1039

Electrical resistance vs temperature

-200

-100

Temperature, F
0
100

200

General values for electrical resistivity of the

two primary phases are as follows (Ref 26):
(martensite) = 76 " cm
(austenite) = 82 cm
Variations in resistivity with temperature are
complex functions of composition and thermomechanical processing (see figure). Note also
the pronounced effect of the R-phase on resistivity.
6

- 6

Magnetic
Characteristics

Magnetic susceptibility also undergoes a discontinuity during phase transition (Ref 26). Typical values are:
(martensite) = 2.4 1 0 emu/g
(austenite) = 3.7 10" emu/g

-170 -140 -110

- 6

-80

-50 -20
10
40
Temperature, C

70

100

130

Electrical resistance vs temperature curves for a Ti-50.6Ni (at.%) alloy that was thermomechanically treated as indicated. A: Quenched
from 1000 C (1830 F). B: Quenched from 1000 C (1830 F), aged
at 400 C (750 F). C: Directly aged at 400 C (750 F). T is the transition temperature from austenite to the rhombohedral R phase. T '
is the shifted transition temperature from processing effects. Arbitrary units for electrical resistance.
Source: S. Miyazaki and K. Otsuka, Metall. Trans. A,Vol 17,1986,
53
R

Corrosion
Titanium-nickel generally forms a passive
Ti02 (rutile) surface layer (Ref 27). Like titanium
alloys, there is a transition temperature of about
500 C (930 F), above which the oxide layer will be
dissolved and absorbed into the material. Unlike
titanium alloys, however, no case is formed. Titanium-nickel will also react with nitrogen during
heat treatments, forming a TiN layer.
The rest potential of titanium-nickel in a dilute
sodium chloride solution is around 0.23 V (SCE),
which compares with 0.38 V for type 304 stainless
steel. This puts titanium-nickel on the noble or
protected side of stainless steel in the galvanic series. A passive oxide/nitride surface film is the basis of the corrosion resistance of titanium-nickel
alloys, similar to stainless steels. Specific environments can cause the passive film to break down,
thus subjecting the base material to attack. A summary of titanium-nickel reactions in various environments follows (Ref 28).
Seawater. Titanium-nickel is not affected
when immersed in flowing seawater; however, in
stagnant seawater, such as found in crevices, the
protective film can break down, which results in
pitting corrosion.
Acetic a c i d (CH COOH) attacks titaniumnickel at a modest rate of 2.5 10~ to 7.6 10~
mm/year (mpy) over the temperature range 30 C
(86 F) to the boiling point and over the concentration range 50 to 99.5%.
Methanol ( C H 3 O H ) appears to attack titanium nickel only when diluted with low concentrations of water and halides. This impure methanol
solution leads to pitting and tunneling corrosion
similar to that found in titanium alloys.
Cupric chloride (CuCl ) at 70 C (160 F) at-

tacks titanium-nickel at 5.5 mpy.

Ferric chloride (FeCl ) at 70 C (160 F) and
8% concentration attacks titanium-nickel at 8.9
mpy. Titanium-nickel is attacked at a rate of 2.8
mpy in a solution of 1.5% FeCl with 2.5% HCI.
Hydrochloric a c i d (HCI) has a variety of effects on the corrosion of titanium-nickel alloys depending on temperature, acid concentration, and
specific alloy composition. With 3% HCI at 100 C
(212 F) and a range of alloy compositions, the rate
of attack was as low as 0.36 mpy and as high as 3.3
mpy. At 25 C (77 F) and 7M solution, titaniumnickel-iron alloys can lose up to 457 mpy.
Nitric acid ( H N O 3 ) is more aggressive toward
titanium-nickel t h a n type 304 stainless steel. At
30 C (86 F), 10% H N O 3 attacks at a rate of 2.5
1 0 mpy; 60% solution attacks at 0.25 mpy; 5%
H N O 3 at its boiling point attacks at 2 mpy.
Biocompatibility studies have been conducted in various media chosen to simulate the
conditions of the mouth and the human body. In
general, no corrosion of titanium-nickel alloys has
been reported. For example, in tests where coupons of titanium-nickel were sealed at 37 C (97 F)
for 72 h, the mass corrosion rate was on the order
of 1 0 mpy for such media as synthetic saliva, synthetic sweat, 1% NaCI solution, 1% lactic acid, and
0.1% H N a S 0 acid (Ref 29); see also Ref 30.

The interaction between hydrogen and titamum-nickel is sensitive to both concentration and
temperature (Ref 31). In general, hydrogen levels

in excess of 20 ppm by weight can be considered

detrimental to ductility, with levels in excess of 200
ppm severely impairing. Under certain conditions,

Hydrogen
Damage

-2

-5

1040 / A d v a n c e d Materials

hydrogen can be absorbed during pickling, plating, and caustic cleaning. The exact conditions required for hydrogen absorption are not well defined, so it is advisable to exercise care when
performing any of these operations.
Substantial amounts of hydrogen also can be

absorbed in hydrogenated water at elevated temperatures and pressures, such as would be found
in pressurized water reactor primary water systems. Relatively short exposure times have been
shown to produce hydrogen levels well in excess of
1000 ppm (Ref 32).

Thermal Properties

Heat Capacity

A typical plot of specific heat (CL) versus temperature for a 50.2% Ti alloy (see figure) shows a
discontinuity at the M temperature of 90 C (195
F) (Ref 3). The peak and onset temperatures for
the peaks are often used to characterize the transformation temperatures of an alloy. Care must be
taken however, (Ref 33), because the presence of
an R-phase prior thermal cycling, and residual
stresses from sample cutting can tend to complicate the curves and introduce spurious peaks.

Thermal
Expansion

The latent heat of the martensitic transformation strongly depends on the transformation temperature a n d stress rate (dc/) through the formula
/dT = )
Typical values for AH are 4 to 12 cal/g and values for da/ range from 3 to 10 MPa/C.
The latent heat of fusion can be expressed as:
AH = -34,000 J/mol (Ref 34).
The t h e r m a l coefficient of linear expansion can

Click here to view

Latent
Heats

LIVE GRAPH

Specific heat ( C )

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
0
200
400

-400
-200
'
30
o

800

600

" 7

25
201
15

10

CO

-270 - 1 8 0

i t *

-90

90
180 2 7 0
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

360

450

540

Specific h e a t of Ti-49.8Ni (at.%), with a s h a r p p e a k in the specific

heat at 9 0 C (195 F) corresponding to the M temperature.
Source: C M . J a c k s o n , H.J. Wagner, a n d R.J. Wasilewski, NASA
Report, N A S A - S P 5 1 1 0 , 1 9 7 2
s

be expressed as (Ref 23):

(martensite) = 6.6 l O ^ C
(austenite) = 11 l O ^ C
The volume change on phase transformation
(AV) (from austenite to martensite) is -0.16% (Ref
35).

Transition Temperatures

Melting

Point

Martensitic
Transformation
Temperatures

T = 1310 C (2390 F)
m

Characteristic transformation t e m p e r a t u r e s
depend strongly on composition (see table on
next page a n d the previous section on chemistry). Typical hysteresis widths range from 10 C
(18 F) for certain titanium-nickel-copper alloys,
to 40 to 60 C (72 to 108 F) for binary alloys, to
100 C (180 F) for titanium-nickel-niobium alloys.
Transformation temperatures are measured
by a number of techniques, including electrical resistivity, latent heat of transformation by differential scanning calorimetry, elastic modulus, yield
strength, a n d strain. However, the most useful
measurement technique is to monitor the strain
on cooling u n d e r a constant load and the recovery
on heating.
Other important relationships of transforma-

tion temperatures are as follows. Applied stresses

increase transformation temperatures according
to the stress rate (see the next section on tensile
properties). Martensitic deformations increase
the stress-free Ag temperatures, particularly in alloys with low yield stresses. The increase is temporary, returning to the previous value after the first
heating cycle. Increasing cold work tends to reduce
transformation temperatures. The R-phase transformation temperature is much more constant
than those for martensite, typically 20 to 40 C (68
to 105 F) in binary alloys.
Md, which is defined as the temperature above
which martensite cannot be stress-induced, may
be about 25 to 50 C (50 to 100 F) higher than Af.

Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys /1041

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view

Click here to view

Ms temperature as a function of cold working

Strain of a Ti-Ni-Nb specimen

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-300

-200

-200

-100

100

200

100

-100
0
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

20

Strain after deforming a n d unloading, m e a s u r e d on t h e first a n d

s e c o n d heating cycles. Note t h e c h a n g e in A,, a n d t h e recovery
strain.
S o u r c e : K.N. Melton, J.L. Proft, a n d T.W. Duerig, M R S Int. Meeting
on A d v a n c e d Materials, Vol 9, K. O t s u k a a n d K. Shimizu, Ed., Materials R e s e a r c h Society, 1989, 165

25
30
Cold work, %

C h a n g e in t h e M t e m p e r a t u r e of a Ti-50.6Ni alloy cold w o r k e d 9.2

to 4 0 % a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y a n n e a l e d at 5 0 0 C (930 F) for 3 0 min.
S o u r c e : G.R. Z a d n o a n d T.W. Duerig, unpublished r e s e a r c h
s

Ti-Ni shape memory transformation temperatures

M , which is defined as the temperature above which martensite cannot be stress induced, may be about from 25 to 50 C
(50 to 100 F) higher than A .
d

Reference(a)

Composition
at.%Ni

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
A*

Me

57
37
33
-51
-136
-4
28
57
20
-30
45

12
18
13
30
-178
-38
-14
5
-20
-53

[80 Mil]

46.6
47.6
49.6
50.2
51
51.5
52.8
49.4
49.7
50.4
49.7

[68 Wan]

50
50.1
50.5
51

44
10
-9,-29
20 to 25

48.1
48.6
49.0
49.5
50.5
51.0

100
101
66
47
5
-52

[71Kor]

[81 Mel]

[79 Che]

81
79
75
33
0
-12
44
63
39
-12
67

Af
117
134
114
32
-94
46
278
106
77
0

21
60

60
74
16
19
-31
-85

123
178
56
53
8
-39

Dilatometry

Dilatometry

DTA (as-received
material)

120
52
-29

Technique

140
153
93
80
44
-34

*
Electrical, magnetic
properties
Electrical resistivity

C o m p i l a t i o n from Phase Diagrams

of Binary Titanium Alloys, (J.L. Murray, Ed.), A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1987, 203. (a) C i t e d r e f e r e n c e s are
a s follows: 7 1 Kor: I.I. Kornilov, Ye. V. Kachur, a n d O.K. Belousov, "Dilatation A n a l y s i s o f Transformation i n t h e C o m p o u n d TiNi," Fiz. Met.
Metalfoved.,
32(2), 4 2 0 - 4 2 2 ( 1 9 7 1 ) i n R u s s i a n ; TR: Phys. Met. MetaUogr., 32(2), 1 9 0 - 1 9 3 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . 8 1 Mel: K N . Melton a n d O. Merrier, T h e
M e c h a n i c a l Properties of N i T i - B a s e d S h a p e M e m o r y Alloys," Acta Metall, 29, 3 9 3 - 3 9 8 ( 1 9 8 1 ) . 8 0 Mil: R.V. Milligan, " D e t e r m i n a t i o n of
P h a s e Transformation T e m p e r a t u r e s of T i N i U s i n g Differential T h e r m a l Analysis," T i t a n i u m '80, Ti Sci. Tech., Proc. Int. Conf. Kyoto, Jap a n , M a y 18-22, T. K i m u z i , E d . , 1 4 6 1 - 1 4 6 7 (1980). 6 8 Wan: F.E. W a n g , B . E D e S a v a g e , a n d W.J. Buehler, "The Irreversible Critical R a n g e i n
t h e T i N i Transition," J. Appl. Phys., 3 9 ( 5 ) , 2 1 6 6 - 2 1 7 5 (1968). 7 9 Che: D . B . Chernov, Yu.I. P a s k a l , V.E. Gyunter, L.A. M o n a s e v i c h , a n d E.M.
Savitskii, "The Multiplicity of Structural Transitions i n A l l o y s B a s e d o n TiNi," Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 2 4 7 , 854-857 ( 1 9 7 9 ) i n R u s s i a n ;
TR: Sov. Phys. Dokl, 24(8), 6 6 4 - 6 6 6 ( 1 9 7 9 )

1042 / Advanced Materials

Tensile Properties

In general, a superelastic curve is characterized by regions of nearly constant stress upon

loading (referred to the loading plateau stress) and
unloading (unloading plateau stress). These plateau stress values are better indicators of mechanical strength t h a n the traditional yield stress.
Typical values are shown (see table).

Schematic of superelasticity descriptors

Ti-Ni shape memory: Typical loading and unloading

characteristics
Loading plateau
Unloading plateau
Maximum springback
Maximum deformation with %
permanent set
Maximum stored energy

450 to 700 MPa

Up to 250 MPa
11%
6%
40-50 J/cm

Source: T.W. D u e r i n g a n d G.R. Zadno, Engineering

Aspects
of
Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. D u e r i g et al., Ed., B u t t e r w o r t h - H e i n e m a n n , London, 1990, 3 6 9

Strain
S c h e m a t i c diagram showing key descriptors of superelasticity: o
(unloading plateau m e a s u r e d a s the inflection point), , (loading plat e a u m e a s u r e d a s the inflection point), , (total deformation strain),
( p e r m a n e n t set, or amnesia) and t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y (shaded
area).
S o u r c e : T.W. Duerig and G.R. Zadno, Engineering
Aspects of
Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig ef al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinem a n n , London, 1990, 3 6 9

Above Ma

is defined as the temperature above which

martensite cannot be stress-induced. Consequently, titanium-nickel remains
austenite
throughout an entire tensile test above M^. Tensile
strengths depend strongly on alloy condition, and
the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and
ductility of cold worked titanium-nickel wire depend on final annealing temperatures (see figure).
Ductility drops sharply as compositions become nickel-rich. A review of other factors controlling ductility can be found in Ref 36.

Aging of nickel-rich alloys increases austenitic

strength to a typical peak strength of800 MPa (116
ksi). Surprisingly, ductility is also increased during the aging process.

Yield strength vs anneal temperature

Mechanical properties v s anneal temperature

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
600

800

1 000

1200

Temperature,
1 400

1600

-100

100

200

300

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

F
400

500

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
T h e influence of annealing t e m p e r a t u r e on m e c h a n i c a l properties of
0.5 m m (0.02 in.) Ti-50.6Ni wire with 4 0 % cold work a n d a n n e a l e d
3 0 min at t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : G.R. Z a d n o a n d T.W. Duerig, unpublished r e s e a r c h

Titanium-nickel yield stresses are controlled

by the "friction" of the martensite twin interfaces.
Typical yields stresses are 120 to 160 MPa (17 to 23
ksi) for binary alloys and as low as 60 to 90 MPa (9

Temperature, C
T h e influence of annealing temperature on m e c h a n i c a l properties of Ti50.6Ni with 4 0 % cold work annealed 30 min at t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : G.R. Z a d n o a n d T.W. Duerig, u n p u b l i s h e d r e s e a r c h

to 13 ksi) for titanium-nickel-copper alloys. Ultimate tensile strengths and ductilities are similar
to austenitic values.

Ti-Ni S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s /1043

Superelasticity (Between M and Md)

s

Effect of
Temperature

Between M and Md, the material transforms

from austenite to martensite during tensile testing. Yield strengths vary continuously from M to
Ma (see figure). The rate of stress increase is called
the stress rate, varying from 3 to 20 MPa/C, with
rates generally increasing with M .
Superelasticity, or pseudoelasticity, is a n enhanced elasticity when unloading between A and
M^. The Ma transition is generally defined as the
temperature above which stress-induced martensite can no longer be formed. On a stress-temperature graph, ^ is the temperature where the stress
begins to level off.
Superelasticity is also highly temperature dependent (see figures). Changing alloy composition
and heat t r e a t m e n t can shift the temperature
range of superelastic behavior from -100 to +100
C (-148 to 212 F).
This datasheet describes some of the key properties of equiatomic and near-equiatomic titanium-nickel alloys with compositions yielding
s

shape memory and superelastic properties. Shape

memory and superelasticity per se will not be reviewed; readers are referred to Ref 1 to 3 for basic
information
on
titanium-nickel,
Tee-nee,
Memorite, Nitinol, Tine, and Flexon.
These terms do not refer to single alloys or alloy
compositions, but to a family of alloys with properties t h a t greatly depend on exact compositional
make-up, processing history, and small ternary additions. Each manufacturer has its own series of
alloy designations and specifications within the
"Ti-Ni" range.
A second complication t h a t readers must acknowledge is that all properties change significantly at the transformation temperatures M , Mf,
A , and Af (see figure). Moreover, these temperatures depend on applied stress. Thus any given
property depends on temperature, stress, and history. Superelasticity is an enhanced elasticity occurring when unloading between A and Md (see
the section "Tensile Properties" in this datasheet.)
s

LIVE GRAPH

LIVE GRAPH

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Permanent set of superelastic wire

Click here to view

Loading and unloading plateau heights in Ti-Ni wire

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
-300

-200

-100

100

Temperature,
200

300

-300

6|

-200

2000

-100

100

200

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
P e r m a n e n t s e t of s u p e r e l a s t i c binary titanium-nickel wire d e f o r m e d
8 . 3 % a n d u n l o a d e d at v a r i o u s temperatures. Ti-Ni wire with 5 0 . 8
a t . % Ni cold w o r k e d 4 0 % a n d a n n e a l e d at 5 0 0 C (930 F) for 2 min.
T h e s u p e r e l a s t i c w i n d o w is roughly 4 0 C (70 F) in width.
S o u r c e : T.W. Duerig a n d G.R. Zadno, Engineering A s p e c t s of
Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig era/., Ed., Butterworth-Heinem a n n , London, 1990, 3 6 9

-200

-200
'

-100
'

-100

0
'

'

100
'

200
'

0
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

100

300
r

200

5 0 . 8 a t . % Ni cold worked 4 0 % a n d a n n e a l e d at 5 0 0 C (930 F) for

2 min. S t r e s s rate = 5.7 MPa/C.
S o u r c e : T.W. Duerig a n d G.R. Z a d n o , Engineering Aspects of
Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig etal., Ed., Butterworth-Heinem a n n , London, 1990, 3 6 9

1044 / A d v a n c e d Materials

High-Temperature Behavior

Stress relaxation

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

C r e e p . Very few creep measurements have

been made on titanium-nickel, although creep
mechanisms have been proposed (Ref 37).
S t r e s s r e l a x a t i o n is critical in many constrained recovery appheations. Several measurements have been made (Ref 9, 12, 38). To summarize, relaxation of stable titanium-nickel alloys is
extremely slow below 350 C (660 F) and becomes
very rapid by 425 C (795 F).

- 1 . 0 - 0 . 5 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 2 . 5 3.0

3.5 4.0 4.5

5.0

log (r), h
S t r e s s relaxation of a Ni^TijoFeg alloy at 3 7 5 C (705 F) measured
in a dynamically controlled c r e e p machine. R o u n d s p e c i m e n s with
g a g e length of 6 m m , fully a n n e a l e d .
S o u r c e : J. Proft a n d T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape
Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
1990,p115

Fatigue Properties

The fatigue behavior of titanium-nickel alloys

is extremely complex and encompasses many different topics, l b summarize, titanium-nickel excels in low-cycle, strain-controlled environments,
and does relatively poorly in high-cycle, stress-

controlled environments. The superelastic mechanisms accommodate high strains without excessive stresses, but cannot accommodate high
stresses without excessively high strains.

Stress
Controlled

Isothermal stress-controlled testing is import a n t in many constrained recovery applications in

which the shape memory effect is only used as a
mode of installation, e.g., fasteners and couplings,
in which the alloys are used exclusively above the
M<j temperature. Although fatigue has been exten-

sively characterized by the coupling and fastener

industries, much of the data remains largely unpublished or highly application specific. Typical SN behavior for various alloy compositions tested
well above their
temperatures is shown below
(see figure on next page).

Strain
Controlled

Isothermal strain-controlled behavior is highly

dependent on the testing temperature relative to
the alloy transformation temperature. Fracture
follows the Coffin-Manson relationship:
A^ACp = C
where C and are constants; is the number of cycles to failure; and is the applied strain amplitude (see figure). One specific example of particu-

lar interest is superelastic cycling (strain-controlled testing between Ag and M ). There are several
modes of degradation t h a t occur under these circumstances (see figure). Again, these depend
strongly on specific alloy conditions and the needs
of the application. Further data are provided in
Ref 39.

Thermal
Fatigue

Thermal cycling both with and without applied

loads such as found in actuators or heat engines, is
certainly the most complex mode to analyze. Although it has been studied extensively, it remains
difficult to predict failure, largely because failure
can consist of fracture, ratcheting, migration of
transformation temperatures, changes in reset
force, etc. Moreover, damage accumulation depends on stress, strain, temperature change, heat-

ing methods, heating and cooling rates, and even

orientation (horizontal or vertical).
Failure too is nebulous. Various degradation
modes can occur, including a shift in transformation temperature, a reduction in the available
strain, walking (or ratcheting), and fracture itself.
Thermal cycling with no applied load can even result in some degradation. See Ref 40 to 43 for further information.

Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys /1045

LIVE GRAPH

Typical S-N curves

LIVE GRAPH

Low-cycle fatigue behavior

Click here to view

Click here to view

1200

M = + 7 0 C

M = + 7 . 5 C

M = - 8 0 C

M = - 1 2 0 C

900-

600-

Electron b e a m melting

Or-

Ti-50.5 Ni

Ti-50.7 Ni

Ti-50.9 Ni

= 0.155
^

> A > B

0.176

=0.216

Ti-50.8 Ni

Ti-51.0 Ni v a c u u m induction melting

High-frequency

= 0.167

-300|
10'

10

10

10*

10''

10

10'

10

C y c l e s to failure

10

10

C y c l e s to failure

Titanium-nickel alloys of v a r i o u s c o m p o s i t i o n s (at.%) prepared in

v a r i o u s fashions is isothermally t e s t e d in s h e e t form. Testing is d o n e
well a b o v e M . S h e e t s p e c i m e n s l o a d e d a n d u n l o a d e d [R=0). Cyc l e d a t 6 0 C (140 F).
S o u r c e : S. Miyazaki, Y. S u g a y a , a n d K. O t s u k a , M R S Int. Meeting
o n A d v a n c e d Materials, Vol 9, K. O t s u k a a n d K. Shimizu, Ed., Materials R e s e a r c h Society, 1989, 2 5 7
d

Low-cycle fatigue behavior of titanium-nickel alloys a t room temp e r a t u r e t e s t e d in tension-compression (R = - 1 ) . T h e M t e m p e r a t u r e s of t h e alloys a r e indicated.
S o u r c e : K.N. Melton a n d O. Mercier, Strength of Metals and Alloys,
P. H a a s e n e r a / . , Ed., P e r g a m o n P r e s s , 1979, 1 2 4 6
s

Effects of isothermal superelastic cycling

LIVE GRAPH
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-25

LIVE GRAPH
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0.5h

2 5 h

12 C

26 C

3 6 C

1 cycle

(cycle)

=.-

50h
E

12 C

2 6 C

3 6 C

75h

1.5

100
50

150

100

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

C y c l e s to failure

C y c l e s to failure
(b)

(a)

LIVE GRAPH
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2h.

2 1

>.

12 C

26 C

36 C
50

100

150

C y c l e s to failure
(c)
T e s t s of a superelastic titanium-nickel wire a t t h r e e t e m p e r a t u r e s . Alloy c o n t a i n s 5 0 . 6 a t . % nickel. T h r e e m o d e s of degradation o c c u r simultaneo u s l y during the isothermal s u p e r e l a s t i c cycling of titanium-nickel alloys: walking, or a n accumulation of p e r m a n e n t s e t (top), a c h a n g e in yield
s t r e s s (middle) and a reduction in t h e h y s t e r e s i s width (bottom).
S o u r c e : S. Miyazaki, Engineering Aspects ofShape Memory^ A/toys, T.W. Duerig era/., Ed., Butterworths, 1990, 4 0 3

1046 / A d v a n c e d Materials

Fracture

Fatigue

Crack

Stress-inducing martensite a t t h e tip of a

Propagation

propagating crack has been shown to significantly

Toughness

Although Charpy impact testing on titaniumnickel has been conducted (Ref 3,46), very littleKi
or Ji data exist. Indications are strong t h a t a
c

slow crack growth (Ref 44). Other sources of data

include Ref 45.
sharp toughness minimum exists at
ure).

(see fig-

Fatigue crack propagation

10"

LIVE GRAPH

Stable

Stable austenite

Irreversible s t r e s s - i n d u c e d

martensite

Reversible stress-induced

martensite

10

Click here to view

martensite

10"

10

1
2

O n e lattice s p a c i n g p e r cycle

10"'

10"

10"
100

10
S t r e s s - i n t e n s i t y r a n g e (AK), M P a V m

Fatigue crack propagation r a t e s in four titanium-nickel alloys, representing stable martensite with M > room temperature, stabfeausfen/tewith M
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , irreversible stress-inducedmartens/fe
with M < room t e m p e r a t u r e < A,., a n d reversible stress-inducedmartensitewtt
A, <
room t e m p e r a t u r e < M . Tested with R = 0.1 o n 1 0 m m thick C T s p e c i m e n s a t 5 0 H z under conditions of d e c r e a s i n g AK.
S o u r c e : R.H. Dauskardt, T.W. Duerig, a n d R.O. Ritchie, M R S Int. Meeting o n A d v a n c e d Materials, Vol 9, K. O t s u k a a n d K. Shimizu, Ed., Materials
R e s e a r c h Society, 1989, 2 4 3
s

Processing

Bulk Working

F l o w Stress. Upset forging tests conducted on

seven different alloys a t strain rates ranging from
1 0 to 1 0 indicate that the material has a very
high hot ductility and is not highly strain rate dependent. The flow stresses can be characterized by
the relation:
<5 =
kz exp(-QIRT)
-5

Fracture energy vs temperature

-100
8 0 0 -

LIVE GRAPH

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
0
100
1

'

Click here to view

!

200
- 0.35
HO.30

650
uts

bv

where is the flow stress; is the strain rate; Q is an

activation energy (50,000 cal/mole); and m and k are
constants. Values for m were found to range from 0.1
to 0.17 with increasing temperature (see figure for
typical data of an equiatomic binary alloy).
Extrusion. Both solid bar and large tube (50
mm diameter with 8 mm wall thickness) have been
extruded from titanium-nickel. Parameters remain proprietary.
Forging, ^ a m u m - n i c k e l h a s been succesfully forged into large cups. Parameters remain
proprietary.
Rolling. Titanium-nickel can be hot rolled
with relative ease, but is difficult to cold roll, especially in thin, wide sections.

500

0.20
f*

Fracture energy

350

! >fc

200

Mo
4

Yii ild s t r e n g t (0.2%)

50
-80

0-15
0.10

0.05
0.00

-40

40

80

120

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Vacuum induction melted alloy hot worked a n d a n n e a l e d for 1 h at
9 5 0 C a n d air cooled. S t a n d a r d C h a r p y V-notch impact specimens
w e r e m a c h i n e d . T h e influence of t e m p e r a t u r e o n fracture toughn e s s of 44Ti-49Ni-5Cu-2Fe (wt%). Note that t h e minimum in the
fracture e n e r g y o c c u r s just below M , a s determined from the corresponding 0 . 2 % yield strength a n d ultimate tensile strength measurements.
S o u r c e : K.N. Melton a n d O . Mercier, Acta Metall., Vol 29,1982,
393
d

T i - N i S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s / 1047

Fabrication

Casting. Although some unreported experiments have been conducted, casting has not been
done on a commercial level.
P o w d e r Metallurgy. Although a great deal of
experimentation has taken place with both elemental and prealloyed powders, nothing has
reached near-production levels. Reference 5 provides a review of methods.
F o r m i n g . Titanium-nickel sheet has been successfully formed into a range of complex shapes,
both in the martensite and austenitic phases.
Springback is high, as is die wear and friction. Parameters remain proprietary.
Machining. Titanium-nickel is very difficult
to machine. Very low speeds and a great deal of
coolant is required, and tool wear is very rapid.
Milling and drilling are particularly difficult. Producers of couplings have demonstrated t h a t largescale machining production is possible.
H e a t Treatment. Titanium-nickel can be heat
treated in air up to -500 C (930 F). No case is
formed, but a surface oxide of rutile develops
quickly. Above 500 C (930 F), the oxide layer begins to flake (depending on time). Nitrogen and hydrogen atmospheres are not recommended. Argon,
helium, and vacuum heat t r e a t m e n t s are commonly used to preserve bright finishes.
Recrystallization is extremely rapid above 700
C (1290 F). Solution treatment requires temperatures of at least 550 C (1020 F). Stress relief
is usually accomplished at temperatures as low as
300 C (570 F). A TTT diagram is shown in the
previous section "Phases and Structures."
Fully annealed bar stock has a typical hardness of 60 HRA. Vicker numbers range from 190
HV in the annealed condition to 240 HV after 15%
cold work (Ref 3).

Flow stress measurements

0.6

0.8

1.0
1.2
1 / T x 1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1.4

1.6

Natural log (In) of flow s t r e s s is shown to vary linearly with the inv e r s e of a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e . 12 m m 8 m m diameter s p e c i m e n s
t e s t e d in c o m p r e s s i o n u n d e r isothermal conditions (heated dies) at
the t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d strain r a t e s shown.
S o u r c e : T.W. Duerig, unpublished d a t a

J o i n i n g . Titanium-nickel is difficult to join because most mating materials cannot tolerate the
large strains experienced by the alloy. Most applications rely on crimped bonds. It can be welded to
itself with relative ease by resistance and TIG
methods. Welding to other materials is extremely
difficult, although proprietary methods do exist
and are practiced in large volumes in the production of eyeglass frames.
Brazing can only be accomplished after re-enforcement and plating. Again, methods are proprietary; large-scale production is practiced by the
eyeglass frame industry.

References

1. T.W. Duerig et al., Ed., Engineering Aspects of

Shape Memory Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990
2. J. Perkins, Ed., Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, Plenum Press, 1975
3. C M . Jackson, H.J. Wagner, and R.J.
Wasilewski, NASA Report, NASA-SP 5110,
1972
4. J. Takahashi, M. Okazaki, K. Hiroshi, and Y.
Furuta, private communication, 1984
5. T.W. Duerig, in Advanced Synthesis of Materials, J. Moore, Ed., 1993, to be published
6. G.R. Zadno and T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et
al., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990,
414
7. . Nishida, C M . Wayman and T. Honma, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 17,1986, 1505
8. T.W Duerig and K N . Melton, Proc. of SMA'86,
C. Youyi et al., Ed., China Academic Publishers, 1986, 397
9. J.L. Proft and T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et
al., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990,
115
10. A. Keeley, D. Stockel, and T.W. Duerig, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W.
Duerig et al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,

London, 1990, 181

11. T.W. Duerig and G.R. Zadno, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et
al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, London,
1990, 369
12. C R . Such, "The Characterization of the Reversion Stress in NiTi," M.S. Thesis, Naval Post
Graduate School, Monterrey, CA, 1974
13. M.V. Nevitt, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, Vol 218,
1960, 327
14. D.M. Goldstein, W.J. Buehler, and R.C. Wiley,
Effects of Alloying upon Certain Properties of
55.1 Nitinol, NOLTR 64-235,1964
15. H.K. Eckelmeyer, Sandia Labs Report 740418,1974
16. D.B. Chernov et al.,Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR,
Vol 245 (No. 2), 1979, 360
17. P.G. Lindquist and C M . Wayman, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W.
Duerig et al., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990, 58
18. T.W. Duerig and K N . Melton, The Martensite
Transformation in Science and Technology, E.
Hornbogen and H. Jost, Ed., Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1988, 191
19. W. Moberly and Melton, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerig et

1048 / A d v a n c e d Materials

al, Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, London,

1990, 46
20. . Matsumoto, S. Miyazaki, Otsuka, and H.
Tamura, Acta Metall., Vol 35,1987, 2137
21. H.C. Ling and R. Kaplow, Metall. Trans. A, Vol
12,1981, 2101
22. L. Kaufman, S.A. Kulin, P. Neshe, and R.
Salzbrenner, Shape Memory Effects in Alloys,
J. Perkins, Ed., Plenum Press, 1975, 547
23. S. Spinner and A.G. Rozner, J. Acoust. Soc.
Am., Vol 40,1966, 1009
24. R.J. Wasilewski, Trans. AIME, Vol 233,1965,
1691
25. O.K Belousov, Russ. Metall., Vol 2,1981, 204
26. J.E. Hanlon, S.R. Butler, andR.J. Wasilewski,
Trans. AIME, Vol 239,1967, 1323
27. C-M. Chan, S. Trigwell, and T.W. Duerig, Surf.
Interface Anal., Vol 15,1990, 349
28. J.D. Harrison, Raychem Report, 1991
29. S. Lu, Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory
Alloys, T.W Duerigei al., Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990, 445
30. L.S. Castleman, S.M. Motzkin, F.P. Ahcandri,
V.L. Bonawit, and A.A. Johnson, J. Biomed.
Mater. Res.,Vol 10,1976, 695
31. R. Burch and N.B. Mason, J.C.S. Faraday I,
Vol 75, 1979, 561; R.B. Burch and N.B. Mason, J.C.S. Faraday I, Vol 75,1979, 578
32. A.R. Pelton and T.W. Duerig, "An Analysis of
Crofit Couplings After One-Year Service at
Seabrook," Raychem Proprietary Report, 1991
33. G. Airoldi and B. Rivolta,Phys. Scripta, Vol 37,
1988, 891
34. J.C. Gachon and J. Hertz, CALPHAD, Vol 7,
1983, 1
35. Otsuka, . Sawamura, Shimizu, and

C M . Wayman, Metall. Trans., Vol 2, 1971,

2583
36. S. Miyazaki et al., Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol 56-58,
1990, 765
37. A.K Mukherjee, J. Appl. Phys., Vol 39 (No. 5),
1968, 2201
38. A. Tend et al.,Nip. Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu,
A. Hen, Vol 51 (No. 462), 1985, 488
39. G.R. Zadno, W. Yu, and T.W. Duerig, Materials
Science Forum, Vol 56-58, B.C. Muddle, Ed.,
1990, 771
40. . Tamura, Y. Suzuki and T. Tbdoroki, Proc.
Int. Conf. Martensitic Transformations, Japan
Institute of Metals, 1986, 736
41. Y. Furuya et al., MRS Int. Meeting on Advanced Materials, Vol 9, Otsuka and
Sliimizu, Ed., Materials Research Society,
1989, 269
42. Y. Suzuki and H. Tamura, Engineering Aspects
of Shape Memory Alloys, T.W. Duerigei al., Ed.,
Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990, 256
43. J.L. Proft, K N . Melton, and T.W. Duerig, MRS
Int. Meeting on Advanced Materials, Vol 9, K.
Otsuka and Shimizu, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 159
44. R.H. Dauskardt, T.W. Duerig, and R.O. Richie,
MRS Int. Meeting on Advanced Materials, Vol
9, Otsuka and Shimizu, Ed., Materials
Research Society, 1989, 251
45. S. Miyazaki, Y. Sugaya, and Otsuka, MRS
Int. Meeting on Advanced Materials, Vol 9,
Otsuka and Shimizu, Ed., Materials Research Society, 1989, 251
46. . Melton and O. Mercier, Acta Metall, Vol
29,1982, 393

Technical Notes

M e t a l l o g r a p h y a n d M i c r o s t r u c t u r e /1051

Technical Note 1: Metallography

and Microstructure
Reviewed by Gerhard Welsch, C a s e Western Reserve University, and Rodney Boyer, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company

This Technical Note describes some of

the basic microstructural features in titanium alloys and methods of specimen
preparation for metallographic investigation. The microstructural features can be
categorized as alpha microstructures of
hexagonal phase, beta microstructures
ofbody-centered cubic phase, and microstructures of various transition products
from beta decomposition (which would be
primarily and ). These microstructural
features affect mechanical properties as
shown in Table 1.

Alpha Structures
Depending on the alloy composition
and the thermal-mechanical processing
history, the -type (hexagonal) structures
in , -, and titanium alloys may include:
Primary alpha

Secondary alpha (transformed beta

from cooling or subtransus aging)
Alpha structures hardened by
a (Ti Al)

Martensitic microstructures based

on hexagonal alpha phase (labelled

')
Martensitic microstructures based
on orthorhombic phase (labeled a")

Primary and secondary alpha generally are unaffected by aging, unless their
aluminum concentration exceeds the
solubility limit. In the latter case, a2-precipitates may develop upon aging. The
martensites readily decompose at aging
temperatures into more stable or +
microstructures. Metastable beta alloys
also form an unstable Type-1 precipitate
that decomposes into a Type-2 during
aging.
Primary alpha is the hep phase that
persists during heat treatment in the -
phase field. The morphology of primary
alpha is influenced by thermomechanical
history. Microstxucture and crystallographic
texture are influenced most by the last
working operation or heat treatment.
Morphology of primary alpha can be
lamellar, equiaxed, or mixed. The lamellar morphology is obtained from transformation during medium-to-slow cooling
(of a prior heat treatment, in the case of

Kroll's r e a g e n t (192)

Kroll's r e a g e n t (192)

Fig. 1 E x a m p l e of acicular a l p h a with prior beta

grains a r e outlined by t h e grain b o u n d a r y a l p h a that
w a s first to transform. Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, hot worked below
t h e alpha t r a n s u s , a n n e a l e d 3 0 min at 2 1 5 0 F (1177
C), which is a b o v e t h e b e t a t r a n s u s and air cooled.

Fig. 2 E x a m p l e of plate-like alpha. Alloy Ti-5AI-2.5Sn

with s a m e annealing t e m p e r a t u r e a s previous figure
but furnace cooled instead of air cooled. 85x

primary a) from above the transus or high

in the - phase field. Heavy working at
temperatures below the transus are
needed to transform lamellar alpha into
an equiaxed alpha morphology. Annealing
or solution treating below the beta transus does not significantly change the morphology of primary alpha. However, if the
material has been heavily cold worked,
then recrystallization to an equiaxed microstructure can occur when heat treated
in the + phase field.
Precipitation of a . The primary aphase, whether in lamellar or equiaxed
form, is usually little affected by aging.
However, this is true only if the oxygen
concentration is well below 0.2 wt.% and
the aluminum concentration is not higher
t h a n the solubility limit (approximately
6.0 wt%). Otherwise, fine (T13AI) precipitates can occur. Also, there is indirect
evidence from observation of superdislocation pairs, that ordering of (oxygen) interstitials can occur, which has a profound
effect on dislocation glide systems, with
lattice hardening and embrittlement as a
consequence.
Secondary alpha (or transformed
beta) refers to the local or continuous alpha structures that arise during annealing below the transus (or during cooling
2

Kroll's r e a g e n t (192)
Fig. 3 E x a m p l e of s e r r a t e d a l p h a plates; t h e particles
of TiH a n d retained b e t a s h o w u p black b e t w e e n t h e
p l a t e s of alpha. Unalloyed Ti (99.0%) a n n e a l e d 2
h o u r s at 1 0 0 0 C (1830 F), air cooled. 2 5 0 x

1052 / Technical Notes

Table 1 Relationships between critical microstructural features and mechanical properties of titanium alloys(a)
Degrades
Feature
Enhances
Equiaxed

Elongated

Widmanstatten

Bi-Modal

Colony

Secondary
Grain s h a p e (elongated)

Coarse prior grains

Strength
Ductility
F a t i g u e I n i t i a t i o n Resist.
Low Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .
Fracture T o u g h n e s s
N o t c h e d F a t i g u e Resist.
Fatigue Crack Growth Resist.
Fracture T o u g h n e s s
Notched F a t i g u e Resist.
Fatigue Crack Growth Resist.
Creep
Strength
Ductility
Fatigue I n i t i a t i o n R e s i s t .
Low Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .
Fatigue Crack Growth Resist.
Fracture T o u g h n e s s
Notched F a t i g u e Resist.
Strength
Ductility
Fracture P r o p e r t i e s
Fatigue Crack Growth Resist.
Notched F a t i g u e Resist.
Fracture T o u g h n e s s
Creep

F i n e prior grains

M i x e d - m o d e grain size
A l p h a films
Grain b o u n d a r y

Strength
F a t i g u e I n i t i a t i o n Resist.
Ductility
Strength
Fatigue Initiation Resist.
F a t i g u e I n i t i a t i o n Resist.
Notched F a t i g u e Resist.
Fracture T o u g h n e s s
Fatigue Crack Growth Resist.
Notched F a t i g u e Resist.

Fracture Toughness
F a t i g u e Crack G r o w t h R e s i s t .
N o t c h e d Fatigue R e s i s t .
Ductility
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .
L o w Cycle Fatierue R e s i s t .
Ductility
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .
L o w Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .
Strength
F a t i g u e Crack G r o w t h R e s i s t .
Fracture Toughness

Strength
Ductility
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .
L o w Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .
Fracture Toughness
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .

Strength
Ductility
L o w Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .
Fracture Toughness
N o t c h e d Fatigue R e s i s t .
Fracture Toughness
F a t i g u e Crack G r o w t h R e s i s t .
Ductility
F a t i g u e Initiation R e s i s t .
L o w Cycle F a t i g u e R e s i s t .

R e s i s t . = R e s i s t a n c e , (a) T h e s e general r e l a t i o n s h i p s do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a d d r e s s specific c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n

s o m e microstructural features. For e x a m p l e , t h e f a t i g u e crack g r o w t h r e s i s t a n c e of bi-modal a l p h a i s g e n e r a l l y
b e t t e r t h a n e q u i a x e d alpha, b u t l e s s t h a n t h a t of r e c r y s t a l l i z e d a n n e a l e d e q u i a x e d alpha.

M e t a l l o g r a p h y a n d M i c r o s t r u c t u r e /1053

through the subtransus region), by nucleation and growth in previously

quenched-in martensite or metastable
beta regions. Transformed beta typically
consists of submicron alpha platelets
which are usually separated by beta
phase. Secondary alpha is produced by aging retained beta or martensitic structures, or by cooling from high in the +
field at a rate slower than that required to
form martensite.
The secondary alpha has various appearances and may be acicular or lamellar, platelike, serrated, or Widmanstatten. Acicular or lamellar (Fig. 2) is the
most common transformation product
formed through the transus. It is a result
of nucleation and growth of with a specific crystallographic orientation (Burgers
orientation) r e l a t i v e to t h e crystallographic planes of the prior matrix.
Precipitation of lamellar alpha normally occurs on multiple variants or orientations of prior habit planes. Upon
cooling through the transus temperature
with intermediate rates (air-cooling) or
slow rates (furnace-cooHng), the beta
phase transforms by mffusion-controlled
partitioning of alpha-stabilizing alloy elements into alpha lamellae and beta-stabilizing elements into the remaining volume. The beta-phase regions have the
same crystal orientation as the original
large beta grains, and the alpha-phase lamellae have orientations that are related
to the beta phase by the Burgers relation.
As a result, colonies or lamella packets of
up to 12 different orientations can be generated within a prior beta grain. These
multiple orientations of often have the
basketweave appearance characteristic of
a Widmanstatten
structure. Alpha-lamella packets forming from small beta
grains may have a singular orientation.
A packet or cluster contains acicular or
lamellar grains aligned in the same orientation. They are also referred to as a
"colony? Each colony of lamellae behaves
like a single crystal or grain, because the
orientation difference between neighbor
lamellae is very small (less than a degree).
Therefore, the effective grain size for mechanical properties is that of the colony
size, and colony size is often regarded as
an important microstructural feature
when correlating this type of microstructure with properties such as fatigue
strength or fracture toughness.
The cooling rate affects the number of
variants of alpha products, the width of
the individual lamellae, the degree of partitioriing of the alloy elements, and if it
has a Widmanstatten or colony microstructure. Under some conditions, the alpha lamellae take on a wide, platelike appearance (see Fig. 2 for furnace-cooled
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn). Under other conditions,
grains of irregular size with jagged

boundaries, called "serrated a," are produced (see Fig. 3 of unalloyed titanium
specimen).
M a r t e n s i t i c S t r u c t u r e s . If the cooling rates from the field are sufficiently
rapid, an acicular or lath-like martensite
is formed. In alloys with low concentrations of beta-stabilizing elements, the
martensite has a distorted hexagonal
crystal lattice, similar to that of a, and is
referred to as ' . Because of the fine lath
width, a' is stronger than lamellar a, but
not necessarily brittle. The other principal type of martensite (orthorhombic a")
occurs upon the quenching of a phase
that contains intermediate concentrations of beta-stabilizing alloy elements
(e.g., between 10 and 15 wt% vanadium).
The a" martensite has an orthorhombic
structure with a very fine, internally
twinned microstructure. The orthorhombic a" martensite is mechanically soft.
Hexagonal martensite (') is an athermal transformation product, which can

only be formed by quenching. The hexagonal martensites can be formed in either

isomorphous or eutectoid systems, and
the product of the decomposition reaction
during tempering depends on the specific
alloy system.In -isomorphous alloys, aging of a' results in the formation of alpha
laths (with thin layers of ). Optical microscopy cannot distinguish between aged
and unaged martensite in most cases. In
eutectoid systems (such as Ti-Cu alloys),
the martensite may decompose into an alpha phase and intermetallic compounds.
The crystal structure of a' martensite
is hep and exhibits the same Burgers orientation relationship with the -phase as
does the phase:
.

(110)//(0001)'
<111>//<1120> '

The variation in the lattice parameters of a' martensite in Ti-V alloys de-

2.965

4.690

2.935

4.660
4
6
Vanadium content, atomic %

Fig. 4

Lattice p a r a m e t e r s of a' v e r s u s v a n a d i u m content.

Table 2 Formation a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n of o r t h o r h o m b i c martensite (a")

Transformation
Formation(a)

Process
i) D e c o m p o s i t i o n of m e t a s t a b l e during q u e n c h i n g
- > " + ()
ii) Decomposition of retained by i n t e r m e d i a t e (bainitic) transformation during
i s o t h e r m a l agingflb)

-> Vlean + Prich -> " + Vrich

iii) Stress-induced transformation from r e t a i n e d
- > " + T w i n n e d
Decomposition

i) Decomposition of af by both spinodal decomposition a n d reverse martensitic

transformation during cooling a n d a g i n g
" - "lean
a

+ "rich
a

- "lean
a

+ ~*

ii) Decomposition of a" i n t h e normal w a y

" -> u p o n h e a t i n g
(a) L e a n or rich refer to localized concentration of beta-stabilizing alloy e l e m e n t , (b) F o r m a t i o n of orthorhombic
m a r t e n s i t e d u r i n g a g i n g i s considered doubtful u n l e s s a g i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s are l o w e n o u g h to preclude diffusioncontrolled transformation.
Source: Y. M u r a k a m i , Critical R e v i e w P h a s e Transformations a n d H e a t T r e a t m e n t s , i n Titanium
Technology, Metallurgical Society of A J M E , 1980, 160

80 Science

and

1054 / Technical Notes

pends on alloying (see Fig. 4). Vanadium

has a smaller atom diameter t h a n titanium, thus the lattice parameters of a'
martensite decrease with increasing vanadium content.
Orthorhombic martensite (a") can be
formed by (see Table 2):

Transformation of metastable during quenching

Stress-induced transformation of
retained metastable

This martensite occurs in some binary

alloys (such as - and Ti-Nb, but not
Ti-V), ternary and higher order alloys,
and in many commercial + alloys (such
asTi-6Al-4V).
The a" martensite is important in two
respects: (1) In the quenched state it is
rather soft and increases room-temperature ductility. (2) As a precursor for subsequently aged or (a-^)-heat treated
products, a" enables the formation of a
very fine and uniform distribution of aprecipitates, in phase.
The formation of a" is largely dependent on the concentration of the stabilizing elements in the phase at solution
treatment temperature. In Ti-6A1-4V alloy, a" martensite (~20 vol%) forms in localized regions containing a concentration range of about 9 to 13 wt% V, which
occurs when Ti-6A1-4V is quenched from
800 to 850 C (1470 to 1560 F). In binary
titanium alloys, the concentration ranges
he within 3-5 at.% Mo, 9-10 at.% V, and
7.6-14 at.% Nb. The a" phase exhibits the
following orientation relationship with
the phase:
.

(110)//(002)"

[111]//[110] "

The volume fraction of a" martensite

in + structures increases with increasing content of stabilizer, cooling rate,
and the stabilizing potential of the alloying element. Furthermore, the quenching-temperature region for a" is extended
towards the transus temperature as the
stabilizing capacity of the alloying element increases. In Ti-6A1-4V alloy, oxygen
reduces the -phase stability and promotes the formation of a" martensite
upon quenching. Lattice parameters for
various compositions are shown (see Table 3).
Stress-Induced Martensite. Martensitic transformation can also be induced in a
quenched metastable -phase by an externally applied stress. The structure of the
stress-induced (or assisted) martensitic
products has been reported to be fee (or
fct), hep, and orthorhombic (distorted
hep). However, previously reported hexagonal (') stress-induced martensites
were orthorhombic (a") and that the misinterpretation arose from the overlap of
a' and a" reflections. The triggering
stress to induce -to-a" transformation is
as low as 150 MPa (22 ksi). Hydrogen, a phase stabilizer, tends to increase the
triggering stress.
Face-Centered Cubic (fee) and FaceCentered Orthorhombic (fco) Martensites.
Face-centered cubic martensite has been
found during TEM studies in binary Ti-Cr,
-Fe, -Mo, -Mn alloys, as well as in other
more complex systems. This martensite is
not typical of the bulk material. It seems
to be an artifact produced during thin-foil
electropoHshing as a result of hydrogen
contamination, although this cause is not

Table 3 Lattice parameters of orthorhombic a" martensite for various titanium alloys
a, A
6, A
e, A

Alloy, wt.%
Ti-4Mo
Ti-8Mo
Ti-4W

3.001
2.994
3.

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-2Al-16V

3.01
3.027

4.998
4.99

4.657
4.644

4.996
4.82
4.898

4.655
4.62
4.624

definitely established.
Face-centered cubic martensite contains fine twins of about 1 0 nm thick on
[ l l l j f c c type planes and has been confined
to sections of TEM foils. The orientation
relationship between the -phase and
these martensites are as follows:
.

(101)b c//(lll)fcc

[llT] cc//[0lT]fcc

[10T] c//[112]fcc

bc

Slip M o d e s in t h e -Phase. Various

modes of shp can occur in -Ti or in the aphase of titanium alloys (see Table 4). In
general, shp can occur on prismatic, pyramidal and basal planes by the movement of <a>, [c] and <c + a>-type dislocations. Since the < 1 1 2 0 > slip directions are
common to all three planes, the z>-type
dislocations can glide on prism, pyramid,
and basal planes. The <c + a>-type slip
can take place on prismatic and pyramidal planes. The [c]-type glide is restricted
to only prismatic planes and generally
does not occur.
At least five independent shp systems
are required for extensive ductility in
polycrystalline materials. The operation
of <a>-type slip on prismatic, pyramidal,
and basal planes provides only four independent shp systems. They do not allow
shear straining along the c-direction. The
displacement in the c-direction can be
achieved by the movement of [c]- or <c +
a>-type dislocations, or even by twins.
Twinning in P h a s e . TAvinning also
contributes to the plastic deformation of
-Ti. It has been reported to occur on ayariety of pyramidal planes: { 1 0 1 1 } , {1012},
{ 1 1 2 1 } , { 1 1 2 2 } , { 1 1 2 3 } , and {1124} type
planes (seeFig. 5 for examples). Twins on
{ 1 0 1 2 } , { 1 1 2 1 } , and {1123} planes allow an
extension along the c-axis compression of
-Ti. { 1 1 2 2 } twins initiate yielding and account for about 9 0 % of plastic deformation
between 2 5 and 3 0 0 C ( 8 0 and 5 7 0 F) for

(1124)

Table 4 Modes of slip in the -phase

Burgers vector
type
a

a
a
c
c
c+a
c+ a
c+ a

Slip
direction

Slip p l a n e
type

<1120>
<1120>

basal (0001)

<1120>
[0001]
[0001]
<1123>
<1123>
<1123>

prism {1010}
pyramidal (1010)
prism {1010}
prism {1120}
prism {1010}

N u m b e r of
slip systems
Total
Independent
3
3

prism {1010}

6
3
3
6
6

pyramidal {1122}

2
2
4
2
2
5
5
5

(1102)

(1123)

Metallography and M i c r o s t r u c t u r e /1055

Table 5 Characteristics of Type-1 a n d Type-2 alpha

Characteristic
Orientation
relation

Type-2 a

Type-la
Obeying B u r g e r s relation

N o t obeying Burgers relation

(110)p//(0001)

{1012}< 1011> twin orientation

<111>//<1120>

to Burgers orientation

Formation

Initially formed d u r i n g a g i n g (metastable relative to Type 2)

Transformed from Type 1 after longer holding

Morphology

Monolithic p l a t e (ternary alloy)

Colony of fine particles

Monolithic n e e d l e (binary alloy)

Transformation

mechanism

N u c l e a t i o n a n d g r o w t h m o r e likely t h a n mechanical t w i n n i n g

Source: Y. Murakami, Critial Review P h a s e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a n d H e a t Treatment, in Titanium

-Ti. Compression normal to the c-axis,

however, is accommodated by {1012}
twins and prismatic slip of <a>-type dislocations at 25 C (80 F).
The volume fraction of twins (in oc-Ti)
increases significantly with an increase in
grain size and strain. The effects of purity
and temperature on the frequency of twinning are not yet well established. However, the trend is such that decreasing
temperature and increasing purity generally increase the volume fraction of twins
in oc-Ti.
Type 1 and Type 2 alpha refer to the
two types of alpha that form during the
aging of a beta matrix. Type 1 is characterized as the Burgers a, while the other
alpha (Type 2) does not obey the Burgers
orientation relation (see Table 5). Details
of kinetics of their formation and resulting effects on properties are the subject of
ongoing research.

Beta Structures
Equilibrium Beta. In + and alloys, some equilibrium is present at
room temperature. (Some isolated "islands" of are also normally found in commercially pure and a- or near-a alloys due
to the presence of tramp iron.) This retention of a stable phase is due in large part
to the partitioning of the alloying elements at temperatures that are high in
the - phase field. Beta stabilizers concentrate in the -phase regions and are rejected from a, and vice-versa. Consequently, if cooling rates are slow, a certain
volume fraction of stable phase can form
after partitioning. For example, a heavily
worked (equiaxed) material may have islands of intergranular after annealing
high in the - phase field.
B e t a flecks are regions enriched in a
-stabilizing element due to segregation
during ingot solidification. Their occurrence in + alloys is uncommon. Flecking becomes more of a problem with alloys, which have much higher amounts of
-stabilizing additions. The problem is
most prevalent in iron- and chromiumbearing alloys. The enrichment of a localized region with stabilizers lowers the
transus locally, changing the microstruc-

80 Science

and Technology,

ture, and thereby enabling their detection.

This microstructural modification can
take two forms. In + alloys, such as Ti6Al-6V-2Sn, vanadium enrichment lowers the transus, but is not sufficient to
stabilize the to room temperature.
When working or heat treating the material high in the + phase field, the microstructure observed (after cooling back
to room temperature) will consist of primary and transformed . However, the
fleck region is actually above the transus
due to transus suppression from insufficient homogenization. Upon cooling, a
fleck results in the absence of primary in
this region. The fleck appears as an alltransformed (Fig. 6) for / alloys.
fleck could go undetected if the final processing and heat treatment are
conducted at a temperature low enough
that the -transus suppression is not sufficient to cause a microstructural perturbation. The effects of flecks on properties
in such alloys as Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-6A1-6V2Sn are still in question, but the effect is
not a major one.
Beta flecks are more of a problem with
near- alloys: they are observed macroscopically as shiny spots or flecks. Their
appearance is similar in + alloys. The
localized enrichment of -stabilizing alloy
concentration in the flecked regions of
alloys, however, is sufficient to stabilize
the down to room temperature. To guarantee material that will be fleck-free, producers must solution heat treat samples
at a specific temperature below the transus. The material will then contain a, but
-fleck regions will remain above or much
nearer the transus. Therefore, they will be
void of or contain a significantly lower
volume fraction of upon cooling to room
temperature. These regions in alloys
will be harder and have lower ductility.
Metastable beta can be retained at
room temperature, if an alloy with sufficient stabilizers is cooled rapidly enough
from high in the - phase field or from
above the transus. The decomposition of
this retained (or of martensite, if it
forms) is the basis for heat treating titanium alloys to high strengths. The precipitates that form upon aging of retained

Metallurgical Society of A I M E , 1980, 158

Fig. 6 Example of beta fleck from alloy segregation.

Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn hand forging, forged at 1700 F (927
C), solution treated for 2 h at 1600 F (871 C), water
quenched, aged for 4 h at 1100 F (593 C), a n d air
cooled. Structure: "primary alpha grains (light) in a
matrix of transformed beta containing acicular alpha,
except that alloy segregation has resulted in a dark
"beta fleck" (center of micrograph) that shows no light
"primary" alpha. 57x

are often too fine to be resolved by optical

microscopy, particularly with and near-
alloys.
Alpha-beta alloys that contain enough
-stabilizing elements can r e t a i n metastable phase at room t e m p e r a t u r e
on rapid cooling from i n t e r m e d i a t e
t e m p e r a t u r e s in t h e + phase field.
However, t h e composition of the alloy
must be such that t h e t e m p e r a t u r e for
the start of martensite formation is depressed to below room temperature. In
operational terms, metastable beta alloys are those alloys which can be
quenched into ice water from its transus without martensitic decomposition.
As mentioned earlier, metastable can
actually form at slower cooling rates or
can be retained by rapid quench from a
lower solution temperature.
Transition P h a s e s of Metastable
Beta Alloys. The decomposition of metastable beta into a Type 1 or Type 2 alpha
may be preceded by the formation of an
isothermal omega (^) phase or the splitting of the beta phase into solute-rich and
solute-lean regions. Occurrence of these
transition products indicates the difficulty of the direct beta-to-alpha decomposition, possibly because the hexagonalclose-packed structure of the alpha phase

Next Page
1056 / Technical Notes

cannot be readily nucleated in the beta

matrix.
Isothermal omega (\ ) forms during
aging (at temperatures up to about 475
C, or 890 F) for alloys containing intermediate amounts of beta stabilizers. Ellipsoidal and cuboidal morphologies have
been observed, depending on the misfit
between the coherent
precipitates
and the beta matrix. The stability of (O[
depends on the relative concentration of
alpha and beta stabilizers such as aluminum and vanadium (see Fig. 7).
Isothermal forms as a high density
of small coherent precipitates and usually
results in the severe degradation of ductility and fracture toughness. However, the
relatively small size and high particle
density of C 0 i precipitation provides desirable nucleation sites for the subsequent precipitation of Type 1 or Type 2
alpha. The decomposition sequence of C0j
into alpha depends on the misfit between
the coherent structure and the beta matrix. High-misfit systems (such as Ti-V)
result in a much more uniform and highly
dense distribution of alpha than low-misfit systems (such as Ti-Mo and Ti-Nb). (An
appendix to this Technical Note contains a
detailed, theoretical discussion on omega
precipitation, its growth on different variants, and volume fractions for binary TiMo alloys.)
Athermal omega ( ^ ) forms during
quenching (like martensite) but occurs as
extremely small particles (~2 to 4 nm)
with a very high particle density (like
iOigo). It doesn't have a deleterious effect on
mechanical properties. These unique features are attributed to a class of transformations known as displacement controlled transformations. Athermal can be
reversibly formed on cooling beneath
room temperature, which is consistent
with a mechanism of displacement-controlled transformation (J.C. Williams,
"Critical Review of Kinetics and Phase
Transformations," Titanium Science and
Technology, Vol 3, Plenum Press, 1973,
1447). Athermal forms over a limited
composition range and is affected by oxygen contents (see Fig. 8). The sequence of
decomposition is like C U J , where solutelean becomes Type 1 and Type 2 alpha
(see Table 6).
Phase splitting or phase separation
only occurs in the solute-rich alloys; -
+ where ,, is solute-rich and ] is solute-lean . The solute-lean is designated
', which occurs as uniformly distributed,
coherent bcc zones in the beta-matrix (see
Fig. 9). Phase separation occurs in a temperature range of about 200 to 500 C (400
to 950 F) in a wide variety of alloys that
contain sufficient beta-stabilizers to preclude the formation of C 0 i during aging.
However, ' is not an important decompo30

so

0.4h-

s0

100

10
Aging time at 4 0 0 C, hr

so

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e ,
500

600

250

F
700

300

800

350

400

450

Aging t e m p e r a t u r e , C
(b)
Fig. 7 Influence of alloying on precipitation of o m e g a . (a) V o l u m e fraction of co v s time at 400 C (750 F). (b) Volu m e fraction v s temperature.
S o u r c e : J . C . Williams, Critical Review of Kinetics a n d P h a s e Transformations, Titanium Science and Technology,
Vol 3 , P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 7 3
jso

so

Table 6 Characteristics of omega in metastable beta

Orientation relation
Morphology of isothermal

( 1 1 2 0 V / ( 1 1 0 ) , <ooow/<m>p
Very fine particle

Formation mechanism

(1) D i s p l a c e m e n t controlled
reaction for a t h e r m a l o m e g a , or
s o l u t e - l e a n -> Type 1 - T y p e 2

Ellipsoidal (low misfit, l o n g a x e s //

<111>), or Cuboidal ( h i g h misfit,
cube face //(100)p),
(2) Diffusional controlled n u c l e a t i o n
followed by d i s p l a c e m e n t
fluctuation for i s o t h e r m a l o m e g a

Relation b e t w e e n and
co-phase
Source: Y. M u r a k a m i , Critical R e v i e w of P h a s e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a n d H e a t Treatment, in Titanium
and Technology,

Metallurgical Society of A I M E , 1980, 1 5 6

80

Science

S 0

Next Page
E x a m p l e of coiso F o r m a t i o n /1061

Technical Note 1 Appendix:

Example of coiso Formation
A Study of the Growing Process of Thermal Phase in Ti-20wt%Mo
Single Crystals Aged at 623 using Dark-Field Electron Microscopy
E. Sukedai, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan

It is well known that phase particles

that occur as a precursor to the to
transformation of titanium alloys during aging (Ref 1) have a significant effect
on mechanical properties (Ref 2,3). Many
investigations ofthe aged phase in other
alloy systems have been conducted (Ref 3,
4). However, the process of phase particle formation has not been clarified, l b understand the formation process, it is important to investigate the growth process
and the distribution and volume fraction
of the respective phase variants. These
subjects have been studied using X-ray
(Ref 5 to 7) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Ref 8,9). However, there
is a limit to the effectiveness of X-ray
methods in t h a t phase variants cannot
be visualized and although some types of
phase variants can be observed using
TEM, all four phase variants have not
been classified (Ref 4,10).
In the present work, a dark-field technique oftransmission electron microscopy
was used to observe respective phase
variants directly. The growth process and
the distribution and volume fraction of
the respective phase variants caused by
isothermal aging at 350 C (660 F) were
investigated. The results were evaluated
by comparing Vickers hardness values
and yield strengths estimated from the
volume fraction of particles.

Experimental Procedure
Ti-20wt%Mo alloy single crystals were
grown in an argon atmosphere using the
zone melting method. Plate specimens of
about 1 mm thick and with a (101) surface
were cut. The plate was solution treated
at 950 C (1740 F) for 4.5 ks, quenched in
ice water and polished mechanically to 0.3
mm thickness. Disks with 3-mm diame-

ters were cut from the plate using a spark

erosion machine. Some disks were aged
isothermally at 350 C (660 F) for 3.6,7.2,
12.6,28.8, and 100.8 ks in air.
Specimens for electron microscopy
were prepared using an electiOpohshing
machine, Tenupol 2. The electrolyte was a
1:6:10 (by volume) solution of 70% perchloric acid, -butyl alcohol, and methanol. Pohshing was performed at about 223
at 47 V. A J E M 2000-EX operated at 200
kV was used for taking dark-field images
using an aperture 8 um in diameter and
tilted mumination; a J E M 4000-EX operated at 400 kV also was used for taking
atomic structure images.

Results and Discussion

Tb observe four phase variants using
dark-field imaging, the structure factors
of each variant based on the atomic
model of phase proposed by de Fontaine
and Buck (Ref 11) was calculated for incident beams parallel to [101], [311], and
[311] directions. Omega phase variants
formed by the atom displacements along
[111], [111], [111], and [111] are referred to
as o)i, a > 2 , 0 0 3 , and ( Q 4 , respectively. The results are shown in Fig. 1, in which the
large black circles are fundamental diffraction spots from the bcc matrix structure, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 denote G>I, CO2, (Q3,
and 0 ) 4 , respectively. Dark-field images of
the respective phase variants at the
same regions of each specimen aged for
12.6,28.8, and 100.8 ks were taken using
isolated spots from t h e phase variants.
Dark-field images of particles and aged
for 3.6 and 7.2 ks also were taken.
Examples of dark-field images taken
from the same region of a specimen aged
for 28.8 ks are shown in Fig. 2. The arrows
indicate contamination on the specimen.

Four phase variants are clearly visible.

[It was found that each phase variant
(oil,tt^* 3 > and 014) grew in the same direction as the atom movement for each of the
variants according to the model (Ref
11)].
Tb calculate volume fractions of each
phase variant in the same region outlined
by white in Fig. 2, the volume fraction of
the specimen in the region, V, was estimated by predicting the specimen thickness using a pair of stereomicrographs
t h a t were taken using the Oil spot in Fig.
2(a) and the Oil spot in Fig. 2(b)- Second,
volume fraction of individual particles of
the > variant in this region was calculated by measuring the lengths of the major and minor axes, because the shape of
the particle is an ellipsoid (Ref 12). The
total volume of > variants (i>i) was then
estimated. The volume fraction of oil variant was obtained as the ratio of Vi/V. Using t h e same method, the volume fractions of particles of the other variants
were obtained. For the specimen aged for
28.8 ks shown in Fig. 2, the volume fractions of oil, GI2, C03 and ( 0 4 variants were
1.51,1.92,2.51, and 2.23%, respectively.
Using the same method, particles of
each variant in five other specimens aged
for 12.6,28.8, and 100.8 ks were observed,
and their volume fractions were estimated. For specimens aged for 3.6 and 7.2
ks, particles like those shown in Fig. 2
were not observed; only small dots were
observed. After aging for 12.6 ks, particles were observed. Therefore, it seems
apparent that particles appear after
hardening occurs on the isothermal aging
curve (Ref 3). It was also found that with
increasing aging time, the size and density of particles increased.
The volume fractions in specimens
aged for 12.6,28.8, and 100.8 ks are sum

Corrosion/1065

Technical Note 2: Corrosion*

Reviewed by Bruce Craig, Metallurgical Consultants, Inc.

Successful application of titanium and

its alloys can be expected in mildly reducing to highly oxidizing environments in
which protective oxide films spontaneously form and remain stable. Titanium
exhibits excellent resistance to atmospheric corrosion in both marine and industrial environments. Titanium and its
alloys also resist H2S and CO2 gases at
temperatures up to 260 C (500 F).
On the other hand, hot, concentrated,
low-pH chloride salts corrode titanium;
warm or concentrated solutions of hydrochloric, phosphoric, and oxalic acids also
are damaging. In general, all acidic solutions t h a t are reducing in nature corrode
titanium, unless they contain inhibitors.
Strong oxidizers, mcluding anhydrous red
fuming nitric acid and 90% hydrogen peroxide, also cause attack. Ionizable fluoride
compounds, such as sodium fluoride and
hydrogen fluoride, activate the surface
and can cause rapid corrosion. Dry chlo* Adapted from "Corrosion of Titanium and
Titanium Alloys," Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 13, Corrosion

rine gas is especially harmful.

Most acidic solutions (except those
containing soluble fluorides) can be inhibited by the presence of even small
amounts of oxidizing agents and heavy
metal ions. Thus, titanium can be used in
certain industrial process solutions (including hydrochloric and sulfuric acids)
that otherwise would be corrosive. Attack
by red fuming nitric acid and chlorine gas
can be inhibited by small amounts of
water.
The major corrosion problems with titanium alloys appear to be crevice corrosion, which occurs in locations where the
corroding media are virtually stagnant.
Pits, if formed, may progress in a similar
manner. A general comparison of corrosion resistance for titanium is provided in
Fig. 1(a).
Protective Oxide Layer. The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium alloys results from the formation of a very
stable, continuous, highly adherent, and
protective oxide film on the surface. Because titanium metal itself is highly reactive and has an extremely high affinity for
oxygen, these beneficial surface oxide

^>Tantalum
y Zirconium
^>Hastelloy
^ > T i - 0 . 1 5 P d alloy
^ > T i - 1 5 M o - 5 Z r - 3 A I alloy
^ > T i - 5 T a alloy
Z ^ > T i - 0 . 3 M o - 0 . 8 N i a l l o y (G12)
Unalloyed titanium
I^>Hastelloy C
Monel

Zirconium

^>Hastelloy C

films form spontaneously and instantly

when fresh metal surfaces are exposed to
air and/or moisture. In fact, a damaged oxide film can generally reheal itself instantaneously if at least traces (that is, parts
per million) of oxygen or water (moisture)
are present in the environment (Ref 1).
However, if titanium is exposed to
strongly oxidizing or reducing environments, severe attack of the metal may ensue. In the complete absence of moisture
under oxidizing conditions, any surface
film that is formed is not protective and
oxidation in depth may take place, often
in the form of a violent exothermic reaction. Breakdown of the passive layer can
also occur from dry oxidants (such as red
fuming nitric acid), nonoxidizing aqueous
environments (as defined by a Pourbaix
diagram), and pitting or crevice attack in
near-neutral aqueous solutions (particularly in the presence of halides). Finally,
under continuous wear or shding contact
with other metals, the protective oxide
may not reform, thereby allowing accelerated corrosion of the titanium (Ref 2).
The nature, composition, and thickness of the protective surface oxides that
form on titanium alloys depend on environmental conditions. In most aqueous
environments, the oxide is typically T i 0 ,
T i 0 or TiO (Ref 1). High-temperature
oxidation tends to promote the formation
of the chemically resistant, crystalline
form of 0 known as rutile, whereas
lower temperatures often generate the
more amorphous form of Ti03, anatase, or
a mixture of rutile and anatase (Ref 1). Although these naturally formed films are
typically less t h a n 10 nm thick (Ref 3) and
are invisible to the eye, the T1O2 oxide is
generally chemically resistant and is attacked by very few substances, including
hot, concentrated HCI, H S 0 , NaOH,
H3PO4, and (most notably) HF. This thin
surface oxide is also resistant to hydrogen
permeation, as discussed in the section
"Hydrogen Damage" in this Technical
Note.
The T i 0 film is an -type semiconductor and thus can conduct electronic
charge, depending on the potential drop
across the semiconductor film (Ref 5). As a
2

^> Monel
, Inconel
316stainless steel
304stainless steel

Oxidizing

Fig. 1 (a)

R a n g e of corrosion r e s i s t a n c e of m e t a l s

Reducing

1066/Technical Notes

2.0
Ti0 2H
3

I
0?

HTiCV?

1.6

2
4

"?

C o r osion
?

1.2

0.8
-

0.4

< sssive

Oxid<j t i o n of we ter

TiO

>
^

-0.4

Ti

3 +

^
" " " ^ ^

Reductio of w a t e r or H *

Corr( j s i o n
-0.8
Ti 2

Ti

1.2

1 l U
2

-1.6
Passiv e T i H

-2.0

pH
Fig. 1 (b) Pourbaix diagram for water-titanium s y s t e m at 2 5 C.
S o u r c e : Ref 4

cathode, titarrium permits electrochemical reduction of ions in an aqueous electrolyte. On the other hand, very high resistance to anodic current flow through the
passive oxide film can be expected in most
aqueous solutions. Because the passivity
of titanium stems from the formation of a
stable oxide film, an understanding of the
corrosion behavior of titanium is obtained
by recognizing the conditions under which
this oxide is thermodynamically stable.
The Pourbaix (potential-pH) diagram for
the titanium-water system (see Fig. lb)
depicts the wide regime over which the
passive Ti02 film is predicted to be stable,
based on thermodynamic (free energy)
considerations. Oxide stability over the
full pH scale is indicated over a wide
range of highly oxidizing to mildly reducing potentials, whereas oxide film breakdown and the resultant corrosion of titanium occur under reducing acidic
conditions. Under strongly reducing
(cathodic) conditions, titanium hydride
formation is predicted.
Alloy Composition Effects. The nature of the oxide film on titanium alloys
basically remains unaltered in the presence of minor alloying constituents; thus,
small additions (<2 to 3%) of most com-

mercially used alloying elements or trace

alloy impurities generally have little effect on the basic corrosion resistance of titanium in normally passive environments. For example, despite small
differences in interstitial elements
(carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen) and iron
content, all unalloyed grades of titanium
possess the same useful range of resistance in environments in which corrosion
rates are normally very low (Ref 6). However, under active conditions in which titanium exhibits significant general corrosion, certain alloying elements may
accelerate corrosion. Increasing the iron
and sulfur content, for example, increases
corrosion rates when corrosion rates exceed 0.13 mm/yr (5 mils/yr) (Ref 6). Thus,
minor variations in alloy chemistry may
be of concern only under conditions in
which the passivity of titanium is borderline or when the metal is fully active. On
the other hand, minor nickel and palladium additions are highly effective in expanding the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys under reducing conditions.
Moreover, small palladium additions can
significantly increase crevice corrosion resistance in hot aqueous chlorides.
The influence of certain major alloying

elements on the general and crevice corrosion behavior of various commercial titanium alloys has been determined in reducing aqueous acid media (Ref 7).
Results indicate that vanadium and, especially, molybdenum additions (>4% Mo)
improve corrosion resistance but that increasing the aluminum content appears
to be detrimental. The influence of alloying elements on the resistance of titanium
alloys to pitting and stress-corrosion
cracking (SCC) is addressed in subsequent sections of this Technical Note.
Effect of Product Form and Welding. Weldments (Ref 6) and castings (Ref
8,9) of commercially pure grades and -
alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V generally exhibit
corrosion resistance similar to that of
their unwelded, wrought counterparts.
These titanium alloys contain so little alloy content and second phase that metallurgical instability and thermal response
are not significant. Therefore, titanium
weldments and associated heat-affected
zones generally do not experience corrosion limitations in welded components
when normal passive conditions prevail
for the base metal. However, under marginal or active conditions (for corrosion
rates >0.10 mm/yr, or 4 mils/yr), weldments may experience accelerated corrosion attack relative to the base metal, depending on alloy composition (Ref 6). The
increasing impurity (iron, sulfur, oxygen)
content associated with the coarse, transformed- microstructure of weldments
appears to be a factor. Few published data
are available concerning the corrosion resistance of other - and titanium alloy
weldments and castings.

General Corrosion
General corrosion is characterized by
a relatively uniform attack over the exposed surface of a metal. At times, general
corrosion in aqueous media may take the
form of mottled, severely roughened metal surfaces. This often results from variations in the corrosion rates of localized
surface patches due to variations in process scales, corrosion products, or gas bubbles. When titanium is in the fully passive
condition, corrosion rates are typically
much lower than 0.04 mm/yr (1.5
mils/yr)well below the 0.13-mm/yr (5mils/yr) maximum corrosion rate commonly accepted by designers. This very
small, acceptable corrosion is attributable
to the thin steady state film on titanium
alloy surfaces. As a result, titanium is
often designed with a zero corrosion allowance in normal passive environments.
In many environments in which titanium
is fully resistant, slight surface oxide
growth may occur; this oxide growth
manifests itself as colored surfaces and
very slight weight gain by test coupons.

Corrosion/1067

General corrosion becomes a concern

in reducing acid environments, particularly as acid concentration and temperature increase. In strong and/or hot reducing acids (in the absence of inhibitors), the
oxide film of titanium can deteriorate and
dissolve, and the unprotected metal is oxidized to the soluble trivalent ion ( >
T i + 3e). This ion has a characteristic
violet color in acid solutions. If dissolved
oxygen or other oxidizing species are
present in hot acid, the T i ion is readily
oxidized to the less soluble (pale yellow)
Ti " ion, which may subsequently hydrolyze to form insoluble T1O2 precipitates
(scales). Titanium ion hydrolysis often
produces highly colored metal surfaces,
involving thin titanium oxide films that
may inhibit subsequent corrosion. Graymatte or dull silver surface finishes can
also be observed in reducing acid exposures involving severe corrosion attack. In
reducing media, these are titanium hydride surface films, which are typically of
the order of 0.05 m m (2 mils) thick.
E n h a n c i n g General Corrosion Resistance. Successful use of titanium alloys can be expected in mildly reducing to
highly oxidizing environments in which
protective T1O2 and Ti20 films form
spontaneously and remain stable. On the
other hand, uninhibited, strongly reducing acidic environments may attack titanium, particularly as temperature increases. However, shifting the alloy
potential in the noble (positive) direction
by various means can induce stable oxide
film formation, often overcoming the corrosion resistance limitations of titanium
alloys in normally aggressive reducing
media.
The methods of expanding the corrosion resistance of titanium into reducing
environments include:

Increasing the surface oxide film

thickness by anodizing or thermal
oxidation

Anodically polarizing the alloy (anodic protection) by impressed anodic

current or galvanic coupling with a
more noble metal in order to maint a i n the surface oxide film

Applying precious metal (or certain

m e t a l oxides) surface coatings

Alloying titanium with certain elements

Adding oxidizing species (inhibitors) to the reducing environment to
permit oxide film stabilization
3 +

3+

44

Of these five methods, the last two have

been very practical, effective, and most
widely used in actual service.
Alloying titanium with precious
metals (such as palladium), nickel, and/or
molybdenum or coating with certain pre-

Table 1 Species that inhibit the corrosion of titanium alloys in reducing acids
Inhibitor

Relative

category
Oxidizing metal
cations

Species
T i * , F e , C u , H g * , Ce *,
4

3 +

2 +

Te * Te , Se *, S e , N i

4 +

, VPJ,

High

ClOf", Cr Of-, MoOf-, MnOf", WO4, IOg,

High
Low
Very h i g h

VO^VOg.NOg.NOi,

Very h i g h

Oxidizing anions

Sn

inhibitor

potency

6 +

6 +

2 +

S 02

Precious metal ions

P t , Pt " -, P d , R u , Ir " ", R h

O x i d i z i n g organic
compounds

Picric acid, o-dinitrobenzene, 8-nitroquinoline,

m-nitroacetanilide, trinitrobenzoic acid, a n d certain other
nitro, nitroso, and quinone organics

Others

0 ,H 0 ,C103,0C1-

2 +

2 +

3 +

3 +

, Au

3 +

Moderate
High
High
Moderate-high

Moderate
Source: R e f 1 9 , 2 0

cious metals (or their oxides) facilitates

cathodic depolarization by providing sites
of low hydrogen overvoltage on alloy surfaces and by shifting alloy potential in the
noble (positive) direction where oxide film
passivation is possible. Relatively small
concentrations of certain precious metals
(of the order of 0.1 wt%) are sufficient to
expand significantly the corrosion resistance of titanium in reducing acid media.
Beneficial alloying elements include
precious metals (>0.05 wt% Pd) (Ref 1013), nickel (>0.5 wt%) (Ref, 10 13,14-16),
and/or molybdenum (>4 wt%) (Ref 7, 13,
17, 18). These beneficial alloying additions have been incorporated into several
commercially available titanium alloys,
including the titanium-palladium alloys
(grades 7 and 11), Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (grade
12), Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo, Ti-15Mo5Zr, and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo. These alloys all offer expanded application into
hotter and/or stronger HCI, H S 0 ,
H3PO4, and other reducing acids as compared to unalloyed titanium. The highmolybdenum alloys offer a unique combination of high strength, low density, and
superior corrosion resistance, especially
higher pitting resistance.
Inhibitor Additions. Various oxidizing species can effectively inhibit the corrosion of titanium in reducing acid environments when present in very small
concentrations. The dissolved oxidizing
species serve to depolarize cathodic reactions on titanium alloy surfaces; this passivates the alloy by shifting the alloy potential in the noble direction. Many of
these species, which include a host of multivalent transition metal ions, are very potent inhibitors and may be effective at
concentrations of 100 ppm or less (see Tablesland2).
These inhibiting species often occur as
natural process stream constituents or
contaminants and need not be intentionally added to achieve complete titanium
alloy passivation. However, because the
2

performance of titanium alloys in reducing acids is highly influenced by the presence of many inMbiting species, the nature of background chemistry of a
reducing acid environment should be
thoroughly examined before detennining
alloy suitabihty. Titanium is often selected for normally aggressive reducing
acid solutions, such as the hydrometallurgical acid-leaching process streams for
metallic ores, because of the beneficial effect of these inhibitive ions (Ref 21).
P r e c i o u s Metal Surface Treatments. Precious metals such as platinum
and palladium have been ion plated, ion
implanted, or thermal diffused into titanium alloy surfaces to achieve improved
resistance to reducing acids (Ref 22). This
approach has not been used commercially
for industrial components because of high
cost, coating application limitations, and
the limitations (mechanical and corrosion
damage) normally associated with very
thin surface films. However, ion plated
platinum or gold surface films also impart
significant improvements in titanium alloy oxidation resistance at temperatures
up to 650 C (1200 F) (Ref23,24).
Thermal Oxidation. Protective
thermal oxide films can form when titanium is heated in air at temperatures of
600 to 800 C (1110 to 1470 F) for 2 to 10
min. The rutile T1O2 film formed measurably improves resistance to dilute reducing acids as well as absorption of hydrogen under cathodic charging (Ref 25) or
gaseous hydrogen conditions. Corrosion
studies in hot, dilute HCI solutions have
confirmed its superior protective benefits
as compared to as-pickled, polished, or
anodized surfaces on unalloyed titanium
(Ref 25, 26). Corrosion and hydrogen uptake resistance was afforded by thermal
oxidation in molten urea at 200 C (390
F) (Ref 26). Enhanced protection from
dry chlorine attack can also be expected.
Like anodizing, thermal oxidation offers
no improvements in titanium resistance

1 0 6 8 / T e c h n i c a l Notes

Table 2 Effect o f certain multivalent metal ions o n the c o r r o s i o n of titanium in boiling

reducing acids
Inhibiting
ion
F e

3+

0
100
500
0
100
500
0
100
500
0
100
500
0
100
500

Cu +
2

Mo

Concentration of
inhibiting ion,
ppm

6 +

Cr6+

y5+

Corrosion rate
Boiling 5% HCI
B o i l i n g 10% H2SO4
mm/yr
mils/yr
mm/yr
mils/yr
29
0.025
0.02
29
0.033
29

29

29
0.02
0.008

1142
1
0.8
1142

>76.2
0.208
0.069
>76.2

1.3
nil
1142
nil
nil
1142
nil
nil
1142
0.8
0.3

0.419
0.361
>76.2
0.001
>76.2
0.001
0.001
>76.2
0.005
0.005

>3000
8.2
2.7
>3000
16.5
14.2
>3000
0.04
nil
>3000
0.04
0.04
>3000
0.2
0.2

Source: R e f 2 1

in highly alkaline or oxidizing aqueous

media.
Although the thermal oxide has
proved to be protective in relatively shortterm tests in dilute reducing acids, longterm performance has not been fully demonstrated. Mechanical damage and
plastic strain of thermally oxidized components must be avoided for effective protection. The oxide has been successfully
applied on tubing and small components,
but may be impractical for large components or where component distortion may
occur during service.
Anodic protection is another effective means of passivating and protecting
titanium alloys in reducing acids (Ref 27,
28, 29). Generally, an increase in anodic
potential will decrease the corrosion rate
as long as the anodic pitting potential is
not exceeded for titanium in the electrolyte. Sustained impressed potentials in
the range of+1 to +4 V versus the standard
hydrogen electrode (SHE) are usually
adequate to ensure full passivation of titanium in many acids (see Table 3). Limited use of anodic protection by impressed
currents has been made in concentrated
H S 0 and H3PO4 solutions in which a
very wide range of impressed potentials
can be applied. The added cost of impressed
current systems, challenges with protecting
complex component geometries, and stray
current problems have limited its applications. Also, titanium surfaces exposed to alternating wet/dry or vapor-phase conditions
cannot be protected by this method.
Other Surface Treatments. Surface
films of titanium nitrides and carbides are
highly resistant to reducing acids. Studies
have shown t h a t the dense adherent nitride films produced by reactive plasma
ion plating provided superior protection
in deaerated H2SO4 solutions when compared to several other film-forming meth2

ods (Ref 30). Methods of applying nitride

surface films to titanium include ion implantation (Ref 31), ion plating, sputter
deposition, or thermal diffusion (nitrogen
gas or molten cyanide bath). Because of
the cost and limitations of film application
and the inherent thin film performance
limitations, these films are generally not
used for corrosion resistance only. The improved wear resistance offered by these
hard films is generally the primary incentive for application.

General Corrosion in
Specific Media
Water a n d Seawater. Titanium and
its alloys are fully resistant to potable
water, natural waters, and steam to temperatures in excess of 315 C (600 F) (Ref
32). Slight weight gain is usually experienced in these benign environments,
along with some surface discoloration at
higher temperatures from passive film
thickening. The immunity to attack of
alloys is observed regardless of oxygen
level or in high-purity water, such as t h a t
normally used in nuclear reactor coolant
systems (Ref33-37). The typical contaminants encountered in natural water
streams, such as iron and manganese, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, carbonates, and
chlorides, do not compromise the passivity of titanium. In media containing chloride levels greater t h a n 1000 ppm (for example, seawater) at temperatures about
75 C (165 F), consideration should be
given to possible crevice corrosion when
tight crevices exist in service.
Oxidation Media. Titanium alloys
are generally highly resistant to oxidizing
media and oxidizing acids over a wide
range of concentrations and temperatures. Common chemicals in this category
include chromic, nitric, perchloric, and

hypochlorous acids and salts of these acids. Other oxidizing salts include thiosulfates, vanadates, permanganates, and
molybdates. Corrosion rates at and below
the boiling point of these aqueous salt solutions over the full range of concentration will typically be less than 0.03 mm/yr
(1.2 mils/yr).
Titanium is also unique among the
common engineering alloys in its immunity to general and pitting corrosion in
oxidizing chloride environments. These
comments also apply to bromine and iodine-containing media. Halide salts of oxidizing cationic species also enhance the
passivity of titanium alloys such that negligible corrosion rates can be expected.
Examples include FeCl , CuCl , and
NiCl solutions and their bromide counterparts.
Limited corrosion testing of - and
titanium alloys in boiling HNO3 indicates
that increasing aluminum and alloying
elements tend to decrease corrosion resistance. Alpha alloys are generally most resistant to hot HNO3. Other studies have
shown that high-purity (low iron, sulfur,
and so on) unalloyed titanium does not experience the significant accelerated weldment attack in high-temperature HNO3
exhibited at times by the less pure unalloyed grades and the near- alloys.
However, dangerous and violent pyrophoric reactions may occur with titanium
alloys exposed to dry oxidants such as red
fuming nitric acid or to nitrogen tetroxide.
The attack is intergranular and results in
a surface residue of finely divided titanium particles that are highly reactive
(high surface-to-volume ratio). The critical variables are the nitrogen dioxide
( N 0 ) and water contents of the acid (see
Fig. 2). Fuming nitric acid containing less
than 1.4 to 2.0% water or more than 6%
N 0 may cause this rapid impact-sensitive reaction to occur (Ref38,39,43). Both
water and NO are effective inhibitors for
this attack, but increasing oxygen and
N 0 is detrimental in this situation. Corrosion rate data in red fuming nitric acid for
various alloys as a function of N 0 and
water content also can be found in Ref 2.
Reducing Acids. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloys in reducing acid
media is very sensitive to acid concentration, temperature, background chemistry,
and purity of the acid solution, in addition
to titanium alloy composition. When the
temperature and/or concentration of pure
(uncontaminated) reducing acid solutions
exceed certain values, the protective oxide
film of titanium may break down, which
would result in severe general corrosion.
Included in this category are hydrochloric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, hydrofluoric, phosphoric, sulfamic, oxalic,
and trichloroacetic acids. Because the performance of titanium alloys in reducing
3

Corrosion/1069

Table 3 Effect of impressed anodic potentials on the corrosion of unalloyed titanium

in hot reducing acids

Acid
Sulfuric

Concentration,
%
40
40
40

Hydrochloric
Phosphoric

60
60
37
60

Formic
Oxalic
Sulfamic

60
50
25
20

Temperature
op
C
60
90
114
60
90
60
60
90
Boiling
Boiling
90

Corrosion
Reduction
Applied
rate
i n corrosion
potential, V
rate
v e r s u s SHE mm/yr mils/yr

140
195

+2.1
+1.4

237
140

+2.6
+1.7

195
140
140
195

+3.0
+1.7

195

0.005
0.07
1.8

0.2
2.8
71
1.4
4

0.035
0.10
0.068
0.018

+2.7
+2.0
+1.4
+1.6
+0.7

11 OOOx
896x
189x
662x
163x
2080x
307x
lOOx
70x
350x
2710x

2.7
0.7
20

0.5
0.083
0.25
0.005

3.3
10
0.2

Source: R e f 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9

51

0.5

I
I
1
1.5
Water content, %

2.5

Fig. 2 Water content to avoid combustion of titanium

in red fuming nitric acid.
S o u r c e : Ref 3 2

acids is influenced by inhibitor species,

the nature of the acid environment must
be considered carefully.
Hydrofluoric acid solutions can aggressively attack titanium alloys over the
full range of concentrations and temperatures, because the fluoride ion (F~) forms
highly stable, soluble complexes with titanium. Although the addition of oxidizing
species, such as H N 0 , will tend to reduce
corrosion and retard hydrogen uptake in
HF solutions, significant rates of attack
still prevail. Inhibition of corrosion can be
achieved in very dilute acid fluoride solutions when an excess of complexing metal
ions (for example, F e , A l , and Cr *) is
present. In the absence of these complexing metal ions, solutions containing more
than 20 ppm F"~ may attack titanium
when solution pH falls below 6 to 7.
Beneficial alloying additions have
been incorporated into several commercially available titanium alloys, including
the titanium-palladium alloy (grades 7
and 11), Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (grade 12), 3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo, Ti-15Mo-5Zr, Beta
21S, and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo. These alloys all offer expanded application into
hotter and/or stronger HCI, H2SO4,
H3PO4, and other reducing acids as compared to unalloyed titanium. The highmolybdenum alloys offer a unique combination of high strength, low density, and
superior corrosion resistance.
Inhibitor Additions. Various oxidizing
species can effectively inhibit the corrosion of titanium in reducing acid environments when present in very small concentrations. Typical potent inhibitors for
titanium alloys in aggressive reducing acids are listed in Table 1. Many of these in3

3+

3+

hibitors are effective at levels as low as 20

to 100 ppm, depending on acid concentration and temperature. If not normally
present in a given corrosive acid stream,
minute additions of a process-compatible
inhibitive species may be considered to
protect titanium components. These can
be especially practical when process
streams are recycled.
Anodic Protection. Titanium alloys
can be effectively protected in reducing
acid media by impressed anodic (direct
current) potentials. Sustained impressed
potentials in the range of+1 to +4 V versus
the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
are usually adequate to measure full passivation of titanium in many acids. Limited use of anodic protection by impressed
current has been made in concentrated
H2SO4 and H3PO4 solutions in which a

very wide range of impressed potentials

can be applied. The added cost of impressed current systems, challenges with
protecting complex component geometries, and stray current problems have inhibited its application. Also, titanium surfaces exposed to alternating wet/dry or
vapor-phase conditions are not protected
by this method.
Salt Solutions. Titanium alloys are
highly resistant to practically all salt solutions over the pH range of 3 to 11 and to
temperatures well in excess of boiling.
Titanium withstands exposure to solutions of chlorides (Ref44,45), bromides,
iodides, sulfites, sulfates, borates, phosphates, cyanides, carbonates, bicarbonates, and ammonium compounds. Corrosion rate values for titanium alloys in
these various salt solutions are generally
less than 0.03 mm/yr (1.2 mils/yr).
Titanium alloys are frequently selected because of their superior resistance
to t h e chlorides typically found in many
process streams, brines, and seawater. In
hot chloride media, susceptibility to pitting is usually not an issue, but crevice

corrosion may be possible, depending on

pH and temperature. Special attention
must be given to nonoxidizing acidic or hydrolyzable salt solutions as temperatures
and concentrations increase. Tb avoid
general or localized HCI attack resulting
from salt hydrolysis, special concentration-temperature guidelines for titanium
should be observed for concentrated AICI3
(Ref 44, 45), ZnCl (Ref 46), MgCl (Ref
47), and C a C l 2 solutions.
Alkaline Media. Titanium alloys are
generally very resistant to alkaline media, mcluding solutions of NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH ), Mg(OH) , and NH OH (Ref 44).
Near-nil corrosion rates can be expected
in boiling solutions of the latter three alkalies up to saturation. Titanium also exhibits low corrosion rates in NaOH and
KOH solutions a t subboiling temperatures (see Table 4). However, significant
increases in corrosion are noted as the
concentrations of these two strong alkalies increase at higher temperatures. Potassium hydroxide tends to be more aggressive than sodium hydroxide under
these conditions.
Although corrosion rates are relatively low in alkaline media, titanium alloys may experience excessive hydrogen
pickup and eventual embrittlement under certain conditions. For and near-oc
alloys, hydrogen embrittlement is possible when temperatures exceed 80 C (175
F) and pH is 12 or more. The presence of
dissolved oxidizing species in hot caustic
solutions, such as chlorate, hypochlorite,
or nitrate compounds, can extend resistance to hydrogen uptake to somewhat
higher temperatures.
Organic Compounds. Titanium alloys are highly resistant to corrosion from
most organic compounds, mcluding alcohols, ketones, ethers, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons. The traces of moisture (ppm
levels) normally present in industrial organic process streams are sufficient to
2

1070/Technical Notes

maintain the protective oxide film of titanium. Totally anhydrous organic streams
may prevent oxide film repair and should
be avoided. In the special case of absolute
methanol, at least 1.5% H 0 must be
added to prevent depassivation and
stress-corrosion cracking (Ref 48-51).
Higher molecular weight alcohols are
generally quite benign toward titanium
alloys.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons generally
do not pose any problems for most titanium alloys. A few high-strength alloys
may be susceptible to stress-corrosion
cracking under specific circumstances. If
significant quantities of water are also
present, many chlorinated hydrocarbons
may undergo hydrolysis to form HCI at
high temperatures. Titanium alloy performance will depend on the temperature
and the extent of HCI formation and concentration in the aqueous phase.
2

General Corrosion Testing

General corrosion rates for titanium
alloys can be determined from weight loss
data, dimensional changes, and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical polarization testing is often used to supplement weight loss testing. Polarization
testing can identify whether the alloy is
truly fully passive or possibly metastable;
this is often not discernible from weight
loss tests alone. The immersion test procedures described in ASTM G 1 and G 31 apply, provided several modifications are observed (Ref 52). These modifications focus
on test sample surface preparation and
post test sample-cleaning procedures. Serious consideration must also be given to
the presence of rontaminants that may
significantly affect corrosion.
Surface Preparation of Test Sample. The type of surface finish tested
should resemble the one expected in service. For titanium alloys, this will often be
the pickled finish, although sandblasted
or ground surfaces are also common. The
initial degreasing of test samples should
avoid chlorinated organic solvents (with
higher-strength titanium alloys), anhydrous methanol, or hot alkaline cleaners,
if possible. Acceptable deaning solvents
include methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, most alcohols, benzene, and most detergent solutions. The pickled finish can
be prepared by pickling the metal in a 35
vol% HN0 -5 vol% H F (balance water) solution at 20 to 55 C (70 to 130 F) for several minutes or more. Typically, 0.02 to
0.05 mm (0.8 to 2 mils) of surface is removed in this process, depending on surface requirements. More dilute solutions,
such as 12 vol% HNO3-I vol% HF, can also
be used if slower pickling rates are desired. In any case, a minimum 7/1
HNO3/HF vol% ratio should be main3

tained to avoid excessive uptake of hydrogen in titanium alloys during pickling. After pickling, a quick rinse in deionized
water leaves a shiny specimen that is
ready for weighing after air drying.
Blasted and abraded surfaces are prepared by procedures similar to those used
for other metals.
Post-test Sample Cleaning. After
laboratory or in situ test exposure, titanium samples can be coated with tenacious, insoluble corrosion product (Ti02)
films or scales, which require removal before final weighing. Because titanium oxides are not soluble in common mineral
acids, very light (<5-s exposure) sandblasting has been found to be most effective. If scaling consists of silicaceous, carbonaceous, sulfate, or other typical
process stream deposits, then acids or alkaline solutions that are properly inhibited with oxidizing species must be used;
common amine inhibitors are not effective
on titanium. Recommended cleaning solutions for these scales are discussed in
detail in Ref 53.
Equivalent Weight. Corrosion rates
(mm/yr) can be calculated from electrochemical measurements (ASTM G5) by:
(0.0033)(t )(EW)
;
a
where i^^ is the measured corrosion current (in milliamps per square centimeter),
d is alloy density (in grams per cubic centimeter), and EW is the equivalent weight
for titanium. The equivalent weight for titanium is approximately 16 under reducing acid conditions and 12 under oxidizing
is typically
conditions. The value of i
detenriined from Tafel slope extrapolation or linear polarization methods.
corr

Corrosion rate =

c o r r

Crevice Corrosion
Titanium alloys may be subject to localized attack in tight crevices exposed to
hot (>70 C, or 160 F) chloride, bromide,
iodide, fluoride, or sulfate-containing solutions. Crevices can stem from adhering
process stream deposits or scales, metalto-metal joints (for example, poor weld
joint design or tube-to-tube sheet joints),
and gasket-to-metal flange and other seal
joints.
The m e c h a n i s m for crevice corros i o n of titanium is similar to that for
stainless steels, in which oxygen-depleted
reducing acid conditions develop within
tight crevices (see Fig. 3). Dissolved oxygen or other oxidizing species in the bulk
solution are depleted in the restricted volume of solution in the crevice. Finite surface oxidation in crevices consumes these
species faster t h a n diffusion from the bulk
solution can replenish them (Ref 54). As a
result, metal potentials in crevices become active (negative) relative to metal

surfaces exposed to the bulk solution. This

creates an electrochemical cell in which
the crevices become anodic and corrode,
and the surrounding metal surface is
cathodic.
Titanium chlorides formed within the
crevice are unstable and tend to hydrolyze, forming hydrochloric acid (HCI) and
titanium oxide/hydroxide corrosion products. Because of the small, restricted volumes of solution in these crevices, crevice
pH levels as low as 1 or below can develop.
These local reducing acidic conditions can
result in severe and rapid localized active
corrosion within crevices, depending on
alloy resistance and temperature.
Although dissolved oxidizing species
such as oxygen, chlorine, ferric ion (Fe ),
and cupric ion (Cu ) tend to inhibit the
general corrosion of exposed titanium surfaces, most of these species tend to accelerate the onset and propagation of titanium alloy crevice corrosion. These
species are excellent cathodic depolarizers and thus accelerate cathodic reduction
kinetics, which often are rate controlling.
On the other hand, certain anionic oxidizing species, such as NO~ , C10~3, OCl~
~ , C10~4, and MnO~ , inhibit crevice
attack when present in halide solutions.
Crevice corrosion on titanium typically generates irregularly shaped pits.
Microstructural examination of hand-polished and etched sections of crevices often
reveals a surrounding layer of precipitated titanium hydride in alloys. These
are a by-product of hydrogen reduction at
cathodic sites surrounding the crevice.
Although frequently interpreted as a
pitting phenomenon, smeared surface
iron pitting of unalloyed titanium in hot
brines appears to be a special case of crevice corrosion (Ref 55). It results when iron,
carbon steel, or low-alloy steel is gouged,
scratched, smeared, and embedded into a
titanium surface, breaching the titanium
oxide film. During hot (80 C, or 175 F)
brine exposure, the embedded iron can
either corrode off the surface and permit
repassivation or develop local acidic conditions if occluded by titanium metal
smears or laps. Localized attack initiated
by this mechanism creates a very characteristic circular pit morphology and can
involve local hydrogen absorption. Pit initiation has not been observed with copper, nickel, or austenitic stainless steel alloys smeared into titanium surfaces.
Titanium grades 7 and 12 appear to be
much more resistant to this form of localized attack.
Enhancing Crevice Corrosion Resistance. Several effective strategies for
preventing titanium alloy crevice corrosion and smeared iron pitting are: alloying titanium, precious metal surface
treatments, metallic coatings, thermal
oxidation, noble alloy contact, and surface
3+

2+

C r

Corrosion /1071

pickling (for smeared surface iron). In all

cases, the basic remedy aims at maintaining creviced metal surfaces at sufficiently
noble potentials where titanium alloy
passivity is maintained.

Crevice Corrosion i n Specific Media. Titanium alloys generally exhibit superior resistance to crevice corrosion as
compared to stainless steel and nickelbase alloys. Nevertheless, the susceptibil-

ity of titanium alloys to crevice corrosion

should be considered when tight crevices
exist in hot aqueous chloride, bromide, iodide, or sulfate solutions. Crevice test results indicate that the initiation of crevice
corrosion often lacks reproducibihty, consistency, and regularity. These test data
must be judged relative to their statistical
significance (that is, number of data
points). Factors that affect crevice attack
significantly include alloy composition,
pH, temperature, halide concentration,
presence of oxidizing species (cathodic depolarizers), sample surface condition,
type of gasket, type of crevice (gasket-tometal, metal-to-metal, deposit-to-metal),
and the crevice geometry, particularly
crevice gap (tightness). Crevice corrosion
testing of titanium alloys generally aims
at determining go/no-go performance information. The rate of crevice corrosion is
of little practical interest, because crevice
attack is generally very rapid. Many crevice test assemblies have been used, including the multiple-crevice washering
(Ref 56).
Chlorides. The susceptibility of titanium alloys to crevice corrosion in hot,
concentrated chloride solutions increases
significantly as temperatures increase
and pH decreases. Crevice attack of titanium alloys will generally not occur below
a temperature of 70 C (160 F) regardless
of solution pH or chloride concentration,
or when solution pH exceeds 10 regardless of temperature. ASTM grade 12 provides crevice corrosion resistance when
brine pH falls between 3 and 11 to temperatures as high as 300 C (570 F).
Bromides and Sulfates. Unpublished
test results suggest that the pH temperature guidelines for crevice corrosion of titanium in saturated NaCI are applicable
in saturated NaBr solutions. However,
the rate of crevice attack is measurably
lower than that in chlorides at corre-

Table 4 Corrosion of unalloyed titanium in highly alkaline solutions

Medium
A m m o n i u m hydroxide
A m m o n i u m hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
P o t a s s i u m hydroxide
P o t a s s i u m hydroxide
P o t a s s i u m hydroxide
P o t a s s i u m hydroxide
Source: R e f 1 , 2 9 , 3 7 , 4 4

Concentration,
%
28
70
20
28
10
40
40
40
50
50-73
73
73
10
25
50
50

Temperature

26

op

Corrosion rate
mils/yr
mm/yr

79

0.002

25

75
Boiling

66
93
121
66
188
110

150
200
250
150
370
230
Boiling
Boiling
Boiling
75

25
Boiling

0.08
nil
nil

Boiling
Boiling
0.003
0.02
0.038
0.064
0.13
0.018
>1.1
0.05
0.13
0.13
0.3
0.010
2.7

0.12
0.8
1.5
2.5
5
0.7
>43.3
2
5
5
12
0.4
106

1072/Technical Notes

sponding pH and temperature values.

Pitting
Pitting is defined as localized corrosion attack occurring on exposed metal
surfaces in the absence of any apparent
crevices. This pitting occurs when the potential of the metal exceeds the anodic
breakdown potential of the metal oxide
film in a given environment. When the anodic breakdown (pitting) potential of the
metal is equal to or less than the corrosion
potential under a given set of conditions,
spontaneous pitting can be expected.
Because of its protective oxide film, titanium exhibits anodic pitting potentials,
-E , that are very high (>1 V); thus, pitting
corrosion is generally not of concern for titanium alloys. For example, pitting potentials exceed +80 V versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in sulfate
and phosphate solutions and are typically
in the +5 to +10 V range for chlorides. Although pitting is normally not a limiting
factor in titanium performance, pitting
potential values provide useful guidelines
for titanium for anode applications in
which impressed anodic potentials may
be high.
The pitting potential of titanium is
dependent on alloy content, medium
chemistry, temperature, potential scan
rate, and, especially, surface condition.
In sulfate and phosphate media, anodic pitting potentials of titanium alloys
are typically in the range of+80 to +100 V
(versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode).
In halide salt solutions, titanium alloys exhibit somewhat lower but yet reasonably high pitting potentials. Values of
+9 to +10.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl) can be expected in room-temperature chloride solutions, decreasing to approximately +1.2
V at 175 to 250 C (345 to 480 F). Pitting
potentials of titanium can be raised in
chloride solutions by addition of sulfate
ions (Ref 57).
Anodic pitting potential values are
significantly lower in bromide solutions,
and they decrease with increasing temperature. Thus, pitting of titanium alloys
may be possible in pure bromide solutions
at higher temperature if highly oxidizing
conditions prevail. However, additions of
various oxidizing anions may inhibit pitting
in NaBr solutions by significantly raising anodic pitting potentials (Ref 58). Critical concentrations of the inhibitive anions have
been determined, and the relative efficiency of
inhibition decreases i n
the
order
S O | " > NO3 > CrO- > P O | - > CORepassivation Potentials. Another
important alloy property is the repassivation (protection) potential, which is defined as the rninimum potential at which
pitting can be maintained. Repassivation
potentials ( ) represent conservative
D

measures of anodic pitting tendency because they represent nrinimum potentials

below which pitting cannot be sustained.
This pitting parameter is not sensitive to
surface condition or measuring technique
artifacts, and it represents a more conservative design guideline than the anodic
breakdown potential. The repassivation
potentials of titanium alloys are also very
high relative to other alloy corrosion potentials, and this explains why titanium
alloys are generally resistant to pitting attack. Like pitting potentials, repassivation potentials are significantly lower in
bromide and iodide media.
Repassivation potentials are readily
determined by using the galvanostatic
method (Ref 59) or the constant potentialsurface scratch test (Ref 59, 60). The galvanostatic method involves impressing
an anodic current density of approximately 200 mA/cm (1290 mA/in. ) on the
specimen for at least several minutes before measuring the repassivation potential of the sample. Reproducible, unambiguous repassivation potentials are more
difficult to derive by using reverse scan
potentiodynamic techniques.
2

Hydrogen Damage
Titanium alloys are widely used in hydrogen-contaixiing environments and under conditions in which galvanic couples
or cathodic charging (impressed current)
causes hydrogen to be reduced on metal
surfaces. In most cases, these alloys display excellent resistance to damage.
Alpha and - titanium alloys suffer
hydrogen damage primarily by hydridephase formation. Pure -titanium is relatively unaffected by small concentrations
(<200 ppm) of hydrogen; however, the purity of the -titanium is important to its
behavior in hydrogen. Commercially pure
titanium is much more sensitive to hydrogen than is pure titanium. The amount of
hydrogen necessary to induce ductile-tobrittle transitions behavior in commercially pure titanium is much less than
one-half the amount needed in pure titanium. Severe embrittlement can occur in
the commercial grades at hydrogen levels
as low as 30-40 ppm in the presence of a
high residual stress or a stress riser, and
elevated temperature. These conditions
induce migration of the hydrogen to the
stress riser, resulting in a much higher local concentration of hydrogen and the precipitation of hydrides.
Modes of Hydrogen-Assisted Failure. Hydrogen damage can occur at high
or low strain rates. Hydrogen damage at
high strain rates is the result of hydrides
that precipitate after the high-temperature exposure of titanium to hydrogen.
This results in a loss of impact toughness
and is sometimes referred to as impact

embrittlement.
The other mode of failure for titanium
alloys in the presence of hydrogen predominates under slow strain rate loading.
The low strain rate embrittlement is related to hydride formation caused by
strain-enhanced precipitation, but embrittlement under impact is caused by hydride-phase formation after fabrication or
heat treatment. Unlike many hydrideforming systems, titanium forms a stable
hydride, but the kinetics of precipitation
are slow compared to the Group Vb metals. Therefore, embrittlement is more
prone to occur at low strain rates at which
precipitation can proceed at a rate that is
sufficient to provide a brittle crack path.
Both types of failure for titanium alloys in hydrogen are attributed to hydride-phase precipitation. Because hydrogen
solubility
increases
with
temperature for these alloys, hydride embrittlement typically decreases as the
temperature increases. Additionally, at
higher temperatures, the hydride may become more ductile, reducing brittle crack
initiation. As expected, the threshold
stress intensity for crack propagation is
also a function of the hydrogen content decreasing with increasing hydrogen.
Sustained-Load Cracking in Inert
Environments. High-strength titanium
alloys for use in highly stressed components for military aircraft and other similar applications may be susceptible to sustained-load
cracking
in
inert
environments (including dry air). Sustained-load cracking is similar to SCC except that it is much slower and occurs in
the total absence of a reactive environment. Sustained-load cracking is caused
by, or is greatly aggravated by, hydrogen
dissolved in the titanium during processing. Vacuum annealing can reduce the hydrogen level to less than 10 ppm, at which
concentration the tendency toward sustained-load cracking is greatly reduced.
Effect of Microstructure and Oxide Layer. The role of microstructure in
the hydrogen damage of titanium is quite
complex and is not fully understood. However, it has been determined that under
slow strain rates the - alloys fail by intergranular separation along boundaries
but that completely alloys fracture by
transgranular cleavage. Embrittlement is
not as severe in - alloys with a continuous equiaxed matrix as for those alloys
with a continuous acicular matrix. However, this behavior is a function of hydrogen pressure and may be reversed at
lower pressures.
The surface oxide of titanium is
highly effective in reducing hydrogen
penetration. Traces of moisture or oxygen
in hydrogen gas containing environments
very effectively maintain this protective
film, thus avoiding or limiting hydrogen

Corrosion /1073

uptake (Ref44,61-62). On the other hand,

anhydrous hydrogen gas atmospheres
may lead to absorption, particularly as
temperatures and pressures increase.
In and - alloys, excessive hydrogen uptake can induce the precipitation of
titanium hydride in the phase. These
adcular-appearing hydride platelets are
brittle and have been well characterized
in the literature (Ref 63-65). Small
amounts of hydride precipitates are not
detrimental from an engineering standpoint in most cases, but cause severe reduction in alloy ductility and toughness
when present in greater amounts. For
example, hydride precipitates can be observed in grade 2 titanium microstructures at hydrogen concentrations above
bulk hydrogen approximately 100
ppm, depending on t h e a m o u n t of
phase present, but these precipitates do
not necessarily result in gross embrittlement of grade 2 titanium until levels in excess of 500 to 600 ppm are achieved. Severe embrittlement has been observed in
Grade 3 titanium with bulk hydrogen contents on the order of 30 ppm by weight.
Although uniaxial tensile properties
may experience little effect from increasing hydrogen levels, biaxial or triaxial
stress properties, such as bend ductility,
cup (cold-drawing) formability, and impact toughness, in and near- alloys are
very sensitive to hydrogen levels (Ref 6469). In and, especially, - alloys, hydrogen contents above critical levels can result in sustained-load cracking, which
dramatically reduces useful maximum
service loads in notched or cracked components under slow strain rate or constant
tensile load situations (Ref65-70).
Beta titanium alloys have a very high
solubility for hydrogen such that embrittlement is generally not a result of hydriding (Ref 66, 69). Significant losses in ductility or formability may not occur below
levels of several thousand parts per million of hydrogen (Ref 66). The tolerance to
hydrogen decreases somewhat in the aged
(high-strength) condition. This increased
tolerance of the alloys must be weighed
against the significantly higher hydrogen
uptake rates that result from the much
larger hydrogen diffusion coefficient for
titanium (Ref 69,71).
P r e v e n t i o n i n Aqueous Media.
Factors that can lead to hydrogen uptake
and possible embrittlement of and near titanium alloys in aqueous media have
been identified from field and laboratory
experience. The three general conditions
that must exist simultaneously for the hydrogen damage of alloys are (Ref44,62):

A mechanism for generating nascent (atomic) hydrogen on a titanium surface. This may be from a

galvanic couple, an impressed

cathodic current, corrosion of titanium, or severe continuous abrasion
of the titanium surface in an aqueous medium
Metal temperature above approximately 80 C (175 F), where the diffusion rate of hydrogen into titanium is significant (Ref72-79)
Solution pH less t h a n 3 or greater
t h a n 12, or impressed potentials
more negative t h a n -0.70 V (SCE)
(Ref62,74-77)

The key to preventing hydrogen damage

is simply to avoid one or more of these conditions.
Galvanic couples between titanium
and certain active metals and excessive
cathodic charging from impressed-current cathodic protection systems are the
usual causes of excessive hydrogen absorption. In near-neutral electrolytes
such as seawater, active metals such as
zinc, magnesium, and aluminum can lead
to hydrogen uptake and eventual embrittlement when coupled to titanium above
80 C (175 F) (Ref62,78). A similar problem occurs when titanium is in galvanic
contact with carbon steels or active stainless steels in aqueous media above 80 C
(175 F) (Ref 63). Arsenic, antimony, and
cyanide species and sulfides act as a hydrogen recombination poison (that is, they
prevent the recombination of atomic hydrogen to form molecular hydrogen) and
enhance hydrogen uptake in this situation.
No hydrogen uptake and embrittlement problems occur when titanium is
coupled to fully passive materials in a
given environment. These compatible
materials may include other titanium alloys, passive stainless steels, copper alloys, and nickel-base alloys, depending on
conditions.
Cathodic charging of hydrogen onto
unalloyed titanium surfaces is not recommended when temperatures exceed 80 C
(175 F). At metal temperatures below 80
C (175 F), thin surface hydride films
may form on titanium alloys; these are
usually not detrimental from the standpoint of corrosion or mechanical properties. However, very high cathodic current
densities may lead to enhanced hydride
film growth and eventual wall penetration and embrittlement even at room temperature. Surface thermal oxides on titanium appear to inhibit hydrogen uptake
effectively under moderate cathodic
charging conditions, but can break down
at high current densities.
High-temperature alkaline conditions may also result in excessive hydrogen uptake and embrittlement of tita-

nium alloys. The nascent (atomic) hydrogen generated on titanium surfaces from
small but finite general corrosion in hot
(>80 C, or 175 F), strongly alkaline (pH >
12) media appears to be responsible.
Hydrogen Testing. Galvanic coupling tests or cathodic charging tests can
be conducted to evaluate susceptibility to
hydrogen uptake. For a given environment, an active metal (iron, aluminum,
etc.) sample is galvanically coupled to the
titanium alloy sample such that a specific
anode-to-cathode surface area is established. Impressed cathodic charging tests
are performed in electrolytic cells containing a specific electrolyte. A power supply
(potentiostat or galvanostat) impresses a
constant potential or current on the cell
such that the titanium is cathodic relative
to an inert counterelectrode such as
graphite or platinum. A reference electrode can also be used to control or to
measure the polarization potential of the
test cathode.
The surface condition of the coupon is
a critical variable in all hydrogen uptake
tests. Studies have shown that abraded or
sandblasted surfaces absorb hydrogen
more readily than as-pickled surfaces.
Tluckening of the surface oxide film by
anodizing or thermal oxidation further retards absorption. The actual surface finish anticipated in service should be evaluated.
TCtanium alloys tend to exhibit
greater susceptibility under biaxial or
triaxial stress states; therefore, bend
tests, cup tests, or notched tensile tests
are generally more sensitive to hydrogen
effects. Impact toughness testing can be
an especially sensitive indicator of hydrogen effects in alloys, whereas slow strain
rate methods are very suitable for - alloys (Ref 64, 67, 68). Because hydrogen
content has relatively little effect on alloy
hardness, hardness testing is not a good
indicator of hydrogen absorption.
Hydrogen analysis of coupons is performed by the hot vacuum extraction
method. In the hot vacuum extraction apparatus, a small sample is heated to 1100
to 1400 C (2010 to 2550 F) for several
minutes to reversibly release the absorbed hydrogen, followed by evolved gas
measurements.

Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a
fracture, or cracking, phenomenon caused
by the combined action of tensile stress, a
susceptible alloy, and a specific corrosive
environment. The metal may show little
evidence of general corrosion attack, although slight localized attack in the form
of pitting or crevice corrosion may be visible. Usually, only specific combinations of
metallurgical and environmental condi-

1074/Technical Notes

tions cause SCC. This is important because it is often possible to eliminate or reduce SCC sensitivity by modifying either
the metallurgical characteristics of the
metal or the makeup of the environment.
Another important characteristic of SCC
is the requirement t h a t tensile stress be
present. These stresses may be provided
by cold work, residual stresses from fabrication, or externally applied loads.
It is also important to distinguish between the two classes of titanium alloys.
The first class, which includes ASTM
grades 1, 2, 7, 11, and 12, is immune to
SCC except in a few specific environments. These specific environments include anhydrous methanol/halide solutions, nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), red
fuming HNO3, and liquid or solid cadmium. The second class oftitanium alloys,
including the aerospace titanium alloys,
has been found to be susceptible to several
additional environments, most notably
aqueous chloride solutions. However, this
susceptibility is often associated with
high stress concentrations typical of laboratory testing with loaded, precracked
specimens, and generally is not observed
with smooth specimens.
Mechanisms of SCC. Over the years,
a variety of mechanisms or models have
been proposed to explain SCC phenomena
in titanium alloys (Ref 80). In general,
SCC is the anodic dissolution in highly localized areas that, aided by an applied
tensile stress, propagates cracks into the
metal. Crack advance occurs by discontinuous rupture of the oxide film at the
crack tip.
The SCC generally begins from a corrosion pit or a crevice. In the presence of a
tensile stress, the pit will produce a crack
if corrosion is not so rapid so as to blunt
the advancing crack tip. Once a crack initiates, the balance among the crack tip
corrosion rate, the crack tip environment,
and the repassivation kinetics are critical
to either continued crack propagation or
crack arrest.
Stress-Corrosion Testing. Because
there is tremendous diversity in SCC behavior of metals and environments that
cause SCC, one must rely upon experience
for successful application of metals in corrosive environments, or from laboratory
tests designed to reveal susceptibility to
SCC. It is often the case t h a t service experience is not available, and laboratory
tests are the sole basis for material selection.
In testing metals for SCC resistance,
two important considerations are: the environment to be employed and the specimen configuration to be selected. An environment must be selected that is
representative of that expected in service.
More often t h a n not, this choice is fixed by
the intended application. Artificial envi-

ronments selected to accelerate the test

must be recognized as compromises and
will not produce wholly reliable information, although they can be used for assessing the relative susceptibilities of various
alloys.
Selection of specimen configuration is
somewhat different from choosing the test
environment in t h a t the investigator is
free to choose from a multitude of previously designed configurations. Unfortunately, these configurations do not always
produce the same result, nor do they even
evaluate the same properties.
Most specimens configurations used
for SCC testing fall into three categories:

Category
1: smooth, statically
loaded specimens: such as U-bends,
C-rings, bent beams, and dead-load
tensile bars (ASTM G 30, G 35, G 36,
G38,G47)
Category 2: notched and precracked
specimens: such as cantilever
beams, compact tension specimens,
and
double-cantilever
beams
(ASTM 399)

Category 3: smooth, dynamically

loaded specimens: primarily t h e
slow strain rate tensile specimens

Each of these categories is used to evaluate different characteristics of the SCC

process, so comparisons between specimen types can often lead to incorrect conclusions.
Category 1 specimens are used to
evaluate the susceptibility of a material to
both initiation and propagation of SCC.
Because the samples are smooth and subjected to a static load, they represent the
most favorable conditions a material
would experience in service. These samples are least effective when used in metal/environment combinations in which localized corrosion (for example, pitting) is
unlikely, because SCC initiation may not
occur for a long time. Thus, the test duration chosen is of paramount importance.
This configuration also provides limited quantitative information because the
test gives simply aU-or-nothing results.
Once the specimen is stressed and exposed to an environment, it either cracks
or it does not. If it does not crack, it is not
ensured that SCC cannot occur; the test
duration may have been too short, or the
stress too low, or the orientation incorrect.
Data typically reported in addition to pass
or fail usually consist of time to failure at
a given stress level or a threshold stress
for cracking.
Category 2 specimens are different

from Category 1 in that they primarily

measure crack propagation or crack arrest. The specimen may be statically or
dynamically loaded, depending on the information required, but is normally statically loaded. Because a crack is assumed
to be present from the start, this configuration approaches worst-case conditions
and is quite conservative. In addition, precracked (fracture mechanics) specimens
provide quantitative information that
can be used to rank alloys in a specific environment. However, these data cannot be
used for design purposes (i.e. fracture mechanics).
With the category 2 specimen, it is
often important that a fatigue precrack be
initiated in the environment in which the
SCC susceptibility test is to be performed.
This is especially true for titanium, because the highly passive nature of the
metal may repair the precracked area before the environment of interest can be introduced. Individual evaluations are required to determine whether precracking
should be performed in the corrosive environment.
Category 3 specimens were developed
from category 1 specimens in order to remove the uncertainty associated with
SCC initiation and accelerate SCC testing
for quicker answers. Because the smooth
specimen is dynamically loaded to failure,
the investigator is assured of two things.
First, the specimen will always fail, although not always as the result of SCC.
Second, at some point during the test, a
crack will be mechanically produced that
may serve as an initiation site for SCC.
This specimen configuration also represents a worst-case situation because most
materials are not intentionally subjected
to such large plastic strains during reallife exposure. The major difficulty with
this configuration stems from the data
produced; such data are far from quantitative. The quantitative data derived
from these tests, such as the ratio of time
to failure in air versus time to failure in
the test environment, provide some comparative information, but are of limited
value to the materials selector. Therefore,
testing with category 3 specimens resolves some of the deficiencies of testing
with the category 1 specimen, although it
creates several new problems. Unfortunately, like category 1 specimens, the
category 3 specimens are also pass/fail
and produce essentially no quantifiable
data.
Given the advantage of quantifiable
data of category 2 specimens and the difficulty of initiating SCC on titanium category 1 specimens, it is not surprising that
almost all of the laboratory testing on titanium alloys has been performed with
category 2 specimens. In the following sections, metallurgical, environmental, and

Corrosion /1075

Stage III
^*

Stage II

Terminal
fracture

f Plateau velocity
Stage I /

/Arbitrary propagation
Jjr rate to define K| cc(K, )

/\

I^^Kiscc(Kth)
Crack-tip stress intensity, K,
K-increasing test
K-decreasing test

Fig. 4 Effect of s t r e s s on S C C kinetics. S t a g e s I a n d

II m a y not always b e straight lines, a n d o n e or m o r e
m a y b e a b s e n t in s o m e s y s t e m s .
S o u r c e : ASM H a n d b o o k , Vol 1 3 , 2 4 6

stress effect on the SCC susceptibility of

titanium alloys will be discussed. The
data presented are primarily derived
from fracture mechanics test procedures
in corrosive environments and, as such,
are quantitative in nature. In many cases,
results are compared with those attained
in noncorrosive environments (often air)
to give the reader some appreciation for
the degree to which exposure to the environment reduces fracture toughness.
Most fracture toughness data are presented as crack velocity versus applied
stress intensity (). The stress intensity
below which no measurable crack growth
occurs is defined as the threshold stress
intensity for SCC, -KisccTesting in a Hot Salt Environment. The hot salt test consists of exposing a stressed salt-coated test specimen to
an elevated temperature for various predetermined lengths of time. The exposure
periods are determined by the alloy, stress
level, temperature, and selected damage
criterion (that is, embrittlement, cracking, or rupture, or a combination of these
phenomena). Exposures are typically carried out in laboratory ovens or furnaces
equipped with loading equipment for
stressing specimens. Environmental conditions, the degree of control required,
and the means for obtaining control are
described in ASTM G 41.
No actual service failures of titanium
have been ascribed to hot salt SCC. Hot
salt testing can be used for alloy screening
to determine the relative susceptibility of
Ti alloys to embrittlement and cracking
and to determine the time-temperaturestress threshold levels for the onset of embrittlement and cracking. However, certain types of specimens are more suitable
for each of these types of characterization.
Precracked specimens are unsuitable for

testing of titanium alloys, because cracking reinitiates at salt/metal/air interfaces

and results in many small cracks that extend independently. Therefore, smooth
specimens are recommended.
Testing in Water a n d Aqueous Solutions. Water, seawater, and almost any
neutral aqueous solution (except atmospheric water vapor) can cause SCC in
many titanium alloys in the presence of
preexisting cracklike flaws, although susceptibility in these environments cannot
be detected by smooth specimens. Therefore, fracture mechanics type characterization is necessary. For some titanium alloys, the extremely rapid growth
of stress-corrosion cracks in salt water
and the dependency on specimen geometry preclude the possibility of using crack
growth rate data for design purposes.
Therefore, ranking of materials is
based on .Kiscc values, although a true
threshold stress intensity for SCC may
not exist (Ref 81). Titanium alloys do not
exhibit stage 1 type crack growth kinetics
(see Fig. 4) in neutral aqueous solutions.
Tests have been performed for sufficient
periods of time to allow detection of crack
growth rates of 1 0 m/s (1.4 x IO' in./h,
but SCC has not been observed. The slowest crack velocity t h a t has been detected is
lOr m/s (1.4 IO" in./h). Therefore, in
neutral aqueous solutions, a threshold
.Kiscc exists at which SCC will not propagate (Ref 81). The above rates, however,
are not as slow as those observed in highsusceptibility aluminum alloys. Tests are
commonly performed in water containing
about 3.5% sodium chloride, artificial
seawater, or natural seawater unless specific environments are being tested.
Testing i n Organic Fluids. A wide
variety of organic fluids can cause SCC in
some titanium alloys under specific test
conditions (see Table 5). Most of these fluids attack the passive surface film that is
characteristic of titanium alloys. Consequently, precracked specimens do not
have to be used to initiate SCC. A
standard environment does not exist; for
- 9

evaluation of SCC in organic fluids therefore, test conditions must be selected with
appropriate consideration given to the
type of environmental service required.

Other Forms of Corrosion

Galvanic Corrosion. The coupling of
titanium with dissimilar metals usually
does not accelerate the corrosion of titanium. The exception is in strongly reducing environments in which titanium is severely corroding and not readily
passivated. In this uncommon situation,
accelerated corrosion may occur when titanium is coupled to more noble metals. In
its normal passive condition, titanium is
beneficially influenced by materials that
exhibit more noble (positive) corrosion potentials. In this regard, graphite and various precious metals (such as platinum,
palladium, ruthenium, iridium, and gold)
provide anodic protection when coupled to
titanium by further stabihzing the oxide
film of titanium at more noble potentials.
The corrosion potential of titanium
under normally passive conditions is
quite noble, but similar to stainless steel
or nickel-base alloys in the passive condition. The small potential differences between these passive engineering alloys
generally mean negligible galvanic interactions and good galvanic compatibility as
long as passive conditions prevail for the
alloys involved.
However, when titanium is coupled to
a metal that is active (anodic) in an environment, accelerated anodic attack of the
active metal may result. Moreover, hydrogen charging of the titanium may occur
causing hydriding of titanium alloys. The
rate of accelerated attack depends on
many factors, mcluding the cathode-toanode surface area ratio, concentration
of dissolved cathodic depolarizers (for
example, oxygen, or atomic hydrogen),
temperature, solution flow velocity, and
medium chemistry. Depending on environmental conditions, active metals may
include carbon or low-alloy steels, aluminum, zinc, copper alloys, or stainless

Table 5 Environments and temperatures conducive to SCC of titanium alloys

Environment
H o t dry chloride salts
S e a w a t e r , distilled
water, a n d a q u e o u s
solutions
Nitric acid, red fuming
N i t r o g e n tetroxide
M e t h a n o l , ethanol
Chlorine
H y d r o g e n chloride
Hydrochloric acid, 10%
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoroethane
Chlorinated diphenyl

Temperature, C (F)
2 6 0 - 4 8 0 C ( 5 0 0 - 9 0 0 F)
Ambient

Ambient
A m b i e n t to 7 5 C (165 F)
Ambient
Elevated
Elevated
A m b i e n t to 4 0 C ( 1 0 5 F)
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated

1076 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

steels t h a t are active (depassivated) or

pitting. When galvanic corrosion is unacceptably high, consideration should be
given to all-titanium component design,
coupling to more compatible (passive) alloys, use of dielectric (insulating) joints, or
cathodic protection of the active metal.
Erosion-corrosion is defined as the
acceleration in metal degradation as a result of the combined effects of corrosion
and mechanical damage of the surface
from erosion. This form of attack is highly
dependent on fluid velocity and angle of
impingment and is favored in areas where
high local turbulence, impingement, or
cavitation of the fluid occur on metal surfaces. Suspended solids in fluid can also
result in abrasion, which can drastically
accelerate metal loss.
In normal passive environments, the
hard, tenacious Ti02 surface film of titanium provides a superb resistance barrier
to erosion-corrosion. For this reason, titanium alloys can withstand flowing water
or seawater velocities as high as 30 m/s
(100 ft/s) with insignificant metal loss.
The ability of the oxide film to repair itself
when damaged and the intrinsic hardness
of titanium alloys both contribute to their
excellent resistance to erosion-corrosion.
Therefore, inlet turbulence in shell and
tube exchangers, entrained gas bubble
impingement, and pump cavitation effects are generally not of concern in titanium tubing, piping, and pump components.
Titanium alloys also exhibit relatively
high resistance to fluids containing suspended solids. Critical velocities for excessive metal removal depend on the concentration, shape, size, and hardness of the
suspended particles, in addition to fluid
impingement angle, local turbulence, and
titanium alloy properties. The typically
low concentrations of silt entrained in
seawater are generally of little consequence, but continuous exposure to highvelocity slurries of hard particles can lead
to finite metal removal. The harder highstrength titanium alloys may offer improved erosion resistance when marginal
erosion of t h e softer unalloyed titanium
grades is observed. When abrasive conditions are severe, application of hard
surface coatings should be considered.
In potential applications involving highvelocity slurries or suspended solids, it
is advisable to conduct erosion tests
whenever possible.
Corrosion fatigue refers to the reduction in fatigue resistance of a metal
due to the presence of a corrosive medium.
Because of the protective oxide film of titanium, the smooth or notched fatigue
strength of the more common titanium alloys and their weldments is not significantly affected by water, seawater, and
many other aqueous chloride media.

These alloys typically exhibit smooth fatigue run-out stress to tensile strength ratios in the range of 0.5 to 0.6, which remain unchanged in 3.5% sodium chloride
(NaCI) solutions and in seawater. The Ti6A1-4V datasheet includes some corrosion-fatigue results.
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E.G. Haney and WR.Wearmouth, Effect of Pure Methanol on the Cracking
ofTitanium, Corrosion, Vol 25 (No. 2),
Feb 1969, 87
A. J. Sedriks and J.S A. Green, Stress
Corrosion ofTitanium in Organic Liquids, J. Met., April 1971, 48
R.W. Schutz and L.C. Covington,
Guidelines for Corrosion Testing ofTitanium, Industrial Applicat ions ofTitanium and Zirconium, STP 728,
ASTM, 1981, 59-70
R.W. Schutz, Titanium, Process Industries CorrosionThe Theory and
Practice, NACE, 1986, 503
J.C. Griess, Jr., Crevice Corrosion of
Titanium in Aqueous Salt Solutions,
Corrosion, Vol 24 (No. 4), April 1968,
96-109
L.C. Covington, Pitting Corrosion of
Titanium Tubes in Hot Concentrated
Brine Solutions, Galvanic and Pitting
CorrosionField and Laboratory
Studies, STP 576, ASTM, 1976, 147154
B.J. Moniz, Field Coupon Corrosion
Testing, Process Industries CorrosionThe Theory and Practice,
NACE, 1986, 67-83
I. Dugdale and J.B. Cotton, Corros.
Sci., Vol 4,1964, 397
. Koizumi and S. Furuya, TitaniumScience and Technology, Vol 4,
proceedings of the Second International Conference, Plenum Press,
1973, 2383-2393
L. Szlarska-Smialowska and M.
Janik-Czachor, Corros. Sci., Vol 11,
1971, 901-914
E.L. Liening, Electrochemical Corrosion Testing Techniques, Process Industries Corrosion, NACE, 1986, 85122
L.C. Covmgton, "Factors Affecting the
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Titanium," paper presented at Corrosion/75, Toronto, Canada, NACE,
April 1975
L.C. Covington, Corrosion, Vol 35 (No.
8), Aug 1979, 378-382
VA. Livanov et al., Hydrogen in Titanium, Israel Program for Scientific
Translation Ltd., Catalog No. 2163,
Daniel Davey & Company, Inc., 1965
N.E. Paton and J.C. Williams, Effect
of Hydrogen on Titanium and Its Alloys, Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Source Book, ASM, 1982, 185-207
R.R. Boyer and W.F. Spurr, Characteristics of Sustained-Load Cracking
and Hydrogen Effects in Ti-6A1-4V,
Metall. Trans. A, Vol 9A, Jan 1978,
23-29
R. Bourcier and D. Koss, Acta Metall.,
Vol 32 (No. 11), 1984, 2091-2099

67. GA. lenning et al., Effect of Hydrogen on Alpha Titanium Alloys, Trans.
AIME, Oct 1956, 1235
68. CM. Craighead et al., Hydrogen Embrittlement of Beta-Stabilized Titanium Alloys, Trans. AIME, Aug 1956,
923
69. J. J. DeLuccia, Electrolytic Hydrogen
in Beta Titanium," Report NADC76207-30, Air Vehicle Technical Department, Naval Air Development
Center, June 1976
70. DA. Meyn, Effect of Hydrogen on
Fracture and Inert-Environment
Sustained Load Cracking Resistance
of Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys, Metall. Trans., Vol 5, Nov 1974, 2405
71. W.R. Holman et al., Hydrogen Diffusion in a Beta Titanium Alloy, Trans.
AIME, Vol 233, Oct 1965, 1836
72. I.I. Phillips, P. Pool, and L.L. Shreir,
Hydride Formation During Cathodic
Polarization of Ti.-ll. Effect of Temperature and pH of Solution on Hydride Growth, Corros. Sci., Vol 14,
1974, 533-542
73. R.L. Jacobs and JA. McMaster, Titanium Tubing: Economical Solution to
Heat Exchanger Corrosion, Mater.
Prot. Perform., Vol 11 (No. 7), July
1972, 33-38
74. "Get More Advantages by Applying
Titanium Tubing not only for Power
Plants but also for Desalination
Plants!!," Technical Brochure, Japan
Titanium Society, May 1984
75. H. Satoh, T. Fukuzuka, Shimogori,
and H. Tanabe, "Hydrogen Pickup by
Titanium Held Cathodic in Seawater," paper presented at the Second International Congress on Hydrogen in
Metals, Paris, June 1977
76. S. Sato, Nagata, and M. Magayama, "Experiences ofWelded Titanium Condenser Tubes in Japan,"
Technical Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Light Metal Industries Ltd.
77. T. Fukuzuka, Shimogori, H. Satoh,
and F. Kamikubo, "Corrosion Problems and Countermeasures in MSF
Desalination Plant Using Titanium
Tube," Kobe Steel Ltd., 1985
78. LA. Chariot and R.E. Westerman,
Low-Temperature Hydriding of Zircaloy-2 and Titanium in Aqueous Solutions, Electrochem. Technol., Vol 6
(No. 3^), March/April 1968
79. J. Lee and P. Chung, "A Study of Hydriding of Titanium in Seawater under Cathodic Polarization," paper
259, presented at Corrosion/86, Houston TX, NACE, March 1986
80. R.H. Jones, Metals Handbook, ASM
International, Vol 13,1987, 145
81. . J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyrl, and J A.
Sweeny, Titanium Alloys, Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength
Steeh and in Titanium and in Aluminum Alloys, B.F. Brown, Ed., Naval
Research Laboratory, 1972, 246-363

Casting/1079

Technical Note 3: Casting

The titanium castings industry is relatively young by most industry standards,
which is related to the youth of the titanium industry. The high reactivity of titanium, especially in the molten state, presents a special challenge to the foundry.
Special, relatively expensive, methods of
melting, moldmaking, and surface cleaning are required to maintain metal integrity. Thus, the number of titanium casting
suppliers is limited.
Melting a n d Pouring Practice. The
dominant, almost universal, method of
melting titanium is with a consumable titanium electrode; the molten metal is contained in a water-cooled copper crucible
while confined in a vacuum chamber. This
"skull melting" technique prevents the
highly reactive liquid titanium from dissolving the crucible because it is contained in a solid skull frozen against the
water-cooled crucible wall. When an adequate melt quantity has been obtained,
the residual electrode is quickly retracted,
and the crucible is tilted for pouring into
the molds. A skull of solid titanium remains in the crucible for reuse in a subsequent pour or for later removal.
Superheating. The consumable electrode practice affords little opportunity
for superheating the molten pool because
of the cooling effect of the water-cooled
crucible. Limited superheating capabili-

ties creates problems filling the molds; it

is common either to pour castings centrifugally, forcing the metal into the mold
cavity by centrifugal force, or to pour statically into preheated molds to obtain adequate fluidity. Post-cast cooling takes
place in a vacuum or in an inert gas atmosphere until the molds can be safely removed to air without oxidation of the titanium.
Electrode Composition. Consumable
titanium electrodes are either ingot metallurgy forged billet, consolidated revert
wrought material, selected foundry returns, or a combination of all of these.
Casting specifications or user requirements
can dictate the composition ofrevert materials used in electrode construction.

Molding Methods
Shape casting of titanium was first
demonstrated in the United States in
1954 at the U.S. Bureau of Mines using
machined high-density graphite molds.
Since this early work, semipermanent, reusable molds made from machined graphite have been used successfully on relatively simple-shaped parts that allow
metal volumetric shrinkage to occur without restriction. However, the method is
economical only when reasonably high
volumes are required, that is, thousands

of parts, because of the high cost of the

solid mold material. The more common
molding methods for titanium castings include rammed graphite and lost wax investment molding (see Table 1 for a sample of foundries).
Rammed Graphite Molding. The
earliest commercial application of complex titanium shapes cast from rammed
graphite molding was for corrosion-resistant components of valves and pumps.
These applications continue to dominate
the rammed graphite production method;
however, in more recent years, some users
have justified the expense of lost wax investment tooling for some commercial corrosion-resistant casting applications.
The traditional rammed graphite
molding process uses powdered graphite
mixed with organic binders. Patterns
typically are made of wood. The mold material is pneumatically rammed around
the pattern and cured at high temperature in a reducing atmosphere to convert
the organic binders to pure carbon. The
molding process and the tooling are essentially the same as for cope and drag sand
molding in ferrous and nonferrous foundries. In the 1970's, derivations of
rammed graphite mold materials were
developed using components of more traditional sand foundries along with inorganic binders. This resulted in more dimen-

Table 1 Status and capacity of titanium foundries in the United States, Japan, and Western Europe in 1992
Maximum
pour
Foundry
H o w m e t Corp. (MI a n d VA)
Oremet Corp. (OR)
PCC(OR)
R e m Products (OR)
T i t a n i u m Inc. (TiLine) (OR)
Titanium Inc. (TiTech) (CA)
P C C F r a n c e (France)
Tital (West G e r m a n y )
S e t t a s (Belgium)
VMC (Japan)
Mitsui (Japan)
ICC (Japan)
Kobe (Japan)
W y m a n Gordon (CT)
Schlosser(OR)
Ruger (AZ)

Approximate maximum envelope

Rammed graphite

weight

kg

lb

730
900
770
180
180
400
270
180

1600
2000
1700
400
400
875
600
400

820
180
(a)
(a)
(a)
90
200
(a)

1800
400
(a)
(a)
(a)
200
450
(a)

mm

in.

1525 d i a m 1830

6 0 diam 72

9 1 5 diam 6 1 0
9 9 0 diam 9 9 0
1145 diam 7 6 0
1525 diam 1220
1270 diam 6 3 5
(a)
(a)
(a)

(a) Capacity s i z e d a t a unavailable, (b) I n v e s t m e n t only, capacity u n a v a i l a b l e

36 diam 24
39 diam 39
45 diam x 30
60diamx48
50 diam 25
(a)
(a)
(a)

size

Investment

casting

m m

in.

1525 d i a m 1525

6 0 diam 6 0

1525 d i a m x 1 2 2 0
815 diam 508
1370 d i a m 6 1 0
915 diam 610
1220 d i a m 1 2 2 0
1015 d i a m 6 3 5
610 diam 610
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
910 diam 455
1065 d i a m x 9 1 5
(b)

60
32
54
36
48

diam
diam
diam
diam
diam

48
20
24
24
48

40diamx25
2 4 d i a m 24
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3 6 diam 18
42 diam 36
(b)

1080 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Table 2 C o m p a r i s o n of cast titanium alloys

Estimated relative
u s a g e of
castings

Alloy

Al

Fe

Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6A1-4VELI
Commercially pure t i t a n i u m
Gr2&3

88%
2%
7%

0.18
0.11
0.25

6
6

0.13
0.10
0.15

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0. I S i
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

2%
<1%

0.10
0.10

6
6

0.15
0.15

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn
IMI-829

<1%
<1%
<1%
<1%

0.16
0.10
0.11
0.13

5
3.5
3
5.4

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.05

Nominal composition, w t %
V
Cr
Sn
Mo

Other

General purpose
Cryogenic t o u g h n e s s
Corrosion resistance

4
4

2
2

2
6

4 Z r , O.ISi
4Zr

4Zr

2.5
8.0
15

Special
properties(a)

6
3

3
3.2

0.3

3.0Zr, 1 . 0 N b , 0 . 3 S i

Elevated-temperature creep
Elevated-temperature
strength
Cryogenic t o u g h n e s s
Strength
Strength
Elevated-temperature creep

(a) Superior, r e l a t i v e to Ti-6A1-4V

Table 3 Standard industry specifications applicable t o titanium castings

MTL-T-81915
AMS-4985A
AMS-4991
ASTM 367
MIL-STD-2175
MTL-STD-271
MTL-STD-453
MTL-Q-9859
MTL-I-6866B
MIL-H-81200
ASTM E-1320
A S T M E 120
ASTM 8
AMS-2249B
AMS-4954
AMS-4956

T i t a n i u m a n d t i t a n i u m alloy castings, i n v e s t m e n t
T i t a n i u m alloy c a s t i n g s , i n v e s t m e n t or r a m m e d graphite
T i t a n i u m alloy c a s t i n g s , i n v e s t m e n t
T i t a n i u m a n d t i t a n i u m alloy castings
Castings, classification a n d inspection of
Nondestructive t e s t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s for m e t a l s
Inspection, radiographic
Quality program r e q u i r e m e n t
Inspection, p e n e t r a n t m e t h o d of
H e a t t r e a t m e n t of t i t a n i u m a n d t i t a n i u m alloys
Reference radiographs for t i t a n i u m c a s t i n g s
S t a n d a r d m e t h o d s for chemical a n a l y s i s of t i t a n i u m a n d t i t a n i u m alloys
M e t h o d s of tension t e s t i n g of metallic m a t e r i a l s
Chemical-check a n a l y s i s limits for t i t a n i u m a n d t i t a n i u m alloys
T i t a n i u m alloy w e l d i n g wire Ti-6A1-4V
T i t a n i u m alloy w e l d i n g wire Ti-6A1-4V, extra low interstitial

sionally stable and less costly molds that

were capable of containing molten titanium without undue metal/mold reaction.
Lost Wax Investment Molding.
The principal technology that allowed the
proliferation of titanium alloy castings in
the aerospace industry was the investment casting method, introduced in the
mid-1960's. The adaptation of this method
to titanium casting technology required
the development of ceramic slurry materials with minimum reaction with the extremely reactive molten titanium.
Proprietary lost wax ceramic shell systems have been developed by the several
foundries engaged in titanium casting
manufacture. Of necessity, these shell
systems must be relatively inert to molten
titanium and cannot be made with the
conventional foundry ceramics used in
the ferrous and nonferrous industries.
Usually, the face coats are made with special refractory oxides and appropriate
binders. After the initial face coat ceramic
is apphed to the wax pattern, more traditional refractory systems are used to add
shell strength from repeated backup ceramic coatings. Regardless of face coat
composition, some metal/mold reaction
inevitably occurs from titanium reduction

of the ceramic oxides. The oxygen-rich

surface of the casting stabihzes the
phase, usually forming a metallographically distinct case layer on the cast surface, which is removed later by means of
chemical milling.
Foundry practice focuses on methods
to control both the extent of the metal/mold reaction and the subsequent diffusion of reaction products inward from
the cast surface. Diffusion of reaction
products into the cast surface is time-attemperature dependent. Depth of surface
contamination can vary from nil on very
thin sections to more than 1.5 mm (0.06
in.) on heavy sections. On critical aerospace structures, the brittle case is removed by chemical milling. The depth of
surface contamination must be taken into
consideration in the initial wax pattern
tool design. Hence, the wax pattern and
castings are made shghtly oversize, and
final dimensions are achieved through
careful chemical milling. Metal superheat, mold temperature and thermal conductivity, g force (if centiifugally cast),
and rapid post-cast heat removal are
other key factors in producing a satisfactory product. These parameters are interrelated, that is, a high g force centrifugal

pour into cold molds may achieve the

same relative fluidity as a static pour into
heated molds.

Alloys
All production titanium castings to
date are based on traditional wrought
product compositions. As such, the Ti-6A14V alloy dominates structural casting applications (see Table 2). This alloy similarly has dominated wrought industry
production since its introduction in the
early 1950's, becoming the benchmark alloy against which others are compared.
However, other wrought alloys have been
developed, for special appheations, with
better room-temperature or elevatedtemperature strength, creep, or fracture
toughness characteristics than those of
Ti-6A1-4V. These same alloys are also being cast when net shape casting technology is the most economical method of
manufacture. As with Ti-6A1-4V, other
cast titanium alloys have properties (see
Table 6 and Fig. 1) generally comparable
to their wrought counterparts.
Specifications. Industry-wide specifications (see Table 3) provide mechanical
property guarantees and process control
features. In addition, most major aerospace companies have comparable specifications. MIL Handbook 5, Aerospace Design Specifications, does not presently
include titanium alloy castings, but it is
expected that such information will be incorporated in the near future. As with
wrought products, commercially pure titanium castings are used almost entirely
in corrosion appheations. Commercially
pure titanium pumps and valves are the
principal components made using titanium casting technology for the corrosion
resistance field, and are used extensively
in chemical and petrochemical plants, as
well as standard fire fighting pumps for
the U.S. Navy.
N e w e r Alloys. As aircraft engine
manufacturers seek to use cast titanium
at higher operating temperatures, Ti-6A12Sn-4Zr-2Mo and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

Casting/1081

Table 4 General linear and diametrical tolerance guidelinefortitanium castings

Size

Total tolerance bands(a)

mm
25to<102
102to<305
305to<610
>610
Examples
254 m m

Investment cast

in.
1 to <4
4 to <12
12 t o < 2 4
>24

508 m m

R a m m e d graphite process

0 . 7 6 m m ( 0 . 0 3 0 in.) or 1.0%, whichever i s greater

1.02 m m ( 0 . 0 4 0 i n ) or 0.7%, whichever i s greater
1.52 m m (0.060 i n ) or 0.6%, whichever i s greater
0.5%

1.52 m m (0.060 in.)

1.78 m m (0.070 in.) or 1.0%, w h i c h e v e r is greater
1.0%
1.0%

10

1.78 m m (0.070 in.) total tolerance band or 0.89 m m (0.035 i n )

20

3 . 0 5 m m (0.120 in.) total tolerance band or 1.52 m m (0.060 i n )

2 . 5 4 m m (0.100 in.) total tolerance b a n d or 1.27 m m

(0.050 i n )
5.08 m m (0.200 in.) total tolerance b a n d or 2 . 5 4 m m
(0.100 in.)

(a) I m p r o v e d t o l e r a n c e s m a y be possible d e p e n d i n g o n t h e specific foundry capabilities a n d overall part-specific r e q u i r e m e n t s .

Table 5 Surface finish of titanium castings

Process
Investment
As-cast
Occasional a r e a s of
Rammed graphite
As-cast
Occasional a r e a s of
Hand finished

NAS823
surface
comparator
C-12
C-25
C-30-40
C-50
C12-25

RMS
equivalent

3.2
6.3

125
250

7.5-10
12.5
3.2-6.3

300-400
500
125-250

RMS, root m e a n s q u a r e

and IMI 829 are being specified more frequently. Extra low interstitial grade Ti6A1-4V has been used for critical cryogenic
space shuttle service where fracture
toughness is a n important design criteria.
The most recent alloys to receive attention in t h e casting industry are t h e metastable alloys Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo
(Beta C) a n d Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn (Ti 153). The latter was developed as a highly
cold-formable and subsequently agehardened sheet material. These alloys are
highly castable and are readily heat
treated to a 1170 MPa (170 ksi) strength
level, making them serious candidates for
the replacement of high-strength precipitation-hardened stainless steels such as
17-4PH. The full density advantage of titanium of about 40% is preserved because
strength levels are comparable in both
materials. tanium-aluminide castings
are being developed for application in the
compressor sections of aircraft gas turbine engines and other high-temperature
applications. Compositions based upon
both the ot2 (TiaAl) and -y(TiAl) ordered
phases have been cast experimentally,
with the former being closer to limitedproduction status. The low ductility of
these alloys at room temperature has
been the major producibihty challenge. It
is anticipated that the service potential
for titanium aluminides in the 595 to 925

C (1100 to 1700 F) temperature range

will eventually be realized. The difficulty
in forging and machining shapes in these
brittle alloys may increase the advantage
of net shape methods such as castings.

Casting Design
Titanium castings present the designer with few differences in design criteria, compared with other metals. Ideal designs do not contain isolated heavy
sections or uniform heavy walls of large
area so that centerline shrinkage cavities
and regions with a coarse microstructure
may be avoided. From a practical sense,
however, ideal tapered walls to promote
directional soUdification are not usually a
reality. The advent of hot isostatic pressing to heal internal as-cast shrinkage
cavities has offered the designer much
more freedom; however, there still is a
practical limit to the size ofinternal cavity
t h a t can be healed through hot isostatic
pressing without producing significant
surface or structural deformation due to
the collapse of internal pores.
The lost wax investment process provides more design freedom for the foundry
to properly feed a casting t h a n does the
traditional sand or rammed graphite approach. It is normal practice to gate and
riser hot isostatic pressed investment

castings to achieve reasonably good internal x-ray quality so that hot isostatic
pressing will not cause extensive surface
or structural deformation.
The usual required nnnimum practical wall thickness for investment castings
is 2.0 mm (0.080 in.); however, local sections as small as 1.1 mm (0.045 in.) are
routinely made. Even thinner walls may
be achieved by chemical milling beyond
that required for case removal; however,
as-cast wall variation is only made worse
by extensive chemical milling and wall
thickness tolerances become wider. Sand
or rammed graphite molded castings have
a usual minimum wall thickness of 4.75
mm (0.190 in.), although 3.0 mm (0.12 in.)
is not unreasonable for short sections.
Fillet radii should be as generous as
possible to minimize the occurrence of hot
tears. While 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) radii are
produced, the preferred minimum is 3.0
mm (0.12 in.). Arule of thumb is that a fillet radius should be 0.5 times the sum of
the thicknesses of the two adjoining walls.
With proper tool design, zero draft
walls are possible. To promote directional
soHdification, a 3 included draft angle
may be preferred. Hot isostatic pressing
will close any centerline shrinkage cavities in zero draft walls, making it unnecessary to provide draft. Draft requirements
are also dependent upon foundry practice,
with rammed graphite tooling usually requiring draft, and investment casting
typically not requiring draft.
Tolerances. Typically, the major area
of concern is true position of a thin-section
surface with respect to a datum. Surface
areas of approximately 129 c m (20 in. )
or greater in sections of less than approximately 3.0 m m (0.120 in.) thickness are
susceptible to distortion, depending on
adjoining sections. The high strength of titanium compared with aluminum, and
low elastic modulus compared with steel
present challenges in stmightening and
in mamtaining extremely tight, true positions (see Table 4 for general tolerance
band capabilities for linear dimensions).
Hot sizing fixtures have been increasingly used to help control critical casting
2

1082/Technical Notes

Table 6 Typical room-temperature tensile properties of titanium alloy castings (bars machined from castings)
Specification minimums are less than these typical properties.
Ultimate
strength

Yield strength
ksi
MPa

Alloy(a)(b)
C o m m e r c i a l l y p u r e ( g r a d e 2)
Ti-6A1-4V, a n n e a l e d
Ti-6A1-4VEH
Ti-1100,Beta-STA(c)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, a n n e a l e d
IMI-834,Beta-STA(c)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, Beta-STA(c)
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo, Beta-STA(c)
Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn, Beta-STA(c)

448
855
758
848
910
952
1170
1241
1200

65
124
110
123
132
138
170
180
174

MPa

ksi

Elongation,
%

Reduction of
area,%

552
930
827
938
1006
1069
1240
1330
1275

80
135
120
136
146
155
180
193
185

18
12
13
11
10
5
1
7
6

32
20
22
20
21
8
1
12
12

(a) S o l u t i o n - t r e a t e d a n d a g e d (STA) h e a t t r e a t m e n t s m a y b e v a r i e d t o p r o d u c e a l t e r n a t e p r o p e r t i e s , (b) E L I , e x t r a l o w i n t e r s t i t i a l , (c) B e t a - S T A , s o l u t i o n t r e a t m e n t i n

- p h a s e field followed b y a g i n g

Temperature,'
200

400

1200

600
1

800
1

1000
1

'

1200
1

1000

140

800

Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo,
IMI 8 3 4 ; a n d Ti 1 1 0 0

600

>:

-1100

400

Ti-6AI-4V i

200

100

200

300
400
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

500

600

700

Fig. 1 Plot of yield strength v e r s u s t e m p e r a t u r e to c o m p a r e e l e v a t e d - t e m p e r a t u r e properties of castTi-6AI-2Sn-4Zr2Mo, IMI 8 3 4 , a n d Ti 1100 alloys with s t a n d a r d c a s t T1-6AI-4V alloy. S e e s e p a r a t e alloy compilations in this Volume
for additional c a s t property d a t a .

dimensions. This technique typically involves the use of steel fixtures to "creep"
the casting into final tolerances in an anneal or stress relief heat treatment by the
weight ofthe steel or the use of differential
thermal expansion of the steel relative to
the titanium.
Standard casting industry thickness
tolerances of 0.75 m m (0.030 in.) for
rammed graphite and 0.25 mm (0.010
in.) for investment cast walls are more difficult to maintain with titanium primarily
because of the influence of chemical milling (for critical appheations it is necessary
to mill all surfaces chemically to remove
the residue case). This operation is subject to variation because of part geometry
and bath variables, and because it is usually
manually controlled. Standard industry
surface finishes are shown in Table 5.

Forging/1083

Technical Note 4: Forging

Titardum alloy forgings are produced
by all forging methods currently available, mcluding open-die (or hand) forging,
closed-die forging, upsetting, roll forging,
orbital forging, spin forging, mandrel
forging, ring rolling, and forward and
backward extrusion. Selection of the optimal forging method for a given forging
shape is based on the desired forging
shape, the sophistication of the design of
the forged shape, the cost and the desired
mechanical properties and microstructure. In many cases, two or more forging
methods are combined.
Titanium alloys generally are more
difficult to forge than steel and aluminum,
because their deformation resistance can
increase dramatically with small changes
in metal temperatures and strain rates
(see comparisons in Fig. 1, 2, and 3).
Therefore, the dies used in the conventional forging of titanium alloys are
heated to facilitate the forging process
and to reduce metal temperature losses
during the forging processparticularly
surface chilling, which may lead to inadequate die filling and/or excessive cracking. Heated dies also may allow reductions in strain rates, which further
improve deformation characteristics.
However, in the conventional forging
of titanium alloys (which involves nonisothermal die temperatures of 540 C or
less), the temperature losses encountered
by such techniques far outweigh the benefits of forging at slow strain rates. Therefore, in the conventional forging of titanium alloys with relatively cool dies,
intermediate strain rates are typically
employed as a compromise between
strain-rate sensitivity and metal temperature losses in order to obtain the optimal deformation possible with a given alloy.
Major reductions in resistance to deformation of titanium alloys can be
achieved by slow-strain-rate forging techniques under conditions where losses of
temperatures are minimized by heating
dies to temperature at or close to the metal temperature. This requires the use of
hot-die and isothermal forging technologies which are special categories of forging
processes having die temperatures sig-

700

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1Vat 7 6 0 C

Forging p r e s s u r e s determined

=1100

at 1 0 % u p s e t reduction

600-

D a t a for AISI 4 3 4 0 s t e e l a r e
p r e s e n t e d for c o m p a r i s o n

500

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI a t 7 9 0 C

purposes

H80

-Extrapolated data
~Actual d a t a

400

H60
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI a t 9 8 0 C

300h .
T

13V-11Cr-3AI a t 8 1 5 C

200

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1Vat980

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn a t 870_^

40

Hyj

<"
in

6AI-4V a t 8 7 0 C
AISI 4 3 4 0 a t 1 0 9 5 " C

4-4 a t 8 7 0 C

100

20

AISI 4 3 4 0 a t 1 2 6 0 C
6AI-4V a t 9 4 0 C
99 a t 7 9 0 C
99Ti a t 8 7 0 C

0
Ti-4AI-4Mn a t 9 4 0 C
-100

Ho

10

0.1

100

1000

Strain r a t e , m m / m m / m i n
Fig. 1 Effect of strain rate on forging p r e s s u r e .
S o u r c e : A M . Sabroff, F.W. Boulger a n d H.J. Henning, Forging Materials and Practices, Reinhoid, N e w York, 1968

T e m p e r a t u r e , F
1600
1

1400
600

1800
1

2000
1

2200
1

70

400

H60

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI

H50 =

200

/
Ti-6AI-4V

- 40
\^Ti-8AI-Mo-1V

\\

30
\

4 3 4 0 steel

H20
10

700

900

1100
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

Fig. 2

Forging p r e s s u r e v s forging t e m p e r a t u r e

1300

1084/Technical Notes

nificantly higher than those used in conventional hot-forging processes. These

processes are also referred to as near-net
shape forging processes, and they have
been used with titanium alloys such as
Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, Ti-lOV2Fe-3Al, and others.
With rapid-deformation-rate forging
techniques, such as the use of hammers
and/or mechanical presses, deformation
heating of titanium alloys during the forging process becomes important. Because
titanium alloys have relatively poor coefficients of thermal conductivity, temperature nonuniformity may then result, giving rise to nonuniform deformation
behavior and/or excursions to temperatures that are undesirable for the alloy
and/or final forging mechanical properties. As a result, in the rapid-strain-rate
forging of titanium alloys, metal temperatures are often adjusted to account for inprocess heat up, or the forging process (sequence of blows, and so on) is controlled to
minimize undesirable temperature increases, or both.

Metal Temperatures
Metal temperatures for optimal titanium alloy forging conditions depend on
the type of forging equipment to be used,
the strain rate to be employed, and the design of the forging. In addition, the working history and forging parameters used
in titanium alloy forging have a significant impact on the final microstructure
(and therefore the resultant mechanical
properties) ofthe forged alloyperhaps to
a greater extent than in any other commonly forged material. The design of the
working process history from ingot to billet to final forging, and particularly the selection of metal temperatures and deformation conditions during the forging
process(es), significantly affect the morphology of the allotropic phases which in
turn dictate the final mechanical properties
and characteristics ofthe alloys.
Conventional (-) forging of titanium alloys, in addition to implying the
use of die temperatures of 540 C (1000
F) or less, is the term used to describe a
forging process in which most or all of the
forging deformation is conducted at temperatures below the transus of the alloy.
Alpha-beta forging is typically used to develop optimal strength/ductility combinations and optimal high/low-cycle fatigue
properties of + alloys.
For conventional subtransus forged a,
+ , and near- alloys, deformation imparted through one or more forging operations is cumulative. In these alloys, +
forging does not modify the prior grain
size but modifies other microstructural
features, particularly grain size and

morphology, through static and dynamic

recrystallization and through residual
strain that is exploited in the final thermal treatment. In conventional subtransus forging, billet or bar stock reductions
in the course of forging operations greater
than 50% are preferred. Subtransus forging processes are usually not employed for
and metastable alloys.
B e t a Forging. Heating the workpiece above the transus temperature recrystallizes titanium. Thus, the working
influences on microstructure are not fully
cumulative; with each working-coolingreheating sequence above the transus,
the effects of the prior working operations
are at least partially if not totally lost because of recrystallization.
Beta forging techniques are, however,
used to develop microstructures in a, a +
, and near -alloys characterized by Widmanstatten or acicular primary morphology in a transformed matrix. This
forging process is typically used to enhance fracture-related properties, such as
fracture toughness and fatigue crack
propagation resistance, and to enhance
the creep resistance of and - alloys. In
fact, some alloys (such as Ti-1100) are
designed to be forged to develop the desired final mechanical properties.
There is often a loss in strength and
ductility with forging as compared to -

forging of some titanium alloys. Beta forging, particularly of and - alloys, has
the advantage of lower forging unit pressures and reduced cracking tendency.
However, it must be done under carefully
controlled forging process conditions to
avoid nonuniform working, excessive
grain growth, and/or poorly worked structures, all of which can result in final forgings with unacceptable or widely variant
mechanical properties within a given forging or from lot to lot ofthe same forging.
In commercial practice, forging techniques typically involve supratransus
forging in the early and/or intermediate
stages, with controlled amounts of final
deformation below the transus of the alloy. For , a + , and near- alloys, in multiple-step forging processes, early operations (e.g. preforming) are conducted
subtransus. Supratransus working is
generally limited to a single operation
(e.g., blocking or first finishing), with dies
designed to impart a high level of deformation (>50%). The supratransus working is followed by subtransus deformation
(e.g. finish forging) in the range of 10 to
25% reduction. The final subtransus reduction is critical to the development of
reasonable ductility in forging processes
of , a + , and near- alloys.
For and metastable alloys, all forging operations are generally conducted

Fig. 3 R o w s t r e s s a t a high strain rate (10/s) for c o m m o n l y forged titanium alloys. Although actual forging p r e s s u r e s
or unit p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s m a y significantly e x c e e d t h e p u r e flow s t r e s s of a n y given alloy u n d e r similar deformation conditions, flow s t r e s s information is useful in comparing alloys a n d p r o c e s s variables. At this rapid strain rate
(10/s), t h e alloy Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI h a s t h e highest flow s t r e s s e v e n a t a t e m p e r a t u r e well a b o v e t h e t r a n s u s of the
alloy; a t rapid strain r a t e s , very highly alloyed titanium alloys retard dislocation glide a n d other m e c h a n i s m s that influence deformation behavior. T h e alloy Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V h a s t h e n e x t highest flow s t r e s s a n d is typical of this c l a s s
of titanium alloy. T h e - alloys Ti-6AI-4V a n d Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn h a v e intermediate flow s t r e s s e s a t t e m p e r a t u r e below
their t r a n s u s , with t h e m o r e highly stabilized Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn having lower flow s t r e s s e s t h a n T1-6AI-4V. Rnally, at
a t e m p e r a t u r e slightly a b o v e its t r a n s u s , t h e m e t a s t a b l e alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI h a s flow s t r e s s e s lower than those
of t h e - alloy T1-6AI-4V. However, at this high strain rate, t h e flow s t r e s s reduction a c h i e v e d by deforming alloys
a b o v e their t r a n s u s is l e s s t h a n t h e flow s t r e s s reduction a c h i e v e d by deforming - alloys a b o v e their transus.

Forging/1085

Table 1 Recommended die temperatures for forging titanium alloys

Die temperature
Forging process/equipment
C
F
Open Die Forging
F l a t Die Forging
R i n g Rolling
Closed-Die Forging
Hammers
U p setters
Mechanical P r e s s e s
Screw P r e s s e s
Orbital Forging
S p i n Forging
Roll Forging
Hydraulic P r e s s e s
H o t Die/Isothermal Forging
H o t D i e Forging
Isothermal Forging

supratransus, with the temperatures

and forging reductions controlled to recrystallize prior grains and to achieve
a final product with a fine grain size,
which is essential for satisfactory properties, particularly ductility. For alloys, supratransus forging reductions of
billet or bar stock greater t h a n 50% are
generally preferred.
Heating Methods. Titanium is
heated for forging using a variety of
commercially available furnace equipment, including induction, resistance,
electric (radiant), oil, and natural gas.
Titanium may be heated to required
metal temperatures at any convenient
rate. However, titanium has a low coefficient of thermal conductivity. Therefore,
commercial forging preheat practices allow 20 to 30 min per 25 mm (per inch) of
section thickness (bar, tubular or forging) to ensure t h a t the workpieces reach
the desired temperature throughout. Titanium is heated in ambient to oxidizing
atmospheres so hydrogen pickup is retarded from furnace products of combustion. Heating t i t a n i u m forgings in
an oxidizing atmosphere creates a
brittle surface layer (a case) t h a t m u s t
be removed from finished forgings by
pickling (or chemical milling) in appropriately constituted and controlled solutions of hydrofluoric and nitric or other
acids.
Electric preheating furnaces are
preferable to other types since hydrogen
pickup is virtually eliminated and temperature control is good. If gas- or oilfired units are used, the atmosphere
should be maintained in as oxidizing a
condition as possible; direct flame contact should be strictly avoided, and the
time at high temperature limited to the
minimum consistent with thorough
heating. As a rough guide, a total heating time of one hour per 50 mm of section

150-260
95-260

300-500
200-500

95-260
150-260
150-315
150-315
150-315
95-315
95-260
315-480

200-500
300-500
300-600
300-600
300-600
200-600
200-500
600-900

650-815
815-985

1220-1500
1500-1800

(0.5 h/in.) should suffice, assuming that

the furnace capacity is adequate for the
mass of metal involved. If the above precautions are taken, oxidation will not be
unduly severe.

Forging Equipment
Titanium forgings are produced on all
types of forging equipment, including
hammers (standard and counterblow),
upsetters, mechanical presses, screw
presses,
high-energy-rate
forming
(HERF) machines, hydraulic presses, ring
mils, etc. Hammers and small to intermediate (3 to 9000 Mg, or 3 to 10,000 tons) hydraulic presses are preferred for open-die
forging of titanium. Hammers, mechanical presses and screw presses are
uniquely suited to the manufacture of
small to intermediate-size closed-die forgings, frequently to very precise designs.
Mechanical and screw presses are
uniquely suited to certain types of precision titanium forgings, including turbine
engine blades and prosthetic devices.
Large closed-die forgings are predominantly manufactured on hydrauHc
presses. Hot-die and isothermal forging of
titanium is restricted to small to intermediate (up to 9000 Mg, or 10,000 tons) hydraulic presses that possess required
speed and pressure controls, die heating
systems, and programmable press operation. Annular shapes in titanium are best
produced on vertical or horizontal ring
mills, although rings are manufactured
by mandrel forging in open-die presses or
hammers. Recommended die temperatures are shown in Table 1.
Forging Dies a n d Die Materials.
Die design, die materials, and die sinking
are important parts of the manufacturing
and cost of titanium alloy forging products. Open-die and ring-rolling tooling

components are constructed (in order of

increasing cost) from commercially available ASM 6F or 6G type die steels, hotwork die steels (H12, H13, H19, or others),
and high-temperature grades IN 718,
etc.). Selection of die material for open-die
forging or ring rolling of titanium alloys is
predicated upon the alloys being forged,
and the forging types and volumes. For
closed-die and precision titanium forgings, dies are generally designed using
computer-aided design (CAD) and frequently sunk using computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) techniques. Diesinking techniques vary with the die material employed, but encompass hand and
copy milling, computer and direct numerical control (CNC and DNC), electrical discharge machining (EDM), and others.
Computer numerical control (CNC) and
EDM die-sinking techniques are often integrated with CAM.
For closed-die and some precision
forgings, ASM 6F and 6G die steels are
widely used. Hot-work die steels (H12,
H13, etc.) are employed for high-volume,
small to intermediate size closed-die forgings and some precision forgings, and as
inserts in larger dies. For hot-die and isothermal forging, special die materials are
employed, including Ni- and Co-base superalloys ( 100, Udimet 700/720, IN
713, and others) and molybdenum alloys
(TZM and others) where press systems
have necessary protective atmospheres.
Titanium alloys may be very abrasive
to forging dies. Die fives are improved
with surface treatments such as welding
(MIG, TIG, etc.), gas and ion nitriding,
carbon nitriding, plasma deposition, and
surface alloying.
Workpiece Lubrication. Precoats,
proprietary combinations of a variety of
ceramic compounds and other additives,
are applied prior to furnacing to retard reaction with the furnace atmosphere. They
also act as parting agents, as insulators,
and/or assist in lubrication. Ceramic precoats are available from commercial
sources such as Acheson Colloids, Ferro
Corporation, A.O. Smith, J.G. Smith Corporation and others. In closed-die forgings, die lubricants are typically proprietary graphite compounds in water or
mineral oil/spirit or petroleum oil carriers
with other additives. Die lubricants are
available from Acheson Colloids, Wynns,
Castrol, Graphite Products, Dylon Industries, and other sources.
Post-Forging Cooling. In commercial practice, post-forging cooling rates for
most titanium forging processes are not
critical, other than ensuring that the forgings cool uniformly to prevent undue distortion and rapidly enough to avoid undesirable microstructures such as coarse or
blocky a. Most titanium forgings are air
cooled. Rapid post-forging cooling using

1086 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

0.1

0.2

0.3
0.4
Corner radius, R , in.

0.5

0.6

(a)

Magnesium alloys, close-tolarance

0

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Fillet radius (with confined webs), Rf, in.

1.6

1.8

(b)
Fig. 4 C o m e r a n d fillet radii for various materials r e c o m m e n d e d by forging u s e r s a n d p r o d u c e r s .
S o u r c e : T. Altan era/., Forging Equipment, Materials, and Practices, MCIC HB-03, Battelle, 1 9 7 3

quenching techniques (water, oil, etc.)

may be employed for both conventional
and forging processes when fine transformation products and/or reduced grain
boundary are preferred microstructural
features.

Ancillary Procedures
Most titanium forgings are manufactured by multiple-step processes consisting of forging stock fabrication, forging
stock preparation (cutting), one or more
forging operations (frequently several operations in two or more sets of forging

dies), intermediate cleaning and repairing processes, final thermal treatments

and final cleaning, repairing, and inspection processes. Titanium open-die, ring,
closed-die, and some precision forgings
may then be machined, either by the
forger or the user, to the final component
configuration.
Forging Stock, Titanium alloy forging stock (billet, bar, or slab) is prepared
by either the metal producer or the forger
from ingots. Ingot production requires
carefully controlled multiple melting
processes. Initial melting may include, for
purposes of increased scrap utilization,
nonconsumable melting techniques, in-

cluding the electron-beam or plasmacold-hearth processes. The latter two

melting processes have been found to enhance titanium ingot quality by reducing
high- and low-density inclusions. The final melting process(es) is vacuum arc remelting. Forging stock is prepared from
ingots by multiple primary hot-working
processes (forging, rolling, etc.) that refine
macro structure (prior grain size) and
microstructure to provide material suitable for subsequent forging.
Stock Cutting. Titanium forging
stock is cut by all commercially available
techniques, including band sawing, abrasive sawing, shearing, and flame cutting.
Cleaning and Repairing. Titanium
alloys are crack sensitive in most forging
processes, thus intermediate cleaning
and repairing processes are necessary to
ensure satisfactory forging quality. Cleaning of titanium alloy forgings is a two-step
process consisting of scale removal, using
mechanical (abrasive blasting) or chemical (molten salt) techniques, followed by
pickling in HF-HNO3 or other acid solutions. Surface cracks are repaired or removed by abrasive grinding or other techniques. Similar processes are applied to
finishing forgings prior to shipment.
Heat Treatment. Most titanium alloy forgings are thermally treated after
forging, with heat treatment processes
ranging from simple stress-relief annealing to multiple-step processes of solution
treating, quenching, aging, and/or annealing designed to modify the microstructure of the alloy to meet specific mechanical property criteria. The furnaces
used to heat treat titanium alloy forgings
use the same general types of commercially available furnace equipment described in the previous section "Heating
Methods." In addition, such furnaces may
have water, oil, or other quenching media
capabilities and are controlled to meet
stringent temperature uniformity requirements of military and/or federal
specifications.
Nondestructive Evaluation. Most
titanium forgings are NDE inspected for
internal quality using ultrasonic techniques. Because the forging process generally does not introduce internal discontinuities (such as those usually incurred
in ingot casting processes), preferred
practice is to perform ultrasonic inspection on forging stock, particularly for
closed-die and precision forging products.
The simple geometric shapes ofbar, billet,
and slab permit detailed and high-resolution ultrasonic evaluation of the internal
quality t h a t is then carried through the
forging process into the final product. Ultrasonic inspection may also be performed
on final forgings. The surface quality and
highly configured shapes of closed-die and
precision forgings of airframe components

Forging/1087

may preclude reliable inspection. For jet

engine components, the finish forgings
are machined to inspectable configuration. Air frame titanium forgings are frequently ultrasonic inspected after initial
machining processes. In the case of precision forgings, surface quality is also evaluated using sensitive Hquid-penetrant
techniques.
Machining. Titanium alloy forgings
can be machined by all commercially
available traditional and nontraditional
(chemical) techniques. Precision forgings
(and, in some cases, other forging products) are frequently chemically milled,
machined, and/or surface treated (by conversion processes, painting, etc.) prior to
shipment as finished components.
The design of dies for the manufacture

of forgings of aluminum alloys are a basis

for basic die design for other materials.
However, the exact design parameters are
very dependent on specific material, determined largely by its deformation resistance and forgeability. Therefore, in this
section, design guidelines for titanium alloys are summarized briefly. Additional
information on these aspects is contained
in Forging Handbook (T.G. Byrer, Ed.,
Forging Industry Association, 1985).
As for aluminum forgings, basic design considerations include specification
of the following:

Parting line
Allowance for machirung (forging
envelope)

Draft, corner, and fillet radii, and

minimum section thicknesses and
maximum rib heights
Die closure/thickness tolerances
Length and width/die wear tolerances
Match/mismatch tolerances

Parting line should be selected to allow ease of part removal following forging.
The parting line location and accompanying flash design affect overall metal flow
and thus the ability to forge parts successfully. The choice of parting line may have
important economic impacts as it affects
the ease of machining, die material losses,
and possible die breakage.
Finish Allowance. Because of oxidation, titanium alloys require large forging
envelopes so that surface defects and
other metal flow irregularities can be removed. Finish allowances also generally
increase with increasing forging size because of longer heating times, added operations, and a greater chance for the introduction of defects during handling.
Draft. Forging projections are typically tapered to allow easy part removal
from the die cavity. The most common
draft angles are between 5 and 7 for conventional steel forgings. Titanium and
nickel-base forgings generally require 7
or greater drafts. Ejectors often permit
the use of lower draft angles (2 to 4 for
steels).
Corner a n d Fillet Radii. Proper selection of corner and fillet radii is critical
in avoiding metal flow problems such as
laps, cold shuts, and flow-through defects
in structural rib-web forgings and other
parts with deep cavities.
As with draft angles, exact values of
corner and fillet radii cannot be quoted, as

Table 2 Minimum w e b thickness

Total p l a n
area(a), i n .
To 10
30
60
100
200
300
500
800
1200
1600
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
5000

Conventional forgings (7, 5, 3)

Carbon a n d
Titanium,
alloy s t e e l s
Inconel(b)
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.32
0.37
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.70
0.80
0.88
1.13
1.38
2.25

0.20
0.25
0.32
0.40
0.48
0.58
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.13
1.25

B l o c k e r forgings
Carbon a n d
alloy steels

Titanium,
Inconel(b)

0.25
0.28
0.31
0.38
0.45
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.69
0.75
0.81
0.88
1.19
1.38
2.50

0.38
0.43
0.47
0.56
0.64
0.75
0.85
1.00
1.13
1.25
1.38
1.50

(a) W h e n required p l a n a r e a falls b e t w e e n t h o s e listed, d e t e r m i n e w e b t h i c k n e s s b y i n t e r p o l a t i n g i n i n c r e m e n t s o f 0.01 i n . Specify t h i c k n e s s to t w o decimal places, (b) Also
nickel- a n d cobalt-base superalloys. Source: Forging Handbook, T.G. Byrer, Ed., F o r g i n g I n d u s t r y Association, 1985, 7 6

1088 / Technical Notes

270.8 mm

Characteristic

Tolerance

Corner radii
Fillet radii
Die closure

22.1 4.6 mm (0.87 0.18 in.)

50.8 6.4 mm (2.00 0.25 in.)
+15.7, - 0 . 8 mm (+0.62.
- 0 . 0 3 in.)
0-6.4 mm (0-0.25 in.)
9.7 mm (0.38 in.)
0-12.7 mm (0-0.50 in.)
1.8 mm (0.07 in.)

Mismatch
Straight within
Flash extension
Length and width . . .

(a)

41.7 mm

Characteristic

Tolerance

they depend on part design and material.

However, fillet radii are generally about
twice as large as corner radii (see Fig. 4).
Corner and fillet radii generally increase
with the height of ribs or bosses in a forging geometry to enhance metal flow and to
avoid defects.
Minimum Section Size and Maxim u m Rib Height. Minimum web and rib
thicknesses that can be achieved by conventional hot forging depend on the minimum plan dimension (see Fig. 5 and Table
2). The maximum achievable rib height
decreases as the rib thickness decreases.

Tolerances

For a given die design, tolerances determine when forgings must be rejected or
when dies must be removed from service.
239.8 mm
By far the greatest tonnage of conventionMismatch
Straight within
ally forged titanium alloys is produced in
Flash extension
closed dies. Closed-die titanium alloy
Length and width
forgings can be classified similarly to
other materials, such as aluminum, as
blocker-type (achieved with single set of
(b)
dies or block/finish dies), conventional
(achieved with two or more sets of dies),
mgh-definition (also requiring two or
more sets of dies), and precision forgings
(frequently employing hot-die isothermal
forging techniques). Precision titanium
Characteristic
Tolerance
alloy forgings are discussed below.
Corner
radii
9.7

3.0
mm
(0.38 0.12 in.)
Blocker-type titanium alloy forgings are
225.6 mm
Fillet radii
38.1
0-50 ^
in.)
typically produced in relatively less expensive dies, with design and tolerance
Die closure
+15.7, - 0 . 8 mm (+0.62, - 0 . 0 3 in.)
Mismatch
0-4.8 mm (0-0.19 in.)
criteria between those of open-die and
Straight within
6.4 mm (0.25 in.) full indicator
conventional forgings.
Conventional
movement
closed-die titanium forgings cost more
Flash extension
14.2 4.6 mm (0.56 0.18 in.)
Length and width.. 1.5 mm (0.06 in.)
than blocker-type, but the increase in cost
is usually justified because of reduced machining costs. Finally, high-definition titaFig. 6 C r o s s s e c t i o n s of Boeing 7 5 7 part illustrating design a n d tolerance criteria for the 2 7 2 kg (600 lb) m a c h i n e d
nium alloy forgings are also more costly
weight forging obtained from t h r e e closed-die forging m e t h o d s , along with their respective forging weights, (a)
than conventional forging, but may also
Blocker type, 1364 kg (3007 lb), (b) Conventional, 1 0 8 7 kg (2397 lb), (c) High definition, 8 7 9 kg ( 1 9 3 7 lb)
be justified by reduced machining. Preforming using open-die upsetting, and/or
roll forging frequently precedes all types
of titanium alloy closed-die forging processes.
Table 3 Net titanium alloy precision forging design/tolerance criteria for selected parts
In comparison with aluminum alloy
and processes for metastable and - alloys
closed-die forgings, all types of closed-die
Feature
Current
Goal
forgings in titanium alloys are typically
produced to more generous design and/or
PVA,m (in. )
0.290 (450)
U p t o 0.193 (300)
tolerance criteria, reflecting the increased
L e n g t h , m m (in.)
1525(60)
U p t o 1 0 1 5 (40)
L e n g t h / t h i c k n e s s t o l e r a n c e , m m (in.)
+ 0 . 7 5 , - 0 . 2 5 (+0.030, -O.010)
+0.5, - 0 . 2 5 (+0.020, - 0 . 0 1 0 )
difficulty in forging these alloys. The exC o n t o u r t o l e r a n c e , m m (in.)
+0.63 (+0.025)
+ 0 . 3 8 (0.015)
ample below describes a large main landDraft
ing gear beam forging produced in the -
Outside
0;+30min,-0
Same
alloy Ti-6A1-4V.
Inside
1; + 3 0 m i n , - 1
Same
Example: A relatively high-volume
C o r n e r r a d i i , m m (in.)
1.5;+0.75,-1.5 (0.060;+0.030,
Same
main-landing gear beam has been fabri-0.060)
F i l l e t r a d i i , m m (in.)
cated with a progression of closed-die forg3.3;+0.75,-1.5 (0.130;+0.030,
Same
-0.060)
ing designs in an effort to reduce the overS t r a i g h t w i t h i n , m m (in.)
0.25 e a c h 2 5 4 m m (0.010 e a c h 10 S a m e
all cost of the final machined part. One
in.)
cross section from this forging and the
M i n i m u m w e b t h i c k n e s s , m m (in.)
2.3 (0.090Xa)
2.5 (0.100)
three types of closed-die forging apM i n i m u m r i b t h i c k n e s s , m m (in.)
2.3 (0.090Xa)
2.5 (0.100)
proaches used to manufacture this part is
(a) I n s o m e d e s i g n s a n d u n d e r s o m e p r o c e s s i n g c o n d i t i o n s , m i n i r m i m w e b t h i c k n e s s c a n b e a s t h i n a s 1.5 m m
shown (see Fig. 6). The original blocker(0.060 i n . ) a n d m i n i m u m r i b t h i c k n e s s c a n b e a s t h i n a s 2 . 0 m m (0.080 in.).
type configuration (designed prior to fiComer radii
Fillet radii
Die closure

22.1 3.0 mm (0.87 0.12 in.)

50.8 6.4 mm (2.00 0.25 in.)
+15.7. - 0 . 8 mm (+0.62.
- 0 . 0 3 in.)
0-6.4 mm (0-0.25 in.)
9.7 mm (0.38 in.)
0-12.7 mm (0-0.50 in.)
1.8 mm (0.07 in.)

Forging/1089

Near net (1.5 to 2.3 mm, or 0.060 to 0.090 in., machine stock)
Plan view area, in.
100

200

300

400

500

1960s
0.097 to 0.129 m

1970s

1970s
0.323 to 0.355 m

1980s
Net (no machining)

1980s

0.065 to 0.097 m

Current development emphasis

1980s

' / / / y 0 . 2 5 8 to 0.290 m

^////////////,

1990s
0.100

0.200
Plan view area, m

0.300

0.400

Fig. 7 P a s t a n d future near-net a n d net titanium alloy precision forging capabilities g a g e d in t e r m s of plan view a r e a .
This figure differentiates b e t w e e n net a n d n e a r - n e t precision titanium alloy forging b e c a u s e not all titanium alloys a r e
equally producible u n d e r either conventional or hot-die m e t h o d s .

nahzationofthemachinedpart)produced
in two sets of dies is shown. As a blockertype part, the forging weighed 1364 kg
(3007 lb) versus a machined part weight of
272 kg (600 lb) for an overall recovery
from the raw forgings of 20% (or a buy-tofly ratio of 5 to 1). When the final machine
part geometry had been better defined,
the part was redesigned to a conventional
forging (part b of figure) weighing 1087 kg
(2397 lb), increasing the recovery from
the raw forging of 25% (buy-to-fly of 4 to
1). Sufficient machining and metal cost
savings were realized through this redesign to justify the costs of construction of a
new set of dies. Finally, after some additional final machined part refinements,
the part was redesigned to a high-definition shape (part c of figure), reducing the
as-forged weight to 879 kg (1937 lb) and
increasing the overall recovery to 31%
(buy-to-fly of 3.3 to 1). Again, a cost savings was realized that justified the construction of new dies. Therefore, from
blocker-type to close tolerance, the asforged weight was reduced by nearly 500
kg (1100 lb), and the forged part/machined
part recovery was increased by 11%a
significant cost savings.

Precision Forgings
As with aluminum alloys, titanium alloy precision forgings can be identified by

a variety of teiroinologies; however, in

each case, this product form requires significantly reduced machining on the part
of the user. Precision forged titanium alloys are a significant commercial forging
product that is undergoing major growth
in usage and has been the subject of major
forging process technology development
and capital investment by the forging industry. In many instances, the term net
precision titanium forging will be defined
as a product t h a t requires no subsequent
machining by the user, and the term nearnet precision titanium forging will be defined as a product requiring some metal
removal (typically accomplished in a single machining operation) by the user. The
viability of fabrication of net or near-net
titanium alloy precision forgings is determined by the alloy being forged and by
value analysis for fabrication of the most
cost-effective precision forged product.
The first precision forged titanium alloy products commercially produced were
turbine engine compressor and fan
blades; conventional forging process techniques were used. With hot-die/isothermal forging techniques, very complex
cross-section precision forged airframe
components are being manufactured. Titanium alloy precision forgings are produced with very thin webs and ribs; sharp
corner and fillet radii; undercuts, backdraft, and/or contours; and, frequently,

multiple parting planes (which may optimize grain flow characteristics) in the
same manner as aluminum alloy precision forgings.
D e s i g n Criteria. The design and tolerance criteria for precision titanium forgings are similar to those for aluminum alloy precision forgings and have been
established to provide a finished product
suitable for assembly or subsequent fabrication by the user. Precision titanium alloy forgings, with the exception of airfoils,
do not necessarily conform to the same tolerances provided by machining of other
product forms; however, design and tolerance criteria for titanium precision forgings are highly refined in comparison to
other titanium alloy forging types and are
suitable for the intended application of
the product (see Table 3). If the standard
precision forging design and tolerance criteria are not sufficient for the final component, then the forging producer frequently combines conventional and/or
hot-die/isothermal forging with machining to achieve the most cost-effective
method of fabrication to the required tolerances on the finished part.
The titanium precision forging design
and tolerance criteria achievable may
vary with the alloy type because all titanium alloys are not necessarily equivalent in workability using either conventional
forging
techniques
or
hot-die/isothermal forging technology.
Generally, the net titanium precision forging design parameters given (see Table 3)
apply to more readily workable and metastable alloys (such as Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al)
and selected designs and forging processes for - alloys (such as Ti-6A1-4V and
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn). However, with more difficult-to fabricate titanium alloys and certain forging designs and/or forging processes for - alloys, the most cost effective
forging technique may be near-net titanium precision forgings with modified design criteria (for example, typically 1.5 to
2.3 mm, or 0.060 to 0.090 in., machining
allowance per surface), and modified
rib/web thickness, fillet radii, corner radii,
and so on but with the same dimensional
tolerances outlined in the table. The table
also indicates that as the size of the net titanium precision forging is increased to
0.290 m (450 in. ), some modification in
design and tolerance criteria is appropriate.
Tooling a n d Design. Precision titanium forging uses several tooling concepts to achieve the desired design shape,
with the specific tooling concept based on
the design features of the precision forging and the forging process used. Similar
tooling design concepts for aluminum alloys are also used with titanium alloys.
For conventional forging processes for titanium precision forgings, of which tur2

1090 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

bine airfoils are a primary example, a twopiece upper and lower die concept is the
predominant approach.
For conventional titanium precision
forgings, the die materials employed in
tooling are either 6F2 or 6G types, or hotwork die materials such as H12 and H13.
Tboling for conventional titanium precision forgings is designed and produced using the same techniques as those described above for other forging types;
however, CNC direct die sinking and/or
EDM electrode manufacture from CAD
forging and tooling databases has been
found to be particularly effective for the
manufacture of the close-tolerance tooling
demanded by precision titanium forgings.
The die materials used for the hotdie/isothermal forging of titanium alloys
are based on the alloy to be forged, necessary forging process conditions (for example, metal/die temperatures, die stresses,
strain rate, and total deformation), forging part design, and cost considerations.
Cast, wrought, and/or consolidated powder techniques are used to fabricate die
blocks/inserts from superalloy materials,
mcluding Alloy 718, Waspaloy, Udimet
700, Astroloy, Alloy 713LC (Ni-12Cr-6Al4.5Mo-2Nb-0.6Ti-0.1Zr-0.05C-0.01B),
a n d Alloy 100 (Ni-15.0Co-10.0Cr5.5Al-4.7Ti-3.0Mo-1.0V-0.6Fe-0.15C0.06Zr-0.015B), with these materials listed
in order of increasing temperature capability from 650 to 980 C (1200 to 1800 F).
Most of these die materials require more
expensive nonconventional machining
techniques for die sinking, with electrode
discharge machining being the most prevalent technique. Computer-aided design part

and tooling databases have also been effectively combined with CAM-driven
CNC EDM electrode manufacturing techniques to reduce the cost of die manufacture. Typically, the manufacture of a set of
dies for titanium precision forging with
hot-die/isothermal forging costs up to
seven times that required for the dies for
the manufacture of the same part in aluminum. Heated holder and insert techniques can reduce the cost factor for titanium hot-die/isothermal precision forging
dies to three times the cost of the same
dies for an aluminum alloy.
F o r g i n g P r o c e s s i n g . Conventional
and hot-die/isothermal forging processes
for precision titanium forgings use the
same steps as those outlined above for
other forging types. Precision titanium
forgings can be produced from wrought
stock, preformed shapes, or blocker
shapes, depending on the complexity of
the part, the tooling system being employed, and cost considerations. For example, for the conventional forging of airfoil shapes such as blades, multiple
forging processes are used (because of the
high cost of raw materials) to prepare the
preshape necessary for the successful fabrication of the precision part in order to
conserve input material and to facilitate
the precision forging process. Precision titanium forging stock fabrication and inspection criteria are similar to those described above for other titanium alloy
forging types.
Unlike aluminum alloy precision forging shapes, conventionally forged titanium alloy precision forgings are usually
not produced in multiple operations in fin-

ish dies, but rather by a progression of

processes in multiple die sets. However,
with hot-die/isothermal forging processes
for precision titanium parts, multiple operations in a given die set are used. Conventionally forged titanium precision
forgings are usually produced on mechanical and/or screw presses, although
hammers or hydraulic presses are occasionally used for certain designs. For hotdie/isothermally fabricated precision titanium forgings, hydraulic presses are used
exclusively to obtain the desired slow
strain rates and controlled deformation
conditions. The mechanical and/or screw
presses currently used for the fabrication
of conventional titanium precision forgings range up to 150 MN (17 000 tonf)
(maximum press capability of up to 280
MN, or 31 000 tonf, for the largest screw
press), and hydraulic presses for the hotdie/isothermal precision forging processing of titanium alloys range up to 90 MN
(10 000 tonf). Other large hydraulic
presses, up to 310 MN (35 000 tonf), with
necessary forging process capabilities are
available for the hot-die isothermal forging of titanium (as well as aluminum alloy
precision forging) as this titanium alloy
precision forging technology is scaled-up
in size.
Conventional and hot-die/isothermal
forging process criteria for the precision
forging of titanium alloys are similar to
those described above for the titanium alloy forging types. With conventional forging, the metal and die temperatures used
are usually controlled to be near the upper
limits of recommended forging temperature ranges to enhance producibihty and

Forging/1091

to mirdrnize unit pressures. Die temperature selection in hot-die/isothermal forging is based on the alloy, die material/die
heating system, specific forging process
demands (for example, the viability of
near-isothermal/hot die versus isothermal conditions), sophistication of the forging design, and thermomechanical processing criteria.
Because of the stringent dimensional
tolerances associated with conventionally
and hot-die/isothermally forged titanium
precision forgings, dies are typically
heated using state-of-the-art on press
heating systems, such as resistance
and/or induction heating. These heating
systems maintain uniform die temperatures, typically 15 C (25 F) or better, in
order to reduce dimensional variations.
As with other forging types, precoating
and die lubrication are critical elements
in the forging of titanium precision forgings, and the precoats and die lubricants
used are similar to those for other forging
types, although lubricant materials are
often specially formulated for an individual forging design and forging process. Insulative blankets are generally not used
for the forging of precision titanium forgings, because such materials may adversely affect the dimensional integrity of
the forged parts. The precoats used in the
hot-die/isothermal forging of titanium alloys are selected or formulated for specific
metal/die temperature conditions. Under
some conditions, parting agents such as
boron nitride are used on the dies to facilitate part removal with minimum distortion.
Straightening is often a critical process in the manufacture of conventionally
or hot-die/isothermally forged titanium
precision forgings. The straightening
techniques used, with airfoils as a critical
example, are predominantly die straightening procedures with the metal and dies
at elevated temperatures. In this process,
time-temperature-pressure parameters
are controlled, usually with small-to-intermediate size hydraulic presses, to
achieve the desired deformation conditions and therefore the dimensional conformance. Hot-die or isothermal forming
techniques (with dies at temperatures
from 700 to 925 C, or 1300 or 1700 F) are

often used to straighten conventionally or

hot-die/isothermally forged titanium alloy precision forgings, particularly large
airfoil shapes.
Forging stock preparation, thermal
treatments, in-process cleaning, trimming, and repair, and in-process and final
inspection and thermal treatment verification processes, with the exception of
nondestructive evaluation, are the same
as those for other titanium alloy forging
types. Because of the highly configured
nature and thin sections typical of precision titanium parts, ultrasonic inspection
cannot be used on finished parts; the exception is turbine engine disks, which are
usually inspected using highly sophisticated, automated ultrasonic inspection
equipment. Frequently, for airframe precision titanium forgings, airfoils, and
other precision titanium shapes, the detailed ultrasonic inspection performed on
the forging stock before fabrication is sufficient to ensure satisfactory internal
quality in the final part. Unlike other titanium alloy forging types, precision titanium forgings, which are used in service
with most (if not all) of the as-forged surfaces intact, are frequently inspected by
sensitive liquid penetrant inspection
techniques to ensure adequate surface
quality.
Precision titanium forgings are frequently supplied as a completely finished
product that is ready for assembly by the
user. In such cases, the forging producer
can use both conventional milling and unconventional machining techniques, such
as chemical milling and electrode discharge machining, along with forging, to
achieve the most cost-effective finished titanium shape. Further, the forging producer can apply a wide variety of surface
finish and/or coating processes to this
product as specified by the purchaser.
Technology Development Effectiveness. As a result of both conventional
and hot-die/isothermal forging technology
developmental efforts, the size of the net
titanium precision forging that can be fabricated to the previously listed design and
tolerance criteria (see Table 3) has tripledfrom 0.081 m (125 in. ) to over
0.194 m (300 in. ) in terms of plan view
area (see Fig. 7). The critical elements in
2

projected changes in the state-of-the-art

for titanium precision forgings, both in
terms of size and cost effectiveness, are
enhanced precision forging process control, CAD/CAM/CAE technologies, advanced and/or integrated manufacturing
technologies, enhanced die heating systems, improved lubrication systems, and
the availabihty of large superalloy die
blocks necessary for the hot-die/isothermal forging of these alloys.
The selection of precision titanium
forgings from the various methods available for achieving a final titanium shape
is based on the value analyses conducted
for each individual shape in question (see
Fig. 8 showing a cost comparison of a precision forging in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al using
hot-die/isothermal forging). Analyses of
other parts have also shown that titanium
precision forged shapes are highly cost effective in comparison with other fabrication approaches, particularly when the
other methods require multiple-axis machining techniques to achieve the final
part geometry.
Forging industry and user evaluations
of precision titanium alloy forgings have
indicated that final part costs can be reduced by 80 to 90% or more in comparison
to machined plate, and by 60 to 70% or
more in comparison to machined conventional forgings. With potential cost reductions such as these, it is evident that further growth in precision titanium forging
usage can be anticipated.

Selected References
A.M. Sabroff, F.W Boulger, and H.J.
Henning, Forging Materials and
Practices, Reinhoid, 1968
T.G. Byrer, Ed., Forging Handbook,
Forging Industry Association and
American Society for Metals, 1985,
69-78
"Approval and Control of PremiumQuality Titanium Alloys," AMS
2380, Aerospace Material Specification
G.W. Kuhlman, Forging ofTitanium
Alloys, Metals Handbook, 9th ed,
Vol 14,1988

Forming/1093

Technical Note 5: Forming

Adapted from "Forming of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 14, Forming and Forging

Titanium is more difficult to form than

steel and aluminum alloys, and titanium
alloys generally have less predictable
forrning characteristics than steel and
aluminum alloys. In particular, the
springback from room-temperature forming of titanium alloys is not easily predictable. The wide variations in yield strength
among different heats magnified by a low
modulus of elasticity can give a wide
spread in springback angle, especially if
the bend angle of the part is fixed by the
forming tool. Therefore, to reduce the effect of springback variation a majority of
formed titanium parts are made by hot
forming or by cold preforming and then
hot sizing.
Other characteristics adversely affecting the formability of titanium alloys include:

Notch sensitivity, which may cause

cracking and tearing, especially in
cold forming

Galling (more severe t h a n with

stainless steel)
Relatively poor ability to shrink (a
disadvantage in some flanging op-

erations)
Potential embrittlement from overheating and from absorption of
gases, principally oxygen (scale and
the surface layer adversely affected
by the diffusion of oxygen can be removed readily)
.
Limited workability

Tendency toward nonuniformity in

sheet
All titanium alloys also resist sudden
movement i.e., are strain rate sensitive;
therefore, it is recommended that equipment with the capability of controlling the
rate of load application be used for
stretching and pressing operations. The
slower the forming speed, the better the
formability at room temperature. At elevated temperatures some titanium alloys,
like Ti-6A1-4V, have better formabiliti.es at
higher forrning speeds while others such
as 13V-llCr-3Al exhibit less ductility a t
higher forming speeds. From an economic
viewpoint, faster speeds may be necessary, and even tolerable, if larger radii can
be accommodated in the design. The formability of titanium is poor in operations

characterized by shrink flanges such as

found in rubber press forming. Consequently areas that require gathering of
material should be minimized when designing parts.
If these limitations are recognized and
established guidelines for hot and cold
forming are followed, titanium and titanium alloys can be successfully formed
into complex parts. Titanium and its alloys can be formed to standard machine
tolerances similar to those obtained in the
forming of stainless steel. Very complex
shapes can be formed to tight tolerances
by superplastic forming, discussed in detail in the next Technical Note in this Volume.
F o r m a b i l i t y R a t i n g s . The formability of materials can be ranked approximately based on yield strength/tensile
strength ratios, and ductility. General
rankings cannot predict whether or not a
particular shape can be formed, but formability ratings for various materials at
varying temperatures in different processes have been based on t h e material
parameters and types of forming failures
experienced (see Table 1). Relative for-

Table 1 Types of failures in sheet-forming processes and material parameters controlling deformation limits

The parameters can be determined in tensile and compressive tests. However, single values of conventional mechanical properties only test
a small portion of sheet and do not assess uniformity.
Process

Splitting

Cause of failure
Buckling

Ductility
parameter(a)

B r a k e forming

ein0.25in.(c)

Dimpling
Beading
Drop h a m m e r
Rubber press
Sheet stretching

ein2.0in.(d)

B u c k l i n g p a r a m e t e r s (b)

i n 0 . 5 in.(c)
( i n 2.0 in.) ( S J
in 2.0 in.
i n 0 . 0 2 in.
i n 2 . 0 in.(e)
2.0.()

l i n e r stretching
Trapped rubber, stretching
Trapped rubber, shrinking
Roll forming
Spinning
Deep drawing

EJScy
El/Sty
Et/Sty
EJScy a n d l / S y
t/Sty(g) ando/Scy(h)
Et/Scy a n d Et/S
Et/Scy a n d S t y / S
C

cy

(a) i n d i c a t e s n a t u r a l or l o g a r i t h m i c strain; t h e d i m e n s i o n s i n d i c a t e t h e d i s t a n c e over w h i c h i t s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d , (b) E = m o d u l u s i n compression; Et = m o d u l u s i n

tension; S = compressive y i e l d strength; Sty = t e n s i l e y i e l d s t r e n g t h ; S = u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , (c) Corrected for lateral contraction, (d) For a s t a n d a r d 40-degree
dimple, (e) T h e correlation v a r i e s w i t h s h e e t t h i c k n e s s , (f) T h e correlation i s i n d e p e n d e n t of s h e e t t h i c k n e s s , (g) F o r roll f o r m i n g h e e l - i n sections, (h) F o r roll forming heelout sections. Source: R A . Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle, 1972
c

cy

1094 / Technical Notes

mability of some titanium alloys for four

common aircraft forming operations is
also shown (Table 2).
T h e B a u s c h i n g e r Effect. In all
forming operations, titanium and its alloys are susceptible to the Bauschinger effecta drop in compressive yield strength
subsequent to tensile straining in the
same or another direction. The Bauschinger effect, unlike the stram-hardening behavior observed in other metals, involves
stress-strain asymmetry that results in
hysteresis loops in the metal's stressstrain behavior.
The Bauschinger effect is most pronounced at room temperature; plastic deformation (1 to 5% tensile elongation) at
room temperature always introduces a
significant loss in compressive yield
strength (see Fig. 1), regardless of the initial heat treatment or strength of the alloys. At 2% tensile strain, for example, the
compressive yield strength of Ti-6A1-4V
drops to less than one-half the value for

solution-treated material. Increasing the

deformation temperature reduces the
Bauschinger effect; subsequent full thermal stress reheving completely removes
it.
Temperatures as low as the aging temperature will remove most of the Bauschinger effect in solution-treated titanium
alloys. Heating or plastic deformation at
temperatures above the normal aging
temperature for solution-treated Ti-6A14V may eliminate the Bauschinger effect,
but may, depending on temperature and
time, cause overaging.

Preparation of Sheet for

Forming
Before titanium sheet is formed, it
should be inspected for flatness, uniformity, and thickness. Some plants test incoming material for hardness, strength,
and bending behavior. Critical regions of
titanium sheet should not be nicked,

10

V\

nalloyec 1 (Ti-75>
\)
\

"S. 20

2 30
Q.

1
\

\ \N
v

Ti-3 M-5Cr

"

/Ti-6AI-4V
1
- T i - 4 A I - 4 M n

I/

-5 -2.5Sn
40
T i - 3Mn

50

1
2
3
4
Elongation b y stretching, %

Fig. 1 Effect of cold stretching on compressive yield

strengths.
Source: R.A. W o o d and R.J. Favor, Vtanium Alloys
Handbook, M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle, 1972

Table 2 Relative formability of four selected titanium alloys

Brake press:
Drop
Minimum
hammer:
Maximum
bend
stretch at
radius at
room
450-510C
Condition temperature (850-950 F)

Alloy
Ti-13V-llCr3A1
Ti-8Mn
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-6A1-4V

Solution
treated

1.5

16%

Annealed
Annealed
Annealed

3
3.5T
4.5

16%
13%
13%

Source: R.A. Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium

Alloys

Handbook,

Maximum Maximum
Hydropress (trapped
rubber)
J o g g l e (runout jogglestretch
skin stretch
at
Stretch
Shrink
wrap
depth ratio) at:
m a x i m u m at m a x i m u m at
Room
at
450-810 C
(850room
315-370 C
315-370 C tempera- 315-370 C
950 F)
(600-700 F) (600-700 F)
(600-700 F) temperature
ture
10%
7.5%
5%
5%

6%

1.25

5.5%

13.5%

5%
3%
4%

4
4
4.5

3
4.5
3

8%
8%
3.5%

18%
12.5%
17%

M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e , 1972

Table 3 Tool materials and lubricants used for forming titanium alloys
Operation(s)

Tool materials

Lubricants

Cold forming
P r e s s forming, drawing,
drop h a m m e r forming
Press-brake forming
Contour roll fonning,
three-roll forming
Stretch forming

C a s t zinc die or p u n c h w i t h s t a i n l e s s
steel caps

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n i n a suitable solvent

4 3 4 0 steel ( 3 6 - 4 0 H R C )

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n i n a suitable solvent

A I S I 0 2 tool steel
poxy-faced cast a l u m i n u m , cast zinc,
cast bronze

SAE60oil
Grease-oil m i x t u r e s , wax; 10:1
wax-graphite mixture

High-silicon cast iron, stainless steels,

heat-resistant alloys
Low-carbon steel, high-silicon gray or
ductile iron, AISI H 1 3 tool steel,
s t a i n l e s s steels, heat-resistant alloys
A I S I H l l or H 1 3 tool steel, heat-resistant

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n , boron nitride

Hot forming
P r e s s forming, drawing,
drop h a m m e r forming
Sizing

Press-brake forming

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n , boron nitride

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n , boron nitride

alloys
Contour roll forming,
three-roll forming
Stretch forming
Superplastic forming

A I S I H l l or H 1 3 tool steel
C a s t ceramics, AISI H l l or H 1 3 tool
steel, high-silicon gray iron
Ceramics, 22-4-9 stainless steel, 4 9 M
heat-resistant steel

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n , boron nitride

Graphite s u s p e n s i o n , 10:1 wax-graphite
mixture, boron nitride
Boron nitride

Forming/1095

scratched, or marred by tool or grmding

marks, because the metal is notch sensitive. All scratches deeper than the finish
produced by 180-grit emery should be removed by sanding the surface. Edges of
the workpieces should be smooth, and
scratches, if any, should be parallel to the
edge of the blank to prevent any concentration of stress that could cause the
workpiece to break, l b prevent difficulty
in forming, as by increased notch sensitivity, surface oxide or scale should be removed before forming.
Cleaning. Grease, oil, stencils, fingerprints, dirt, and all chemicals or residues
that contain halogen compounds must be
removed from titanium before any heating operation. Salt residues on the surface
of the workpiece can cause hot-salt cracking in service or in heat treating; even the
salt from a fingerprint can cause problems. Therefore, titanium is often handled with clean cotton gloves after cleaning and before hot fonning, hot sizing, or
heat treatment.
Ordinary cleaners and solvents such
as isopropyl alcohol and acetone are used
on titanium. Halogen compounds, such as
trichlorethylene, should not be used, unless the titanium is pickled in acid after
cleaning. Titanium that has been
straightened or formed with tools made of
lead or low-melting alloy should be
cleaned in nitric acid. (These tool materials are not recommended for forming titanium).
Removal of Tool Marks. Tbol and
grinding marks in titanium can be softened in an aqueous acid bath contairiing
(by volume) 30% concentrated nitric acid
and not more t h a n 3% hydrofluoric acid.
Failure to keep the ratio of nitric to hydrofluoric acid at 10 to 1 or greater (to suppress the formation of hydrogen gas during pickling), or the use of any pickling
bath t h a t produces hydrogen, can result
in excessive hydrogen pickup. The acid
bath should remove 0.025 to 0.075 mm
(0.001 to 0.003 in.) of thickness from each
surface to eliminate the marks made by
abrasives. Titanium should be washed or
cleaned before it is immersed in acid.
Removal of Scale. Heavy gray and
black scale and similar hard oxides that
form on titanium at temperatures of 540
C (1000 F) and higher can be removed
chemically or by wet or dry mechanical
methods that use fine abrasives. Wire
brashing and coarse abrasives are generally not used, because they can leave
stress-raising marks; if these techniques
are used, the damaged surface layer can
be removed by pickling in nitric-hydrofluoric acid, as described above.
Thin oxides t h a t form at temperatures
below 540 C (1000 F) can be removed by
acid pickling. Very tenacious oxides may
require gritblasting prior to pickling.

Tool Materials and

Lubricants
Tbol materials for forming titanium
are chosen to suit the fonning operation
(see Table 3), forming temperature, and
expected quantity of production. The cost
of tool material is generally only a small
fraction of the cost of tools, unless fonning
temperature is such that heat-resistant
alloy tooling is required.
Cold forming can be done with epoxyfaced aluminum or zinc tools. Hot-forming
tools are fabricated from ceramic, cast
iron, tool steel, stainless steel, and nickelbase alloys.
Tbol materials for the superplastic
forming of titanium alloys are a special
case (see the separate Technical Note "Superplastic Forming" in this Volume). They
must be able to withstand the high temperatures (870 to 925 C, or 1600 to 1700
F) required for superplastic forming, but
must not contain more than about 6% Ni,
because of the possibility of nickel migration into the work metal at superplastic
forming temperatures. Cast ceramics, 224-9 stainless steel (Fe-0.5C-22Cr-9Mn4Ni), and 49C steel are used for this purpose.
Lubricants. Galling is the most severe problem to be overcome in hot forming. Lubricants may react unfavorably
with titanium when it is heated, although
molybdenum disulfide suspended in a
volatile carrier, colloidal graphite, and
graphite-molybdenum disulfide mixtures
have been successfully used. Boron nitride slurries also are used. If the lubricant reacts with oxidation products to produce a tenacious surface coating, it must
be removed by sandblasting with garnet
grit or 120-mesh aluminum oxide, followed by acid pickling.
Boron nitride is the preferred temperature-resistant lubricant because of
its higher lubricity, as well as ease of application and removal. Other lubricants
used for hot forming have a graphite or
molybdenum disulfide base. Zinc phosphate conversion coatings are sometimes
first produced on the work metal surface
to aid in the retention of lubricants during
severe forming.
Lubricants for the cold forming of titanium are generally similar to those used
for the severe forming of aluminum alloys.
Frequently overlays of steel sheet or plastic sheet are used with an auxiliary lubricant.

Blank Preparation
Most of titanium alloy sheet 6.4 mm (V4
in.) thick or less is done in a punch press. As
with other metals, maximum blank size depends on stock thickness, shear strength,
and available press capacity.

Shearing. Titanium sheet up to 3.56

mm (0.140 in.) thick can generally be
sheared without difficulty; with extra
care, titanium sheet as thick as 4.75 mm
(0.187 in.) can be sheared. Shears intended for low-carbon steel may not have
enough hold-down force to prevent titanium sheets from slipping. A sharp shear
blade in good condition with a capacity for
cutting 4.8 mm ( / i 6 in.) thick low-carbon
steel can cut 3.2 mm (Vs in.) thick titanium sheet. Cutters should be kept sharp
to prevent edge cracking of the blank.
Sheared edges, especially on thicker
work metal, can have straightness deviations of 0.25 to 5 mm (0.01 to 0.20 in.), usually because the shear blade is not stiff
enough. Shearing can cause cracks at the
edges of some titanium sheet thicker than
2.0 m m (0.080 in.). If cracks or other irregularities develop in a critical portion of
the workpiece, an alternative method of
cutting should be used, such as band sawing, abrasive waterjet cutting or laser cutting.
^
Slitting of titanium alloy sheet can be
done with conventional slitting equipment and with draw-bench equipment.
Shtting shears are capable of straight cuts
only; rotary shears can cut gentle contours (minimum radius: -250 mm, or 10
in.). The process can be used for sheet
thicknesses to 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). However, an individual machine must be restricted to titanium thicknesses for which
the machine is rated.
B a n d s a w i n g prevents cracking at
the edges of titanium sheet but causes
large burrs. Band sawing is generally
used to cut titanium sheet that is 3.18 mm
(0.125 in.) or more in thickness. Abrasive
blades are normally used.
Nibbling can be used to cut irregular
blanks of titanium, but most blanks need
filing or grinding after nibbling.
E d g e Preparation. All visual evidence of a sheared or broken edge on a
part should be removed by machining,
sanding, or filing before final deburring or
pohshing.
All
rough
projections,
scratches, and nicks must be removed.
Extra material must be allowed at the
edges of titanium blanks so that shear
cracks and other defects can be removed.
On sheared parts, a minimum of 0.25 mm
(0.010 in.) must be removed from the edge;
on punched holes, 0.35 mm (0.014 in.). On
parts cut by friction band sawing or abrasive sawing, 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) or one
thickness of sheet should be removed from
sheared edges, whichever is the smaller.
The lay of the finish on the edges of the
sheet metal parts should be parallel to the
edge surface of the blank, and sharp edges
should be removed. Edges of shrink
flanges and stretch flanges must be polished before forming, l b prevent scratching the forming dies, edges of holes and
3

1096 / Technical Notes

cutouts should be deburred on both sides

and should be polished where they are
likely to stretch during forming.

Forming Temperatures
Close tolerances and acceptable mechanical properties can be achieved either
by hot forming or by cold prefonning followed by hot sizing. The relative advantage of each depends on equipment capabilities (see Table 4) and the severity of
forming requirements. Hot-forming techniques are used on titanium and its alloys
to increase formability, minimize springback, reduce variations in waviness between sheets, and produce maximum deformations with minimum interstage
annealing.
Cold F o r m i n g . Titanium and titanium alloys are commonly stretch formed
without being heated, although the die is
sometimes warmed to 150 C (300 F).
Simple brake fonning of straight sections
also can be done at room temperature if
adequate bend radii are designed into the
tool. When formed at room temperature,
commercially pure titanium and titanium
alloys behave like cold-rolled stainless
steel. Shapes that can be successfully
press formed in Vi-hard stainless steel
usually can be press formed in commercially pure titanium, although titanium
may require hot sizing to produce severe
contours.
Springback tends to follow the yield
strength/ultimate tensile strength ratio
with a higher ratio indicating a higher degree of springback. However, the high
springback of titanium (up to 20 or 30% of
the bend angle at room temperature) is
not the major concern because allowances
can be made in tooling. The major concern
is the variation of springback. Thus, hot
sizing may be required on some percentage of parts, or the degree of springback
can be partially overcome by warm forming (260 to 315 C, or 500 to 600 F).
Commercially pure titanium and the
most ductile titanium alloys, such as Ti15V-3Sn-3Cr-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr4Mo, can be formed cold to a limited extent. Alloy Ti-8Al-lMo-lV sheet can be

higher than 540 C (1000 F). Generally,

for heating in air, 1 h is the longest time at
700 C (1300 F) that should be permitted,
and 20 min at 870 C (1600 F) should be
the limit; these times are cumulative and
include all time that the metal is at that
temperature for all the operations on a
given workpiece. The subsequent removal
of scale and embrittled surface, or a protective atmosphere, should be considered
for any heating above 540 C (1000 F). Argon gas is a predominately used atmosphere for superplastic forming.
Aging. Some hot-forming temperatures are high enough to age a titanium
alloy. Heat-treatable and - alloys may
be formed at the aging temperatures. If
the forming temperature is above the aging temperature then re-solution treatment will probably be required. Alphabeta alloys should not be formed above the
transus temperature.
Because of aging, scaling, and embrittlement, as well as the greater cost of
working at elevated temperatures, hot
forming is ordinarily done at the lowest
temperature that will permit the required
deformation. When maximum formability is required, the forming should be done
at the highest temperature practical that
will retain the mechanical properties and
serviceability required of the workpiece.
Tools. Titanium alloys are often
formed hot in heated dies in presses that
have a slow, controlled motion and that
can dwell in the position needed during
the press cycle. Hot forming is sometimes
done in dies that include heating elements or in dies that are heated by the
press platens. Press platens heated to 650
C (1200 F) can transmit enough heat to
keep the working faces of the die at 425 to
480 C (800 to 900 F). Other methods of
heating include
electrical-resistance
heating and the use of quartz lamps and
portable furnaces.
Accuracy. Hot forming has the advantage of improved uniformity in yield
strength, especially when the forming or
sizing temperature is above 540 C (1000
F). However, care must be taken to hmit
the accumulation of dimensional errors
resulting from:

cold formed to shallow shapes by standard

methods. The cold fonning of other alloys
generally results in excessive springback,
requires stress reheving between operations, and requires more power. The only
true cold-formable titanium alloys are Ti15V-3Sn-3Cr-3Al, Beta 21S, and Beta C.
Hot sizing is usually not used for this alloy; however, properties must be developed with an aging treatment (8 h at 540
C, or 1000 F, is typical). Because of the
high springback rates encountered with
this alloy, more elaborate tooling must be
used.
Hot F o r m i n g . Heating titanium increases formability, reduces springback,
takes advantage of a lesser variation in
yield strength, and allows for maximum
deformation with minimum annealing between forming operations. Severe forming must be done in hot dies, generally
with preheated stock. For appheations in
which the utmost ductihty is required,
temperatures below 315 to 425 C (600 to
800 F) are usually avoided. The formability of most titanium alloys at 650 C (1200
F) is comparable to that of annealed
stainless steel at room temperature.
The greatest improvement in the ductihty and uniformity of properties for
most titanium alloys is at temperatures
above 540 C (1000 F). Therefore, most
hot-forming operations are done at temperatures above 540 C (1000 F). At still
higher temperatures, some alloys exhibit
superplasticity. However, contamination
is also more severe at the higher temperatures. If forming is done above 540 C
(1000 F) a protective coating should be
used (which also serves as a lubricant) to
minimize oxidation during forming.
Forming done in a protective atmosphere,
such as argon, or in a vacuum would eliminate the contamination problem. Temperatures generally must be kept below
815 C (1500 F) to avoid marked deterioration in mechanical properties. Superplastic forming, however, is performed at
870 to 925 C (1600 to 1700 F) for some alloys, such as Ti-6A1-4V.
Scaling and Embrittlement. Titanium
is scaled and embrittled by oxygen-rich
surface layers formed at temperatures

Table 4 Advantages and disadvantages of hot forming and cold forming with hot sizing
Hot
Forming
Advantages
(1) Single operation
(2) Lower forming pressures
(3) Material i s a t elevated temperature for shorter t i m e
Disadvantages
(1) Requires temperature resistant tool m a t e r i a l s
(2) Tools m u s t be adapted for h e a t i n g
(3) Requires u s e of slow press w i t h some dwell t i m e (5 m i n )
(4) Limited to forming operations on equipment w h i c h c a n u s e h e a t e d tools

Cold FormingHot Sizing

(1) F o r m i n g can b e accomplished o n all available t y p e s of forming m a c h i n e s
(2) P a r t s are stress-relieved on sizing
(3) C a n u s e lower cost tooling materials i n cold forming
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Requires additional equipment (hot sizing presses)

L o n g dwell t i m e s i n hot sizing press (30 m i n )
L o n g exposure t i m e s to elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s
Requires t w o s e t s of dies (one s e t h e a t resistant)

Forming/1097

Differences in thermal expansion

Variations in temperature
Dimensional changes from scale formation
Changes in dimensions of tools
Reduction in thickness from chemical pickling operations
Hot sizing is used to correct inaccuracies in shape, dimensions, and springback
in cold preformed parts. Hot sizing uses
the creep-forming principle to force irregularly shaped parts to assume the correct shape against a heated die by the controlled application of horizontal and
vertical forces over a period of time. Buckles and wrinkles can be removed from preforms in this way. A combination of creep
and compression forming is used when reducing bend radii by hot sizing. Hot sizing
is often combined with stress reheving.
The correction of springback by hot
sizing depends on time and temperature;
the higher the temperature, the shorter
the time for processing. However, the effect of temperature on the properties of
the metal limits t h e maximum useful
temperature. The pressure applied to the
part during hot sizing should be high
enough to keep the part firmly against the
fixture or die. Any additional pressure
above t h e clamping requirement h a s no
effect on the part and can cause deformation of the tooling.
Hot platen presses are commonly used
for the hot sizing of titanium. The tooling
is designed for the hot sizing of preforms;
that is, it must only hold the workpiece to
the required shape for the necessary time
at temperature. Hot sizing in hot platen
presses is done in the following sequence
of operations:

The preformed parts are loaded on

hot form blocks t h a t are heated by
the platen in t h e press
The press is closed, and it heats t h e
parts without applying t h e forming
force
Force is applied by t h e upper platen
and auxiliary side rams, and is held
for as long as necessary to complete
the forming

of cold forming followed by hot sizing must

be used.
The setup and tooling for press-brake
air bending are relatively simple because
the r a m stroke determines t h e bend angle. The only tooling adjustments are the
span width of the die and the radius of the
punch. The span width of the die affects
the formability of bend specimens and is
determined by t h e punch radius and the
work metal thickness (see Fig. 2).
The minimum bend radius obtainable
in press-brake forming depends on the alloy, work metal thickness, and forming
temperature. Springback in press-brake
forming depends on the ratio of punch radius (bend radius) to stock thickness and
on forming temperature.
D e e p Drawing. General guidelines
for the deep drawing of titanium alloy
dome shapes at room temperature are:

Lubrication and tool size are key

Dedicated,
double-action
draw
press with blank holding pressure is
preferred
Draw radii depend on gauge, and
should not be less t h a n 5t
The workpiece should be clean and
blank edges should be smooth
An overlay can be used to prevent
wrinkles, but plastic overlays may
rip or tear. Oils are preferred
Severe forming and localized deformation should be avoided; foiming
pressure should be applied slowly
The punch should be polished to prevent galling, regardless of lubrication
Multiple reductions require intermediate anneals. Domes and cans
are formable in one pass for some alloys (e.g. Ti-15-3).

More difficult drawing can be done at high

temperature, and drawing temperatures
to 675 C (1250 F) have been used. How-

0.2

Bend radius, in.

0.4
0.6

0.8

2 300
g 200

Forming Methods
Press-Brake Forming. Titanium alloys cold formed in a press brake behave
like work-hardened stainless steel, except
that springback is considerably greater. If
bend radii are large enough, forrning can
be done cold. However, if bend radii are
small enough to cause cracking in cold
forming, either hot forming or the process

ever, high-temperature deep drawing of

titanium alloys has been largely replaced
by the superplastic forming process.
P o w e r (Shear) Spinning. Most titanium alloys are difficult to form by power
spinning. Alloys Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-13VllCr-3Al and some grades of CP titanium
are the most responsive to foiming by this
method. Most tools forthe power spinning
of titanium are made of high-speed steel
and hardened to 60 HRC. Mandrels are
heated for hot spinning. Tube preforms
can be heated by radiation. The hot power
spinning of titanium is done at 200 to 980
C (400 to 1800 F) depending on the alloy
and the operation.
Lubricants for the power spinning of
titanium depend on the forming temperature used. At temperatures up to 200 C
(400 F), heavy drawing oils, graphitecontaining greases, and colloidal graphite
are used. Colloidal graphite and molybdenum disulfide are employed at temperatures to 425 C (800 F); above this temperature, colloidal graphite, powdered
mica, and boron nitride are used.
Rubber-Pad Forming. The cold
foiming of titanium in a press with tooling
that includes a rubber pad is used mostly
for flanging thin stock (<1 mm, or 0.04 in.)
and for forming beads and shallow recesses. The capacity of the press controls
the range in size, strength, and thickness
of blanks that can be formed. Within this
range, however, additional limits will be
set by buckling and splitting.
Auxiliary devices, such as overlays,
wiper rings, and sandwiches, are usually
needed in rubber-pad forming to improve
the forming and to reduce the amount of
wririkling and buckling. Rubber-pad
forming is generally done at room temperature or with only moderate heat.
Forrning is very often followed by hot sizing to remove springback, to sharpen radii, to smooth out wrinkles and buckles,
and to complete the forming. Hand work

5
0

1
2
3
4
Punch radius/metal thickness [R/t)

Fig. 2 Limits for press-brake forming of titanium alloys. S h a d e d area indicates acceptable forming limits

10
15
Bend radius, mm

20

Fig. 3 Effect of p a d pressure o n bend radii

1098 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

is sometimes needed to complete the

fonning. The cold-formed workpiece
should be stress relieved or hot sized
within 24 h after fonning. Sharp bends
can be made at higher forming pressures
(see Fig. 3).
Springback behavior of titanium and
its alloys in rubber-pad forming differs
somewhat from that observed in other
methods of forming. Springback can be
difficult to predict. In general, springback
in forming titanium varies directly with
the ratio of bend radius to work metal
thickness, and inversely with forming
temperature. Springback is also inversely
proportional to forming pressure.
Beads can be formed to a limited extent in titanium alloy sheet by rubber-pad
forming. However, beads are readily
formed by superplastic forming.
Stretch Forming. Tooling t h a t is
generally used for the stretch forming of
stainless steel is also suitable for t h e cold
stretch forming of titanium, when used
with a high clamping force that will prevent slipping and tearing. Titanium may
exhibit irregular incremental stretch under tension loads; therefore, optimal results are obtained when titanium is
stretch formed at slow strain rates. The
rate of wrapping around a die should be
about 200 mm/min (8 m./min).
In the stretch fonning of angles, channels, and hat-shaped sections, deformation occurs mainly by bending at t h e fulcrum point of the die surface; compression
buckling is avoided by applying enough
tensile load to produce about 1% elongation in the inner fibers. The outer fibers
elongate more, depending on the curvature of the die and on the shape of the
workpiece. It is sometimes preferable or
required (especially if sufficient forming
power is not available) to stretch wrap at
elevated temperature. Again, the wrapping speed must be slow to prevent local
overheating or necking.
Formability limits can be extended by
permitting small compression buckles to
occur at the inner fibers and removing
them later by hot sizing. The buckled region represents a condition of overforming
and should be limited to the amount that
can be effectively removed by hot sizing.
Compression buckling is not a problem when sheet is stretch formed to produce single or compound curves. The ductility of sheet varies with orientation and
is generally better in the direction of rolling. In the stretch forming of compound
curves, the stretching force should be applied in the direction of the smaller radius. Stretch forming is being replaced in
many appheations by superplastic forming.
Three-roll forming is an economical
method of forming titanium alloy sheet
into aircraft skins, cylinders, or parts of

cylinders. The sheet should be flat within

0.15 m m (0.006 in.) for each 50 m m (2 in.)
of length. The corners of the sheet should
be chamfered to prevent marking of the
rolls.
The upper roll of the three-roll assembly can be adjusted vertically. The radius
of the bend is controlled by the roll adjustment. Premature failure will occur if the
contour radius is decreased too rapidly;
however, too many passes through the
rolls may cause excessive work hardening
of the work metal. Several trial parts
must sometimes be made in a new material or shape to establish suitable operating conditions.
Three-roll forming is also used to form
curves in channels that have flanges of 38
mm (1.5 in.) or less. Transverse buckling
and wrinkling are common failures in the
forming of channels.
Contour Roll Forming. Titanium
sheet can be contour roll formed like any
other sheet metal, but with special considerations for allowable bend radius and for
the greater springback that is characteristic of titanium. Springback is affected
to some extent by roll pressure. Often, hot
rolling must be done on heated work metal with heated rolls.
Creep Forming. In creep forming,
heat and pressure are combined to cause
the slow forming of titanium sheet into
various shapes, such as double-curve panels, channel sections, Z-sections, large
rings, and small joggles. The metal flows
plastically at a stress below its yield
strength. At low temperature, creep rates
are ordinarily very low (for example, 0.1%
elongation in 1000 h), but the creep rate of
titanium accelerates sharply with increasing temperature.
Creep forming can be done by three
different methods:
.

A blank is clamped at t h e edges, as

for stretch forming, and a heated
male tool is loaded to press against
the unsupported portion of the
blank; the metal yields under the
combination of heat and pressure
and slowly creeps to fit the tool
A set of dies containing heating elements or coils is used in a hydraulic
press in a manner similar to hot sizing
A heated female die is used with a
vacuum diaphragm, as in vacuum
forming

Temperatures for creep forming are

the same as those used in hot forming.
Generally, titanium must be held at the
creep-forming temperature for 3 to 20 min
per operation; creep forming sometimes
takes as long as 2 h.
Vacuum Forming. Large panels

(some as much as 18 m, or 60 ft, long) for

aircraft are sometimes vacuum formed
from titanium alloy sheet. Vacuum forming, however, has been largely replaced by
superplastic forming. For vacuum forming, the blank is laid on a die ofheated concrete, ceramic, or metal, and a somewhat
larger flexible diaphragm is laid on top of
the blank to provide a seal around its
edges. After the blank has been heated to
forming temperature, the air is pumped
out from between the blank and the die so
that atmospheric pressure is used to form
the work. This method, a kind of creep
forming, cannot be used to form to sharp
radii.
Drop Hammer Forming. Titanium
should not be permitted to rub against
lead, zinc, or other low-melting metals
that could contaminate it and cause embrittlement. Drop hammer tools can be
capped with sheet steel, stainless steel, or
nickel alloy, depending on the expected
tool life. Nickel-base alloys, in thicknesses
of 0.635 to 0.813 mm (0.025 to 0.032 in.),
have the longest life.
Drop hammer forming is done at
about 500 to 800 C (900 to 1500 F), depending on the alloy and the severity of
fonning. Thermal expansion of the dies
must be considered in the design. The approximate rate of expansion for steel dies
is 0.006 mm/mm (0.006 iaJin.) as temperature is increased from 20 to 540 C (70
to 1000 F).
Multistage tools can be used ifthe part
shape is complex and cannot be formed in
one blow. Workpieces are then finished by
hot sizing.
The minimum thickness of titanium
sheet for drop hammer forming is 0.635
mm (0.025 in.); thicker sheet is used for
complex shapes. Total tolerance on parts
formed in drop hammers is usually 1.6
mmiHein.).
Joggling is frequently done on titanium alloy sheet. A joggle is an offset in a
flat plane, consisting of two parallel bends
in opposite directions at the same angle.
Generally, the joggle angle is less than
45.
Depending on joggle depth, joggles can
be either formed completely at room temperature or at elevated temperature in
press brakes and mechanical or hydraulic
presses. Common practice is to preform at
room temperature and then hot size ("set"
the joggle) in a heated die. The sizing operation is usually done under conditions
that result in stress relieving or aging.
In press-brake formed or stretchformed angles and channels, and in machined extrusions, joggles with radii
smaller than the minimum bend radii for
the metal at room temperature, or joggles
with length-to-depth ratios of less than
about 6 to 1, are more successfully formed
at elevated temperature. Forming tern-

Forming/1099

perature varies between 315 and 650 C

(600 and 1200 F), depending on the alloy
and its heat-treated condition. Annealed
alloys are joggled at 315 to 425 C (600 to
800 F) or hotter. Heat-treated or partly
heat-treated alloys are joggled at, or near,
their aging temperature.
D i m p l i n g produces a small conical
flange around a hole in sheet metal parts
that are to be assembled with flush or flathead fasteners. Dimpling is most commonly applied to sheets that are too thin
for countersinking. Sheets are always
dimpled in the condition in which they are
to be used because subsequent heat treatment may cause distortion of the holes or
dimensional changes in the sheet.
The hot ram-coin dimpling process is
generally used, although dimples have
been produced at room temperature by

swaging. In hot ram-coin dimpling, force

in excess of that required for forming is
applied to coin the dimpled area and to reduce the amount of springback.
The titanium is dimpled at up to 650
C (1200 F) with tool steel dies. If higher
temperatures are required, heat-resist a n t alloy or ceramic tooling is needed in
order to prevent deformation of the dies
during dimpling. The work metal is usually heated by conduction from the dimpling tools, which are automated to complete the dimpling stroke at
a
predetermined temperature.
Pilot holes must be drilled, rather
t h a n punched, and must be smooth,
round, cylindrical, and free of burrs. Because of the notch sensitivity of titanium,
care must be taken in deburring the holes.
The amount of stretch required to

form a dimple varies with the head and

body diameters of the fastener and the
bend angle. If the metal is not ductile
enough to withstand forming to the required shape, cracks will occur radially in
the edge of the stretch flange, or circumferentially at the bend radius. Circumferential cracks are more common in thin
sheet; radial cracks are more common in
thick stock.
E x p l o s i v e F o r m i n g . Within the limits set by its mechanical properties, titanium can be explosive formed like other
metals. Explosive forming is most commonly used for cladding titanium to other
metals. Titanium is explosive formed using techniques similar to those used for
other metals and alloys.

Superplastic Forming /1101

Technical Note 5A: Superplastic

Forming of Titanium Alloys
Murray W. Mahoney, Rockwell International Science Center

Superplastic forming (SPF) of titanium alloys is a relatively new process

that offers unique advantages over conventional forming operations. For example, characteristics of superplastic forming include low flow stresses, reduced
machining, no springback, uniform metal
flow, no resultant residual stresses, in
general no cavitation, and formability of
shapes not possible by any other approach. However, superplastic forming is
not applicable to all titanium alloys, and
there is probably no other fonning process
in which the relationship between materials properties and consistently successful
forming operations is more critical t h a n in
superplastic forming. As such, a detailed
presentation of the requirements for superplastic forming, mcluding microstructural prerequisites and the significance of
forming parameters, are presented in detail.
Superplasticity is the ability of certain
materials, primarily metals, to undergo
unusually large amounts of uniform plastic deformation before local necking occurs. The remarkable formability of superplastic materials is due to their high
strain-rate sensitivity, defined by:
m=d

]no/d

1000

- Region 3
^

> " Region 1

Region2
(Superplastic)

^-"""^

10

Ti-6AI-4V
0.1

10

10'

10
Strain r a t e , s"

Fig. 1 Typical log s t r e s s v s log strain rate curve for superplastic Ti-6AI-4V a t 8 7 0 C (1600 F) showing t h r e e regions
of different deformation characteristics. Grain size, 5 . 3 u m .
S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton a n d A.K. G h o s h , Metall. Trans. A Vol 11 A, 1 9 8 0 , 1 4 9 4

1
Ti-6AI-4V

(Eql)

where is the true flow stress, and is the

true strain rate. It is generally accepted
that materials, with -values of 0.5 or
higher can be superplastically deformed.
However, m has been shown to be a complex function of a number of microstructural and forming parameters and may exhibit significant change during t h e
forming operation. Titanium alloys are
particularly complex in their forrning
characteristics due to their two-phase nature. Thus, a thorough understanding of
the relationships between superplasticity
and microstructure is necessary to form
titanium alloys successfully.
Results of investigations on titanium
alloys are presented, with representative
illustrations showing how superplasticity
is influenced by the microstructural con-

10

10'

10""

0.8

~"

lT^2x10" /s
4

'

0.6

"~

0.4
0

0.2

0
0.2

6.4
9

0.4

0.6
Strain

0.8

I
1.2

Fig. 2 I n s t a n t a n e o u s strain-rate sensitivity of T1-6AI-4V during tensile testing at 925 C (1700 F) s h o w i n g d e c r e a s ing m with increasing strain.
S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton a n d A.K. G h o s h , Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Titanium, Kyoto, J a p a n , May 1 9 - 2 2 , 1 9 8 0 , 1001

1102 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

ditions of grain size, grain stability, grain

size distribution, grain shape, phase ratio
and alloy composition, and fonning parameters of temperature, strain rate, and
accumulated strain. These microstructural conditions and forming parameters
are discussed with regard to how they influence the superplastic response of titanium alloys via changes in strain-rate
sensitivity and flow properties. However,
results from one alloy to another cannot
be either generalized or extrapolated. Although in some instances there are similarities within alloy classes, even generalizations within alloy classes would be a
dangerous practice. Also, there is considerable synergism between forming and
microstructural variables. Thus, the superplastic forming user must be acutely
aware of both microstructural changes,
e.g., lot-to-lot variations of incoming materials, and any changes that may occur in
forming parameters. Briefly, to understand superplasticity, it is important first
to understand how superplastic properties are determined.

Strain-Rate Sensitivity
The value of the strain-rate sensitivity
index m is the primary material parameter indicating the ability of a material to
resist plastic instability or necking. When
m is low, an increase in stress at a neck
leads to a large increase in strain rate at
that location and a low elongation to fracture. Conversely, when m is large, the
strain rate increases slowly in response to
increased stress in the neck region, and
the neck thus forms gradually leading to a
high elongation to failure. The strain-rate
sensitivity index m, however, changes
both with a change in forming parameters
as well as during the forming operation itself. Thus, m must be determined as a
function of strain, strain rate, temperature, and micro structure.
A number of approaches that have
been used to determine m have produced
inconsistent results. Based on common
usage and thus acceptance within the superplastic forming community, the step
strain-rate test method has proven to offer the truest measure of strain-rate sensitivity for estabhshing m and subsequent
forming parameters. In this test, the
strain rate is increased in successive
steps, and an attempt is made to measure
the corresponding flow stress. Herein lies
potential error, and the investigator must
be cautious as to how the flow stress is
measured. One problem in assessing flow
stresses for the lower strain rates (<5
10~* s ) is t h a t strain hardening does not
permit the establishment of a load maximum. In most superplastic materials,
strain hardening is due to concurrent
grain growth. Thus, to separate flow
_1

stress from grain growth effects, stress

must be selected soon after the elastic portion. From the slope of the stress versus
strain-rate curve, the strain-rate sensitivity m can now be determined as a function
of strain rate. An example of flow stress as
a function of strain rate for Ti-6A1-4V at
870 C (1600 F) is shown in Fig. 1. Region
II, the location of greatest slope, is where
maximum strain-rate sensitivity occurs.
The criticism against use of strain-rate
step tests is that strain accumulates during the test and t h u s automatically becomes a variable and accordingly, to minimize error, must be kept low.
Additionally, m, can be measured as a
function of increasing strain, and in fact,
this test is more representative of an actual forming operation in which high levels of strain accumulate during forming.
In this test, the sample experiences a constant strain rate until a small amount of
strain accumulates and the flow stress is
established. At this time, the strain rate is
increased (e.g., 40%) to 2 for a short period until a maximum in flow stress is established for .2, at which time the strain
rate is again decreased to . This process
is repeated with increasing strain, resulting in a determination of m as a function of
strain. The value of m is then determined
from:
m = d 1(2/)/21(/)

(Eq 2)

where 02 is the flow stress corresponding

to a strain rate of k.2, and is the flow
stress at . Generally, the value of m decreases with increasing strain. Results for
this type test are illustrated in Fig. 2 for
Ti-6A1-4V at 925 C (1700 F) for grain
sizes of 6.4 and 9 um. However, this trend

"

"

10~

"

6.4
9 !
11.5

20

Strain rate, s "

0.1

0.01
1

(a)

6.4

S c

m
1.5

20

<o

55

10"

10"

10"*

10"

0.01

0.1

Strain rate, s

Fig. 4 Effect of grain size on flow s t r e s s and m a s

functions of strain rate for T1-6AI-4V. S t e p strain-rate
t e s t s at 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F).
S o u r c e : N.E. P a t o n , Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed., Deuts c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1985

is not always followed and is a function of

the starting microstructure. For example,
Fig. 3 illustrates an increase in m with an
increase in strain for Ti-6A1-4V. In this
case, the material was not recrystallized
and had a residual elongated worked
structure t h a t would be expected to exhibit poor superplastic behavior (note the
low initial m value). The combination of
strain and temperature exposure experienced during the test caused recrystallization, producing an equiaxed microstructure with improved superplasticity
and hence an increasing m value.

S u p e r p l a s t i c Forming /1103

Each of these tests, stress versus

strain rate and flow stress with increasing
strain, should be performed as a function
of temperature and at constant strain
rates and not at constant crosshead
speeds. Once the strain rate and temperature ranges at which m is a maximum are
established, and the value of m as a function of strain has been determined, these
parameters can be evaluated for acceptability for the forming operation of interest.

Grain Size
In all superplastic materials, grain
size is one ofthe single most important parameters. However, because of the complexity of microstructures that can be obtained in almost all titanium alloys, grain
size by itself is an inadequate description
of microstructure. These additional microstructural variations are described below. The first consideration in establishing the effect of grain size on
properties is to define a uniform method of
measurement. Titanium alloys that have
useful degrees of superplasticity are generally two-phase alloys, making the task
of grain size measurement particularly
important. In estabhshing grain size in titanium alloys, most investigators attempt
to count all interphase boundaries as
grain boundaries. However, difficulties
arise when, as frequently occurs, a thin
layer of one phase Hes between two larger
grains of a second phase, and this layer is
counted as a single boundary rather t h a n
two, as it should be.
Grain size is known to strongly influence flow stress behavior and correspondingly m value and superplasticity in Ti6A1-4V. Figure 4 illustrates flow stress
and m as functions of strain rate for a
range of grain sizes. As is typically found
for most superplastic materials, increasing grain size increases the flow stress
and tends to reduce the maximum m
value as well as reduce the strain rate at
which the maximum m is observed. A
similar result is illustrated in Fig. 5 for a
superplastic Ti-6.3Al-2.7Mo-l.7Zr alloy at
900 C (1650 F) for grain sizes ranging
from 3.5 to 8.1 um.
Grain Size Stability. Two-phase titanium alloys have some degree of inherent stability imparted by the equiHbrium
volume fraction of the phases present. Assuming a duplex alloy containing and
phases, many - and - boundaries are
present. Grain growth initially proceeds
by elimination of these like boundaries
through normal boundary migration
processes. However, when substantial
numbers of isolated and grains remain, further grain growth requires longrange diffusion. Examples of thermally
activated grain growth in Ti-6A1-4V at

1 0 s to 5 1 0 s . However, in this
case, the time required at temperature to
accumulate the same level of strain is different for each strain rate.
Observed increases in flow stress during superplastic forming can be accounted
for by the increase in grain size. However,
both strain hardening and strain softening have been observed in Ti-6A1-4V, with
hardening attributed to grain growth and
softening a result of grain refinement.
Due to the synergistic effect of temperature and strain rate on hardening and softening, this subject is better discussed in
greater detail witjiin the sections on forming parameters important to superplastic
forming.
Grain S h a p e and Size Distribution. The nature ofthe grain size distribu-

temperatures from 870 to 955 C (1600 to

1750 F) are illustrated in Fig. 6. Additionally, stress- or strain-rate-assisted grain
boundary mobility has been shown to accelerate grain growth during the superplastic forming process, leading to growth
rates greater than those measured during
static temperature exposure. Figure 7
shows this effect quantitatively for -614V at 915 C (1680 F) as a function of true
thickness strain measured from different
locations of a formed component. Because
temperature, time at temperature, and
the strain rate were the same for all locations, the grain size effect is entirely due
to the magnitude of strain. Similarly, Fig.
8 shows strain-rate-enhanced grain
growth for Ti-6A1-4V at 925 C (1700 F)
for a wide range of strain rates from 5

-5

_ 1

- 3

_1

8.1
3.58

>r

Ti-6AI-3Mo-2Zr

-12

-10

-8

In strain, s"
F i g . 5 In s t r e s s v e r s u s In strain rate plots for Ti-6AI-3Mo-2Zr at 9 0 0 C (1650 F ) f o r t h r e e grain s i z e s .
S o u r c e : A. Dutta a n d A.K. Mukherjee, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol A 1 3 8 , 1 9 9 1 , 221

20

Ti-6AI-4V
18

925 C

16

:14h
j
g 12

930C

Typical
SPF

^goox

process
times

L-

'

o870C

10h

8h
!

I ...
10

1000

100
Time, min

Fig. 6 Grain size v e r s u s time of e x p o s u r e t o e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s for Ti-6AI-4V.

S o u r c e : Unpublished research, Rockwell International

10000

1104 / Technical Notes

tion also has been shown to influence the

stress-strain-rate curve and accordingly
the m value. Due to the mechanism of superplasticity, i.e, grain rotation and migration, an equiaxed structure is preferable for superplastic forming. Thus, grain
shape, characterized by a grain aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the interphase
spacing along the major axis, is also a microstructural variable to be considered.
Grain aspect ratios close to 1.0 are clearly
favored for optimum superplasticity. In
titanium alloys, the grain shape can become very complex. For example, although the phase can exist as equiaxed
grains developed by cold working followed
by annealing above the recrystallization
temperature, can also exist in several
other transformed and untransformed
modifications. Of these, acicular and
blocky or primary are the most common.
Acicular is a transformation product
brought about through nucleation and
growth. It has the appearance of fine needles and has been shown to exhibit no indication of superplasticity. Blocky and
lamellar are detrimental to superplastic
behavior, because they make grain boundary shding difficult, resulting in higher
flow stresses and lower m values. Control
and understanding of each of these microstructural features, i.e., grain shape
and size distribution, are important considerations for achieving optimum superplasticity in titanium.

As shown in Fig. 9 and 10, the ratio of the

volume fractions of and in many titanium alloys is strongly reflected in the superplastic properties of strain-rate sensitivity and elongation. For these alloys, the
highest ductilities are observed with the
concentration in the range of 15 to 50
vol%. The maximum in m value also occurs at a significant concentration of the
phase, but there is no clear correspondence between this and the total elongation, because the maxima of each are indicated at different volume fractions.
Results illustrated in Fig. 9 and 10 are
for different temperatures, and accordingly, competing processes are occurring.
As temperature increases, the volume

fraction of phase increases at the expense of the phase. Consequently, rapid

grain growth occurs in the phase, thus
reducing the superplastic capability. Also,
results have shown the volume fraction of
phase can increase during superplastic
deformation. Figure 11 shows the volume
fraction of in Ti-6A1-4V at temperatures
from 750 to 850 C (1380 to 1560 F) as a
function of superplastic strain. At the
lower temperatures, it is hypothesized
that the diffusivities are too low, and even
with strain enhancement, no additional
stabilization of phase takes place. However, at 850 C (1560 F), results suggest
that the transformation from phase to
phase is induced by the strain of the su-

18
Ti-6AI-4V

Phase Ratio
Although grain size effects are a major
factor in the superplastic behavior of a titanium alloy, the / phase ratio appears
to be equally important. Phase ratio is a
variable controlled by a combination of
test temperature and alloy composition,
with higher concentrations of stabilizers
such as vanadium or molybdenum leading to higher volume fractions of phase
at a given temperature. The importance of
phase ratio is associated with the significant differences in properties between the
and phases. For instance, at superplastic forming temperatures, the phase
is considered to be softer and to have a diffusivity two orders of magnitude higher
than the phaseproperties of considerable importance to the mechanisms associated with superplastic flow.
As with many superplastic alloys, the
presence of a second phase is key to the development of superplastic behavior. A finite concentration of the phase significantly restricts grain growth because of
the long-range diffusion necessary to
transfer highly partitioned alloy elements. Without the presence of the second
phase, the phase will rapidly grow to diameters well in excess of 50 um at temperatures above about 760 C (1400 F).

Fig. 7 Effect of S P F deformation on grain s i z e at 9 1 5 C (1680 F).

S o u r c e : Unpublished r e s e a r c h , Rockwell International

15

Fig. 8 Grain growth kinetics at 9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F) a n d varying tensile strain r a t e s ( s ) c o m p a r e d with static kinetics
for an initial grain s i z e of 6.4 .
S o u r c e : C H . Hamilton a n d A.K. G h o s h , Titanium '80, Science and Technology, H. Kimura a n d O . Izumi, Ed., TMS,
1980
_1

S u p e r p l a s t i c F o r m i n g /1105

perplastic deformation. Because of the increasing amount of the phase during the
deformation process, the softening that
occurs balances the hardening caused by
strain-enhanced grain growth.
In contrast, results on the metastable
alloys Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn and Ti-lOV2Fe-3Al show t h a t optimum conditions
are obtained at temperatures just below
the transus where a small volume of
phase inhibits grain growth. At lower
temperatures with decreasing diffusivities, superplasticity is lost. Such results
emphasize t h a t there is no optimum volume fraction of the phases for superplasticity in two-phase alloys; the often-cited
equal volume fraction rule is not valid.
Clearly, the relationship among phase ratio, superplastic strain, temperature, and
alloy chemistry is complex. This complexity requires the superplastic practitioner
to have an understanding of the synergism between microstructure and superplastic forming parameters to superplastically form titanium alloys successfully
and consistently.

Alloy Composition
Most of the results presented here illustrate the superplastic properties for Ti6A1-4V. This is due to the wide use of this
alloy in the aerospace industry and because Ti-6A1-4V has been found to exhibit
excellent superplastic properties in the
conventionally produced form. Table 1
summarizes other titanium alloy compositions evaluated for superplasticity. A
number of these alloys are not superplastic in spite of their initially high strainrate sensitivity values. As discussed
above, m changes during forming due to
grain growth and a redistribution of the
/ phase ratio. Rapid grain growth is particularly true in all of the alloys, where
above the transus, growth rates are very
rapid.
In further studies on Ti-6A1-4V, Fig. 12
shows t h a t lower flow stresses and somewhat higher m values were developed by
the extra-low-interstitial (ELI) grade alloy than by the regular grade alloy, even
though the ELI grade material had a
somewhat larger grain size. Although the
difference in volume fractions of and
need to be considered, the greater slope
and thus higher m value of the ELI material would indicate a more superplastic
material.
Strain-rate sensitivity and flow stress
results at 990 C (1815 F) for a near- titanium alloy IMI 834 (Ti-6Al-4Sn-3.5Zr0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.33Si) are shown in Fig. 13
for longitudinal and transverse orientations. IMI 834 is a high-temperature alloy
with good tensile strength and creep resistance up to 600 C (1110 F). Compared to
similar results for Ti-6A1-4V (Fig. 4), IMI

strain and then only near the final frac

ture site. However, as shown in Fig. 16,
cavitation can occur in a -TiAl alloy at low
levels of true strain (<1).

834 has a lower m value, lower optimum

strain rate, and higher flow stress, even at
this higher temperature. However, even
this high-temperature, high-strength alloy demonstrated uniform elongations of
over 300%.
Superplasticity also has been demonstrated in the ordered titanium aluminide
alloys including a -Ti Al (Ti-13.5A121.5Nb), super a (Ti-14Al-19.5Nb-3.2V2Mo), and even the very high temperature
-TiAl alloy (-361). Figure 14 shows the
flow stress behavior and strain-rate sensitivity of super a as a function of temperature. Superplasticity in the a alloy is
comparable to super a An increase in
temperature from 950 to 1010 C (1740 to
1850 F) causes a significant drop in the
flow stress, but the m value remains in the
range of 0.5 to 0.6, an indication of an expected high degree of superplasticity.
Above this temperature, flow stresses at
the low strain rates increase with temperature (Fig. 14a), indicating grain
growth, which also reduces the m value
(Fig. 14b) for the higher temperature.
A comparison of the superplastic elongation of Ti-6A1-4V with the different titanium aluminides is illustrated in Fig. 15.
The titanium aluminides exhibit considerably less superplasticity and demonstrate higher forming stresses even at significantly higher forming temperatures.
In spite of the increased degree of difficulty of forming the titanium aluminides,
considerable success has been achieved
even in scale-up to very large structures.
An issue unique to titanium alloys is the
observation of cavitation in -TiAl with increasing superplastic strain. Cavitation is
occasionally observed in conventional titanium alloys, but only after considerable
2

Temperature
Temperature is a fundamentally important forming parameter for superplasticity, which generally occurs above about
0.5T , where T is the melting point. The
effect of temperature on the diffusion kinetics of titanium alloys is perhaps more
complex than on other alloy systems because of variations in microstructural
phase content. Depending on the alloy
and temperature, , , or a + phases may
exist. This is important because the flow
properties of the phases are different, and

1.0
0.9
0.8

0.7

2
>

0.6

0.5

0.4

"(/>

CO

0.3

0.2

0.1

- o TJ-6AI-4V
CP t i t a n i u m
" Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
>
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn

Ti-15V-3AI-3Sn-3Cr
- Ti-8Mn
Ti-6AI-4V-2Fe

Ti-6AI-4V-2Co
Q,Ti-6AI-4V-2Ni

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

Beta c o n t e n t , vol%
Fig. 9 Strain-rate sensitivity p a r a m e t e r (m) a s a function of p h a s e content for s e v e r a l titanium alloys.
S o u r c e : N.E. Paton, Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U . Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed.,
D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany,

1400

/-"""

700

"

3-^"
/
I ^-"-""""^

LU

Ti-6AI-4V
Ti-CP
Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo

^^~~~~~f-

Ti-5AI-2.5Sn
Ti-15V-3AI-3Sn-3Cr

Ti-8Mn

Ti-6AI-4V-2Co

1400

-700

Ti-6AI-4V-2Fe
Ti-6AI-4V-2Ni

20

40

60
Volume % beta

80

100

Fig. 1 0 Elevated t e m p e r a t u r e ductility a s a function of p h a s e content for several titanium alloys.

S o u r c e : N.E. Paton, Titanium, Science and Technology, G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, a n d W. Bunk, Ed.,
D e u t s c h e Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, Germany, 1 9 8 5

120

1106 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Table 1 Superplastic characteristics o f titanium alloys

Test temperature
C
F

Alloy
Ti-6A1-4V

840-870

Ti-6A1-5V

850
900

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-l.5Cr

1545-1600
1560

1.3 x l O " to 10
4

- 4

870
815

1500

2 xlO"
2x10^

Ti-6Al-4V-2Co

815

1500

2x10"

Ti-6Al-4V-2Fe
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

815

1500

2x10^

1000

1830

2 xlO"

2 xlO"

815

1500

800
750
800
990

1470
1380
1470
1815

Ti-14Al-20Nb- 3V-2Mo

955

1750

the phase has a self-daiFusivity two orders of magnitude higher than the
phase. Changes in elongation with temperature are shown in Fig. 17 for finegrain Ti-6A1-5V. There is a limited temperature range over which superplastic
ductility is observed, a characteristic typical of superplastic titanium alloys, although the superplastic temperature
range does vary with the alloy. At lower
temperatures and at higher temperatures, the high strain-rate sensitivity of
the flow stress is lost, and the related superplastic ductility is absent. The upper
limit of superplasticity corresponds to the
transformation to all phase (temperatures above the transus) and subsequent rapid grain growth. The lower
temperature limit is associated with limited diffusivities. For many titanium alloys, a maximum in tensile ductility occurs at temperatures near, but below, the
transus temperature.
As an example of temperature effects,
consider the general microstructural
characteristics of Ti-6A1-4V. Between the
superplastic temperatures of775 and 925
C (1430 and 1700 F), the proportion of
phase varies from about 10 to 50%. The remainder is the phase, which is generally
equiaxed in the superplastically formable
condition. At the lower temperatures,
relatively little phase is present. What is
present can be found at triple points and
long grain boundaries of the phase and
essentially fills the gaps in a contiguous
network of grains. At higher temperatures, where there is a higher volume fraction of phase, the network of grains begins to break up. The phase is no longer
solely a grain boundary phase. Above 875
C (1610 F), the fraction of the phase increases rapidly with increasing temperature up to the transus (990 to 1010 C, or
1815 to 1850 F). As the amount of phase
decreases, it retains its granular shape
and does not become a grain boundary
phase as the phase was at lower temperatures. Throughout this range of tem-

8 xlO
2x10^

Ti-6Al-4V-2Ni

Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al

1650
1600

Ti-13Cr-llV-3Al
Ti-8Mn
Ti-15Mo
Ti-6Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7 Nb-0.5Mo-.3Si

Elongation,

Strain rate,
s"

0.75

750-1170

0.70
0.67

700-1100
538

0.63-0.81

>510

0.85

720

0.53

670

0.54

650

0.49

420
229

0.5

1x10"

0.43
0.60
0.60

<150
150
100
300

2x10^

0.60

900

Strain
Fig. 11 Volume fraction of p h a s e v e r s u s strain a t a strain rate of 10~Vs.
S o u r c e : H.S. Yang, G. Gurewitz, a n d A.K. Mukherjee, Mater. Trans. JIM, Vol 3 2 (No. 5), 1 9 9 1 , 4 6 5

100

10h

Strain rate, s"

Fig. 12 Log flow s t r e s s v e r s u s log strain r a t e for regular g r a d e (7.7 u m ) a n d ELI (8.8 um) a t 8 5 0 C ( 1 5 6 0 F).
S o u r c e : T.L. Mackay, S.M.L Sastry, a n d C.F. Yolton, Air Force Technical Report AFWAL-TR-80-4038, S e p t 1980

Superplastic Forming /1107

peratures, Ti-6A1-4V will exhibit varying

degrees of superplasticity. Materials characterization tests, as described above, are
necessary to establish the range of temperatures for satisfactory superplastic
performance.

Forming Processes
Once the superplastic materials characterization is complete, practical forming issues must still be considered. These
include surface preparation/descaling
(see Technical Note 9), die material, lubricant, and the pressure/time relationship
to maintain a constant strain rate for the
geometry being formed. Because of thermal stresses developed during heating
and cooling, and the exposure to press and
gas pressure forces during forming for extended periods of time, die materials must
be able to resist elevated temperature
creep deformation. Also, die materials are
in contact with the air, parting compounds, argon, and the titanium alloys.
Die materials should be inert to each of
these components for die life considerations and to prevent titanium contamination.
Die Materials. The industry standard
for tooling is ESCO 49C (Fe-22Cr-4Ni9Mn-5Co). All the U.S.A. SPF houses use
49C, with the exception of Murdock which
uses HN (Fe-2lCr-25Ni-2Mn-2Si). 49M
(Fe-22Cr-4Ni-9Mn-3Mo) is not recommended. The molybdenum (in 49M)
causes catastrophic oxidation to occur resulting in severe pitting on the surface of
the tool. Stainless steel 316 behaves the
same, which also suggests a deleterious
effect from molybdenum.
Another common die alloy for temperatures up to about 1000 C (1830 F) is
a wrought stainless steel alloy of nominal
composition Fe-22Cr-4Ni-9Mn. This alloy
exhibits both creep and oxidation resistance for satisfactory operation up to 1000
C (1830 F) and is appropriate for forming of most titanium alloys. For higher
temperatures, such as is necessary for superplastic fonning of -TiAl, ceramic dies
must be used.
Lubrication. Proper use of lubrication is necessary to reduce friction at rubbing surfaces such as over die radii and to
facilitate part removal. This is of particular importance in superplastic forming
where proper use of lubricants can prevent preferential thinning at me/formingsheet contact points. Typical lubricant
materials include boron nitride and yttria. Each of these materials comes in fine
powder form and can be spray coated onto
dies and fonning materials using isopropyl alcohol as a carrier. For production operations, buildup of lubricants in the die
must be avoided.
Rockwell has a patent (Agarwal/Weis-

ert) on "controlling friction" by using yttria (to increase friction) and boron nitride
(to reduce friction). These are applied selectively to cause the metal to stick or
shde, thus affecting thinning. This approach has been used with limited success. Boeing uses Everlube (a colloidal
form of graphite) followed by a light application of boron nitride paint. Rohr uses
Nicrobraze Orange brazing stopoff (boron
nitride with some kind of orange pigment
added). J e t Die and Flameco use T50 (colloidal graphite) with boron nitride powder
rubbed onto the surface.
Gas p r e s s u r e techniques are the

most common method of superplastic

forming oftitanium alloys. Aside from materials characterization and the mechanics of forming, the most important component of the forming process is the
establishment of a pressure/time profile
to maintain strain rates within established limits, i.e., nunimize thinning by
maximizing the strain-rate sensitivity.
The development of the pressure profile
depends on part geometry, changes in flow
stress as a function of strain, strain rate,
and temperature, material thinning, and
frictional effects. In general, pressure/time curves for critical areas of the

Fig. 13(a) H o w s t r e s s v e r s u s true strain rate for IMI 8 3 4 s h e e t at 9 9 0 C (1815 F).

Source: A. W i s b e y a n d P.G. Partridge, "Superplasticity in A d v a n c e d Materials, P r o c e e d i n g s : International Confere n c e on Superplasticity in A d v a n c e d Materials (ICSAM-91)," S.F. Hari, M. Tokizane, a n d N. Furushiro, Ed., O s a k a ,
Japan, June 3-6,1991, 465

Longitudinal
Transverse

10"

10"'

10

10"'

T r u e strain rate, s~

Fig. 13(b) Strain-rate sensitivity v e r s u s true strain rate for IMI 8 3 4 s h e e t at 9 9 0 C (1815 F).
Source: A. W i s b e y a n d P.G. Partridge, "Superplasticity in A d v a n c e d Materials, P r o c e e d i n g s : International Confere n c e on Superplasticity in A d v a n c e d Materials (ICSAM-91)," S.F. Hari, M. Tokizane, a n d N . Furushiro, Ed., O s a k a ,
Japan, J u n e 3-6,1991, 465

1108 / T e c h n i c a l Notes

forming component are blended to yield a

master profile that will reflect the pressure requirement for a critical area at
given time. Critical area is defined as the
location on the forming component that
must remain within strain rate limits to
prevent excessive thinning or premature
fracture. Depending on component geometry, the critical area will change as
forrning progresses.

1000

Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1Mo
Longitudinal

950

1010C

100

Superplastic Forming and

Diffusion Bonding

10

10"'

10

10"'

10"'
Strain r a t e , s"

10"

Ti-25AI-10Nb-3V-1Mo
0.8
Longitudinal

0.6

1010C

0.4

0.2r-

10

10~"

10
S t r a i n r a t e , s"

Fig. 1 4 Effect of test temperature on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n rate c u r v e s for s u p e r oig.

S o u r c e : A.K. G h o s h a n d C H . C h e n g , "Superplasticity in A d v a n c e d Materials, P r o c e e d i n g s : International Confere n c e on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials (ICSAM-91)," S.F. Hari, M. Tokizane, a n d N. Furushiro, Ed., O s a k a ,
Japan, J u n e 3-6,1991, 465

1200
Ti-6AI-4V

low flow s t r e s s
y
1-4 M P a
/
high m
~
~
N o S P F cavitation
/
W i d e S P F T-E r a n g e /

Titanium alloys
~

\
\
^

600

\
Titanium aluminides

0
600

High flow s t r e s s
7-35 MPa
High S P F
Necking/spf c a v i t a t i o n ^ )
Narrow spf T-e r a n g e

800

Super a
\

1000
T e m p e r a t u r e , C

1200

Fig. 1 5 Superplastic elongation of T1-6AI-4V a n d aluminides.

S o u r c e : Unpublished research, Rockwell International

TiAI

2 0 to 5 0

\ .

1400

The versatility of the superplastic

forming process for titanium can be enhanced by combining it with diffusion
bonding (solid-state joining). Both processes require similar conditions, that is,
heat, pressure, clean surfaces, and an inert environment. The combined process is
referred to as superplastic formmg/diffusion bonding (SPF/DB). Diffusion bonding
is carried out simultaneously with superplastic forming, thus eliminating the need
for welding or brazing for complex parts.
The SPF/DB process has greatly extended the applicability of superplastic
forming. Using SPF/DB, a sheet can be
formed onto pre-placed details and diffusion bonded, or two or more sheets can be
formed and bonded at selected locations.
Figure 18 illustrates the SPF/DB process
for three-sheet parts.
Diffusion bonding can be applied only
to selected areas of a part by using a stopoff material (Fig. 18) that is placed between the sheets at locations where no
bonding is desired. Suitable stop-off materials depend on the alloy being bonded
and the temperatures used; yttria and boron nitride have been successfully used.
A p p l i c a t i o n s . Superplastic forming
and SPF/DB are rapidly gaining acceptance in the aircraft/aerospace industry.
Applications range from simple clips and
brackets to major airframe components
and other load-bearing structures.

Superplastic Forming /1109

S u p e r p l a s t i c strain
Fig. 16 Cavitation v s strain of g a m m a Ti-AI.
S o u r c e : Unpublished r e s e a r c h , Rockwell International

1000
0.4 T
800

Ti-6AI-5V
Strain r a t e = 8.3 10" s"
4

Grain s i z e : 3.5
600

400k

200
Stop-off material

, Titanium sheet

Step 1
200

400

600

800

1000

T e m p e r a t u r e , C
Step 2
Fig. 1 7 Elongation v s t e m p e r a t u r e of -6-5V.
S o u r c e : O.A. Kaibyshev, I.V. Kazachkev, a n d R.M. Galeev, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 1 6 , 1 9 9 1 , 2 5 0 1

, ,/\
t

*Ii

pressure

Step 3

Table 2 Activation energies for superplastic deformation and self-diffusion in titanium

alloys
Temperature r a n g e
Alloy

Activation e n e r g y
(Q), kcal/mol

op

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

800-950

1470-1740

50-65

-61-4
-61-4

800-950
850-910
815-927
843-900

1470-1740
1560-1670
1500-1700
1550-1650

45
45-99
45-52

Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Self-diffusion, p h a s e

38-58
40.4

Self-diffusion, p h a s e

36.5

Self-difiiision, p h a s e

31.3

S o u r c e : Metals Handbook,

Vol 1 4 , 9 t h ed., 1988, 844

Gas pressure
expand

77-7--~7777-7-^

Step 4

Gas pressure
expand
Step 5
Fig. 1 8 S c h e m a t i c showing t h e s e q u e n c e of operations for S P F / D B of t h r e e - s h e e t titanium p a r t s .
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Vol 1 4 , 9 t h e d . , 8 4 4

Heat Treating/1111

Technical Note 6: Heat Treating

Adapted from ASM Handbook, Volume 4

Titanium and titanium alloys are heat

treated in order to:

Reduce residual stresses developed

during fabrication (stress relieving)
Produce an optimum combination of
ductility, machinability, and dimensional and structural stability (annealing)
Increase strength (solution treating
and aging)
Optimize special properties such as
fracture
toughness,
fatigue
strength, and high-temperature
creep strength

Various types of annealing treatments

(single, duplex, , and recrystalhzation
annealing, for example), and solution
treating and aging (or overaging) treatments, are imposed to achieve selected
mechanical properties. Stress relieving
and annealing may be employed to prevent preferential chemical attack in some
corrosive environments, to prevent distortion (a stabilization treatment), and to
condition the metal for subsequent forming and fabricating operations.
Key considerations in heat treating of
titanium and its alloys practices that
are to be followed and those that should be
avoidedare summarized below.

Provide sufficient stock for postt r e a t m e n t metal-removal requirements (contaminated metal removal)
Clean components, fixtures, and
furnaces prior to heat treatment
(Caution: Do not use ordinary t a p
water in cleaning of titanium components)
Use temperature controls with an
upper cutoff to prevent temperature
from exceeding beta transus
Charge cold components into furnaces operating at the required temperature
Stack and support components to allow free access of heating and

quenching media
Observe quench-delay
requirements to ensure hardening response
during aging
Review property requirements and
select optimum heat-treating procedure
Review strength requirements and
select proper aging cycle
Remove alpha case after all heat
treating is complete
Check for the presence of hydrogen
after all processing is complete
Do not nest components
Do not allow temperature to exceed
beta transus (unless it is specified as
a beta anneal process)
Do not rely on inert atmosphere or
vacuum for prevention of oxygen
contamination
Do not rely on hardness tests for
measurements of the effects of heat
treatment

Do not pickle assemblies with faying

surfaces
Control pickle/chemical milling
bath to prevent excessive hydrogen
pickup

Alloy Types and Response

to Heat Treatment
The response of titanium and titanium alloys to heat treatment depends on
the composition of the metal and the effects of alloying elements on the - crystal transformation of titanium, for example, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys
can be stress relieved and annealed, but
high strength cannot be developed in
these alloys by any type of heat treatment.
In contrast, strengthening of beta alloys
occurs when the retained beta phase decomposes during aging after solution
treatment. For beta alloys, stress-relieving and aging treatments can be combined, and annealing and solution treat-

Table 1 Summary of heat treatments for - alloys

Heat-treatment
designation

Heat-treatment cycle

D u p l e x anneal
(or overage)

Solution treat a t 5 0 - 7 5 C ( 9 0 - 1 3 5 F)
below (), air cool and a g e for
2 - 8 h a t 5 4 0 - 6 7 5 C ( 1 0 0 0 - 1 2 5 0 F)

Solution treat a n d a g e

Solution treat at - 4 0 C (70 F) below

, w a t e r quench(b) a n d a g e for
2 - 8 h at 5 3 5 - 6 7 5 C (995-1250 F)

B e t a anneal

Solution treat a t - 1 5 C (30 F) above

, air cool a n d stabilize at
6 5 0 - 7 6 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 - 1 4 0 0 F) for 2 h
Solution treat a t - 1 5 C (30 *F) above
, w a t e r q u e n c h a n d t e m p e r at
6 5 0 - 7 6 0 C ( 1 2 0 0 - 1 4 0 0 F) for 2 h
9 2 5 C ( 1 7 0 0 F) for 4 h, cool at
50C/h(90F/h)to760C
(1400 F), air cool

B e t a quench ( B e t a STOA)

Recrystallization a n n e a l

Mill a n n e a l

- hot work p l u s a n n e a l at 705 C

(1300 F) for 3 0 m i n to several
hours a n d air cool

Microstructure
P r i m a r y a, plus
Widmanstatten
- regions
P r i m a r y a, plus
t e m p e r e d a' or a
- mixture
Widmanstatten -
colonies
T e m p e r e d a'

E q u i a x e d with at
grain-boundary
triple points
Incompletely
recrystallized
w i t h a small
v o l u m e fraction of
s m a l l particles

(a) i s t h e b e t a t r a n s u s t e m p e r a t u r e for t h e particular alloy i n question, (b) In m o r e h e a v i l y -stabihzed alloys

s u c h a s Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo or Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, solution t r e a t m e n t m a y b e followed b y a i r cooling. S u b s e q u e n t
a g i n g c a u s e s precipitation of p h a s e t o form a n - mixture.

1112/ T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

ing may be identical operations.

Because alpha-beta alloys are twophase alloys, they are the most common
and the most versatile of the three types of
titanium alloys. Phase compositions,
sizes, and distributions can be manipulated by heat treatment (see Table 1)
within certain limits to enhance a specific
property or to attain a range of strength
levels up to moderate thicknesses.
Not all heat-treating cycles are applicable to all titanium alloys, because the
various alloys are designed for different
purposes. Alloys Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr
(commonly called "Ti-17") and Ti-6A12Sn-4Zr-6Mo are designed for strength in
heavy sections; Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo for
creep resistance; Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-lMo
and Ti-6A1-4V-ELI for resistance to stress
corrosion in aqueous salt solutions, and
for high fracture toughness; Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
for weldability and cryogenic properties;
and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6A1-4V, and Ti-10V2Fe-3Al for high strength a t low-to-moderate temperatures.

Table 2 Minimum metal removal after thermal e x p o s u r e of titanium alloys

Minimum stock
removal
Heat-treating temperature

p e r s u r f a c e (a)

op

temperature, h

mm

in.

4 8 0 to 5 9 3
5 9 4 to 6 4 8

9 0 0 to 1100
1101 to 1200

6 4 9 to 7 0 4

1 2 0 1 to 1300

7 0 5 to 7 6 0

1 3 0 1 to 1400

7 6 1 to 7 8 7

1 4 0 1 to 1450

U p t o 12
U p to 4
4 to 12
U p to 1
lto8
8 to 12
U p to 1
lto4
4 to 8
8 t o 12
U p to 1
lto2
2to4
4 to 8
8 to 12

7 8 8 to 8 1 5

1 4 5 1 to 1500

0.005
0.008
0.015
0.013
0.020
0.025
0.025
0.036
0.038
0.043
0.030
0.038
0.046
0.051
0.056
0.036

0.0002
0.0003
0.0006
0.0005
0.0008
0.0010
0.0010
0.0014
0.0015
0.0017
0.0012
0.0015
0.0018
0.0020
0.0022
0.0014

V to 1

0.041

0.0016

lto2
U p to V

0.051
0.058

0.0020
0.0023

0.066

0.0026

0.076
0.058

0.0030
0.0023

V tol

0.081

0.0032

lto2
U p to V

0.089
0.086

0.0035
0.0034

V tol

0.091

0.0036

lto2
UptoV

0.107
0.097

0.0042
0.0038

V tol

0.107

0.0042

lto2

0.122

0.0048

U p to V

8 1 6 to 8 7 1

1 5 0 1 to 1600

V tol
lto2
2

8 7 2 to 8 9 8

1 6 0 1 to 1650

Stress Relieving
Titanium and titanium alloys can be
stress relieved without adversely affecting strength or ductility. Stress-reHeving
treatments decrease the undesirable residual stresses that result from (a)
nonuniform hot forging deformation, from
cold forming and straightening, (b) asymmetric machining of plate (hogouts) or
forgings, (c) welding, and (d) thermal
stresses from heat treatment. Removal of
such stresses helps maintain shape stability and eliminates unfavorable conditions, such as the loss of compressive yield
strength commonly known as the Bauschinger effect.
When symmetrical shapes are machined in the annealed condition, employing moderate cuts and uniform stock removal, stress reheving may not be
required. Compressor disks made of Ti6A1-4V have been satisfactorily machined
in this manner, conforming with dimensional requirements. In contrast, thin
rings made of the same alloy could be machined at a higher production rate to more
stringent dimensions by stress reheving 2
h at 540 C (1000 F) after rough machining.
Separate stress reheving may be omitted when the manufacturing sequence
can be adjusted to employ annealing or
hardening as the stress-relieving process.
For example, forging stresses may be relieved by annealing prior to macliining.
Large, thin rings have been effectively
processed with minimum distortion by
rough machining in the annealed state,
followed by solution treating, quenching,
partial aging, finish machining, and final
aging. Partial aging relieves quenching

Time at

U p to V

8 9 9 to 9 2 6

1 6 5 1 to 1700

9 2 7 to 9 5 4

1 7 0 1 to 1750

(a) V a l u e s s h o w n are typical, actual v a l u e s m a y v a r y w i t h alloy type. Values are only a guide.

stresses, and final aging relieves stresses

developed during finish machiriing.
Combinations of time a n d temperature that are used for stress relieving titanium and titanium alloys are
listed in the "Heat Treatment'' section of
each alloy datasheet. More than one timetemperature combination may yield satisfactory results (see, for example, the
stress-relief nomograph in the Ti-6A1-4V
datasheet). The higher temperatures usually are used with shorter times, and the
lower temperatures with longer times, for
effective stress relief. During stress relief
of solution-treated and aged titanium alloys, care should be taken to prevent overaging to lower strength. This usually involves selection of a time-temperature
combination that provides partial stress
relief. The parts, in bulk or in fixtures,
may be charged directly into a furnace operating at the stress-relief temperature. If
a part is mounted in a massive fixture, a
thermocouple should be attached to the
largest part of the fixture.
The rate of cooling from the stress-relief
temperature down to about 480 C (900
F) is important. Cooling rates ofless t h a n
about 50 C/h (100 F/h) are recommended down to this temperature. Below

this temperature the cooling rate is optional. Oil or water quenching should not
be used to accelerate cooling, however, because this can induce residual stresses by
unequal cooling. Furnace or air cooling is
acceptable.
Stress-reheving treatments must be
based on the metallurgical response of the
alloy involved. Generally, this requires
holding at a temperature sufficiently high
to relieve stresses without causing an undesirable amount of precipitation or
strain aging in alpha-beta and beta alloys,
or without producing undesirable recrystallization in single-phase alloys that rely
on cold work for strength.
Stress reheving of beta alloys and the
more highly alloyed alpha-beta compositions should be done using a thermal exposure that is compatible with annealing,
solution-treating, stabilization, or aging
process.
There are no nondestructive testing
methods that can measure the efficiency
of a stress-relief cycle other t h a n direct
measurement of residual stresses by xray diffraction. No significant changes in
microstructure due to stress-reheving
heat treatments can be detected by optical
microscopy.

Heat T r e a t i n g / 1 1 1 3

Temperatures used for stress relieving complex weldments of alpha or

alpha-beta alloys should be near the high
ends of the ranges given in the data
sheets. Complex weldments may be defined as those having multiple welds in
complex configurations, possibly involving combinations of machine and manual
welding. Simple weldments of commercially pure titanium (non-structural appheations) often are used without stress
relief. If a weldment is used at elevated
temperatures in service, a stress relief is
recommended to reduce chances of hydrogen embrittlement.

Annealing
Annealing of titanium and titanium
alloys serves primarily to increase fracture toughness, ductility at room temperature, dimensional and thermal stability, and creep resistance. Many
titanium alloys are placed in service in the
annealed state. Because improvement in
one or more properties generally is obtained at the expense of some other property, the annealing cycle should be selected according to the objective of the
treatment. Common annealing treatments are:
.

Mill annealing
Duplex annealing
Triplex annealing
Recrystallization annealing
Beta annealing

Mill annealing is a general-purpose

treatment given to all mill products. It is
not necessarily a full anneal and may
leave traces of cold or warm working in
the microstructures of heavily worked
products (particularly sheet). Duplex and
triplex annealing alter the shapes, sizes,
and distributions of phases to those required for improved creep resistance and
fracture toughness. BotJi recrystallization
and beta annealing treatments are used
to improve fracture toughness. Beta annealing is done at temperatures above the
beta transus of the alloy being annealed.
Straightening, sizing, and flattening
may be combined with annealing by use of
appropriate fixtures. The parts, in bulk or
in fixtures, may be charged directly into a
furnace operating at the annealing temperature.
Either air or furnace cooling may be
used, but the two methods may result in
different levels of tensile properties. For
example, air cooling of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
from the miU-annealing temperature results in lower tensile strength t h a n that
obtained by furnace cooling. If distortion
is a problem, the cooling rate should be

uniform down to 315 C (600 F).

Annealing for Thermal Stability.
In alpha-beta titanium alloys, thermal
stability is a function of beta-phase transformations. During cooling from the annealing temperature, beta may transform
and, under certain conditions and in certain alloys, may form the brittle intermediate omega phase. A stabilization annealing treatment is designed to produce
a stable beta phase capable of resisting
further transformation when exposed to
elevated temperatures in service. Alphabeta alloys that are lean in beta, such as
Ti-6A1-4V, can be air cooled from the annealing temperature without impairing
their stability. Furnace (slow) cooling may
promote formation of 3, an ordering
reaction that can degrade resistance to
stress corrosion. Slight increases in
strength (up to 34 MPa, or 5 ksi) can be
gained in Ti-6A1-4V and in Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
by cooling from the annealing temperature to 540 C (1000 F) at a rate of 56 C/h
(100 F/h).
To obtain maximum creep resistance
and stability in the near-alpha Ti-8A1-lV and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, a duplex annealing treatment is employed.
This treatment begins with solution annealing at a temperature high in the alpha-beta range, usually 30 to 55 C (50 to
100 F) below the beta transus for Ti-8A1-lV and 19 to 56 C (35 to 50 F) below
the beta transus for Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.
Forgings are held for 1 h (nominal) and
then air or fan cooled depending on section size. This treatment is followed by
stabilization annealing for 8 h at 595 C
(1100 F). Final annealing temperature
should be at least 55 C (100 F) above the
maximum anticipated service temperature. Maximum creep resistance can be
developed in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo by beta
annealing or beta processing.
Straightening During Annealing.
It may be difficult to prevent distortion of
close-tolerance thin sections during annealing. Straightening of bar to close tolerances, and flattening of sheet, present
major problems for titanium producers
and fabricators. Because of springback
and resistance to straightening at room
temperature, it is necessary to employ elevated-temperature fonning. At annealing
temperatures, many titanium alloys have
creep resistance low enough to permit
straightening during annealing. With
proper fixturing, and in some instances
judicious weighting, sheet-metal fabrications and thin, complex forgings have
been straightened with satisfactory results. Again, uniform cooling to below 315
C (600 F) can improve results.
Various jigs and processing techniques have been proposed for annealing
titanium in a manner that will yield a flat
product. "Creep flattening" and 'Vacuum

creep flattening" are two such techniques.

Creep flattening consists of heating titanium sheet between two clean, flat sheets
of steel in a furnace containing an oxidizing or inert atmosphere. Vacuum creep
flattening is used to produce stress-free
flat plate for subsequent machining. The
plate is placed on a large, flat ceramic bed
that has integral electric-heating elements. Insulation is placed on top of the
plate, and a plastic sheet is sealed to the
frame. The bed is slowly heated to the annealing temperature while a vacuum is
pulled under the plastic. Atmospheric
pressure is used to creep flatten the plate.

Solution Treating and Aging

A wide range of strength levels can be
obtained in alpha-beta or beta alloys by
solution treating and aging. With the exception of t h e unique Ti-2.5Cu alloy
(which relies on strengthening from the
classic age-hardening reaction of Ti Cu
precipitation similar to the formation of
Guinier-Preston zones in aluminum alloys), the origin of heat-treating responses
of titanium alloys hes in the instability of
the high-temperature beta phase at lower
temperatures. Heating an alpha-beta alloy to the solution-treating temperature
produces a higher ratio ofbeta phase. This
partitioning of phases is maintained by
quenching (air cooling may be sufficient
for beta or metastable beta alloys, at least
in tiiin sections); on subsequent aging, decomposition of the unstable beta phase occurs, providing high strength. Commercial beta alloys, often supplied in the
solution-treated condition, need only be
aged.
After being cleaned, titanium components should be loaded into fixtures or
racks that will permit free access to the
heating and quenching media. Thick and
thin components of the same alloy may be
solution treated together, but the time at
temperature (soaking time) is determined
by the thickest section. For most alloys,
the rule is 20 to 30 min per inch of thickness to get t h e required temperature, followed by t h e required soak time.
Solution Treating a n d - Alloys). To obtain high strength with adequate ductility, it is necessary to solution
treat at a temperature high in the alphabeta field, normally 28 to 83 C (50 to 150
F) below the beta transus of the alloy. If
high fracture toughness or improved resistance to stress corrosion is required,
beta annealing or beta solution treating
may be desirable for or - alloys. A
change in the solution-treating temperature of alpha-beta alloys alters the
amount of beta phase and consequently
changes the response to aging. Selection
of solution-treating temperature usually
is based upon practical considerations
2

1114/ T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

such as the desired level of tensile properties and the amount of ductility to be obtained after aging.
Because solution treating involves
heating to temperatures only slightly below the beta transus, proper control of
temperature is essential. If the beta transus is exceeded, tensile properties (especially ductility) are reduced and cannot be
fully restored by subsequent thermal
treatment. A load may be charged directly
into a furnace operating at the solutiontreating temperature. Although preheating is not essential, it may be used to minimize distortion of complex parts.
Solution Treatment ( Alloys).
Beta alloys normally are obtained from
producers in the solution-treated condition. If reheating is required, soak times
should be only as long as necessary to obtain complete solutioning. Solution-treating temperatures for beta alloys are above
the beta transus; because no second phase
is present, grain growth can proceed rapidly.
Quenching. The rate of cooling from
the solution-treating temperature has an
important effect on strength. If the rate is
too low, appreciable diffusion may occur
during cooling, and decomposition of the
altered beta phase during aging may not
provide effective strengthening.
For alloys relatively high in beta-stabilizer content, and for products of small
section size, air or fan cooling may be adequate; such slow cooling, where allowed
by specified mechanical properties, is preferred because it minimizes distortion.
Beta alloys generally are air quenched
from the solution-treating temperature.
Water or a 5% brine or caustic soda solution is preferred for quenching alphabeta alloys, because these quenchants
provide cooling rates necessary to prevent
decomposition of the beta phase obtained
by solution treating, to provide maximum
response to aging. The need for rapid
quenching is further emphasized by short
quench-delay-time requirements. Depending on the mass of the sections being
heat treated, some alpha-beta alloys can
only tolerate a maximum delay of 7 s,
whereas more highly beta-stabilized alloys can tolerate quench delay times of up
to 20 s. Less sensitive to delayed quenching are alloys such as Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
and Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr, in which
fan air cooling develops good strength
through 100 mm (4 in.) sections.
Section size influences effectiveness of
quenching and, in turn, response to aging.
The amount and type of beta stabilizer in
the alloy determine depth of hardening or
strengthening. Thick sections exhibit
lower tensile properties unless the alloy is
highly alloyed with beta stabilizers.
Aging. The final step in heat treating
titanium alloys to high strength consists

of reheating to an aging temperature between 425 and 650 C (800 and 1200 F).
Aging causes decomposition of the supersaturated beta phase retained on quenching, or transformation ofthe martensite to
+ . The time/temperature combination
selected depends on the alloy and the required strength.
Aging at or near the annealing temperature will result in overaging. This
condition, called solution treated and
overaged, or STOA, is sometimes used to
obtain modest increases in strength while
mamtaining satisfactory toughness and
dimensional stability.
Although the aged condition is not
necessarily one of equihbrium, proper aging produces high strength with adequate
ductility and metallurgical stability. Heat
treatment of alpha-beta alloys for high
strength frequently involves a series of
compromises and modifications, depending on the type of service and on special
properties that are required, such as ductility and suitabihty for fabrication. This
has become especially true where fracture
toughness is important in design and
strength is lowered to improve design life.
During aging of some highly beta-stabilized alpha-beta alloys, beta may transform first to a metastable transition phase
referred to as omega phase. Retained
omega phase, which produces brittleness
unacceptable in alloys heat treated for
service, can be avoided by severe quenching and rapid reheating to aging temperatures above 425 C (800 F). Because a
coarse alpha phase forms, however, this
treatment might not produce optimum
strength properties. An aging practice
that ensures sufficient time and temperature for complete transformation of omega
into alpha usually is employed. Aging
above 425 C (800 F) generally is adequate to complete the reaction.
The metastable beta alloys may not
require solution treatment. Final hot
working, followed by air cooling, leaves
these alloys in a condition comparable to a
solution-treated state. In some instances,
however, solution treating at 790 C (1450
F) has produced better uniformity of
properties after aging. Aging at 480 C
(900 F) for 8 to 60 h produces tensile
strengths of 1.10 to 1.38 GPa (160 to 200
ksi). Aging for times longer than 60 h may
provide higher strengths, but will decrease ductility and fracture toughness if
the alloy contains chromium and titanium-chromium compounds are formed.
Short aging times can be used on coldworked material to produce a significant
increase in strength over that obtained by
cold working. Slow heat-up rates for the
age cycle can cause a significant increase
in strength of the beta alloys relative to
placing the material in a hot furnace. This
is due to the formation of omega or a very

fine alpha as the material heats up to the

aging temperature. These serve as nuclei
when the aging temperature is reached,
and a very fine dispersion, with increased strength, results. Use of beta alloys at service temperatures above 315 C
(600 F) for prolonged periods is not recommended, because the loss of ductility
caused by metallurgical instability is progressive.
Other Special Thermal Treatments. Certain physical properties, such
as notch strength, fracture toughness,
and fatigue resistance can be enhanced in
some alloys by special thermal treatments. Four such treatments are:

Solution treating and overaging of

Ti-6Al-4V: Heat 1 h at 955 C (1750
F), water quench, hold 2 h at 705 C
(1300 F), air cool. Advantages: improved notch strength, fracture
toughness, and creep strength at
strength levels similar to those obtained by regular annealing
Recrystallized annealing of -64V or Ti-6Al-4V-ELI: Heat 4 h or
more at 925 to 955 C (1700 to 1750
F), furnace cool to 760 C (1400 F)
at a rate no higher than 56 C/h (100
F/h), cool to 480 C (900 F) at a rate
no lower t h a n 370 C/h (670 F/h),
air cool to room temperature. Advantages: improved fracture toughness and fatigue-crack-growth characteristics at somewhat reduced
levels of strength
Beta annealing of -6-4 -64V-ELI, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo.
Ti6A1-4V or Ti-6A1-4V-ELI: Heat 5
min to 1 h at 1010 to 1040 C (1850
to 1900 F), air cool to 650 C (1200
F) at a rate of 85 C/min (150
F/min) or higher, then heat 2 h at
730 to 790 C (1350 to 1450 F), air
cool. Advantages: improved fracture
toughness, fatigue crack growth resistance, high cycle fatigue strength
and resistance to aqueous stress corrosion. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo: Heat
V h at 1020 C (1870 F), air cool,
then hold 8 h at 595 C (1100 F), air
cool. Advantages: improved creep
strength at elevated temperatures,
and improved fracture toughness.
Disadvantages: Beta annealing of alloys produces relatively low tensile ductility and fatigue strength.
2

High - solution treatment of Ti5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.3Si

(IMI 834): Determine transus approach curve on small samples by
quenching from temperature and
plotting the percent of phase
against temperature. Choose solution treatment temperature to give

Heat Treating/1115

85 to 88% . Heat 2 h at temperature, oil quench, age at 700 C (1290

F) for 2 h, air cool. Advantages: Excellent combination of creep and fatigue properties with good roomtemperature properties
Post
Heat-Treating
Requirements. Titanium reacts with the oxygen,
water, and carbon dioxide normally found
in oxidizing heat-treating atmospheres
and with hydrogen formed by decomposition of water vapor. Unless the heat treatment is performed in a vacuum furnace or
in an inert atmosphere, oxygen will react
with the titanium at the metal surface
and produce an oxygen-enriched layer
commonly called "alpha case." This brittle
layer must be removed before the component is put into service. It can be removed
by machining, but certain machining operations may result in excessive tool wear.
Standard practice is to remove alpha case
by other mechanical methods or chemical
methods, or by both.
Although temperature and total time
at temperature can be used as a general
guide to determine how much metal
should be removed (see Table 2), oxidation
rates of alloys do vary. One method to
check for complete removal of alpha case
is to etch the component with a solution
composed of 18 g ammonium bifluoride
per liter of water (2.4 oz/gal). The presence
or absence of alpha case is detected by the
difference in etching characteristics: light
gray shows the presence of alpha case;
dark gray indicates its absence. If the
component has been machined, such as a
forging, the ammonium bifluoride treatment must be preceded by etching in a solution consisting nominally of 5% HF, 30%
min HNO3, balance water. For other mill
products, such as plate, microexamination of representative samples removed
from the plate is commonly used.
Small amounts of hydrogen (100 to
200 ppm) can be tolerated in titanium alloys with the specific limiting amount determined by the type of alloy. High hydrogen content can lead to premature failure
of a component. Hydrogen pickup occurs
not only during heat treatment but also
during pickling or chemical cleaning operations used to remove the alpha case.
The amount of hydrogen pickup can only
be determined by chemical analysis. If
high hydrogen content is found, vacuum
annealing is required. A typical vacuum
annealing cycle consists of heating at or
close to the annealing temperature for 2 to
4 h in a vacuum of not less than 10 um.
Hardness testing is not recommended
as a nondestructive method of checking
the efficiency of heat treatment. The correlation between strength and hardness
is poor. Whenever verification of a property is required, the appropriate mechani-

cal test should be used.

Contamination During Heat

Treatment
Before being subjected to any thermal
treatment, titanium components should
be cleaned and dried. Caution: Do not use
ordinary tap water in cleaning titanium
components. Oil, fingerprints, grease,
paint, and other foreign matter should be
removed from all surfaces. Cleaning is required because the chemical reactivity of
titanium at elevated temperatures can
lead to its contamination or embrittlement and can increase its susceptibility to
stress corrosion. After cleaning, parts
should be handled with clean gloves to
prevent recontamination. If a component
is to be sized, straightened, or heat
treated in a fixture, the fixture also should
be free of any foreign matter and loosely
adhering scale.
Oxidation is not of primary concern
in heat treating of titanium, although it
may be a problem in sheet-forming operations. Oxygen pickup during heat treatment results in a surface structure composed predominantly of an oxygen
enriched alpha phase, which can result in
the formation of scale. This condition is
detrimental because of the brittle nature
of the oxygen-enriched alpha structure,
which also is very abrasive to either carbide or high-speed steel machine tools. At
955 C (1750 F), the alpha structure can
extend 0.2 to 0.3 m m (0.008 to 0.012 in.)

20

40

60

below the surface and must be removed.

An antioxidant spray coating may be applied to clean sheet-metal parts in order to
minimize oxygen pickup. Such coatings
work effectively at temperatures up to
about 760 C (1400 F), but their use does
not fully eliminate the need for removing
the surface structure after heat treating.
Oxidation rates may vary considerably for different alloys. For commercially
pure titanium the oxide film is barely perceptible after exposure at 315 C (600 F)
in air, but it becomes darker and thicker
with increasing temperature and time.
Changes in surface color can be used as a
rough guide of exposure temperature in
air (see Table 3), while time at temperature becomes a more significant factor
above about 500 C (see Fig. 1).
Hydrogen pickup can occur during
heat treatment (this is not normally a
problem when using properly maintained
furnaces), but pickling or chemical cleaning operations used to remove the alpha
case is a more likely source of hydrogen
contamination. Current specifications
limit hydrogen content to a maximum of
125 to 200 ppm, depending on alloy and
mill form. Above these limits, hydrogen
embrittles some titanium alloys, thereby
reducing impact strength and notch tensile strength and causing delayed cracking.
With the exceptions of high vacuum,
salt baths, and chemically inert gases,
such as argon, all heat-treating atmospheres contain some hydrogen at tem-

80
Time, min

100

120

140

Fig. 1 Oxidation of unalloyed titanium in air

Table 3 Effect of air temperature on titanium's appearance

Air temperature
C
F
Appearance of oxide film(a)
370
480
650

700
900
1200

(a) Alloying e l e m e n t s a n d surface c o n t a m i n a n t s also influence color.

S t r a w y e l l o w color
B l u e color
Dull gray

160

1116/ Technical Notes

peratures used for aimealing titanium.

Hydrocarbon fuels produce hydrogen as a
by-product of incomplete combustion, and
electric furnaces with air atmospheres
contain hydrogen from breakdown of
water vapor. However, because small
amounts of hydrogen can be tolerated in
titanium and because inert media are expensive, most titanium heat-treating operations are performed in conventional
furnaces employing oxidizing atmospheres with at least 5% excess oxygen in
the flue gas, which normally ehminates
hydrogen or at least keeps it to an acceptable level.
An oxidizing atmosphere serves in two
ways to reduce hydrogen pickup: it reduces the partial pressure of hydrogen in
the surrounding atmosphere, and it provides the titanium with a protective surface oxide that retards hydrogen pickup.
Nitrogen is absorbed by titanium
during heat treatment at a much slower
rate than oxygen and thus does not present a serious contamination problem.
Dry nitrogen has been used successfully
as a lower-cost protective atmosphere for
heat treating of titanium forgings that are
to be fully machined after treatment. If
absorbed in sufficient quantities, however, nitrogen forms a hard, brittle compound.
Carbon monoxide a n d carbon dioxide decompose in the presence of hot titanium and produce surface oxidation.
Chlorides. Titanium alloys are subject to stress corrosion when parts with
high residual stress are exposed to chlorides at temperatures above 290 C (550
F). Salt from fingerprints, and the chlorides contained in some degreasing solutions, may cause stress-corrosion cracking at temperatures above 315 C (600 F).
Although this phenomenon is readily produced in laboratory testing, and is known
to occur during heat treatment, hot-salt
cracking has not been a problem in service. Care is required during thermal processing to ensure freedom from chloride
contamination.

Growth During Heat

Treatment
Solution treating of large parts requires allowances for growth during heat
treatment. The growth due to heating
may be retained after cooling, and this
growth may be increased either by longer
holding times at solution temperature or
by lower heating rates.
Atmospheres. An oxidizing atmosphere should be maintained during any
thermal treatment of titanium. Furnaces
normally operated with exothermic atmospheres, endothermic cracked-ammoma atmospheres, or hydrogen atmos-

pheres, because of the danger of hydrogen

pickup, should be thoroughly "burned
out" before being used for processing of titanium. If dimensions, shape, or size do
not permit removal of scale by subsequent
pickling or machiriing, a vacuum or an inert gas such as argon also can be used. Antioxidant coatings suitable for use to 760
C (1400 F) can be employed to minimize
contamination, though the resulting contamination still should be removed.
Furnaces. Titanium usually is annealed or stress relieved in conventional
furnaces constructed for annealing of
steel. These furnaces are electric, gas
fired, or oil fired, in order of decreasing
popularity. The
temperature-control
equipment for these operations should
have an accuracy of 5.5 C (10 F) and
should be capable of controlling and recording the desired temperature within
14 C (25 F), except where tighter controls are required by the heat treatment
specification in use. Some specifications
require control of the aging temperature
to 5.5 C(10 F).
Vacuum annealing furnaces are of
either the cold-wall or the hot-wall type
and may be heated by gas or electricity.
Cold-wall electric vacuum furnaces are
used most commonly with titanium.
Maximum furnace operating temperature depends on the heating elements and
radiation shields, but usually these furnaces are designed for a maximum temperature of 980 C (1800 F) and are adequate for all titanium alloys. Hot-wall
electric furnaces and gas-fired vacuum
furnaces have been used in production.
When the furnace employs a metallic retort, operating temperatures are held below 980 C (1800 F); higher temperatures
can be achieved with ceramic retort tubes.
Laboratory vacuum annealing furnaces usually are operated at pressures of
0.1 um or less, whereas production furnaces are designed to operate at pressure
of0.5to3.0 um.
Vacuum annealing is expensive, and
generally it is used only when: (a) a reduction in hydrogen content is required, (b)
further hydrogen contamination is prohibited, or (c) allowances that can be made
for stock removal are insufficient to permit surface contamination resulting from
armealing in air. Hydrogen outgassing at
700 C (1300 F) and below is so slow that
its cost may be prohibitive. Atemperature
of 730 C (1350 F) is recommended as a
minimum, and temperatures from 760 to
790 C (1400 to 1450 F) are preferred. At
a temperature of 760 C , removal of 100
ppm of hydrogen from 13 to 25 m m (Vfc to 1
in.) sections of Ti-6A1-4V alloy required
approximately 2 h at a pressure of
<10 um. Actual time at temperature may
vary widely depending on the capacity of
the furnace to maintain a vacuum.

Solution-treating equipment can

vary from a simple furnace with accurate
temperature control and a water-quench
tank to specialized installations for treating complex parts. Electrically heated furnaces are preferred because they minimize hydrogen pickup, although fuel-fired
furnaces with slightly oxidizing conditions or with muffles that protect the metal from combustion products have been
used successfully. Resistance and induction heating also have been used to reduce
heating times and to minimize contamination during solution treatment. Accuracy of temperature-control equipment
should be within 2.8 C (5 F), and the
desired temperature should be controlled
within 14 C (25 F).
To reduce distortion in long, thin products such as sheet or extrusions, in hollow
cylinders and in long forgings during immersion quenching, parts often are suspended vertically in an electrically heated
drop-bottom furnace. In addition, weights
usually are attached to the bottom ends of
sheet to improve flatness during heating
and to facilitate lowering of the sheet into
the quench tank.
Quenching Media. Because rapid
cooling is required after solution treating
of most titanium alloys, either water or a
5% brine or caustic soda solution is most
widely used as the quenching medium.
Low-viscosity oil with a high flash point
has been used effectively in vertical immersion quenching of sheet to reduce distortion. Quenching oils used with steel
provide rapid cooling to 370 to 425 C (700
to 800 F), and these oils are satisfactory.
Their use, however, should be limited to
thin sections to avoid degradation of
strength compared to that obtained by
water quenching from the same solution
temperature. Various concentrations of
glycol in water will produce quench rates
between those of water and those of oil.
Aging Furnaces. Because they do
not involve combustion by-products, furnaces of the electrical-resistance type are
preferable for aging titanium and its alloys. Retorts, however, may be used with
oil-fired or gas-fired furnaces to avoid contamination. Aging furnaces normally are
equipped with internal fans to promote circulation of air or other atmosphere
throughout the work zone. Temperaturecontrol equipment should be accurate to
1.1 C (2 F) and shouldbe capable of controlling temperature within 8 C (15 F).
At normal aging temperatures of 480
to 595 C (900 to 1100 F), a protective atmosphere is not required. Aging in air produces a superficial scale that can be removed easily by mechanical or chemical
means.
Fixtures. In fixturing titanium components or assemblies to prevent distortion, the thermal-expansion charac-

Heat T r e a t i n g / 1 1 1 7

teristics of both the titanium alloy and the

fixture itself must be considered. Ideally,
both the alloy and the fixture will have
equivalent thermal expansion characteristics within the intended aging-temperature range. Mild steel is commonly
used because it is low in cost and can be
made reasonably resistant to oxidation at
aging temperatures through use of coatings such as electroless nickel. When mild
steel fixtures are used, allowances must

be made for the slight difference between

the thermal expansion of the mild steel
and that of titanium to avoid undesirable
growth or distortion of the treated part.
In some applications, it is necessary to
reduce or eliminate existing distortion in
a part or assembly. This distortion may
have resulted from water quenching, from
relief of residual stresses during machining, from stresses induced by welding, or
from uncontrollable springback after

forming. Proper fixturing during aging

can be used to minimize such distortion.
Fixtures also must guard against sagging;
for example, Ti-6A1-4V has a tendency to
sag at 955 C (1750 F) during solution
heat treating. Because titanium alloys exhibit creep behavior within the normal
range of aging temperatures, it is possible
to fixture and "creep form" components or
assemblies to desired shape. Parts also
may be sized by fixturing during aging.

Machining/1119

Technical Note 7: Machining

Titaniiarn is one of the more difficult
metals to machine, but reasonable production rates and excellent surface finish
can be obtained with conventional machining methods if the unique characteristics of this metal (such as its reactivity) are taken into account. Relative
cutting resistance is shown in Fig. 1(a).
Success in machining titanium depends
largely on overcoming several of the inherent properties of the metal:

Titanium is chemically reactive and

therefore has a tendency to weld to
the tool during the machining process, t h u s leading to chipping and
premature tool failure. Additionally,
its low heat conductivity increases
the temperature at the tool/workpiece interface, thereby also affecting tool life adversely
The low elastic modulus of titanium
permits greater deflections of workpieces, and proper backup may be
required. Greater clearances of cutting tools are also required due to
these deflections
Mamtaining a sharp tool is very
critical. Susceptibility to surface
damage during machining operations, particularly during grinding,
is a disadvantage. Even properly
processed giinding operations can
result in surfaces t h a t lower fatigue
life appreciably

Machining Methods. Conventional

machining methods include turning; face
milling, peripheral end milling, and climb
cutting; drilling; tapping; reaming; wheel
grinding, belt grmding, abrasive cutting,
and hand abrasive grmding; hack sawing;
and band sawing. Widely used nontraditional methods include electrochemical
machining (ECM), chemical milling
(CHM), and laser beam machining
(LBM).

Guidelines
The following six guidelines contribute to the efficient machining of titanium:

Use of low cutting speeds: Tool tip

temperature is strongly affected by
cutting speed. A low cutting speed
helps to minimize tool edge temperature and maximize tool life.
Lower speeds are required for alloys
such as Ti-6A1-4V t h a n are necessary for unalloyed titanium
Maintain high feed rates: Tool temperature is affected less by feed rate
t h a n by speed. The highest rate of
feed consistent with good practice
should be used. The depth of cut
should be greater t h a n the workhardened layer resulting from the
previous cut
Use a generous quantity of cutting
fluid: A coolant provides heat transfer in addition to washing away
chips and reducing cutting forces,
t h u s improving tool life
Maintain sharp tools: Tool wear results in a buildup of metal on the
cutting edges and causes poor surface finish, tearing, and deflection of
the workpiece
Never stop feeding while tool and
work are in moving contact: Permitting a tool to dwell in moving contact
with titanium causes work hardening and promotes smearing, galling,
and seizing, which may lead to a total tool breakdown
Use rigid setups: Rigidity of the machine tool and workpiece ensures a
controlled depth of cut

Tbol Materials. Cutting tools used to

machine titanium require abrasion resistance and adequate hot hardness. Carbide tools (such as grades C-2 and C-3), if
feasible, optimize production rates. General-purpose high-speed tool steels (such
as grades M l , M2, M7, and M10) are often
suitable. However, best results are generally obtained with more highly alloyed
grades, such as T5, T15, M33, and the
M40 series.
In recent years, new tool materials
such as ceramics, coated carbides, and cubic boron nitride have increased the rate

of metal removal of steels, cast irons, and

heat-resistant alloys. Also, polycrystalline diamonds have made it possible to
machine high-siHcon aluminum alloys
much more economically. None of these
newer developments in cutting tool materials has found application in increasing
the productivity of titanium machined
parts. Some improvement, however, has
been noted by the use of cemented carbides having submicron grain size.
Cutting tool performance is influenced
by many factors other than grade selection. Setup, processing methods, grmding
techniques, material quality, and the condition of the machine tool and fixturing all
influence cutter performance. For example, a setup using climb milling improves
tool life as compared with conventional
milling or having the work on center. With
climb milling, there is less tendency for
chipping because the chip leaving the tool
is thinner than a chip produced in conventional milling.
Cutting Fluid. The correct use of
coolants during machining operations
greatly extends cutting tool life. Chemically active cutting fluids transfer heat efficiently and reduce cutting forces between tool and workpiece.
Large quantities of cutting fluid are
needed to keep the workpiece and cutting
tool cool during high-speed machining operations. Water-base fluids are more efficient than oils. A weak solution of rust inhibitor and/or water-soluble oil (5 to 10%)
is the most practical fluid for high-speed
cutting operations. Slow speed and complex operations may require (Morinated
or sulfurized oils to rmnimize fractional
forces and the galling and seizing tendency of titanium. The best tool life in intermediate-speed operations may be obtained by using a good coolant containing
a chemically active additive.
Chlorine-Containing Fluids. If
chlorinated cutting fluids are used on alloys that may be subject to stress-corrosion cracking, caxefully controlled postmachining cleaning operations must be
followed. The general prohibition against
the use of cUorme-containing cutting fluids is not universally observed. A number

1120 / Technical Notes

Table 1 Nominal speeds and feeds for turning titanium and titanium alloys with high-speed tool steel and carbide tools

Material

Hardness,
HB

Condition

C o m m e r c i a l l y p u r e 110-170
Ti(99.0)

Annealed

140-200

Annealed

200-275

Annealed

Alpha alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn,Ti5Al-2.5Sn-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2NblTa-0.80Mo
Alpha-beta alloys
Ti-6Al-4V,Ti-6Al4V-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

Beta alloys
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zr,

300-340

Annealed

Depth
High-speed tool steel
Carbide tool, uncoated
Feed, Tool
of
Feed,
Tool
Speed, m/min (sfm)
mm/rev
Material
Speed,
cut,
mm/rev
material
Indexable (inVrev)
grade
m m (in.) (a) m/min (sfm) (inVrev)
grade, AISI Brazed
1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)
1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)
1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16 (0.625)
1.0 (0.040)
4.0 (0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)

T15,M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)
T15,M42(b)

5 8 (190)
52(170)
4 6 (150)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25 (0.010)
0.38 (0.015)

T15,M42(b)
T15,M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)

3 5 (115)
32(105
2 9 (95)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25 (0.010)
0.38(0.015)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)

2 4 (80)
2 1 (70)
18(60)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)
0.38(0.015)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)

T15,M42(b)

160(525)
1 3 7 (450)
104(340)
5 2 (170)
137(450)
119 (390)
88(290)
4 4 (145)
8 8 (290)
76(250)
5 8 (190)
29(95)
66(215)
56(185)
43(140)
2 1 (70)

172(565)
148 (485)
110 (360)
5 5 (180)
152 (500)
130 (425)
9 8 (320)
49(160)
113(370)
9 8 (320)
7 3 (240)
37(120)
76(250)
66(215)
49(160)
24(80)

0 . 1 3 (0.005)
0 . 2 5 (0.010)
0 . 3 8 (0.015)
0.50(0.020)
0 . 1 3 (0.005)
0 . 2 5 (0.010)
0 . 3 8 (0.015)
0 . 5 0 (0.020)
0.13 (0.005)
0 . 2 0 (0.008)
0 . 3 8 (0.015)
0 . 5 0 (0.020)
0.13 (0.005)
0 . 2 0 (0.008)
0 . 2 5 (0.010)
0 . 3 8 (0.015)

C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2
C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2
C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2
C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2

Annealed

1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)

2 1 (70)
18(60)
15(50)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)
0.38(0.015)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
T15,M42(b)
T15,M42(b)

52(170)
44(145)
34(110)
17 (55)

69
59
44
21

(225)
(195)
(145)
(70)

0.13
0.20
0.25
0.38

(0.005)
(0.008)
(0.010)
(0.015)

C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2

320-380

Solution
treated
and aged

1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)

2 0 (65)
17 (55)
14(45)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)
0.38(0.015)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
T15,M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)

4 9 (160)
4 1 (135)
26(85)
15(50)

58(190)
50(165)
3 7 (120)
18 (60)

0.13
0.20
0.25
0.38

(0.005)
(0.008)
(0.010)
(0.015)

C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2

275-350

Annealed or
solution
treated

1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)

12 (40)
9(30)
7(25)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)
0.38(0.015)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)
T 1 5 , M42(b)

3 8 (125)
3 2 (105)
24(80)
12 (40)

4 9 (160)
4 1 (135)
26(85)
15(50)

0.13
0.20
0.25
0.38

(0.005)
(0.008)
(0.010)
(0.015)

C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2

11(35)
7(25)

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)

T15,M42(b)
T15,M42(b)

36
27
21
11

3 8 (125)
3 2 (105)
24(80)
12(40)

0.13
0.20
0.25
0.38

(0.005)
(0.008)
(0.010)
(0.015)

C-3
C-2
C-2
C-2

350-440

Solution
treated
and aged

N o t e : E L I , e x t r a - l o w i n t e r s t i t i a l , (a) Caution:
Research Associates Inc.

7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)

1.0(0.040)
4.0(0.150)
7.5(0.300)
16(0.625)

(110)
(90)
(70)
(35)

C h e c k p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s o n h e a v i e r d e p t h s of c u t . (b) A n y p r e m i u m h i g h - s p e e d tool s t e e l c a n b e u s e d . Source: Metcut

of tests have been run in an attempt to develop specifics concerning the prohibition
and when it should and should not be observed.
In one study, the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory (AFML Technical Report
69-144, 1969) arrived at certain conclusions such as:

0.13 (0.005)
0.25(0.010)
0.38(0.015)

310-350

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-11.5Mo6Zr-4.5Sn,
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al,Ti13V-llCr-3Al

76(250)
6 7 (220)
53(175)

Sulfurized and chlorinated solubleoil emulsions used in low-stress

grinding and end milling/end cutting did not degrade the high-cycle
fatigue strength of annealed Ti-6A14V (34 HRC) at 25 C (75 F) and
315 C (600 F) relative to results
from a neutral soluble-oil emulsion
Sulfurized and chlorinated solubleoil emulsions used in abusive grinding did not degrade the 25 C (75 F)

high-cycle fatigue strength of Ti6A1-4V relative to results from a

neutral soluble-oil emulsion
Sulfurized and chlorinated oils and
soluble-oil emulsions at crack tip environments did not accelerate 25 C
(75 F) fatigue crack propagation
rates in Ti-6A1-4V at 1 cpm and 1800
cpm relative to results in laboratory
air environment
A100 h exposure under stress to sulfurized and chlorinated soluble oil
emulsions did not affect 25 C (75
F) bend test results from low-stress
ground and end milled end cut Ti6A1-4V relative to results from a
neutral soluble-oil emulsion

Another series of tests are reported (in

German in WTZ Industr., Vol 69,1979,

79-82). It was found through Auger analysis that when a cutting fluid containing
chlorine was used, surface films were developed that had a thickness equal to or
less than 150 nm (1500 A) and a chlorine
content of 3 at.% at the most. Similar films
with 1.5 at.% and 100 to 150 nm (1000 to
1500 A) thickness were obtained by machining titanium with demineralized
water. The engineers concluded that the
prohibition of machining titanium with
lubricants containing chlorine additives
can no longer be maintained.
F i r e P r e v e n t i o n . Fine particles of titanium can ignite and burn. Use of waterbase coolants or large volumes of oil-base
coolants generally eliminates the danger
of ignition during machining operations.
However, an accumulation of titanium
fines can pose a fire hazard. Chips, turnings, and other titanium fines should be

Machining/1121

Fig. 1(a)

Cutting r e s i s t a n c e of various titanium alloys

Side rake
angle
Side
relief
angle

End c u t t i n g e d g e a n g l e ( s e e N o t e )

Back rake angle

Note:
E n d relief a n g l e

Tool material
High-speed steel
B r a z e d carbide
Indexable carbide

Use t h e largest n o s e radius and t h e

largest side cutting e d g e angle or e n d
cutting e d g e angle that are consistent with part r e q u i r e m e n t s .

Back r a k e angle,
degrees

S i d e r a k e angle,
degrees

0
0

5
6
-5(a)

-5(a)

Relief angle,
degrees

( a ) F o r h e a v y cuts. All r a k e a n d relief a n g l e s a r e m e a s u r e d i n t h e n o r m a l direction. W r o u g h t a n d c a s t t i t a n i u m

alloys h a v i n g h a r d n e s s of 110 to 4 4 0 H B . Source: A d a p t e d from Machining
Data Handbook,
Vol 2, 3rd ed.,
M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc., 1 9 8 0

Fig. 1 (b) Typical tool g e o m e t r i e s for single-point turning of titanium alloys

collected regularly to prevent undue accumulation and should always be removed

from machines at the end of the day.
Salvageable material should be placed
in covered, labeled, clean, dry, steel containers and stored, preferably in an outside yard area. Nonsalvageable fines
should be properly disposed. Titanium
sludge should not be permitted to dry out
before being removed to an isolated, outside location.
Dry powders developed for extinguishing combustible metal fines are recommended for the control of titanium
fires. For maximum safety, such extinguishers should be readily available to
each machinist working with titanium.
Dry sand retards but does not extinguish
titanium fires. Carbon dioxide and chlorinated hydrocarbons are not recommended. Water should never be applied
directly to a titanium fire.

Turning and Boring

Turning is the simplest of machining
operations for titanium and its alloys. By
means of proper machine parameters and
the use of a coolant, surface finishes of
0.50 to 0.75 um (20 to 30 .) rms are obtainable with 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) tolerances. Turning, facing, and boring operations on titanium are essentially the

1122 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Table 2 T o o l geometries for negative rake t h r o w a w a y inserts

Solid-base tool holders with negative rake tool geometry as follows: back-rake angle, 5 degrees; side-rake angle, 5 degrees; end-relief angle, 5 degrees; side-relief angle, 5 degrees.
Tool h o l d e r
style
O-degree t u r n i n g
0-degree t u r n i n g
O-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
30-degree t u r n i n g
45-degree t u r n i n g
Facing
Facing
O-degree offset t u r n i n g

Type
insert
Triangle
Triangle
Round
Triangle
Triangle
Square
Triangle
Triangle
Square
Triangle
Square
Triangle

End-cutting-edge Side-cutting-edge
angle, degrees
angle, d e g r e e s
5
3
8
23
18
15
20
35
45
0
15
3

0
0
0
15
15
15
15
30
45
0
0
0

Source: M a c h i n i n g a n d Grinding o f T i t a n i u m and T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , N A S A Technical M e m o r a n d u m N o . X 5 3 3 1 2 ,

1965

Table 3 T o o l geometries for positive rake t h r o w a w a y inserts

Solid-base tool holders with positive rake tool geometry as follows: back-rake angle, 0 degrees; side-rake angle, 5 degrees; end-relief angle, 5 degrees; side-relief angle, 5 degrees.
Tool
holder
style
O-degree t u r n i n g
O-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
15-degree t u r n i n g
30-degree t u r n i n g
Facing
Facing
O-degree offset t u r n i n g

Type
insert
Triangle
Triangle
Triangle
Square
Triangle
Triangle
Triangle
Square
Triangle

End-cuttingedge-angle,
degrees
3
5
23
15
20
35
0
15
3

Side-cuttii
e d g e angli
degrees
0
0
15
15
15
30
0
0
0

Source: M a c h i n i n g a n d Grinding o f T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , N A S A Technical M e m o r a n d u m N o . X 5 3 3 1 2 ,

1965

same, and no unusual difficulties are experienced with any of them. They give less
trouble than milling, especially when cutting is continuous rather than intermittent. The same speeds used for turning
(see Table 1) can be used for boring and
facing cuts. However, in most cases, the
depths of cut and feeds will have to be reduced during boring because of an inherent lack of rigidity of the operation. The
problems to be minimized in turning-type
operations include high tool-tip temperatures, and the galling and abrasive properties of titanium toward tool materials.
During machining, chips should be expelled from the work area as promptly as
possible, particularly during boring.
Chips lying on the surface tend to produce
chatter and poor surface finishes.
The tool should be examined frequently for nicks or worn flanks. These defects promote galling, increase cutting
temperature, accelerate tool wear, and increase residual stresses in the machined
surface. Sharp edges of turned titanium
surfaces are potential sources of failure
and should be removed with a wet file or

wet emery. This operation should not be

done dry or with oil because of a potential
fire hazard. Large amounts of water-base
soluble oils (5 to 10% solution) or chemically active coolants (5% sodium nitrate in
water) are recommended. Sulfochlorinated oils may be used, if necessary, at low
cutting speeds.
Tooling. Carbide tools provide the
highest production rates for continuous
turning operations. Interrupted cuts,
plunge cuts, and grooving are best performed by the softer but tougher highspeed tool steels. Tools must be resharpened or replaced before final tool failure
occurs. A0.38 mm (0.015 in.) wear land for
carbide tools and 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) wear
land for high-speed tool steel or cast alloy
tools can be used as a guide for halting
turning operations. High-speed steel and
cast alloy tools should be ground on a tool
grinder to the tool geometry needed. The
same is true for carbide tools; however, offthe-shelf brazed and throwaway carbide
tools may fit the rake, lead, and relief angle requirements and are convenient to
use. Cutting tools should be carefully

ground and finished so that the tool surfaces over which chips pass possess a good
finish, with the direction of finishing corresponding to the chip-flow direction. A
rough surface can cause a properly designed tool to deteriorate rapidly. The life
of a carbide tool can be extended if the
sharp cutting edge is slightly relieved by
honing.
Substantial reductions in costs are
achieved by the use of throwaway tooling
inserts, and the performance of mechanically clamped inserts is at least as good as
that of brazed tools. Therefore, carbide inserts generally are used for turning operations because of their lower cost per cutting edge. Factors contributing to this
saving include:

Reduced tool-grinding costs

Reduced tool-changing costs
Reduced scrap
Increased use of harder carbides for
longer tool life or increased metalremoval rates
Savings through tool standardization
Maximum carbide utilization per
top dollar

Disposal-type carbide (C-2) inserts in

heavy-duty negative rake tool holders
provide maximum metal removal at minimum cost in turning. Throwaway carbide
inserts are designed to be held mechanically in either positive- or negative-rake
tool holders (see Tables 2 and 3). The tool
geometries for brazed tools are also shown
(see Fig. lb) although inserts are more
common.
Tool a n g l e s are important for controlling chip flow, minimizing smearing or
chipping, and maximizing heat dissipation. The rake angles and the side-cutting
edge angle detennine the angle of inclination and chip flow. Relief angles, together
with the rake angles, control chipping and
smearing.
Positive, zero, or negative rake angles
can be used, depending on the alloy, heattreated condition, the tool material, and
macliining operation. Anegative side rake
is recommended for rough turning with
carbide tools, while a positive rake is best
for finish and semifinish turning or when
high-speed tool steels are used.
The side-cutting edge angle influences
the cutting temperature near the cutting
zone. Larger angles reduce cutting pressure and present longer tool edges. The reduced pressure minimizes heat generation; longer cutting edges allow a greater
amount of heat dissipation. Higher values
of the side-cutting edge angle generally
permit greater feeds and speeds, unless
chipping occurs as the cutting load is applied or removed.

Machining/1123

Table 4 Nominal roughing speeds and feeds for reaming titanium and titanium alloys

Material
CPTi

Hardness,
HB
Condition
110-170

Annealed

140-200

Annealed

200-275

Annealed

Alpha alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn,
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
ELI,
-612Nb-lTa-

300-340

Alpha-beta
alloys
Ti-6Al-4V,Ti6A1-4V-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-6Mo
Beta alloys

Speed,
m/min
(sfm)

3 mm
(1/8 in.)

Feed, mm/rev (inVrevHa)

R e a m e r diameter
6mm
13 m m
38 m m
25 m m
(1/4 in.)
(1/2 in.)
(11/2 in.)
din.)

50 nun
(2 in.)

Tool
material
grade, AISI <
C grade

(0.025)
(0.025)
(0.025
(0.025)
(0.025)
(0.025)

M l , M2, M7
C-2
M l , M2, M7
C-2
M l , M 2 , M7
C-2

0.30 (0.012) 0 . 3 8 ( 0 . 0 1 5 )
0 . 4 0 ( 0 . 0 1 6 ) 0.50 (0.020)

0.43 (0.017)
0.58 (0.023)

T15, M42(b)
C-2

0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)

0.35(0.014)
0.35(0.014)

0.40 (0.016)
0.40 (0.016)

T15, M42(b)
C-2

0.25 (0.010)
0.25 (0.010)

0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)

0.35 (0.014)
0.35(0.014)

0.40(0.016)
0.40(0.016)

T15, M42(b)
C-2

0.13 (0.005)
0.13 (0.005)

0.18 (0.007)
0.18(0.007)

0 . 2 5 ( 0 . 0 1 0 ) 0.30 (0.012)
0.25 (0.010) 0.30 (0.012)

0.35 (0.014)
0.35(0.014)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
C-2

0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004)

0.15(0.006)
0.15(0.006)

0.20(0.008)
0.20(0.008)

0.30 (0.012)
0.30 (0.012)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
C-2

5 3 (175)
114(375)
4 3 (140)
114(375)
37 (120)
91(300)

0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004)
0.10 (0.004)
0.10 (0.004)
0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004)

0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20

(0.008)
(0.008)
(0.008)
(0.008)
(0.008)
(0.008)

0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)

0.45(0.018)
0.45(0.018)
0.45(0.018)
0.45(0.018)
0.45 (0.018)
0.45(0.018)

Annealed

21(70)
76 (250)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

0.18 (0.007)
0.20 (0.008)

0.23 (0.009)
0.30(0.012)

310-350

Annealed

20(65)
6 1 (200)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

0.15 (0.006)
0.15(0.006)

0.25 (0.010)
0.25 (0.010)

320-380

STA

15 (50)
4 9 (160)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

0.18 (0.007)
0.18(0.007)

275-350

A n n e a l e d or
solution
treated

9(30)
2 3 (75)

0.05(0.002)
0.05 (0.002)

350-440

STA

6(20)
15(50)

0.05 (0.002)
0.05 (0.002)

0.55(0.022)
0.55(0.022)
0.55(0.022)
0.55(0.022)
0.55(0.022)
0.55(0.022)

0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64

O.8OM0

BetaC
Ti-8Mo-8V2Fe-3Al,
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr4.5Sn
Ti-10V-2Fe3AL
Ti-13V-llCr3A1

0.25 (0.010)
0.25 (0.010)

N o t e : ELI, extra-low interstitial, (a) B a s e d o n four flutes for 3 a n d 6 m m (1/8 a n d 1/4 in.) i n r e a m e r s , s i x flutes for 13 m m (1/2 in.) r e a m e r s , and e i g h t flutes for 2 5 m m (1
in.) a n d larger r e a m e r s , (b) A n y p r e m i u m h i g h - s p e e d tool s t e e l c a n b e u s e d . Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

Relief angles between 5 and 12 degrees can be used on titanium. Angles less
than 5 degrees encourage smearing of titanium on the flank of the tool. Relief angles around 10 degrees are better, although some chipping can occur. Chip
breaking devices should be used for good
chip control.
R e a m i n g and boring are related processes with overlapping appheations.
Reaming to a tolerance of +0.05 to -0.000
mm (+0.002 to -0.000 in.) is possible.
Reamer margins tend to gall and seize,
but proper tool design and operating conditions effectively eliminate the problem.
Sufficient stock must be available to provide continuous cutting and prevent galling and work hardening.
High-speed steel and carbide reamers
are generally effective. However, tool
steels deteriorate rapidly after tool wear
starts. Spiral-flute reamers generally provide longer life than do straight-flute
reamers. Sulfochlorinated oils appear to
be the best cutting fluid. However, waterbase oil emulsions are also effective, particularly with the softer, unalloyed titanium grades. Nominal cutting speeds are

shown for roughing and finishing (see Tables 4 and 5).

Milling
The principal methods of milling are
classified as peripheral, face, and end.
These terms refer to the type of cutter
used (see Fig. 2) and to the relationship of
the spindle to the surface being milled. In
some cases, the differences between the
three methods are clearly defined, but
more often a given milling operation is a
combination of two methods. This is particularly true of end milling, which is almost invariably a combination of peripheral and face milling.
The milling method selected for a specific application depends largely on the
amount ofmetal to be removed, workpiece
size and shape, and the configuration to
be milled. Total quantity to be produced,
production rate (quantity per unit of
time), work metal hardness, and cost are
more likely to influence modifications of
procedure within a given method than to
determine selection of the method itself.
Milling machines are capable of ma-

chining holes and locating them with a

fair degree of accuracy; tolerances range
from 25 to 50 um (0.001 to 0.002 in.). A
milling machine is economical for doing
such work in small quantities without additional equipment. If the holes do not
need to be located accurately, a drill press
will perform the task more quickly and
easily. For large quantities, the milling
machine is usually slower and unable to
compete with jigs on drilling machines or
with production boring machines. Jig boring machines are necessary where holes
must be located more precisely than can
be done with milling machines. Large
pieces require the capacity and range of
horizontal boring machines.
Flat,
straight, and many curved and irregular
surfaces can be shaped, planed, or
broached as well as milled.
Tool Wear. Welding and edge chipping are the basic tool wear problems
when milling titanium. The amount of titanium welded on cutter edges is proportional to the chip thickness as each tooth
leaves the cut. The weld metal and part of
the underlying cutting edge then chips off
as each tooth re-enters the cut, thus start-

1124/Technical Notes

Table 5 Nominal finishing speeds and feeds for reaming (see notes for Table 4)

Material
CPTi

Alpha alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI,
Ti-6Al-2NblTa-0.80Mo
Alpha-beta
alloys
Ti-6A1-4V,
Ti-6A1-4V-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo,
320-380
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr2Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr
-6Mo
Beta alloys
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zr,
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe3A1,
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr4.5Sn,
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al,
Ti-13-113

Speed,
Hardness,
m/min
HB
Condition (sfm)
110-170

Annealed

140-200

Annealed

200-275

Annealed

3 mm
(1/8 in.)

F e e d , m m / r e v (in7rev)(a)
Reamer diameter
6 mm
13 m m
25 nun
38 m m
(1/4 in.)
(1/2 in.)
(lin.)
(11/2 in.)

Tool
material
grade, AISI or
C grade

50 m m
(2 in.)

0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.0212)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)
0.30(0.012)

0.38(0.015)
0 . 3 8 (0.015)
0 . 3 5 (0.014)
0.35(0.014)
0.35(0.014)
0.35(0.014)

0.50(0.020)
0.50 (0.020)
0.40 (0.016)
0.40(0.016)
0.40(0.016)
0.40(0.016)

M l , M2, M7

0.15 (0.006)

0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)

18(60)
2 3 (75)
15(50)
20(65)
14(45)

0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10

(0.004)
(0.004)
(0.004)
(0.004)
(0.004)

0.15(0.006)
0.15(0.006)
0.15(0.006)
0.15(0.006)
0.15 (0.006)

18(60)

0.10 (0.004)

C-2
Ml, M2,M7
C-2
M1,M2,M7
C-2

300-340

Annealed

6(20)
11 (35)

0.10(0.004)
0.10(0.004)

0.15 (0.006)
0.15 (0.006)

0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)

0 . 3 0 (0.012)
0 . 3 0 (0.012)

0.35 (0.014)
0.35(0.014)

0.40 ( 0 . 0 1 6 )
0.40(0.016)

T15, M42(b)
C-2

310-350

Annealed

6(20)
11(35)

0.10 (0.004)
0.10(0.004)

0.15(0.006)
0.15 (0.006)

0.25(0.010)
0.25(0.010)

0 . 3 0 (0.012)
0 . 3 0 (0.012)

0 . 3 5 (0.014)
0.35(0.014)

0.40(0.016)
0.40(0.016)

T15, M42(b)
T15,M42(b)
C-2

STA

6(20)

0.08 (0.003D. 13 ( 0 . 0 0 5 )

0.20 (0.008)

0.25(0.010)

0 . 3 0 (0.012)

0 . 3 5 (0.014)

T15, M42(b)
C-2

275-350

350-440

11 (35)

0.08 (0.003)

0.13 (0.005)

0.20(0.008)

0.25(0.010)

0.30 (0.012)

0.35 ( 0 . 0 1 4 )

T15, M42(b)
C-2

A n n e a l e d or
solution
treated

5(15)
9(30)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

0.13 (0.005)
0.13 (0.005)

0.20(0.008)
0.20(0.008)

0.25(0.010)
0 . 2 5 (0.010)

0.30(0.012)
0.30 (0.012)

0.35 ( 0 . 0 1 4 )
0.35(0.014)

T15,M42(b)
C-2

STA

3(10)
8(25)

0.08 (0.003)
0.08 (0.003)

0.13 (0.005)
0.13 (0.005)

0.20(0.008)
0.20(0.008)

0 . 2 5 (0.010)
0 . 2 5 (0.010)

0.30 (0.012)
0.30 (0.012)

0.35(0.014)
0.35(0.014)

T 1 5 , M42(b)
C-2

ing a wear/land. The welding/chipping behavior described can be minimized by providing thin exit chips characteristic of
down (climb) milling. Slower speeds and
light feeds also reduce chipping and permit lower cutting temperatures.
Other tool wear problems include
heat, deflection, and abrasion. High cutting temperatures soften chips, which
tend to clog and load milling cutters. Deflection of thin parts and slender milling
cutters promotes rubbing and adds heat.
Abrasive oxide surfaces on titanium can
notch the cutter at the depth-of-cut line.
When forging scale is present, the nose of
each tooth must be kept below the scale to
avoid rapid tool wear.
The surface finish obtainable by
milling depends on work metal composition and condition, speed, feed, tool mate-

rial, tool design, and cutting fluid. Peripheral and face milling produce different
types of surfaces because of the different
relations of cutter rotation to the workpiece in the two methods. A finish of 3.20
urn (125 uin.) can usually be obtained with
either carbide or high-speed steel cutters
without stringent control of process variables. Finishes of 1.60 um (63 uin.) or less
are often obtained in milling with carbide
tools. Values as low as 0.4 um (17 uin.) r m s
are possible in finishing cuts.
P o w e r Requirements. The power
required for a milling operation is usually
computed from the metal removal rate, as
follows:
P = uvdw

(Eq 1)

where P is the power required at t h e cutter, u is the specific energy (in

n

Fig. 2 T h r e e types of milling c u t t e r s

Table 6 Typical tool geometries for face milling of titanium alloys

Tool
material
High-speed steel
Indexable carbide
Brazed carbide

Axial r a k e ,
degrees

Radial rake,
degrees

Axial relief,
degrees

Radial relief,
degrees

5
Oto-5
Oto-5

5
Oto-5
-10

10 t o 12
10tol2
10 t o 12

10 t o 12
10tol2
10 t o 1 2

W r o u g h t a n d c a s t t i t a n i u m a l l o y s h a v i n g h a r d n e s s of 110 t o 4 4 0 H B . S o u r c e : Machining

Data Handbook,

Vol 2 , 3 r d ed., M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s I n c . , 1 9 8 0

Machining/1125

Table 7 Typicaltoolgeometries for side milling of titanium alloys

Tool
material
High-speed steel
Carbide

Axial rake,
degrees

Radial rake,
degrees

Axial relief,
degrees

Radial relief,
degrees

10 to 15
0to-10

5 to 10
0to-10

5to7
5to7

5toll
5to8

Wrought a n d c a s t t i t a n i u m a l l o y s h a v i n g h a r d n es s of 110 to 4 4 0 H B . Source: Machining

Data Handbook,

Vol 2 , 3 r d ed., M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc., 1 9 8 0

Table 8 Tool geometry for high-speed steel end mills for peripheral and slot milling

mm
1.6
3
5
6
7
9.5
11

Nominal cutter
diameter
in.

General purpose30-50 helix: steels, cast irons, copper alloys,

t i t a n i u m alloys, nickel alloys, high-temperature alloys, a n d zinc alloys
Radial primary
Radial secondary
relief angle,
Primary land width
clearance angle,
mm
in.
degrees
degrees

1/16
1/8
3/16
1/4
5716
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1

13
16
19
22
25
32
38
44
50

11/4
11/2
13/4
2

20-21
12-13
12-13
10-11
10-11
10-11
9-10
9-10
9-10
8-9
8-9
8-9
7-8
7-8
7-8
6-7

0.18-0.25
0.25-0.38
0.25-0.51
0.25-0.51
0.38-0.64
0.38-0.64
0.51-0.76
0.51-0.76
0.64-0.89
0.76-1.00
0.76-1.00
0.89-1.27
1.00-1.52
1.00-1.52
1.00-1.52
1.00-1.52

0.007-0.010
0.010-0.015
0.010-0.020
0.010-0.020
0.015-0.025
0.015-0.025
0.020-0.030
0.020-0.030
0.025-0.035
0.030-0.040
0.030-0.040
0.035-0.050
0.040-0.060
0.040-0.060
0.040-0.060
0.040-0.060

30-35
22-28
20-25
20-25
20-25
17-20
17-20
17-20
17-20
15-18
15-18
15-18
13-18
11-17
10-16
9-15

Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

Fig. 3 Effect of n u m b e r of t e e t h on a milling cutter, (a)

Too m a n y teeth, resulting in chip crowding a n d interference, (b) Too few teeth, resulting in intermittent
contact, (c) C o m p r o m i s e for satisfactory milling

hp/m. /min), is the table speed (in

mymin), d is the depth of cut (in inches),
and w is the width of cut (in inches).
If the metal removal factor is known,
vdw can be divided by the factor to find the
power required. Equation 1 gives the average power consumption. The instantaneous rate of doing work will vary with the
chip thickness and may be considerably
higher than the value calculated from Eq
1. However, the rotating parts of the machine and cutter act like a flywheel to
smooth out power drawn from the motor.
Therefore, metal removal rates for milling
can be safely based on calculations of average power consumption. In general, 10
to 15 horsepower is usually sufficient for
3

milling titanium.
Milling c u t t e r s vary widely in type
and size and are broadly classified as peripheral mills, face mills, end mills, and
special mills. Cutters can be of the solid,
tipped, or inserted tooth types and have
the same materials as single-point tools.
Large cutters commonly have teeth of expensive material that are inserted and
locked in place in a soft steel or cast iron
body. All cutters should be ground and
mounted to make sure all teeth are cutting the same amount of material. Typical
tool geometries are shown in Tables 6, 7,
and 8.
The choice of the milling cutter used
depends on the type of macMning to be
done. Face mills, rotary face mills, plain
milling cutters, and slab mills are used for
milling plane surfaces. End mills are used
for light operations such as profiling and
slotting. Form cutters and gang-milling
cutters are used to produce shaped cuts.
All cutters need adequate body sections
and tooth sections to withstand the cutting loads. Helical cutters are preferred
for their smoother cutting action.
A milling cutter should have enough
teeth to ensure uninterrupted contact
with the work metal, and yet not so many
as to provide too little space between teeth
for chip disposal. On the other hand, cutter teeth should not leave the work before

the next is engaged. This will cause vibration and chatter, resulting in poor finish,
dimensional inaccuracy, and excessive
tool wear. A nearly optimum compromise
(see Fig. 3) is to use the smallest diameter
cutter with the largest number of teeth
without sacrificing chip removal and chatter.
Tool a n g l e s of a milling cutter should
be chosen to promote unhampered chip
flow and immediate ejection of the chip.
The controlling angles in this regard include the axial rake, radial rake, and corner angles. These angles should be chosen
to provide a positive angle of inclination to
lift the chip from the machined surface.
The most significant angle in any machining operation is the true rake angle.
True rake angle directly affects the shear
angle in the chip-forming process and
therefore greatly affects tool force, power
requirement, and temperature. The
larger the positive value of the true rake
angle, the lower the force. It is limited in
magnitude, however, by the strength required of the tool for a given machining
operation. Negative rake or geometry is
used when cutting harder materials such
as Hy 80 and Hy 100 armor plate and titanium steels for aircraft applications.
In milling, the true rake angle is the
resultant of the axial rake, radial rake,
and corner angle (see Fig. 4). Each rake

1126/Technical Notes

Inclinotion (pos

Reference plane
Axial rake
(pos)

Reference plane

Fig. 4 Geometric relations of tool a n g l e s a n d reference plane.

Source: Metals Handbook, 9th e d . , Volume 1 6 , Machining, 1989, 317

angle is measured with respect to a reference plane, which, in milling, passes

through the axis of cutter rotation and the
point of the tool. True rake (by definition)
is measured in a plane perpendicular to
the projection of cutting edge on reference
plane.
The second angle of importance in machining is mclination. This is the angle
t h a t the cutting edge makes with the reference plane, which, by definition, is perpendicular to the direction of tool travel.
Inclination determines the direction of
chip curling. When the mclination is zero,
chip flow is virtually in the plane of true
rake.
Many combinations of axial rake, radial rake, and corner angle other t h a n
those listed in previous tables have been
successfully used in practice. The requirements are:

l b select a true rake angle large

enough for the particular cutting
conditions to provide effective chip
formation and yet leave an included

Table 9 Nominal speeds and feeds for face milling titanium and titanium alloys

Material
CPTi

High-speed tool steel

Depth
Feed,
Tool
Hardness,
of cut,
Speed,
mm/tooth material
HB
C o n d i t i o n m m (in.) (a) m/min (sfm) (inVtooth) grade, AISI
110-170

140-200

200-275

A l p h a alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn,

300-340

Annealed

Annealed

Annealed

Annealed

Ti-5Al-2.5SnTgT.T

Carbide tool, uncoated

Feed,
Tool
S p e e d , m/min (sfm)
mm/tooth material
Brazed
Indexable (inVtooth) grade

1.0-(0.040)

53(175)

0.15(0.006)

T15, M42(b)

162 ( 5 3 0 )

178(585)

0.13 (0.005)

C-2

4.0(0.150)
7.5 (0.300)

4 1 (135)

T15,M42(b)

122 (400)

T15,M42(b)

8 5 (280)

134(440)
105(345)

0.25(0.010)

32(105)

0 . 2 3 (0.009)
0 . 3 0 (0.012)

C-2
C-2

1.0 (0.040)
4.0(0.150)

4 4 (145)
34(110)

0.10(0.004)
0 . 1 5 (0.006)

M2,M7
M2, M7

122 ( 4 0 0 )

134(440)

0.10 (0.004)

1 0 1 (330)

7.5(0.300)

26(85)

1.0(0.040)

M2, M7

107 (350)
9 1 (300)

7.5(0.300)
1.0 (0.040)

18(60)
21 (70)

0 . 2 0 (0.008)
0.10(0.004)

M2, M7
M2, M7

99(325)
84(275)
58(190)

0.15 (0.006)
0.20 (0.008)
0.10 (0.004)

4.0(0.150)

3 2 (105)
24(80)

0 . 2 0 (0.008)
0 . 1 0 (0.004)

9 1 (300)
61(200)

T15,M42(b)

79(260)

0 . 1 5 (0.006)

M2.M7

7 6 (250)

0.38(0.015)

C-2
C-2
C-2

0.15(0.006)

C-2
C-2

72 (235)
88(290)

0.20(0.008)
0.10(0.004)

C-2
C-2

4.0(0.150)

17(55)

0.15(0.006)

T15, M42(b)

69(225)

73 (240)

0.15(0.006)

C-2

7.5 (0.300)

12 (40)

0 . 2 0 (0.008)

T15,M42(b)

4 6 (150)

56(185)

0.20(0.008)

C-2

1.0(0.040)

17(55)
14(45)

0 . 1 0 (0.004)

T15, M42(b)
T15, M42(b)

52 (170)

C-2

40 (130)

56(185)
44(145)

0.10(0.004)

4 . 0 (0.150)
7.5(0.300)

11(35)

T15, M42(b)

29(95)

35(115)

0.20(0.008)

Ti-6Al-2NblTa-0.80Mo
Alpha-beta

310-350

Annealed

alloys
Ti-6A1-4V,

0.15(0.006)
0 . 2 0 (0.008)

0.15(0.006)
C-2

T1-6A1-4V-ELI,
C-2

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-

320-380

2Mo-0.25Si,

0.10(0.004)

C-2

0 . 0 8 (0.003)
17(55)
0.13(0.0CEQ5,M.42(b)

T15, M42(b)
34(110)

4 4 (145)
3 7 (120)

49(160)

7.5(0.300)

12 (40)

0 . 1 8 (0.007)

T15, M42(b)

2 4 (80)

29(95)

0.20(0.008)

C-2

Annealed or
solution

1.0 (0.040)
4.0(0.150)

12 (40)

0 . 0 8 (0.003)

T15, M42(b)

4 0 (130)

7.5(0.300)

T15, M42(b)
T15,M42(b)

3 0 (100)
2 1 (70)

0.10 (0.004)
0.15 (0.006)

treated

0 . 1 3 (0.005)
0.18(0.007)

44(145)
34(110)

C-2

9(30)
6(20)

26(85)

0.20 (0.008)

C-2

STA

1.0(0.040)

9(30)

0 . 0 5 (0.002)

T15, M42(b)

2 4 (80)

2 7 (90)

0.10 (0.004)

C-2

4.0 (0.150)

8(25)
7.5 (0.300)

0 . 1 0 ( 0 . 0071)5, M 4 2 ( b )
6(20)
0 . 1 5 (0.006)

18(60)

2 0 (65)

T15,M42(b)

12 (40)

STA
4.0(0.150)

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-

1.0 (0.040)
15(50)

0.15(0.006)

C-2

D1V10

Beta alloys
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zr,

275-350

C-2

Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe01,

Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-

350-440

4.5Sn,
Ti-10V-2Fe-3AL
Ti-13V-llCr-

0.15(0.006)
15(50)

C-2
0.20 (0.008)

C-2

N o t e : E L I , e x t r a - l o w i n t e r s t i t i a l , (a) D e p t h of c u t i s m e a s u r e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s of t h e c u t t e r , (b) A n y p r e m i u m h i g h - s p e e d t o o l s t e e l ( T 1 5 , M 3 3 , M 4 1 - M 4 7 ) . S o u r c e : M e t c u t
Research Associates Inc.

Machining /1127

Table 10 Nominal speeds and feeds for end milling (peripheral) of titanium alloys with high-speed tool steel

Material
Commercially
pure (99.0)

Alpha alloys

High-speed tool steel

Feed, mm/tooth (inJtooth)
Radial d e p t h
Hardness,
Speed,
of cut,
Cutter diameter
HB
Condition m m (in.) (a) m/min (sfm) 9 m m (3/8 in.) 13 m m (1/2 in.) 19 m m (3/4 in.)
110-170

Annealed

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2

140-200

Annealed

200-275

Annealed

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2

53(175)
49(160)
26(85)
18 (60)
52(170)
46(150)
26(85)
18 (60)
46(150)
40(130)
23 (75)
15(50)

300-340

Annealed

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2

310-350

Annealed

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn,
-51-2.5
Sn-ELI,

25-50 m m
(1-2 in.)

Tool
material
grade,
AISI

0.13 (0.005)
0.15 (0.006)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05(0.002)
0.13 (0.005)
0.15 (0.006)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0.10 (0.004)
0.13 (0.005)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0.10 (0.004)
0.13 (0.005)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)

0.15 (0.006)
0.18 (0.007)
0.10 (0.004)
0.08 (0.003)
0.15 (0.006)
0.18 (0.007)
0.10 (0.004)
0.08 (0.003)
0.13 (0.005)
0.15 (0.006)
0.10(0.004)
0.08 (0.003)
0.13 (0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)

M2, M3, M7
M2, M3, M7
M2, M3, M7
M2, M 3 , M 7
M2, M 3 , M 7
M2, M3, M7
M2, M 3 , M 7
M2, M3, M7
M2, M3, M7
M2, M3, M7
M 2 , M3, M 7
M2, M3, M 7
T15(b)
T15
T15
T15

0.13 (0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.C8 (0.003)
T15

T15(b)
T15
T15

34(110)
30(100)
17(55)
12 (40)

0.05 ( 0 . 0 0 2 )
0.08 ( 0 . 0 0 3 )
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0.025 (0.001)
0.038 (0.0015)
0.05 ( 0 . 0 0 2 )
0.038 (0.0015)
0.025 (0.001)
0.025(0.001)
0.05 ( 0 . 0 0 2 )
0.038 (0.0015)
0.025(0.001)
0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.05 ( 0 . 0 0 2 )
0.025 (0.001)
0.025 (0.001)

0.08 (0.003)
0.10 (0.004)
0.05 (0.002)
0.038 (0.0015)
0.08 (0.003)
0.10 (0.004)
0.05 (0.002)
0.038(0.0015)
0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0.038(0.0015)
0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.038(0.0015)
0.025(0.001)

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
11 ( 3 5 )

3 0 (100)
27(90)
15(50)
0.025 (0.001)

0.025 (0.001)
0.05 ( 0 . 0 0 2 )
0.025 (0.001)
0.025 (0.001)

0.05 (0.002)

0.10 (0.004)

0.08 (0.003)
0.038(0.0015)
0.038(0.0015)

0.13 (0.005)
0.05 (0.002)
0.05 (0.002)

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2

26(85)
23 (75)
12 (40)
9(30)
15 (50)
14 (45)
8(25)
6(20)

0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.05(0.002)
0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.038 (0.0015)
0.025 ( 0 . 0 0 1 )
0.018 (0.0007)

0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.038(0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)

0.08
0.10
0.05
0.038
0.10
0.13
0.08
0.05

(0.003)
(0.004)
(0.002)
(0.0015)
(0.004)
(0.005)
(0.003)
(0.002)

0.13
0.15
0.08
0.05
0.13
0.15
0.10
0.08

(0.005)
(0.006)
(0.003)
(0.002)
(0.005)
(0.006)
(0.004)
(0.003)

T15(b)
T15
T15
T15
T15(b)
T15
T15
T15

0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 ( 0 . 0 6 0 )
diam/4
diam/2

12 (40)
11(35)
6(20)
5(15)

0.018 (0.0007)
0.025(0.001)
0.018(0.0007)
0.013 (0.0005)

0.038(0.0015)
0.05 (0.002)

0.05 (0.002)
0.08(0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)

0.10
0.13
0.08
0.05

(0.004)
(0.005)
(0.003)
(0.002)

T15(b)
T15
T15
T15

Ti-6Al-2NblTa-0.80Mo

Alpha-beta
alloys
Ti-6A1-4V, Ti6A1-4V-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-6Mo

Beta alloys
Ti-3A1-8V-,
6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Ti-8Mo-8V2Fe-3Al,
Ti-11.5Mo-,
6Zr- 4 . 5 S n
Ti-10V-2Fe3A1
Ti-13V-llCr3A1

diam/2

320-380

Solution
treated
and aged

275-350

A n n e a l e d or
solution
treated

350-440

Solution
treated
and aged

0.038(0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)

N o t e : ELI, extra-low interstitial, (a) For s t a n d a r d - l e n g t h e n d mills, t h e m a x i m u m axial d e p t h m a y be o n e a n d o n e - h a l f t i m e s t h e cutter diameter, (b) A n y p r e m i u m highspeed tool s t e e l can be u s e d . Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

angle for the tool large enough to

provide the required strength and
heat conduction
To select an inclination for the cutting edge t h a t will provide the desired direction of chip flow

In face milling, positive inclination directs

the chip outward, and negative inclination directs the chip toward the center of
the cutter. A positive inclination is therefore generally desired.
Radial rake has a major effect on the
power efficiency of metal removal and on
cutter life. Generally, zero to positive radial rakes are used on high-speed steel
cutters, and negative radial rakes on carbide cutters. Negative rakes are less effi-

cient, but are usually necessary for a satisfactory service life for the carbide cutters because carbide edges are brittle.
Axial rake controls chip flow, thrust
force of cut, and the strength of the cutting
edges. The axial rake of high-speed steel
cutters is usually positive, except for end
mills that cut only on the periphery, which
often have negative axial rake to transfer
cutter thrust back against the spindle
bearings while simultaneously applying
downward thrust to the workpiece. Carbide cutters have either positive or negative axial rake, depending on the workpiece material and hardness and on the
type of cutter.
The use of a corner angle plus a small
nose radius also provides a longer cutting
edge. This distributes cuttingforces over a

greater area, causing less pressure. It also

aids in dissipating the heat of cutting. A30
to 45-degree chamfer also can produce a
longer cutting edge and a wider, thinner
chip; however, a corner angle is usually
more effective than a chamfer.
Relief angles are probably the most
critical of all tool angles when milling titanium. Relief angles around 12 degrees
give longer tool life than the standard relief angles of 6 or 7 degrees. If chipping occurs, the 12-degree relief angles should be
reduced toward the standard values. Generally, relief angles less than 10 degrees
may lead to excessive smearing along the
flank, while angles greater than 15 degrees weaken the tool and encourage "digging-in,'' as well as chipping of the cutting
edge.

1128 / Technical Notes

Table 11 Nominal speeds and feeds for end milling (peripheral) of titanium alloys with C-2 carbide

Material
Commercially
pure Ti (99.0)

Alpha alloys

Hardness,
HB
Condition
110-170

Annealed

140-200

Annealed

200-275

Annealed

300-340

Annealed

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, 5Al-2.5Sn-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa0.80 Mo

Alpha-beta alloys

Radial d e p t h
Speed,
of cut, m m
(in.)(a)
m/min (sfm)
0.5 ( 0 . 0 2 0 )
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2

Carbide tool
F e e d , mm/tooth (initooth)
Cutter diameter
9 m m (3/8 in.) 13 m m (1/2 in.) 19 m m (3/4 in.) 25-50 m m (1-2 in.)
0.08 (0.003)
0.10 (0.004)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.10 (0.004)
0 . 0 8 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0 . 0 8 (0.003)
0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05 (0.002)
0.08(0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)

0.13(0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13(0.005)
0.10(0.004)
0.13 (0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13 (0.005)
0.10 (0.004)
0.13(0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13(0.005)
0.10(0.004)

40 (130)

0 . 0 2 5 (0.01)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0.025(0.001)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05(0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05(0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05(0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)

0.13(0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13(0.005)
0.10(0.004)

0.18(0.007)
0.20(0.008)
0.18(0.007)
0.15(0.006)
0.18(0.007)
0.20(0.008)
0.18(0.007)
0.15(0.006)
0.18(0.007)
0.20 (0.008)
0.18(0.007)
0.15 (0.006)
0.18 (0.007)
0.20 (0.008)
0.15 (0.006)
0.13 (0.005)

0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)

0.05 (0.002)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)

0.13 (0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13 (0.005)
0.10(0.004)

0.18(0.007)
0.20(0.008)
0.15(0.006)
0.13(0.005)

130(425)
119 ( 3 9 0 )
73 ( 2 4 0 )
44(180)
122 ( 4 0 0 )
113 ( 3 7 0 )
70 (230)
53(175)
107 ( 3 5 0 )
99 (325)
61 (200)
46 (150)
9 1 (300)
84(275)
52 (170)

310-350

Annealed

0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2

88
79
49
38

320-380

Solution
treated
and aged

275-350

A n n e a l e d or
solution

0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2
0.5 (0.020)
1.5(0.060)

diam/4
diam/2

23(75)
15(50)

0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.05(0.002)
0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0.038(0.0015)
0.05(0.002)
0.025(0.001)

0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0 . 0 8 (0.003)
0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0 . 0 2 5 (0.001)
0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0 . 0 8 (0.003)
0.13 (0.005)
0.10 (0.004)

0.10(0.004)
0.13(0.005)
0.13(0.005)
0.10(0.004)
0.13(0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.15 (0.006)
0.13 (0.005)

0.15(0.006)
0.18(0.007)
0.15(0.006)
0.13 (0.005)
0.18(0.007)
0.20(0.008)

treated

69 (225)
61 (200)
38 (125)
30 (100)
46 (150)
40 (130)
0.025(0.001)
0.018(0.0007)

350-440

Solution
treated
and aged

0.5 (0.020)
1.5 (0.060)
diam/4
diam/2

38 (125)
34(110)
18(60)
14(45)

0.018
0.025
0.018
0.013

0 . 0 3 8 (0.0015)
0 . 0 5 (0.002)
0.038 (0.0015)
0.025(0.001)

0.08 (0.003)
0.10(0.004)
0.08 (0.003)
0.05 (0.002)

0.13(0.005)
0.15(0.006)
0.13 (0.005)
0.10(0.004)

Ti-6Al-4V,Ti6A1-4V-ELL
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-

(290)
(260)
(160)
(125)

Z1V10,

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr6Mo

Beta alloys
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr4Mo-4Zr,
Ti-8Mo-83Al,
V-2FeTi-11.5Mo-6Zr4.5Sn,
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al,
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

(0.0007)
(0.001)
(0.0007)
(0.0005)

N o t e : ELI, extra-low interstitial, (a) F o r s t a n d a r d - l e n g t h e n d mills, t h e m a x i m u m a x i a l d e p t h m a y be o n e a n d o n e - h a l f t i m e s t h e cutter diameter, (b) A n y p r e m i u m highs p e e d tool steel can b e u s e d . Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

G e n e r a l G u i d e l i n e s . Several specific guidelines must be considered in

milling titanium and its alloys:
Climb milling should be used as an
alternative to conventional milling,
when possible, to rmnimize tool
chipping
Slow speeds and uniform, positive
feeds help to minimize tool temperature and wear

Tools should not be allowed to dwell

in the cut or rub across t h e workpiece
Another problem in milling titanium,
particularly in the case of extrusions, is
distortion originating from the release of
stresses originally imposed by t h e basic
mill processing operation. Distortion oc-

curs when unequal amounts of metal are

removed from opposite surfaces, or by the
machining operation itself.
Climb milling techniques are usually
used for carbide and cast alloy cutters to
encourage formation of a thin chip. Conventional milling is usually more suitable
for high-speed steel tools and for removing scale. Climb milling can be used for
most milling appheations. Its widespread
use has been prevented by the lack of rigid
machines with backlash ehniinators,
which are essential for climb milling.
With such equipment, climb milling has
several advantages over conventional
milling:
.

Fixtures and holding devices are

simpler a n d less costly because
climb nulling exerts a downward

force on the workpiece

Cutters with higher rake angles can
be used, decreasing power requirements
Chip disposal is easier because
chips pile up behind the cutter
rather than in front of it
Cutter wear is less because chip
thickness is maximum at the start of
the cut
Finishes are generally improved because the rubbing action in starting
a chip is eliminated

The main advantage of conventional milling is the lower impact encountered at initial tooth-workpiece engagement (zero
chip thickness).
Feed rates for milling titanium gener-

Machining/1129

Table 12 High-speed steel used for drilling titanium alloys

High-speed
steel
Ml
M2
M3,Type2
M7
M10
M33
M34
M36
T4
TS

Commercially
pure

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

Titanium alloy
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
T>6A1-4V

S
G, D
G,D,S
G, D
G, D

S
G, D
G,D,S
G, D
G, D

S
G, D
G,D,S
G, D
G, D

G,D,S
G,D,S

G,D,S
G,D,S

G,D,S
G,D,S

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
G
G

G,S
G
S

N o t e : G = g e n e r a l drilling; D = d e e p hole drilling; S = s h e e t drilling. Source: R. Wood a n d R. Favor, Titanium

G,S
Alloys

Handbook,

M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle, 1972

Table 13 Drill nomenclature and geometry for NAS 907 aircraft drills
Drill
elements

N A S 907 drill type

N o t c h r a k e angle, degrees
Helix angle, degrees
Clearance angle, degrees
Point angle, degrees
Type point
Drilling application

ally he in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 m m

(0.002 to 0.008 in.) per tooth to avoid overloading the cutters, fixtures, and milling
machine. Light feeds at slow speeds also
help to reduce premature chipping. Delicate types of cutters and flimsy or nonrigid workpieces require smaller feeds. It
is important to maintain a positive, uniform feed. Positive gear feeds without
backlash are sometimes preferred over
hydraulic feed mechanisms. Cutters
should not dwell or stop in the cut.
Depth of Cut. The selection of cut
depth depends on the part rigidity, the tolerances required, and the type of milling
operation undertaken. For skin niilling,
light cuts of 0.25 to 0.5 mm (0.010 to 0.020
in.) seem to permit less warp age than
deeper cuts of 1.0 to 1.5 m m (0.040 to
0.060 in.). When extrusions are being
cleaned up, a 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) depth is
usually allowed. However, depths of cut
up to 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) can be used in other
situations if sufficient power is available.
Cutting speed is a very critical factor in
milling titanium. Excessive speeds will
cause overheating of the cutter edges and
subsequent rapid tool failure. When a new
job is being started, it is advisable to try a
cutting speed in the lower portion of the
recommended range (see Tables 9,10, and
11).

Drilling
Titanium is difficult to drill by techniques considered conventional for other

4to7
23 to 3 0
10 t o 1 4

20
2 8 to 32
6to9
135 5
P-l
Hand-drilling s h e e t

4to7
2 3 to 3 0
10 to 14

10
12
6to9
135 5
P-2
F i x e d feed (dry)

118 5
P-5
Sheet

materials. Thin chips flowing at high velocities are likely to fold and clog in the
flutes of the drill. Also, the usual galling
action of titanium, accentuated by high
cutting temperatures and pressures, produces rapid tool wear. Out-of-round holes,
tapered holes, or smeared holes are the
apparent results, with subsequent t a p
breakage if the holes are to be threaded.
These problems can be minimized by:

Using short, sharp drills

Supplying cutting fluids to t h e cutting zone

Employing low speeds and positive

feeds

Supplying solid support to the workpiece, especially on the exit side of

t h e drilled hole, where burrs otherwise would form
Successful drilling of titanium depends on
the ability to reduce cutting temperatures
and maintain rigidity and cutting speeds
during drilling. Chlorinated or sulfochlorinated oils and soluble-oil emulsions
are satisfactory cutting fluids. Oil-feeding
drills may be required for deep holes.
When drilling holes over two diameters deep, the drill should be retracted frequently to clear the flutes and holes of
chips. Retraction should be done to minimize dwell. Never allow the drill to ride in
the hole without cutting metal.
Drill Materials. Most drilling is done
with solid carbide tools or carbide-tipped

135 5
P-3
F i x e d feed

drills with through-the-tool coolant for

larger drills. Conventional high-speed
steel drills are also used in various production applications (see Table 12).
The nature of the chips produced indicates the condition of the drill during drilling. A sharp drill produces tight-curling
chips without difficulty. As the drill dulls,
the cutting temperature rises and titanium begins to smear on the hps and margins. The appearance of feather-type
chips in the flutes is a warning signal that
the drill is dull and should be replaced.
The appearance of irregular and discolored chips indicates that the drill has
failed. Out-of-round holes, tapered holes,
or smeared holes are results of poor drilling action.
Machine-ground points with fine finishes give the best tool life. Asurface treatment such as chromium plating or a black
oxide coating of the flutes may minimize
welding of chips to the flutes. Large flutes
reduce the tendency for chips to clog, and
drill length should be as short as feasible.
Drill Design. The choice of drills depends on the drilling operation. Aircraft
drills like NAS 907 Types C, D, and (see
Table 13) are usually used on sheet metal.
For general drilling, conventional drill geometry and special point grinds are used.
This means a normal helix of around 29
degrees, just enough relief to prevent rubbing and pickup, a thinned web to reduce
drilling pressure, a correct point angle
with its apex held accurately to the center
line of the drill, and cutting lips of the

1130 / Technical Notes

Table 14 Some specifications for drills used on titanium alloys

Drill diameter, in.
Overall length, in.
F l u t e length, in.
H e l i x angle, degrees
Lip relief angle, degrees
P o i n t angle, degrees
Web thickness (below
split), in.
Chisel edge angle, degrees
Chisel thickness (after splitting), in.

0.098
15/8
578
28+2
7 to 10
135 + 3
0.029 to
0.032
115 to 125
0 . 0 0 4 to 0 . 0 0 8

0.1285
115/16
115/16
28 + 2
7 to 10
135 + 3
0.038 to
0.042
115 to 125
0 . 0 0 4 to 0.008

0.1590
21/8
11/8
30 + 2
122
135 + 3
0.047 to
0.052
115 to 1 2 5
0.004 to 0 . 0 0 8

0.1850
2 3/16
13/16
302
12 + 2
135 + 3
0 . 0 5 5 to
0.061
115 to 125
0 . 0 0 4 to 0.008

0.1935
21/4
11/4
30 + 2
12+2
135 + 3
0 . 0 5 7 to
0.063
115 to 125
0 . 0 0 4 to 0 . 0 0 8

0.246
21/2
11/2
302
12 + 2
135 + 3
0 . 0 6 0 to
0.065
115 to 120
0 . 0 0 4 to 0.008

0.250
21/2
13/8
30 + 2
122
135 + 3
0.060 to
0.065
115 to 120
0 . 0 0 4 to 0.008

All drills h a v e point a n g l e s of 135 3 d e g r e e s a n d c r a n k s h a f t (split) points, a n d are m a d e from M 3 3 h i g h - s p e e d steel. Source: M e t a l R e m o v a l Procedures, Lockheed Report
S P 4 7 9 , Oct 1963

Table 15 Recommended starting feeds and speeds for drilling titanium alloys with indexable carbide inserts
Drill
diam, in.
13/16toll/8
ltol3/8
1 1 / 4 to 1 5 / 8
ll/2to21/2
2 3 / 8 t o 3 1/2

Source: Machining,
1983

Cutting s p e e d ,
sfm (m/min)

F e e d rate,
ipr (mm/rev)

100-135
(30-41)
100-150
(30-46)
115-165
(35-50)
130-175
(40-53)
135-190
(41-58)

0.003-0.004
(0.08-0.10)
0.004-0.007
(0.10-0.18)
0.005-0.008
(0.13-0.20)
0.006-0.009
(0.15-0.23)
0.006-0.010
(0.15-0.25)

Vol 1, Tool and Manufacturing

Engineers

Handbook,

small-size drills (No. 40 to No. 31) and on

sheet metal, while 118 degrees, 90 degrees, or the double angle (140 degrees or
118 degrees + 90-degree chamfer) seem
best on larger sizes and bar stock.
Point Grinds. Grinding of spiral
points produces a better drill for titanium
than conventional chisel edge. Spiral
points reduce the large negative rake angle of the chisel edge drill, provide a
proper clearance angle along the entire
.
20 for No. 80 to 61 drills
surface of the cutting edge, and reduce
18 for No. 60 to 41 drills
thrust loading by 30%.
16 for No. 40 to 31 drills
Another desirable point grind is the
14 for 3.2 to 6.4 m m (Vs to V4 in.) NAS 907 P-3 crankshaft (split-point) drill,
which is considered better t h a n the spiral
drills
point for sheet drilling. Examples of
12 for 6.4 to 9.5 m m (V4 to % in.) crankshaft (split-point) specifications
drills
have been summarized by Wood and Fa10 for 9.5 to 13 m m ( / to V in.) vor (see Table 14).
Feeds and Speeds. The selection of
drills
feeds
depends largely on the size of the
8 for 13 to 19 mm (V to 3 / in.) drills
drill being used. Generally, a feed range of
7 for diameters 25 mm (1 in.) and 0.025 to 0.13 mm/rev (0.001 to 0.005 ipr) is
up
used for carbide and high-speed steel
Point angles also have a marked effect on drills up to 6.3 mm (V4 in.) in diameter.
drill life. The choice of 90,118, or 135 de- Drills 6.3 to 20 mm (V4 to / 4 in.) in diamegrees will depend on the feed, drill size, ter (see tables) will use a heavier feed
and the workpiece. Generally, blunt range, 0.05 to 0.18 mm/rev (0.002 to 0.007
points (135 to 140 degrees) are superior on ipr). The choice of speed used will depend
3

175"

125

ioo|

75|-

50

5.3

7.6
Cutting speed, m/min

Society of M a n u f a c t u r i n g E n g i n e e r s ,

same slope and of equal length.

Relief angles are of extreme importance to drill life. Small angles tend to
cause excessive pickup of titanium, while
excessively large angles will weaken the
cutting edge. Relief angles between 7 and
12 degrees have been used, and recommended hp relief angles for high-speed
steel twist drills are:

Cutting speed, sfm

20
30

10

Fig. 5 A d v a n t a g e of chlorinated oil in tapping. T h e effect of cutting s p e e d a n d cutting fluid in tapping is

s h o w n for solution treated a n d a g e d Ti-6AI-4V with
3 7 5 H B h a r d n e s s . Tap w a s a chromium-plated, spiralpoint, three-flute, 8 m m (5/16 in.)-24 NF plug tap
m a d e of M1 h i g h - s p e e d tool steel. P e r c e n t a g e of
thread w a s 7 5 . Depth of through hole w a s 1 3 mm (1/2
in.). T o d life e n d point o c c u r s with t a p b r e a k a g e or und e r s i z e thread.

largely on the strength level of the titanium material and the nature ofthe workpiece (see Tables 15 and 16).

Tapping
Tapping titanium is a difficult operation. The limited chip flow inherent in
taps, and the severe galling action of titanium can result in poor threads, improper
fits, excessive tap seizures, and broken
taps. Titanium also tends to shrink on the
tap at the completion of the cut.
Holes to be tapped must be uniform
and free of work hardening. As a first requirement, holes for tapping should have
been produced by sharp drills operating
under positive-feed drilling conditions.
Dull drills produce surface-hardened
holes, which will magnify tapping difficulties. A stiff nylon brush pressed against
the tap on the return stroke will help to remove chips and has been reported to increase tap life by at least 50 percent.
The tapping operation itself requires

Machining/1131

Table 16 Nominal speeds and feeds for drilling titanium and titanium alloys with high-speed steels

Material
Commercially
pure (99.0)

Hardness,
HB

Condition

Speed,
m/min
(sfm)(a)

110-170

Annealed

24(80)

3 mm
1.5 m m
(1/16 in.) (1/8 in.)

Annealed

2 0 (65)

Annealed

12 (40)

300-340

Annealed

0.13
(0.005)

0.20
(0.008)

0.25
(0.010)

0.30
(0.012)

0.38
(0.015)

(0.017)

0.05
(0.002)

0.13
(0.005)

0.20
(0.008)

0.25
(0.010)

0.30
(0.012)

0.38
(0.015)

0.43
(0.017)

0.05
(0.002)
0.05
(0.002)

0.13
(0.005)
0.13

0.20
(0.008)
0.18

0.30
(0.012)

(0.007)

0.25
(0.010)

0.38
(0.015)
0.30
(0.012)

0.43
(0.017)

(0.005)

0.25
(0.010)
0.20
(0.008)

0.025
(0.001)

17 (55)

Alpha alloys

0.43

0.05
(0.002)

M10,M7,
Ml
M10,M7,
Ml

0.013
(0.0005)

2 7 (90)
200-275

M10, M7,
Ml

0.013
(0.0005)

34(110)
140-200

Feed, mm/rev (in./rev)(a)

Tool
Nominal h o l e d i a m e t e r
material
6 mm
13 mm 19 m m 25 m m 38 m m 50 m m grade,
AISI
(1/4 in.) (1/2 in.) (3/4 in.) (1 in.) (11/2 in.) (2 in.)

14(45)

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn,
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI,

0.38
(0.015)

M10,M7,
Ml
M10,M7,
Ml
M10,M7,
Ml
T15, M42(b)

Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-

O.8OM0

Alpha-beta alloys
Ti-6Al-4V,Ti6A1-4V-ELI
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-

310-350

Annealed

11 (35)

0.05
(0.002)

0.10
(0.004)

0.15
(0.006)

0.18
(0.007)

0.20
(0.008)

0.25
(0.010)

0.30
(0.012)

T15, M42(b)

320-380

Solution
treated
and aged

9(30)

0.05
(0.002)

0.08
(0.003)

0.13

0.15
(0.006)

0.18
(0.007)

0.23
(0.009)

0.25
(0.010)

T15, M42(b)

(0.005)

275-350

A n n e a l e d or
solution
treated

8(25)

0.025
(0.001)

0.08
(0.003)

0.10
(0.004)

0.13
(0.005)

0.15
(0.006)

0.18
(0.007)

0.20
(0.008)

T15,M42(b)

350-440

Solution

6(20)

0.025

0.05
(0.002)

0.08
(0.003)

0.10
(0.004)

0.10
(0.004)

0.13
(0.005)

0.15
(0.006)

T15, M42(b)

2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr2Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-

6M0

Beta alloys
Ti-3A1-8V6Cr-4Mo-4Zr,
Ti-8Mo-8V2Fe-3Al,
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr4.5Sn,

treated

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al,

(0.001)

and aged

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
Note: E L I , extra-low interstitial, (a) For drilling d e e p h o l e s w i t h t w i s t drills, r e d u c e s p e e d a n d feed as follows: If h o l e d e p t h i s t h r e e drill d i a m e t e r s , r e d u c e speed by 10%,
feed b y 10%; four d i a m e t e r s , s p e e d by 20%, feed by 10%; five d i a m e t e r s , s p e e d b y 30%, feed by 20%; six d i a m e t e r s , s p e e d b y 35%, feed by 20%; e i g h t d i a m e t e r s , s p e e d by
40%, feed by 20%. (b) A n y p r e m i u m h i g h - s p e e d steel c a n be u s e d .
Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s , Inc.

Table 17 Nominal speeds for tapping titanium and titanium alloys with high-speed tool steel taps
Hardness,
HB
Condition

Material
Commercially pure

(99.0)

Alpha alloys

>3(<7)

Speed, m/min (sfm) (a)

Pitch, m m (threads/in.)
1.5-3(8-15) 1-1.5(16-24)

<1(>24)

Tool material
grade, AISI

110-170
140-200
200-275
300-340

Annealed
Annealed
Annealed
Annealed

6.1(20)
4.6(15)
3.7(12)
3.0 (10)

12.2 (40)
9.1(30)
7.6(25)
4.6 (15)

16.8 (55)
13.7(45)
10.7 (35)
6.1(20)

18.3 (60)
15.2 (50)
12.2(40)
7.6(25)

Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l
Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l
Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l
NitridedM10,M7,Ml

310-350

Annealed

2.1 (7)

4.6 (15)

5.5(18)

6.1 (20)

Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l

320-380

Solution
treated
and aged
A n n e a l e d or
solution
treated
Solution
treated
and aged

0.9 (3)

2.1(7)

2.7 (9)

3.0 (10)

Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l

1.5(5)

3.0 (10)

4.3 (14)

4.6 (15)

Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l

0.6 (2)

0.9(3)

1.2(4)

1.5 (5)

Nitrided M 1 0 , M 7 , M l

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.80Mo

Alpha-beta alloys
Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-6A1-4V-ELI,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.25Si,
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

Beta alloys
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr,
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al,
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn,
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al,
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

275-350

350-440

N o t e : E L I , extra-low interstitial, (a) T h e s e s p e e d s are for t a p p i n g 6 5 to 7 5 % t h r e a d s i n s h a l l o w t h r o u g h h o l e s . R e d u c e s p e e d w h e n t a p p i n g d e e p h o l e s , blind holes, or

h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e s o f t h r e a d . Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

1132 / Technical Notes

sharp taps of modified conventional design, low tapping speeds (see Table 17)
and an effective tapping lubricant. Pastetype cutting compounds (Lithopone paste,
a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate) have given good results. Chlorinated
or sulfochlorinated oils have also been
used successfully in tapping titanium and
its alloys (see Fig. 5).
Several suppliers design taps with
greater clearance especially for titanium.
Spiral-point interrupted-flute taps with
alternate teeth omitted have given good
results at slow speeds. Modification of the
tap by grmding away the trailing edge of
the thread is beneficial (see Fig. 6). Typical chamfer relief is 12.
High-speed tool steel taps are generally used. Because 75% threads are diffi-

cult to obtain with normal cutting speeds,

65% types are recommended when possible to maximize tap life. Surface treatments such as black-oxide coatings or nitrating can assist in reducing galling
tendencies and improving tap life.

Broaching
Broaching is similar to shaping and
competes economically with milling and
boring. Titanium can be broached under
the general setup conditions required by
the other machining operations. Because
of the interrupted nature of the cut, welding of the chip to the cutting edge is quite
troublesome as in milling. This tendency
increases as the wearland develops. However, titanium can be broached success-

fully to a surface finish of 6 to 28 uin.

(RMS) with proper tool designs and
speeds.
Tool d e s i g n is a very important factor
affecting broaching. Titanium usually requires relief angles somewhat higher
than the V2 to 2 degrees normally used in
broaching other materials. Ifthe relief angle is too small, metal pickup on the land
relief surface can seriously affect the quality of the broached surface. Accordingly,
relief angles between 3 and 5 degrees
have been adopted and used successfully.
A rake or hook angle of 20 degrees is
normally recommended for broaching
conventional materials. For titanium,
however, a reduction to +5 degrees will
improve broaching performance to a
marked degree. The smaller rake angle

Table 18 Broaching data for titanium and its alloys

Titanium
alloy

Alloy
condition

Type
high-speed
steel

R o u g h i n g (a)
Cutting
D e p t h of cut,
speed, fpm
inch

F i n i s h i n g Ob)
Cutting speed,
Depth of cut,
fpm
inch

Commercially pure
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-5Al-5Sn-5Zr,
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, a n d

Annealed
Annealed

T5
T5

20-35
10

0.004-0.007
0.003-0.006

30-55
16

0.002-0.004
0.0015-0.003

Ti-7Al-2Cb-lTa
Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV
Ti-6Al-4Vand
Ti-8Mn

Annealed
Annealed
STA
Annealed
STA

Ti-7Al-4Mo a n d Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

Annealed
STA

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

Annealed
STA

T5
T5
T15
T5
T15
T5
T15
T5
T15

15
15
7
12
8
10
7
11
6

0.003-0.006
0.003-0.006
0.002-0.004
0.003-0.006
0.002-0.005
0.003-0.006
0.002-0.004
0.003-0.006
0.002-0.004

22
22
10
18
12
16
10
17
9

0.0015-0.003
0.0015-0.003
0.001-0.002
0.0015-0.003
0.001-0.002
0.0015-0.003
0.001-0.002
0.0015-0.003
0.001-0.002

(a) 3 t o 4 d e g r e e relief a n g l e , (b) 2 t o 3 d e g r e e r e l i e f a n g l e . S o u r c e : R . A . Wood a n d R . J . F a v o r , Titanium

Alloys

Handbook,

M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e , 1972

Table 19 Examples of low-stress grinding operating parameters

Grinding DressGrindGrindwheel
ing
ing
ing
Classifi- speed,
technm e t h o d Material motion c a t i o n m/s (sfm) i q u e
Surface
grinding

Titanium
alloys

Cylindrical T i t a n i u m
grinding
alloys

Traverse or
plunge

C60J8V

Notch

Traverse

Lubricant

12-16(2400- Coarse(a)
3100)

Sulfochlorinated

C180R9B

25-30 (4800- Fine(b)

6000)

Sulfoch-

C60J8V

14-65(2800-Coarse
3250)

WorkCross
D o w n feed or infeed(f),
piece
feed,
mm/pass (inVpass)
speed,
m m / p a s s RoughF i n i s h i n g steps
m/min (sfm) (inVpass)
ing
First Second
Third
18 (60)

18(60)
lorinated
oil
Sulfoch12-30 (40-100Xc)
lorinated

1.3 ( 0 . 0 5 0 )

0.05
(0.002)

0(0)

0.025
(0.001)

1 8 0 (7Xd)

0.025
(0.001)

oil

Plunge

C60J8V

Notch

C120R9B

14-65(2800-Coarse
3250)
23-38 (4700- F i n e
5500)

Sulfoch
12-30 (40-100Xc)
lorinated
oil
Sulfoch
12-30 (40-lOOXc)
lorinated
oil

0(0)

0(0)

0.23 a t
0.010 a t
0.013
0.010
(0.009 ( 0 . 0 0 0 4 a t
at
0.0004)
0.0005)
0.0025
...
(0.0001)

0.015 a t
0.005
(0.0006 a t
0.0002)

0.23 a t
0.010 a t
0.013
0.010
(0.009 ( 0 . 0 0 0 4 a t
0.0005)
at
0.0004)

0.015 a t
0.005
(0.0006 a t
0.00002)

0.005
0.0020
(0.0002) (0.00008)
(d)
0.005
0.0020
(0.0002) (0.00008)
(d)

...

Sparkout
passes

0.0015
(0.00005)

5-20 r e v
0.0005
(0.00002Xe)
0.0005
(0.00002Xe)

5-20 r e v

( a ) S i n g l e - p o i n t d i a m o n d a t 2 5 m m ( 1 i n . ) i n 7 s. (b) S i n g l e - p o i n t d i a m o n d a t 2 5 m m ( 1 i n . ) i n 2 1 s. (c) U s e h i g h e s t p o s s i b l e t a b l e s p e e d ( w o r k p i e c e ) u p t o 3 0 m / m i n ( 1 0 0 sfm).

(d) U n i t s a r e i n m / m i n ( m / m i n ) . (e) V a l u e s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e ; h a n d f e e d a t a slow, s t e a d y r a t e ; u n i t s a r e i n m m / r e v (inJrev).
(f) S o m e f i n i s h i n g s t e p s specify d o w n f e e d a t
a g i v e n i n f e e d (e.g., 0.23 a t 0 . 0 1 3 m m p e r p a s s ) . S o u r c e : M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s I n c .

Machining/1133

provides greater support for the cutting

edge, and improves heat transfer from the
cutting zone. The maximum rake is about
+10 degrees. An increase beyond this
value invites tool failure.
The normal recommendation for the
rise per tooth in broaching steel is 0.013 to

0.075 mm (0.0005 to 0.003 in.). Titanium

materials, however, should be broached at
0.025 to 0.15 mm (0.001 to 0.006 in.) per
tooth, depending on the alloy and its condition and the broaching operation. The
lower values of this range should provide
lower cutting forces and better surface fin-

Table 20 Wheel specifications for precision grinding of titanium

Conventional speed,
20-30 m/s
(4000-6000 sfm)

Low speed,
7.5-10 m/s
(1500-2000 sfm)

Centerless
Cylindrical
Internal
Surface

37C54-M5B
37C80-KVK
39C60-K8VK

32A60-K5VBE
32A60-L8VBE

Horizontal spindle
Vertical spindle
Cylinder
Segments
Thread

39C80-K8VK

32A80-L5VBE

Grinding
operation

37C60-HVK
32A24-H12VBEP
37C220-T9BH

Grinding

Table 21 Operational information for abrasive cutting

Machine setting

Bar diameter(a)
<760 m m (^3.00 in.)
>760mm(>3.00in.)

Feed. m m / m i n
(in./min)
Speed, m/s (sfm)
C u t t i n g motion
2

ishes.
Broaches that have been wet ground
may improve tool performance. Careful
vapor blasting also may help tool life and
finishes by reducing the tendency for
smearing. Solid broaches are sometimes
made slightly oversize (0.0005 in.) to compensate for the slight springback that will
occur when the cut is completed.
T h e d e p t h of c u t is governed by the
"rise per tooth" of the broach. A "rise per
tooth" in the range of 0.002 to 0.005 inch
per tooth has been used successfully when
a +5 degree relief is employed. If a 3-degree relief is used, the rise should be reduced to 0.001 inch per tooth.
C u t t i n g S p e e d . Some titanium alloys have shown a marked sensitivity to
changes in cutting speed. Cutting speeds
should be restricted to the range of 20 to
30 fpm for CP titanium (see Table 18) to 10
to 12 fpm.

1290-2580

3225-3870

3 5 - 6 0 (7000-12 000)
Oscillating w h e e l

30-35 (6000-7000)
Oscillating w h e e l a n d work rotation

(a) A 1 0 % w a t e r solution of r u s t inhibitor (nitrite-amine types) and/or 10% w a t e r s o l u t i o n of soluble oil m a y be

u s e d a s coolants.

The surfaces of titanium alloys can

easily be damaged during machining and
grinding operations. Damage appears in
the form of microcracks, built-up edges,
plastic deformation, heat-affected zones,
and residual tensile stresses. In service,
failures can occur as a result of fatigue
and stress corrosion.
Recommended gentle (low-stress)
grinding parameters (see Table 19) in-

Table 22 Typical conditions for contour band sawing of titanium

Machining
conditions

C u t t i n g rates a n d b a n d s p e e d s
for a workpiece thickness of:
25 m m
38 m m
75 m m
(11/2 in.)
din.)
(3 in.)

150 mm
(6 in.)

300 mm
(12 in.)

3.8 (0.15)
6.4 (0.25)

3.8 (0.15)

30(100)

3 0 (100)

15 (50)

15 (50)

6.4 m m
(1/4 in.)

1.3 m m
(1/2 in.)

5 8 (2.30)

3 8 (1.50)

15 (0.60)

7.5 (0.30)

5 (0.20)
9(0.35)

37(a) (120)

37(a) (120)

2 7 ( b ) (90)

27(b) (90)

27(b) (90)

24(a) (80)

24(a) (80)

2 0 ( b ) (65)

20(b) (65)

20(b) (65)

L i n e a r c u t t i n g rates, m m / m i n (in./min)
High-speed b a n d s
Carbide tooth b a n d s
B a n d s p e e d s , m / m i n (ft/min)
High-speed steel b a n d s
P u r e t i t a n i u m (99%)
Ti-6A1^V, Ti-4Al-4Mn,
A S T M Grade 2
C a r b i d e t o o t h b a n d s (2.5 p i t c h )
P u r e t i t a n i u m (99%)
Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-4Al-4Mn,
A S T M Grade 2

(a) R e g u l a r tooth form w i t h a pitch of 10. (b) R e g u l a r tooth form w i t h a pitch of 6

Table 23 Operational data for hacksawing titanium

Titanium grade
Commercially pure
All alloy g r a d e s
Annealed
Heattreated

Speed,
stroke/min

Machine s e t t i n g
Fftftii, mm/stroke (inVstroke)
Workpiece size
100-150 m m
150-205 mm
205-255 m m
(4-6 in.)
(6-8 in.)
(8-10 in.)

>255 m m
(>10in.)

90-100

0.30(0.012)

0.23(0.009)

0.15(0.006)

0.08(0.003)

60-90
30-60

0.23(0.009)
0.23(0.009)

0.15(0.006)
0.15(0.006)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

0.08(0.003)
0.08(0.003)

1134 / Technical Notes

Table 24 LBM cutting rates for titanium alloys

Type of cut

Work t h i c k n e s s
mm
in.

Contour
Contour
Contour
Straight
Contour
Contour
Contour
Contour

0.5
1.6
3.1
6
6
13
25
50

C u t t i n g speed (a)
mm/min
inVmin

0.020
0.062
0.125
0.250
0.250
0.50
1.0
2.0

5080
4060
3050
5080
1520
1020
380
130

200
160
120
200
60
40
15(b)
5(b)

(a) D a t a are b a s e d on u s e of a c o n t i n u o u s w a v e CO2 l a s e r w i t h a n o x y g e n assist, (b) 16 k W (21 hp) laser w a s u s e d .

Source: M e t c u t R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s Inc.

S w e e p s p e e d , in./s

Rake a n g l e : 10 t o 1 5 for 110 t o 2 7 5 HB;

6to10for275to440HB.

S w e e p speed, cm/s
Fig. 7
steel

Fig. 6 Modified t a p for titanium alloys. A stock t o p

modified by grinding a w a y trailing e d g e of t h r e a d imp r o v e s the tapping of titani um t h r e a d s . It is essential to
u s e t a p s with interrupted t h r e a d s a n d with alternate
teeth removed. T h e g r e a t e s t chip c l e a r a n c e is o b tained by grinding a large chamfer on the trailing e d g e
of t h e tap. Typical chamfer relief angle is 12.

elude soft hardness wheels (except for

grinding notches), the use of low wheel
speeds, low down feeds or in feeds per
pass, chemically active cutting fluids, and
coarse wheel dressing with diamond. It is
evident that low-stress practices decrease
production rates compared to conventional methods. The most important consideration, however, is to use methods
that make undamaged parts.
Both abrasive wheel and belt grinding
are used. Metal removal is slow compared
to that of carbon steel. However, under
proper conditions, abrasive wear is reasonably low, and a surface finish of 0.4 Jim
(15 uin.) is possible.
Wheel Grinding. Selection of wheel,
wheel speed, and fluid is important. For
hard wheel grmding, vitrified bonded
wheels are the most effective. Aluminum
oxide (AI2O3) wheels give good results
when limited to grinding speeds of 10 m/s
(2000 sfm) or less. Silicon carbide (SiC)
wheels can be used at 20 to 30 m/s (4000 to

L a s e r heating of titanium v s aluminum and

6000 sfm) if higher speeds are desirable. A

feed of about 0.025 mm/pass (0.001
in./pass) is generally suitable for all
wheels. Abrasive grit size of 60 to 80 and
wheel hardness medium grades J to L are
commonly used.
No appreciable sparking accompanies
AI2O3 wheel grinding. The workpiece can
be flooded with standard grinding oils.
Water-soluble nitrite amine solutions
(rust inhibitors) also work well with aluminum oxide wheels. Silicon carbide
wheels, however, operate best with sulfochlorinated grmding oils. Complete flooding of the workpiece minimizes the possibility of fire. A10% solution of nitride rust
inhibitor in water eliminates the risk of
fire but is less effective than oil with SiC
wheels. Water-soluble oils are also useful
but are less effective. Some wheel specifications for various grmding operations
and parameters are given in Table 20.
When it is necessary to grind by hand
or if coolants cannot be used, care should
be taken to provide protection (against hot
sparks) for nearby personnel or equipment.
Belt Grinding. Coated-abrasive
grinding requires proper selection of the
belt, coolant, and operating parameters.
Resin-bonded cloth belts with SiC abrasive generally provide the best performance. A 50-grit belt is typically used for
coarse grmding, and a 120-grit or finer
belt is used for finish grinding. A surface

finish of 0.125 to 0.25 um (5 to 10 uin.) is

obtainable in commercial practice.
Fluids should always be used to protect the workpiece and eliminate sparks,
which might cause fires. Spraying and
flooding techniques are used. Water solutions of 15% tripotassium phosphate or
5% potassium or sodium nitrite have been
effective.
Belt grinding performance generally
improves with an increase in load and a
decrease in speed. Speeds of the order of 5
to 10 m/s (1000 to 2000 sfm) and pressures
in the vicinity of 0.7 MPa (100 psi) provide
optimum productivity and belt life.
Abrasive Cutting. Rubber-bonded
60-grit SiC cutoff wheels flooded with a
water solution of 10% nitrite amine (rust
inhibitor) have been used. Machines with
oscillating cutting heads give the best results. If the workpiece diameter is greater
t h a n 75 mm (3 in.), rotation is recommended to minimize wheel breakage
and/or heat checking (see Table 21).
Hand Abrasive Grinding. A clean
wheel used only on titanium is important.
An open-type wheel containing large
grains has been found to miriimize clogging. Excessive buildup of heat should be
avoided to niinimize metal contamination. Ground surfaces should be filed or
mechanically finished to remove abrasive
particles and particularly any visible metal oxide (burns).
Sandpaper or steel wool should be
avoided; wheel-type mechanical burrs (rotary files) should be operated at low
speeds to avoid burning and to maximize
tool life. Additionally, when titanium is
ground, measures must be taken to protect adjacent titanium surfaces as well as
the surroundings from the extremely hot
sparks.

Sawing
B a n d Sawing. Coarse-pitched (6
teeth/25 mm, or 1 in.) high-speed tool steel
blades, 25 mm (1 in.) wide, employed at
speeds of 24 to 27 m/min (80 to 90 sfm)
have given good results in cutoff operations. Band speeds for contour band sawing depend on part thickness (see Table
22). Cutting rates on the order of 650
mm /min (1 m. /min) are optimum for
cutoff operations. Water-soluble or sulfochlorinated cutting fluids are required.
Hacksawing. Rigid setups and either
water-soluble or sulfochlorinated cutting
fluids are suggested. Low surface speeds
a n d positive feed, combined with coarsepitched (3, 4, and 6 teeth/25 mm, or 1 in.)
high-speed tool steel blades have proved
to be effective. Surface scale or contaminated surfaces cause rapid blade wear if
not removed. Operating guidelines for
hacksawing depend on workpiece size and
heat treatment (see Table 23).
2

Nontraditional Machining
Methods
Probably the most widely used of these
methods for titanium and titanium alloys
are electrochemical machjriing (ECM),
chemical milling (CHM), and laser-beam
machining (LBM).
Electrochemical Machining. The
electrolyte for typical ECM operating conditions is a sodium chloride or potassium
chloride solution of 0.12 kg/L (1 lb/gal) of
water. Voltage must be greater than 11 V
for KC1 electrolytes. In one application,
the maximum starting voltage was 3.2 V
for annealed Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn in an NaCI
electrolyte solution. A typical metal removal rate is approximately 1.64
cm /min/1000 A (0.10 in. /min/1000 A) at
an electrolyte temperature of 40 C (100
F).
Chemical Milling. Typical operating
conditions for titanium alloys are:
3

Principal etchant
E t c h rate, mm/min ( i n / m i n )
O p t i m u m etch depth, m m (in.)
E t c h a n t temperature, C(F)
A v e r a g e surface roughness,
R , u m (pin.)
a

Hydrofluoric acid
0.015-0.030
(0.0006-0.0012)
3.18(0.125)
46 + 2.7(1155)
0.40-2.50 (16-100)

Tolerances on depth of cut up to 12.7

mm (0.5 in.) for titanium alloys are:
D e p t h of cut
mm
m.
0-1.25
1.25-2.55
2.55-6.35

0-0.050
0.0500.100
0.1000.250

Tolerance
nun
in.
0.05
0.075

0.002
0.003

0.10

0.004

Laser-Beam Machining. Contours

can be cut rapidly with laser beams (see
Table 24) as compared to conventional
methods such as band sawing. For a given
power level and sweep speed, the melt
depth in titanium is slightly greater than
that of steel and aluminum (see Fig. 7).

Next Page
P o w d e r Metallurgy / 1 1 3 7

Technical Note 8: Powder

Metallurgy
Adapted from Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 7, and reviewed by J . R Beckman, Crucible Compaction Metals

Titanium products fabricated by pow- (Powder Processing of Titanium Alloys,

der metallurgy (P/M) techniques can be Reviews in Particulate Materials, Vol 1,
divided into two general categories:
MPIF, 1993, 223-276). Full coverage of
these techniques is beyond the scope of
.
Blended elemental P/M, in which a this Technical Note, which only provides a
blend of elemental powders, along brief review of P/M technology and some
with master alloy or other desired property data for the P/M composite Ceradditions, is cold pressed into shape meTi. P/M property data for more conand subsequently sintered to higher ventional Ti alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V are
covered in the alloy datasheets. In gendensity and uniform chemistry
eral, the mechanical properties of titaPrealloyed P/M in which prealloyed nium P/M products depend on alloy compowder produced by various tech- position, density and final microstructure
niques is consolidated by either cold of the compact. The final density and mipressing and sintering or HIP. The crostructure depend on the nature of the
powder morphology determines t h e powder, on the specific consolidation techtype of compaction method which nique employed, and on postconsolidation
can be used: Irregularly shaped thermal or mechanical treatments.
powders can be cold pressed into
green shapes and subsequently sintered. Spherical powders will not Elemental Powder
compact to green shapes and are
Elemental P o w d e r Production.
typically containerized and consoli- Historically, inexpensive titanium eledated by HIP
mental powder h a s been produced from
fines generated during the crushing of tiTo date, most components produced by the
various P/M methods have been made
from the widely used Ti-6A1-4V structural
alloy. However, P/M technology is also
very well suited for other alloys, such as
the high-strength alloys and the hightemperature near- alloys.
P/M technology also offers a promising
solution to the poor workability of titanium aluminides by the technique of reactive powder processing (Journal of Metals, May 1993, 52-56). In this process,
elemental powders with the desired composition are compacted and worked into a
Ti-Al composite form, which is easily machined or reformed into different shapes.
Reactive sintering is then conducted to obtain the desired microstructure of TiAl

tanium sponge. Elemental titanium powder made from sponge fines is typically
100 mesh (<150 microns) and has an irregular angular shape (Fig. 1). Sodium reduced sponge yields larger amounts of
fines and typically has lower chloride content t h a n does magnesium reduced
sponge. However, magnesium reduced
sponge produced by the newer vacuum
distillation process (VDP) has even lower
levels of chloride. Residual chloride content causes porosity in the consolidated
P/M parts. This porosity often results in a
degradation of the mechanical properties
as well as difficulties in welding. However,
the quality of P/M parts made from
blended elemental powders using sponge
fines is acceptable for many applications
except those which are fatigue-critical.
Due to plant closings, sponge fines are
less readily available and alternative production methods for elemental titanium
powders are being evaluated. These include various electrolytic and vapor phase
reduction methods. Of course, elemental

and 3 intermetallics.

Other applications of P/M processing

include mechanical alloying and the production of particulate-reinforced titanium
composities such as CermeTi. These and
other developments are reviewed in a recent article by Froes and Suryanarayana
Fig. 1 S E M micrograph of s p o n g e fines (-325 m e s h RMI-020 commercially pure titanium powder) 500x

Descaling and Special Surface Treatments /1145

Technical Note 9: Descaling and

Special Surface Treatments
Michael L. Bauccio, T h e Boeing Company

Surface treatments discussed in this

article include scale removal, poHshing,
buffing, plating, conversion coatings,
thermal spray, vapor deposition, and thermomechanical surface treatment. Titanium alloys generally do not require special surface treatments to improve
corrosion resistance, because their resistance to many corrosive environments is
excellent. However, titanium is coated or
plated with corrosion-resistant metals
(e.g., copper and platinum) as an alternative to oxide formation.
Before being subjected to any thermal
treatment, titanium components should
be cleaned and dried. Caution: Do not use
ordinary tap water in cleaning titanium
components. Oil, fingerprints, grease,
paint, and other foreign matter should be
removed from all surfaces. Cleaning is required because the chemical reactivity of
titanium at elevated temperatures can
lead to its contamination or embrittlement and can increase its susceptibility to
stress corrosion. After cleaning, parts
should be handled with clean gloves to
prevent recontamination. If a component
is to be sized, straightened, or heat
treated in a fixture, the fixture also should
be free of any foreign matter and loosely
adhering scale.
Besides the descaling and cleaning of
titanium alloys (which are often necessary preliminaries for other operations),
wear resistance and/or lubricity are common concerns in the surface treatment of
titanium alloys. Titanium alloys can have
high wear rates when i n contact with itself or other metal alloys, because its adherence causes high friction coefficients
and galling. Methods of surface hardening
and the application of coatings for lubrication are thus areas of interest.

Removal of Surface Oxides

Most surface treatments and operations require the removal of surface oxides, which can be i n the form of case
scale or a thin oxide tarnish. Any oxide

formed under 600 C (1100 F) can be removed with a nitric-hydiOfluoric acid

pickle bath (see "Removal of Tarnish
Films" in this section). Oxides formed at
temperatures over 600 C (1100 F) can be
removed either m e c h a n i c a l l y or chemically by immersion in molten salt baths.

moved by acid or electrolytic chemical

pickling.
Galvanic effects a n d discontinuities in the surface scale are encountered
in all types of metal descaling, but appear
to be more pronounced in titanium. Although t h e exact cause of small pits or
cells formed in descaled material is debatable, possibilities include alloy or nonCleaning and Descaling Problems
metallic segregation, scale porosity, and
The metallurgical and chemical prop- surface rontarnination. A more severe galerties of titanium create a number of very vanic attack problem is created by patch
special cleaning problems. These include: scale conditions on titanium surfaces,
when areas of heavy scale flake away from
Affinity of titanium to common an apparently uniform surface. The same
problem has been observed with superimgases
Galvanic effects caused by disconti- posed oxides, even though t h e surface
layer may be quite thin and powderlike.
nuities in scaled surfaces
Surface contamination with oil, grease, or
Metallurgical restrictions on the fingerprints can also create a patch scale
temperature of the descaling media
condition. All of these factors promote se
Variety of scales encountered in tita- vere localized attack when areas of the banium descaling
sis metal are exposed selectively during

Protective coatings used in titanium descaling. Some producers have considered reoxidation of the product during
manufacturing
processing as a possible solution.
Metallurgical R e s t r i c t i o n s o n
Gas Absorption. The property that D e s c a l i n g . Solution treated, age-harcauses the most difficulty is the capacity denable alloys of titanium are sensitive
of titanium to absorb common gases in- to t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e reactions, a n d
cluding oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s of descaling media.
all of which tend to embrittle the product. The m e t a s t a b l e beta or b e t a alloys,
Because tightly packed hot rolling scale which a r e solution t r e a t e d a n d aged a t
acts as partial protection against addi- t e m p e r a t u r e s ranging from 370 t o 540
tional gas absorption, some mills perform C (700 t o 1000 F) for times of 8 h or
two or three heat treatments over the more, m a y induce a subsequent aging
scale. Each additional heat treatment effect a n d cause a change i n mechanitoughens the scale and compounds des- cal properties if descaled a t t h e
caling difficulties.
h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h i s is particuAn additional problem is t h a t heat- larly t r u e i n thin-gage sheet m a t e r i a l s
treating furnace atmospheres are main- a n d m a y cause property changes of as
tained on the oxidizing side, because the much a s 70 MPa (10 ksi) in tensile
diffusion rate of oxygen in titanium is so strength. The alloys normally should
much lower t h a n t h a t of hydrogen. A not be allowed to exceed 260 C (500 F).
layer of oxygen-rich metal develops beV a r i e t y of Scale. Another factor
neath t h e r e s u l t i n g scale formation,
t h a t contributes appreciably t o titavarying in thickness from 0.05 to 0.07
n i u m descaling problems is t h e wide
mm (0.002 to 0.003 in.) in t h e heatvariety of scale encountered, including
treated condition to 0.15 to 0.20 mm
scale formed by annealing, forging, so(0.006 to 0.008 in.) in the hot-rolled conlution t r e a t i n g , stress relieving, exdition. This brittle surface is usually re-

1146/Technical Notes

trading, rolling, aging, hot forming, or a

combination of several of these operations. With processing temperatures
ranging from 425 to 1150 C (800 to 2100
F), the scale spectrum for titanium is far
broader than for most other difficult-todescale materials.
Coatings. Protective coatings are
often used in titanium manufacturing operations. These coatings, which are an asset and a necessity in manufacturing operations, become a liability and a
contaminant in cleaning operations. They
are soluble and removable if the proper
techniques are used. Protective coatings
are applied to titanium surfaces during
manufacturing operations to:

Lubricate and aid in metal flow,

good die contouring, and forming operations
Act as barrier films, reducing gas
contamination during high-temperature forming and heat-treating
cycles
Reduce surface flaws caused by
nicking and scratching during
manufacturing operations

The gas protective films are usually

applied directly to the titanium surface.
They are silicate-based materials that deposit uniform fusable films through solvent evaporation. These films form glassy
barriers at treatment temperatures up to
815 C (1500 F) and are quite effective in
reducing oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
contamination. Above 815 C (1500 F),
most of these films are less effective, because spheroidizing creates voids in the
film. Lubricant films or abrasion protective films are applied over a silica-based
coating. This process has the advantage of
providing double protection against
scratching and scoring. During hot-forming operations and metal surface stretching, some voiding and penetration occurs,
creating a titanium oxide on the surface.

to eliminate surface defects before cold

rolling. Originally, strip was ground on
standard strip grinders, using various oil
lubricants; however, oils contributed to
fire hazard and several grmding machines were partially or wholly destroyed
when the oil ignited. When titanium was
ground with aluminum oxide belts, a
water lubricant was less effective than air.
The water reacted with the aluminum oxide to form a weak hydroxide that proved
ineffective as a grinding lubricant.
Belt Grinding. Dry belt grmding is
dangerous because of the hazards of explosion and fire. It is uneconomical because of poor belt life. When stock is removed during dry grmding, small
globules of molten metal and oxide roll
along the sheet, causing a type of pitting
by burning that is not removed by the
grinding. Weld grit scratches and embedded grit result when titanium welds to the
dry grit.
A 5% aqueous solution of potassium
orthophosphate, K3PO4, is widely used as
a grinding lubricant. It is applied as a
flood at both the entrance and exit side of
the contact line. Water-soluble oils, particularly highly chlorinated and sulfochlorinated oils, have also been successful
as lubricants. These compounds should be
used with care because of the possibility of
chloride residues remaining as an integral part of the surface. Both types of lubricants improve grmding efficiency
when the belts are coated with aluminum
oxide or silicon carbide.
Flooding the work with lubricant is
recommended; however, machines built
for flooding are equipped with a recirculating and filtering system and waterproof cloth belts, and they are expensive.
An alternative is to spray a water-soluble
wax fog through atomizing nozzles on the
line of contact at both the entrance and
exit sides of the belt. The solution should
not be sprayed through an ejector that
mixes it with air and increases the fire

R e m o v e oxide a n d s c a l e

Mechanical Removal of Scale

Scale is removed from titanium products by several mechanical methods.
Abrasive methods, such as grmding and
grit blasting, are preferred for removing
heavy scale from large sections. Centerless grinding is used for finishing round
bars, and wide-belt grinding is used for
finishing sheet, strip, and plate. Grinding
is usually most efficient when it is performed at low wheel and belt speeds.
Most alloy sheet materials with a high
aluminum content such as Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
are ground to eliminate pits and a rippled
condition that develops in hot rolling as a
result of discontinuous slip during plastic
deformation. Grinding is frequently used

hazard. Instead, it should be sprayed as

an atomized liquid. Application of the
spray can be controlled to volatilize the lubricant during grinding. This eliminates
the need for waterproof belts. Care must
be exercised to avoid a buildup of titanium
chips that may cause a fire. Chips that
would wash away in a flood are not removed by the spray.
Titanium should be ground at belt
speeds not exceeding rates of 8 m/s (1500
fVmin). Using a 5% solution of potassium
orthophosphate as a lubricant, maximum
efficiency is achieved at about 6 m/s (1100
ft/min). Both billy roll and flat table grinding machines have been successful in
grmding titanium. Sheet grmding machines, equipped with feed rolls, sometimes leave a ground line on the sheet
where the feed rolls, on the exit side of the
machine, interrupt uniform travel when
they grip the sheet. Ahigh degree of grinding uniformity is obtained on machines
equipped with a flat table and vacuum
chuck. On these machines, the table holding the sheet usually oscillates. Travelinghead machines are available also.
The belt grinding sequence (see Fig. 1)
is usually begun with an 80-grit belt,
when it is necessary to remove more than
0.07 mm (0.003 in.) of stock from the surface of the sheet. Descaling and pickling of
the sheet before grmding prolongs belt
life. Following the initial grit, each successive grit must remove enough stock to
eliminate the scratches caused by the previous grit. The alpha alloys, such as Ti5Al-2.5Sn, are less sensitive to surface
condition than the alpha-beta alloys, such
as Ti-6A1-4V. Surface pits on Ti-6A1-4V
sheet, caused by weld grit scratches, seriously detract from bend ductihty.
Abrasive blast cleaning techniques, either wet or dry, are convenient
for removing scale from a variety of titanium products, ranging from massive ingots to small parts. Because it can be used
at lower velocities and is less likely to be

Molten salt
descale

Neutralize
pickle

W a t e r rinse

Pickle
2 0 % N O , , 2 % HF

W a t e r rinse

-Belt grind
240 grit
for finish of
0.50 t o 0 . 6 5
m
(20 t o 2 5
in.)

180 grit

100 grit

Clean
W a s h pickle

2 0 % HNO3,2% HF

Fig. 1 Cleaning a n d belt grinding s e q u e n c e s for Ti-6AI-4V s h e e t

W a t e r rinse

80 grit
to remove defects

D e s c a l i n g a n d Special S u r f a c e Treatments /1147

embedded in the surface, alumina sand is

preferred to silica sand.
Sheet thickness to about 0.50 m m
(0.020 in.) can be descaled without distortion if fine sand and low velocities are
used. Mill scale on titanium semi-products can be removed with coarse highcarbon steel shot or grit, while finished
compressor blades can be cleaned with
zircon sand of 150 to 200 mesh. The type of
product to be cleaned, the cleaning rate,
and the cost of the abrasive must be balanced in the selection of a specific blast
cleaning method.
Mineral abrasive particles, such as silica, zircon, or alumina sands, are used
more commonly than metal abrasive for
blasting finished or semifinished products. Although these abrasives are more
expensive, they produce the finer finish
that is required for the final product. Adequate safety precautions must be observed to avoid inhalation of fine sand
particles. Air-circulating and dust-collecting systems must be cleaned frequently
and equipped to cope with the fire hazard
associated with titanium dust.
A fine dust remains on the titanium
from the blasting operation, particularly
when mineral abrasives have been used.
This is not considered detrimental, although a washing or pickling cycle following the blast is desirable if the part is to be
welded subsequently. The following describes a wet blasting procedure and a dry
blasting procedure used for descaling titanium parts:
Wet blasting: Parts are wet blast
cleaned, using a slurry t h a t consists
of 400-mesh aluminum oxide, 40
vol% in water. Air pressure of 655
kPa (95 psi) is used to pump t h e
slurry in a steady stream with a
pressure of about 34 kPa (5 psi). The
descahng rate, normally about 50
min/m (5 min/ft ), depends on t h e
complexity of the part. Distortion
and the need for planishing are held
to a minimum by placing t h e blast
nozzle at a distance of approximately 50 mm (2 in.) from t h e workpiece, and by using an angle of impingement of 60.
Dry blasting: Rocket motor case assemblies are dry blasted after final
stress relieving at 480 to 540 C (895
to 1000 F). Blasting is accomplished with 100- to 150-mesh zircon sand at an air pressure of 275
k P a (40 psi). Each assembly is rotated at 2 Vi rev/min and is passed at
a speed of 65 mm/min (2.5 in./min)
between two diametrically opposed
fixed position blasting nozzles. The
nozzles blast the inside and outside
surfaces simultaneously at the

same wall location, l b prevent distortion, each nozzle is placed at the

same distance, 300 m m (12 in.),
from the metal surface.

M o l t e n Salt D e s c a l i n g B a t h s

Molten salt descaling baths are primarily used for descaling bar, sheet products, and tubing. With the most effective
barrier films available today, some gas
penetration of titanium surfaces can be
expected at the elevated temperatures required for working and heat treatment.
The alpha case or oxygen-enriched layer
resulting from this gas reaction is extremely hard and brittle and must be removed. Bar products used for machining
finished parts must have this hard scale
and oxide removed because these are very
abrasive and cause rapid tool wear. Welding or forming stock must have these
scales removed, or poor and small welds
are made and forming (hot or cold) is virtually impossible without surface cracking or failure of parts. Removal presents
no serious problems since chemical milling techniques have been perfected by the
aircraft industry to effect weight savings.
One specific problem encountered in
alpha case removal is t h a t the titanium
oxide formed is substantially more insoluble in the nitric hydrofluoric etchant
than the base metal. Residues of oxide on
the surface develop areas resembling craters on the finished product.
Where alpha case removal is a required part of a manufacturing operation,
salt bath cleaning is specified because
proper cycling practically guarantees a
chemically clean surface. Conditioning
salt baths fall into two basic categories of
high-temperature salt baths and lowtemperature salt baths. Alternatively, grit
blasting may be used to break u p the scale
so the nitric-hydiOfluoric etchant or chemmilling solution removes scale more
evenly.
High-temperature salt b a t h s may
vary in chemical reaction and effectiveness depending on composition. All types
operate at a range of370 to 480 C (700 to
895 F). The temperature range is sufficiently high to produce the most rapid reaction possible for soiled and oxide films.
High-temperature oxidizing salt baths
are also capable of reacting chemically
with organic films to destroy them. These
baths are also excellent solvents for silicate barrier films. They do require special
fixturing to reduce the strong galvanic effects present at these temperatures, and
for this reason, they are used in cleaning
primary forming operation products such
as forgings, extrusions, rolled plate, and
sheet. The major advantage of high-temperature oxidizing or reducing salt baths

for titanium descaling is their great speed

in removing extremely tenacious scale. Although reducing baths have the inherent
disadvantage of promoting hydrogen absorption, this can be overcome or minimized by chemical additions. Vacuum degassing is another solution.
A primary producer of titanium sheet
uses an oxidizing salt bath for removing
the hot work scale in the following sequence of operations:

Immerse in oxidizing salt for 5 to 20

min at 400 to 480 C (750 to 895 F)
Quench with water, hold 1 min
Immerse in sulfuric acid, 10 to 40
vol%, for 2 to 5 min at 50 to 60 C
(120 to 140 F)
Rinse with water, 1 min
Repeat if necessary
Pickle in nitric-hydrofluoric acid solution, time and concentration as required

The same producer also uses a sodium

hydroxide reducing salt bath for descaling
high beta or metastable beta alloys. A
typical cycle using this type of salt is:

Immerse in reducing salt for 1 to 3

min at 370 C (700F)
Quench in water 1 min

Immerse in sulfuric acid 10 to 40

vol%, for 2 to 5 min at 50 to 60 C
(120 to 140 F)

Rinse in water

Pickle in nitric-hydrofluoric acid solution, time and concentration as required

Vacuum degas or decontaminate titanium beta alloys that absorb hydrogen in reducing baths
These baths are used by one of the major aerospace contractors for cleaning titanium blades for jet engines. Blade materials are Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-8Al-lMo-lV.
Descaling cycles for removing oxides and
proprietary glass-like compounds from
these blades are:

Immerse in oxidizing salt for 15 min

at 455 C (850 F)
Rinse in cold water
.
Pickle in solution of 35% nitric acid
and 3.5% hydrofluoric acid for 1 min
max at 20 C (70 F)

Rinse in hot water

Low-Temperature Baths. The temperature range used for cleaning fabricated parts is 200 to 220 C (390 to 430 F).
Descaling systems based on salts in this
temperature range (see Table 1) eliminate

1148/Technical Notes

Table 1 Low-temperature salt bath and acid bath conditions

Scale formation
temperature

Sample
composition
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
Ti-6Al-4V(d)
Ti-6Al-4V(e)
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV(f)

650
650
820
820
950
950

Salt b a t h
immersion
time(a), m i n

Acid
c l e a n i n g bath
time(b), m i n

Acid
cleaning bath
time(c), seconds
30
30
30
30
60
60

1200
1200
1510
1510
1745
1745

(a) S a l t b a t h t e m p e r a t u r e 2 0 5 C ( 4 0 0 F). (b) B a t h composition, 3 0 % sulfuric acid, (c) B a t h composition, 3 0 % nitric acid,3% hydrofluoric acid, (d) S a m p l e recycled i n salt
b a t h for 5 m i n , i n sulfuric acid b a t h for 5 m i n , i n nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid b a t h for 3 0 s. (e) S a m p l e recycled i n s a l t b a t h for 5 m i n , i n sulfuric acid b a t h for 5 m i n , i n
nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid b a t h for 6 0 s. (f) S a m p l e recycled i n salt b a t h for 5 m i n , i n sulfuric acid b a t h for 5 m i n , i n nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid b a t h for 6 0 s

some of the possible problems associated

with higher temperature baths including:

Age hardening
Dissimilar metal reactions
Chemical attack
Metal distortion
Hydrogen embrittlement

Salts in this range have a very limited

composition because of the effect of various compounds on the melting point. Although they contain oxidizing.agents, the
effect of these materials is not as aggressive as it is in the high-temperature fused
salts. Consequently, organic materials are
not destroyed, but are saponified and absorbed. Silicate barrier films and molybdenum disulfide are soluble in these lowtemperature salts. The temperature
range permits cycling between salt and
acid to reduce cleaning times and costs.
Aqueous caustic descaling b a t h s
have been developed to remove fight scale
and tarnish from titanium alloys, except
for beta titanium alloys. This procedure is
not recommended for beta alloys. They
can absorb hydrogen so quickly in concentrated caustics that a 30 min exposure
could exceed specification. Aqueous caustic solutions containing 40 to 50% sodium
hydroxide have been used successfully to
descale many titanium alloys. One bath
containing 40 to 43% sodium hydroxide
operates at a temperature near its boiling
point, 125 C (260 F). Descaling normally
requires from 5 to 30 min. Immersion time
is not critical because little weight loss is
encountered after the first 5 min. Caustic
descaling conditions the scale so t h a t it is
removed readily during subsequent acid
pickling.
A more effective aqueous solution contains either copper sulfate or sodium sulfate in addition to sodium hydroxide. This
bath operates at a lower temperature, 105
C (220 F). A composition of this solution
by weight is as follows:

50% sodium hydroxide, 10% copper

sulfate pentahydrate ( C U S O 4 5 H 2 O ) , and

40% water. Using immersion times of 10

to 20 min, this bath has proved effective in
descaling Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-2.5Al-16V alloys.

Removal of Tarnish Films

Tarnish films are thin oxide films that
form on titanium at air temperatures between 315 and 650 C (600 and 1200 F),
after exposure at 315 C (600 F). The film
is barely perceptible, but with increasing
temperature and time at temperature, it
becomes thicker and darker. The film acquires a distinct straw yellow color at
about 370 C (700 F), and a blue color at
480 C (900 F). At about 650 C (1200 F),
it assumes the dull gray appearance of a
light scale. Alloying elements and surface
contaminants also influence the color and
characteristics.
Tarnish films are readily removed by
abrasive methods, and all but the heaviest films can be removed by acid pickling.
Prolonged exposures at temperatures
above about 600 C (1100 F), in combination with surface contaminants, result in
heavier surface films that are not removed satisfactorily by acid pickling, but
require descaling treatments for their removal.
Acid pickling removes a fight
amount of metal, usually a few tenths of a
mil. It is used to remove smeared metal,
which could affect penetrant inspection.
Titanium and titanium alloys can be satisfactorily pickled by the following procedure:

Clean thoroughly in alkaline solution to remove all shop soils, soap

drawing compounds, and identification inks. If coated with heavy oil,
grease, or other petroleum-based
compounds, parts may be degreased
in trichloroethylene before alkaline
cleaning. Degreasing will not be
harmful to t h e part in subsequent

processing.
Rinse thoroughly in clean running
water after alkaline immersion
cleaning.
Pickle for 1 to 5 min in an aqueous
nitric-hydrofluoric acid solution
containing 15 to 40% nitric acid and
1.0 to 2.0% hydrofluoric acid by
weight, and operated at a temperature of 24 to 60 C (75 to 140 F). The
ratio of nitric acid to hydrofluoric
acid should be at least 15 to 1. The
preferred acid content of the pickling solution, particularly for alphabeta and beta alloys, is usually near
the middle of the above ranges.
A good all-around pickle bath composition is 35 vol% H N O 3 / 5 vol% HF

(48% acid). Compositions based on

certain ratios can give drastically
different hydrogen absorption rates.
For instance, Ti-15-3-3-3 exhibits an
absorption rate of about 5 ppm/mil
in the 35/5 bath, while in a 7/1 bath
(same ratio of acids), the rate is
about 200 ppm/mil.
A solution of 33.2% nitric acid and
1.6% hydrofluoric acid has been
found effective. When the buildup of
titanium in the solution reaches 12
g/L (2 oz/gal), discard the solution.
Rinse t h e parts thoroughly in clean
water.
High-pressure spray wash thoroughly with clean water at 55 6 C
(130 1 0 F).
Rinse in hot water to aid in drying.
Allow to dry.

To avoid excessive stock removal, the

recommended immersion times for pickling solutions should not be exceeded. It is
equally important to maintain the composition and operating temperature of trie
bath within the limits prescribed to prevent an excessive amount of hydrogen
pickup. Gage loss from all acid pickling af-

D e s c a l i n g a n d S p e c i a l S u r f a c e T r e a t m e n t s /1149

ter descaling is estimated to be less t h a n

0.025 mm/min (0.001 in./min), depending
on the combination of variables used.
Hydrogen contamination is estimated
to be 0 to 15 ppm/0.25 mm (0.001 in.) of
metal removed, depending on alloy composition and gage material pickled. Hydrogen contamination can be held to a
nunimurn by maintaining an acid ratio of
10 to 1 or greater of nitric acid to hydrofluoric acid. Hydrogen diffuses more rapidly
into the beta phase. Alpha-beta alloys
with a fully crystallized structure, with
isolated at grain boundary triple points,
pick up less hydrogen than microstructures with transformed beta and/or simple mill annealed structures. The recrystallized annealed microstructure has only
isolated grains, rather than the more
continuous matrix of the transformed
structure, which makes hydrogen ingress
more difficult.
Mass Finishing (Barrel Finishing). Oxide films formed by heating to
temperatures as high as 650 C (1200 F)
for 30 min have been effectively removed
from Ti-8Mn alloy parts by wet mass finishing. At barrel speeds of 43,000 to
51,000 mm/min (1700 to 2000 in./min),
parts have been cleaned satisfactorily in
about 1 h.
In mass fmishing titanium parts, the
ratio of finishing medium to parts should
be between 10 and 15 to 1, depending on
the size of the parts. Proportionately more
medium is required as part size increases.
Water is used to cover parts and medium.
Surface finish is improved when more
water is added, but cycle time required to
obtain a given finish is increased. The rate
of descaling increases directly with barrel
speed but is limited by the fragility of the
parts being processed. Parts are randomly loaded in the barrel, and rotated at
relatively low barrel speeds to minimize
distortion and nicking.
Aluminum oxide mediums are the
most satisfactory. They do not contaminate the work and have a long useful life.
For oxide removal, small well-worn mediums produce the highest finish. To avoid
possible metallic contamination, the medium used for titanium should not be used
in processing other metals. Strong acidforming compounds are avoided, principally because they are corrosive and contribute to hydrogen embrittlement.
Because of the fire hazard created by fine,
dry titanium particles, dry mass finishing
of titanium parts is not recommended.

Cleaning
P i c k l i n g Procedures Following
Descaling. All advantages gained
through proper conditioning and handling of titanium parts during cleaning
can be lost if the composition of the final

pickling acid is not controlled. Cold spent

acid solutions have increased appreciably
the time requirements for pickling and
the possible quality problems experienced
with hydrogen pickup. Highly concentrated hot acids can be overly aggressive,
resulting in surface finish problems, such
as a rough and pitted surface caused by
preferential acid attack. PickHng solutions for cleaning can be weaker than descaling solutions.
A nitric-hydrofluoric acid solution,
which is the final stage brightening in
most alloy cleaning lines, should be maintained at a minimum ratio of 15 parts nitric acid to 1 part hydrofluoric acid to reduce hydrogen pickup effects; the
concentration of hydrofluoric acid may
vary from 1 to 5%, or even higher as long
as the ratio is not exceeded; the activity of
these pickle solutions is affected by titanium content, and the acids are frequently discarded at a level of 26 g/L (3
oz/gal); the solution used for final brightening can be used for the required alpha
case removal also, with careful monitoring of titanium content.
Sulfuric acid, 35 vol% at 65 C (150
F), is recommended for pickling immediately following salt bath conditioning and
rinsing to remove molten salt and residual softened scales. An acid ofthis formula
has very little effect on titanium metal.
Metal salts in the original and additional
acid solutions further rninimize these
base metal attacks and hydrogen absorption.
Removal of grease, oil, a n d other
shop soils from titanium parts is normally accomplished with the same type of
equipment and the same cleaning procedures used for stainless steel and hightemperature alloy components. Nonchlorinated solvents or alkaline cleaners
are recommended.
Vapor degreasing normally employs
either trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene. At temperatures above 550 F,
these solvents are known to be a cause of
stress-corrosion cracking in titanium alloys. Methylethyl ketone is used as a
cleaner in situations where chlorinated
solutions are not desired. All titanium
parts should be acid pickled after vapor
degreasing to remove residual chlorine.
Other cleaning methods use chemicals
which, if they are left to dry on the part,
may have a harmful effect on the properties of titanium. Among these are (a) soda
ash, borates, silicates, and wetting agents
commonly used in alkaline cleaners; (b)
kerosine and other hydrocarbon solvents
used in emulsion cleaners; and (c) mineral
spirits employed in hand wiping operations. Residues of all these cleaning
agents must be completely removed by
thorough rinsing. To ensure a surface that
is free of contaminants, rinsing is fre-

quently followed by acid pickling.

Finishing
Wire brushing of titanium alloys is
not recommended when other finishing
methods, such as buffing, can accomplish
the objective. Wire brushing used on titanium, in an attempt to remove surface
scratches or oxide films, can result in serious defects. A stiff-bristled wire brush removed surface scratches and oxide films,
but the surface was pitted by the wire tips.
To avoid pitting, softer wire bristles were
tried. The surface of the titanium acquired a burnished appearance; surface
layers were cold worked; and grinding
scratches, instead of being removed, were
filled with smeared metal. Wire brushing
with a silicon carbide abrasive grease has
been used successfully to remove burrs,
break sharp edges from edge radii, and
blend chamfers.
The polishing a n d buffing of titanium is accomplished with the same
equipment used for other metals. Pohshing is frequently done wet, using mineral
oil lubricants and coolants. Silicon carbide
abrasive cloth belts have been effective. It
is common to polish in two or more steps,
using a coarser grit initially, such as 60 or
80, to remove gross surface roughness, followed by pohshing with 120 or 150 grit to
provide a smooth finish. Titanium tends
to wear the sharp edges of the abrasive
particles and to load t h e belts more rapidly than steel. Frequent belt changes are
required for effective cutting. A good flow
of coolant improves pohshing and extends
the life of the abrasive.
Dry pohshing is more appropriate
than wet for some appheations. For these
operations, belts or cloth wheels with silicon carbide abrasive may be used. Soaps
and proprietary compounds may be applied to the belts to improve pohshing and
to extend belt life. Abrasive belt materials
that incorporate solid stearate lubricants
offer improved results for dry pohshing
operations.
Fine pohshing of titanium articles for
extremely smooth finishes requires several progressive pohshing steps with finer
abrasive until pumice or rouge types of
abrasive are applied. With the softer
grades of titanium, such as unalloyed material, fine pohshing requires more time
and care to prevent scratching. The
harder alloy grades can be polished more
readily to a surface of high reflectivity. If a
matte finish is desired, wet blasting with
a fine slurry may be used after initial polishing.
Titanium alloys can be buffed safely.
The purpose of buffing is to improve the
surface appearance of the metal and to
produce a smooth tight surface. Buffing is
used as a final finishing operation and is

1150 / Technical Notes

particularly adaptable to fimshing a localized area of a part. Parts such as body

prostheses, pacemakers, and heart valves
require a highly buffed tight surface to
prevent entrapment of particles. Close fitting parts for equipment, such as the modern guidance systems, and electronics appheations require highly polished
surfaces obtained by buffing. In addition,
sheet sizes too large to be processed by
other abrasive fimshing methods, such as
mass fimshing or wet blasting, can be economically processed by buffing.
The principal hmitations of buffing
are (a) distortion, caused by the inducement of localized stress, (b) surface burning, resulting from prolonged dwell of the
buff, (c) an inability to process inner or restricted surfaces, and (d) the feathering of
holes and edges. Proper care of the buffing
wheel is essential. Buffing with insufficient compound or a loaded wheel produces burning or distortion of the part. After buffing, no further cleaning of parts is
required except degreasing to remove the
buffing compound.
E l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g . Electrolytic polishing can completely remove all traces of
worked metal remaining from mechanical
grmding and pohshing operations used in
specimen preparation. When electropohshing is used in metallography, it is
preceded by mechanical grinding (and
sometimes pohshing) a n d followed by
etching.
The conditions a n d electrolytes required to obtain a satisfactory polished
surface differ for different alloys. Even minor ahoying additions to a metal may significantly affect the response of the metal
to pohshing in a given electrolyte. In developing a suitable procedure for electropohshing a metal or alloy, it is generally
helpful to compare the position of the major component of the alloy with elements
of the same general group in a periodic table and to study the phase diagram, if
available, to predict the number of phases
and their characteristics.
Single-phase alloys generally are easy
to electropolish, whereas multiphase alloys are likely to be difficult or impossible
to polish with electrolytic techniques. In
multiphase alloys, the rates of pohshing of
different phases often are not the same.
Pohshing results depend significantly on
whether the second or third phases are
strongly cathodic or anodic with respect to
the matrix. The matrix is dissolved preferentially if the other phases are relatively
cathodic, thus causing the latter to stand
in relief. Preferential attack may also occur at the interface between two phases.
For titanium a n d titanium alloys,
electropohshing can be effectively done
with mixtures of perchloric acid (HCIO4).
However, mixtures of H C I O 4 and acetic
anhydride a r e extremely dangerous to

Table 2 Electrolytes and voltages for electropolishing of titanium and titanium alloys
Cell
Electrolyte
Notes
voltage
Time
Electrolytes composed of H C 1 0

and alcohol w i t h or without organic additions(a)

7 0 0 m L e t h a n o l (absolute), 120 m L distilled H 0 , 1 0 0 m L

15-60 s

30-65

2-butoxyethanol, 8 0 m L H C 1 0 (60%)
6 0 0 m L m e t h a n o l (absolute), 3 7 0 m L 2-butoxyethanol,
60-150
30mLHClO (60%)
58-66
5 9 0 m L m e t h a n o l (absolute), 6 m L distilled H 0 , 3 5 0 m L
2-butyoxyethanol, 54 m L H C 1 0 (70%)
26-28
11 m L H C 1 0 (60%), 6 5 m L m e t h a n o l (absolute), 2 4 m l
butyl cellosolve
E l e c t r o l y t e s c o m p o s e d o f HCIO4 (60%) a n d glacial acetic acid
9 4 0 m L acetic acid, 6 0 m L H C 1 0
20-60
9 0 0 m L acetic acid, 100 ml H C 1 0
12-70
8 0 0 m L acetic acid, 200 m L H C 1 0
40-100
Electrolytes composed of m i x e d acids o r salts
9 9 5 m L e t h a n o l (absolute), 100 m L -butyl alcohol, 109 g
AICI3 6 H 0 (hydrated a l u m i n u m chloride), 2 5 0 g
30-60
Z n C l (zinc chloride) (anhydrous)
11.1% hydrofluoric acid, 59% lactic acid, 24.6% sulfuric
24-35
acid, 3.6% dimethyl sulphoxide, 1.7% glycerine

(b)

5-30 s

45 s

(c)

-3 min

(d)

1-5 m i n
1/2-2 m i n
1-15 m i n

(e)

1-6 m i n

(0

(a) C h e m i c a l c o m p o n e n t s of electrolytes are l i s t e d i n t h e order of mixing. Except w h e r e o t h e r w i s e n o t e d t h e elect r o l y t e s a r e i n t e n d e d for u s e a t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e approximate r a n g e of 18 to 3 8 C (65 to 100 F), and
w i t h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l cathodes. A b s o l u t e S D - 3 A o r S D - 3 0 ethanol can be substituted for a b s o l u t e e t h a n o l . (b) One
of t h e b e s t electrolytes for u n i v e r s a l u s e . (c) P o l i s h only, (d) Electrolyte and v o l t a g e for electropolishing a s described i n Metals Handbook,
9 t h ed., Vol 9, Metallography
and Microstructure.
(e) Good general-purpose electrolyte, (f) Source: J. Delleg, Metallography,
Vol 7 , 1 9 7 4 , 357-360

prepare and are even more unpredictable

to use. Many industrial firms and research laboratories, and some municipalities forbid the use of such potentially explosive mixtures, which have caused
fatalities and property damage in some
accidents. These mixtures also are highly
corrosive to the skin, and the vapors of
acetic anhydride can cause severe damage by inhalation. These hazards are considered sufficient reason for recommending t h a t mixtures of H C I O 4 and acetic
anhydride not be used, despite their effectiveness as electropolishing electrolytes.
To avoid using mixtures of acetic and
perchloric acid, electrolytes based on
mixed acid or salts have been developed
(see Table 2). For example, pure titanium
(99.9% Ti) has been successfully electropolished with an electrolyte solution of
11.1% hydrofluoric acid, 59% lactic acid,
24.6% sulfuric acid, 3.6% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 1.7% glycerine. Polishing occurs
with an applied voltage of 24 to 35 V at 97
mA/cm (see Fig. 2).

electroless plating, and chemical conversion coatings.

Plating of Titanium

Electroplating

Titanium and titanium alloys can be

difficult to plate because surface oxides
can prevent good adhesion of the plating
with the titanium substrate. Careful surface preparation is therefore essential.
The type of property improvements (e.g.,
wear resistance, lubricity, corrosion resistance) varies with the different plating
processes, which generally include electrodeposition methods (electroplating),

Electroplating generally refers to the

method of bath electrodeposition, where
the part to be plated is made an electrode
(the cathode) in a n electrochemical cell.
ASTM 481 describes three separate
processes for surface preparation and
electroplating of titanium a n d titanium
alloys (ASTM 481, Standard Practice
for Preparation of Titanium and Titanium
Alloys, The American Society for Testing

10

20
30
Applied voltage, V

40

50

Fig. 2 Current-voltage c u r v e for electropolishing in a

mixed acid solution. Polishing is performed on t h e plateau. Electrolyte solution w a s 1 1 . 1 % hydrofluoricacid,
5 9 . 0 % lactic acid, 2 4 . 6 % sulfuric acid, 3 . 6 % dimethyl
sulphoxide, and 1.7% glycerine.
Source: J . Pelleg, Metallography, Vol 7 , 1 9 7 4 , 357360

Descaling and Special Surface Treatments /1151

and Materials, 1990). Hard chromium is

the most common plating for wear resistance, while copper and precious metal
plating are useful for other reasons. The
general concept of electrodeposition also
includes the patented process of metalliding, which combines electrodeposition
and high-temperature diffusion of plating
into the substrate.
Hard chromium plating of titanium alloys requires surface pretreatment that removes surface oxides and allows
good
adhesion
of plating.
Pretreatment prior to the hard chromium
plating of titanium alloys includes the application of an electroless nickel plate or a
coating deposited from a high-chloride
nickel strike bath. The following procedure also has given adherent chromium
plating having good fatigue properties
[C.G. John, Electroplated Coating ofTitanium for Engineering Applications, Titanium Science and Technology, Vol 2, Lutjering, Zwicker, Bunk, Ed.), DGM, 1985,
995-1001].

Degrease areas to be coated in aqueous alkaline cleaners. (Trichloroethylene type solvents are prohibited by many specifications)
Abrasive blast using a water slurry
of aluminum oxide (190/220 mesh)
at 415 kPa (60 psi) air pressure
Etch and activation procedures
Rinse with clean running deionized
water
Hard chromium plate to P.P.I./17
Iss.l
Rinse, dry, a n d heat treat at 200 C
(400 F ) f o r 2 h

Copper Plating. The electrodeposition of copper on titanium and titanium

alloys [see flow chart (Fig. 3)] provides a
basis for subsequent plating. After cleaning and before plating, the surface of the
titanium must be chemically activated by
immersion in an acid dip and a dichromate dip to obtain adequate adhesion of
the plated coating (see Fig. 3 for the compositions and operating temperatures of
these activating solutions).
Water purity is critical in the composition of activating solutions, although
chemicals of technical grade are as effective as, and may be substituted for chemicals of the chemically pure grade. In both
the acid and dichromate baths, hydrofluoric acid content is most critical and must
be carefully controlled.
After proper activation, titanium may
be plated in a standard acid copper sulfate
bath. The adhesion of the deposited copper is better than t h a t of 60-40 solder to
copper, and the deposit successfully withstands the heat of a soldering iron. The

R e m o v e oxide a n d s c a l e
Grind
(sulfated oils)

Rinse

Clean

Dry

Activate s u r f a c e

Electroplate

Acid c o p p e r
sulfate plate

Solvent degrease

Rinse
(cold r u n n i n g
tap water)

D i c h r o m a t e dip
Solution 2

Rinse
(spray, distilled o r d e ionized w a t e r )

Acid dip
Solution 1

Fig. 3 P r o c e s s i n g s e q u e n c e for electroplating c o p p e r on titanium alloy p a r t s

Fig. 4 S c h e m a t i c of a metalliding bath

normal thickness of the plated deposit is

about 25 um (1 mil).
Copper-plated titanium wire is available commercially. The outstanding property of this material is the lubricity of its
copper-plated surface. The wire can be
drawn easily and can be threaded on rolls.
Such wire has been used in applications
t h a t require electrical surface conductivity.
The titanium wire is plated continuously at a speed of about 60 m/min (200
fVmin) in a copper fiuoroborate acid bath
at a current density of 7.5 to 12.5 A/dm
(75 to 125 A/ft ). The final copper deposit
is a thin flash coating. Higher current
densities up to 150 A/dm (1500 A/ft )
have been tried, but if the copper coating
is too thick, adhesion is poor.
Platinum Plating. Although titanium is not satisfactory as an anode material because of an electrically resistant oxide film t h a t forms on its surface,
application of a thin film of platinum to titanium results in a material with excellent electrochemical properties. Theoreti2

cally, the thinnest possible film is sufficient to give the highly desirable low overvoltage characteristics of platinum; furthermore, the film need not be continuous
or free of defects to be effective.
The greatest immediate use for platinum-coated titanium is for anodes in the
chlorine-caustic industry. Some horizontal-type chlorine cells use expanded metal
anodes. From 1.3 to 2.5 um (0.05 to 0.1
mil) of platinum is applied to the anode
surface. Replating of the anodes may be
required after about 2 years, depending
on the operating conditions. The attrition
rate for platinum appears to be about 0.6
g/tonne (0.5 g/ton) of chlorine.
Several platinum and electrode suppliers have developed reliable methods for
platinum plating titanium; most use proprietary solutions. A platinum cb'amino
nitrite bath has been used successfully to
apply platinum plating to titanium. In
this and other procedures, certain precautionary steps are required to achieve adherent, uniform plating. The surface must
be cleaned thoroughly, and etched in hy-

1152 / Technical Notes

drochloric or hydrofluoric acid to produce

a roughened surface. Some procedures
also involve a surface activating treatment j u s t before plating. Immersion for 4
min in a solution of glacial acetic acid 895
mL (30 fluid oz) containing hydrofluoric
acid 125 mL (4 fluid oz) of 52% hydrofluoric acid, followed by a prompt rinse, appears to be an effective activating treatment if performed immediately before
plating. A postplating treatment, consisting of heating to 400 to 540 C (750 to 1000
F) for a period of 10 to 60 min, stress relieves the plate, and improves adhesion.
This treatment can be done in an air atmosphere, and a light oxide film forms on
unplated areas.
Coatings for Emissivity. Electrodeposits and sprayed coatings ofgold on titanium are being used to provide a heat-reflecting surface that reduces the
temperature of the base metal. Low-emissivity coatings are also used to reduce
heat radiated out to the surrounding aluminum structure in aircraft. Gold-coated
titanium has been used for jet engine components. The gold coating is applied by
spraying a gold-containing liquid on
chemically clean titanium sheet. This is
followed by a baking treatment. Normal

coating thickness is about 25 um (0.1 mil).

Metalliding, originally patented by
General Electric, is a high-temperature
electrodeposition process (see Fig. 4) t h a t
diffuses the plating elements into the substrate material. Controlling the purity of
the salt electrolyte and plating atmosphere are difficult, but the process allows
plating of elements on substrates t h a t
normally cannot be plated. Several elements have been successfully applied to
various substrates (see Fig. 4).
Electroless Plating
Electroless plating baths have been
developed for copper, silver, nickel, and
other plating elements, but
the
nickel/phosphorus system is the most
common for wear resistance. The deposit
is achieved by a catalytic reduction of metal ions in the plating without the use of
electricity.
Electroless nickel coating is used because of its wear and corrosion resistance.
Deposition rates (10 um/h, or 0.4 mil/h)
are relatively slow compared to electrodeposition methods, but the electroless
depositions are more uniform t h a n those
of electroplating. Normal thickness is

Table 3 Comparison of conversion coatings in wiredrawing of titanium

Coating

Total
No. of
reduction, % passes

Drawing c o m p o u n d

Bare

Molybdenum disulfide
with grease
Bare
Soapy wax
Degreasing bath
Molybdenum disulfide
w i t h grease
Pickling bath
Molybdenum disulfide
with grease
Kcklingbath
Soapy wax
Pickling bath(a)
Molybdenum disulfide
w i t h grease
C h e m i c a l i m m e r s i o n b a t h Lacquer molybdenum

No. of
coats

Galled

0(b)

disulfide
C h e m i c a l i m m e r s i o n bath Molybdenum disulfide

Final
condition

85

0(b)
8

Galled
Smooth

94

17

Smooth

68
70

7
7

3
1

Galled
Smooth

63

Smooth

63

Smooth

(a) C o a t i n g h e a t e d for 1 h at 4 2 5 C (795 F). (b) F i r s t p a s s u n s u c c e s s f u l

about 50 um (2 mil).
Adhesion of electroless nickel
coatings to most metals is excellent. The
initial replacement reaction, which occurs
with catalytic metals, together with the
associated ability of the baths to remove
submicroscopic soils, allows the deposit to
establish metallic as well as mechanical
bonds with the substrate. With noncatalytic or passive metals, such as stainless
steel, an initial replacement reaction does
not occur, and adhesion is reduced. With
proper pretreatment and activation, however, the bond strength of the coating usually exceeds 140 MPa (20 ksi) [G.G.
Gawrilov, Chemical (Electroless) Nickel
Plating, Redhill, England: Portcullis
Press, 1979].
Tb increase the adhesion of the coatings, baking treatments are useful where
pretreatment has been less than adequate and adhesion is marginal. With
properly applied coatings, baking has
only a minimal effect upon bond strength
[R.N. Duncan, Properties and Applications of Electroless Nickel Deposits, Finishers'Management, Vol 26 (No. 3), 1981,
5].
Chemical Conversion Coatings
Chemical conversion coatings are
formed when the surface of a substrate
material reacts with the surrounding environment. Simple examples of conversion coatings include anodized surfaces
and the formation of surface oxides during
exposure with air. Conversion coatings
are also applied by immersing the material in a tank containing the coating solution. Spraying and brushing are alternate
methods of application.
Generally, conversion coatings are
thin (2.5 um, or 0.1 mil) and not hard
enough to be competitive for wear-resist a n t appheations. However, chemical conversion coatings (particularly potassium
titanate) are used on titanium to improve
lubricity by acting as a base for the retention of lubricants. Phosphate-fluoride conversion coatings also improve paint adhe-

Table 4 Conversion coating baths for titanium alloys

Bath
No.
1

Bath solution
D e g r e a s i n g solution

Composition

g/L

Na3P0 12H 0

50
20
11.5
50
20
26
40
18
16

KF2H 0
H F solution(a)
Na3P0 12H 0
KF2H 0
H F solution(a)
Na2B O7-10H O
KF2H 0
H F solution(a)
2

Pickling solution

Chemical immersion
solution

(a) Hydrofluoric acid, 50.3% by weight

Amount

oz/gal
6.5
2.6
1.5
6.5
2.6
3.4
5.2
2.3
2.1

Temperature
F
C

pH

Immersion
time, min

85

185

5.1-5.2

10

27

81

<1.0

1-2

85

185

6.3-6.6

20

Descaling and Special Surface Treatments /1153

sion to titanium (although grit blasting

also provides good surface preparation for
paint adhesion).
Results of extensive wiredrawing experiments (see Table 3) illustrate the effectiveness of conversion coatings when
used with various lubricants. High-speed
rotary tests also have indicated marked
improvement in the wear characteristics
of the metal after conversion coating and
lubricating with one part of the molybdenum disulfide and two parts of thermosetting eponphenolic resin.
Reciprocating wear tests have shown
that conversion coatings and oxidized surfaces provided some improvement in wear
characteristics, but when conversion
coated samples were also oxidized, a
marked improvement was noted. The conversion coating increases the oxidation
rate of titanium at about 425 C (800 F)
and may increase oxidation rates at temperatures up to 595 C (1100 F). The
original coating is retained above the titanium oxide layer.
Conversion coating baths (see Table 4)
use various constituent amounts, immersion times, and bath temperatures. The
resultant coatings are composed primarily of titanium and potassium fluorides
and phosphates. One coating bath consists of an aqueous solution of sodium orthophosphate, potassium fluoride, and
hydrofluoric acid, and can be used with
various constituent amounts, immersion
times, and bath temperatures. The resultant coatings are composed primarily of titanium and potassium fluorides and
phosphates.
Cleanness of the part before immersion is critical, and all prehminary cleaning and handling operations [see flow
chart (Fig. 5)] must be closely controlled
for good results. Finger marks or residual
grease on the surface of a part will interfere seriously with the coating process.
The appearance of the baths varies
widely during the coating reaction, ranging from rapid bubbling to relative dormancy. Some coatings rub off when still
wet; others are adherent. The solutions
produce coatings of approximately the
same dark gray or black appearance.
The control of pH and immersion time
is important. Dissolved titanium and the
active fluoride ion make it impossible to
use glass electrodes for pH measurements. Indicator paper and colorimetry
are the most satisfactory methods for
measuring in the degreasing and chemical immersion baths, which are held in the
pH range from 5 to 7. The pickling bath is
quite acid, and titrametric analysis offers
the most practical method of control.
When the bath is in the proper coating
range, a 20 mL (0.70 fluid oz) sample in
100 mL (3.4 fluid oz) of water will neutralize 11.8 to 12.0 mL (0.4 to 0.41 fluid oz) of

- Coating-

-Surface preparation -

Degrease

Hot
water
rinse

Chemical
immersion
treatment

Cold
Pickle

water
rinse

Dry

Fig. 5 P r o c e s s i n g s e q u e n c e u s e d in t h e c h e m i c a l coating of titanium alloys

500

Distance from surface, mils

10
15

As-accepted
Oxygen hardening
Gas carburizing
Ion nitriding

Distance from surface, mm

0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

' 1 ' 1 1 ' 1
5h
2h
\
1/2 h \

1 h

1
.c

40 _

re
35

200
400
Distance from surface,

600

30
0

0.001
0.002
Distance from surface, in.

0.003

Fig. 6 H a r d n e s s profile of T1-22V-4AI after v a r i o u s

surface t r e a t m e n t s . B e c a u s e t h e cold-forged T1-22V4AI b e t a alloy w a s being evaluated a s a c a n d i d a t e
material for m a s s - p r o d u c e d valve-spring retainers,
oxygen h a r d e n i n g in air w a s ultimately s e l e c t e d .
S o u r c e : M. M u s h i a k e era/., D e v e l o p m e n t of Titanium
Valve Spring R e t a i n e r s , SAE Technical Paper Series
No. 910428, S A E , 1 9 9 1

Fig. 7 H a r d n e s s profiles of Tiduran-treated T1-6AI4V.

S o u r c e : R.H. S h o e m a k e r , N e w Surface T r e a t m e n t s
for Titanium, Titanium Science and Technology, Vol 4,
Jaffee a n d Burte, Ed., P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 , 2 5 0 1 2516

normal sodium hydroxide, using a phenolphthalein indicator.

Coating thickness depends on immersion time. In all three baths, a specific
time is reached after which the coating
weight remains essentially constant. In
the fluoride-phosphate baths, a maximum coating weight is reached at some
time before this equiHbrium point. The
maximum coating weight is obtained in
about 2 min in the low-temperature bath
and in about 10 min in the two other
baths. Coatings are easily removable
without excessive loss of metal by pickling
in an aqueous solution containing 20% nitric acid and 2% hydrofluoric acid by
weight.
A n o d i z i n g refers to the application of
conversion coatings by immersion of the
part (as the anode) in an electrochemical
cell. Titanium can be anodized, but the
coatings are much thinner and softer than
anodized aluminum. The oxide layers
from anodizing titanium are Hmited to 0.1
to 0.2 um (4 to 8 uin.) in a wide range of
acid, neutral, and base electrolytes. Anodizing of commercially pure titanium in
sulfuric and phosphoric acid at 110 volts
produces up to 0.2 um (8 uin.). In acids at
elevated temperatures of 60 to 80 C (140
to 175 F), oxidation layers are on the or-

der of 10 um (0.4 mil).

Although anodizing generally produces T i 0 layers less than 0.1 um (4 uin.)
thick, the process can provide a useful improvement for any titanium component
subjected to a rubbing action. It is frequently used on titanium screws and fasteners. Anodizing is also used to prepare
surfaces for adhesive bonding. Three anodizing processes for Ti-6A1-4V are outlined in Table 5.
2

Diffusion Treatments
Like steel, surface hardening is a common objective during the diffusion treatment of titanium alloys. In some cases,
however, diffusion treatment is used to develop a chemical barrier at the surface. Oxidation is the most prevalent method of
foiming a protective surface barrier, although aluminization is an alternative
treatment.
Surface hardening treatments can
rely on the diffusion of hardening species
such as nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen (see
Fig. 6). Boron is another hardening species. The temperatures required for adequate diffusion depend on the alloy, the
hardening species, and its concentration
gradient (or delivery efficiency) at the sur-

Next Page
1154 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Fatigue

Fig. 8(b) Effect of t e m p e r a t u r e o n oxygen h a r d e n i n g

of Ti-22V-4AI. Cold-forged Ti-22V-4AI valve spring retainers h e a t e d in air for 3 0 min.
S o u r c e : M. M u s h i a k e ef al., D e v e l o p m e n t of Titanium
Valve Spring Retainers, SAE Technical Paper Series
No. 910428, S A E , 1991

Fig. 8(a) Effect of t e m p e r a t u r e o n o x y g e n h a r d e n i n g

of T1-22V-4AI. Cold-forged T1-22V-4AI v a l v e spring retainers h e a t e d in air for 3 0 min.
S o u r c e : M. Mushiake era/., D e v e l o p m e n t of Titanium
Valve Spring Retainers, SAE Technical Paper Series
No. 910428, SAE, 1991

Fretting fatigue

3
4
5
Treatment

Fig. 9 A s u m m a r y of effects of s o m e surface treatm e n t s o n t h e fatigue a n d fretting fatigue properties of

Ti-6AI-4Vat350C. 1 . S h o t - p e e n e d A l m a n A16. Highvelocity p l a s m a flame-sprayed W C + 1 2 % Co. 2.
Electroplated Ni. Diffusion b o n d e d + Shot-peened Al
A7. 3 . Electroplated Cr. Diffusion bonded + shotp e e n e d A8-12 + electroplated Cr. 4. HardAnodised.
5. Hard a n o d i s e d + (epoxy resin + M o S . 6 . Watervliet
a n o d i s e d + (pcJyimide resin + graphite). 7. Watervliet
a n o d i s e d + ( e p o s y resin + M o S ) .
2

Table 5 Anodization p r o c e d u r e s f o r Ti-AI-4V

CAA(a)
1. D e g r e a s e
2. P i c k l i n g

15 vol% of 7 0 % HNO3, m i n
3 vol % of 4 9 % H F a t R T , s
3. R i n s e , d e i o n i z e d w a t e r , 2 5 C
(77 F), m i n
4. A n o d i z a t i o n

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methyl ethyl ketone

10
30

10
30

1-5

1-5
5 M N a O H , 10 V,
20-30 m i n , 2 0 - 3 0 C
(68-86 F)

50g/L(6.6oz/gal)
C r 0 , lg/L(0.13
oz/gal)NH4HF ,10
V, 2 0 m i n , 2 0 - 2 5 C
(68-77 F)
3

5. R i n s e , d e i o n i z e d w a t e r , m i n
6. A i r dry, C (F)

SHA(b)

5-20
25-60(77-140)

5-20
25-60(77-140)

NaTESi(c)
Alkaline

1-5
7.50 m o l / L N a O H , 0.33
m o l / L N a - t a r t r a t e , 0.10
mol/L ethylene
diamine tetraacetic
acid, 10 V, 15 m i n ,
30 C(86F)
5-20
25-60(77-140)

(a) C h r o m i c Acid A n o d i z a t i o n (CAA) p r o c e s s , (b) S o d i u m H y d r o x i d e A n o d i z a t i o n ( S H A ) p r o c e s s , (c) T h e N a T E S i

p r o c e s s i s a v a r i a t i o n of t h e S H A p r o c e s s , i n w h i c h a t a r t r a t e t d t a n i u m - c o m p l e x i n g a g e n t i s u s e d for c h e m i c a l
e t c h i n g t i t a n i u m p r i o r t o a d h e s i v e b o n d i n g [C. M a t z , O p t i m i z a t i o n of t h e D u r a b i l i t y of S t r u c t u r a l T i t a n i u m A d h e s i v e J o i n t s , Int. J. Adhesion andAdhesives,
J a n . , 1 9 8 8 , 17-24]. N a T E S i s t a n d s for s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e , s o d i u m
t a r t r a t e , e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c acid, a n d s o d i u m silicate. S o u r c e : C l e a r f i e l d , H . M . , et al., S u r f a c e P r e p a r a t i o n of M e t a l s , i n Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol 3 , Adhesives and Sealants, A S M I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1 9 9 0 ,
259-275

face. Plasma-assisted methods enable the

use of lower diffusion temperatures, while
salt bath treatments allow better control
of oxygen as compared to gas or pack diffusion methods. Several salt-bath surface
hardening treatments have been developed, but they are not used widely in industry. The most common salt-bath hardening treatment is the Tlduran process
(Kolene Corp.), which involves immersion
in a cyanide salt bath at about 800 C
(1475 F). Hardness profiles depend on exposure time (see Fig. 7). The Tiduran process has been used on process control
valves and high-performance parts in

automotive engines and space vehicles.

Oxygen Surface Hardening. Although oxygen is usually regarded as a n
unwanted impurity, the excellent hardening by oxygen in solid solution with titanium also is used in its own right. The diffusion of oxygen at the surface produces three
distinct regions in the hardened case:
A brittle titanium-oxide (2) top
layer, which is subsequently removed
A Ti02-TiO layer several microns
thick

A hardened region containing dissolved oxygen

Usable hardening for wear resistance is provided by the oxygen-rich
region and the layer of TiO-Ti02
The surface hardness and the depth of
the oxygen-rich case depend on the time
and temperature of exposure. For example, heating of a Ti-22V-4A1 alloy in air for
30 min increased surface hardness to
more t h a n 550 HV (see Fig. 8a). The extent of hardening reaches a plateau above
about 800 C (1470 F), although higher
temperatures produce a deeper case
depth (see Fig. 8b). Higher treatment
temperatures are therefore beneficial in
terms of wear resistance.
However, when temperatures exceed
about 800 C (1470 F), the ingress of
gases can cause contamination and thus
the degradation of mechanical properties.
Below 800 C (1470 F), oxygen forms a
passivation layer that prevents the ingress of gases such as hydrogen.
N i t r i d i n g produces a thin, gold-colored surface film of TiN () above a
thicker layer of T12N (). Below these
two layers, a hardened case containing
dissolved nitrogen extends to a depth of
10 to 100 (0.4 to 4 mil) depending on
the time and temperature exposure of
the treatment. Surface hardness can be
increased to more t h a n 500 HV. Ion
(plasma-assisted) nitriding is advantageous because t h e sputtering action

W e l d i n g a n d B r a z i n g /1159

Technical Note 10: Welding and

Brazing
Titanium and most titanium alloys
can be welded by arc, spot, seam, flash,
pressure, friction and electron beam
methods. Procedures and equipment are
generally similar to those used for welding austenitic stainless steel or aluminum. However, because titanium and titanium alloys are extremely reactive above
540 C (1000 F), precautions must be
taken to shield the joint from air. No flux is
used when welding titanium.

Weldability
Unalloyed titanium a n d all alpha
titanium alloys are weldable. All grades
of pure titanium and alpha alloys are
welded in the annealed condition. Welding of cold worked alloys anneals the heataffected zone (HAZ) and negates the
strength produced by cold working.
Alpha-Beta Alloys. Ti-6A1-4V and
other weakly beta stabilized alloys can be
welded in the annealed condition or in the
solution-treated and partially aged condition, with aging completed during postweld stress reheving. Strongly beta-stabilized alloys are embrittled by welding.
The low weld ductility of most alpha-beta
alloys is caused by phase transformations
in the weld zone or in the HAZ which promote a martensitic microstructure.
Metastable Beta Alloys. Most metastable beta alloys can be successfully
welded, but because aged welds in beta alloys can be quite brittle, heat treatment to
strengthen the weld by age hardening
should be used with caution. Metastable
beta alloys typically are weldable in the
annealed or solution heat treated condition. In the as-welded condition, welds are
low in strength but ductile. Beta alloy
weldments are sometimes used in the aswelded condition. To obtain full strength,
the metastable beta alloys are welded in
the annealed condition; the weld is cold
worked by peening or planishing, and the
weldment is then solution treated and
aged. This procedure also obtains adequate ductility in the weld.

Cleaning
To obtain a good weld, cleanliness of

the welded surface is a major concern. The

cleaning procedure depends on whether
the oxide layer in the joint area is light or
heavy (see Fig. 1).
Degreasing. Grease and oil accumulated during forming and machining must
be removed before welding to avoid weld
contamination. Scale-free metal requires
only degreasing. Degreasing precedes
descaling for metal with an oxide scale.
Methods of degreasing include steam
cleaning, alkaline cleaning, vapor degreasing, and solvent cleaning.
For vapor degreasing, toluene rather
than a chlorinated solvent should be used,
because residues from chlorinated solvents (and also from silicated solvents)
may contribute to cracking of titanium
weldments. Solvent cleaning is frequently
used, especially for large components that
cannot conveniently be placed in a vapor

degreaser or washer for alkaline cleaning.

Solvents applied include methylethyl ketone, toluene, acetone and other chlorinefree solvents. Because methyl alcohol has
reportedly caused stress corrosion, it is
prohibited for use on aerospace hardware.
In solvent cleaning, the joint areas are
hand-wiped with the solvent just before
welding. All wiping should be done with
clean, lint-free cloths or a cellulose
sponge. Plastic or lint-free gloves should
be worn; rubber gloves are likely to leave
traces of plasticizer that can cause porosity in the weld metal. Handprints are also
a source of contamination.
After a lightly oxidized joint area has
been degreased, it should be pickled for a
short time. Atypical mixture is 4 wt% hydrofluoric acid and 40 wt% nitric acid. Because hydrogen is detrimental to the
properties of titanium, causing embrittle-

Degrease
(alternative m e t h o d s )

S t r e a m clean

Alkaline clean

S o l v e n t clean

Vapor d e g r e a s e

Oxide r e m o v a l
T o r e m o v e light oxide
f o r m e d b e l o w 540 C
D e g r e a s e ( u s e o n e of
four m e t h o d s a b o v e )

Degrease

T o r e m o v e h e a v y oxide
f o r m e d a b o v e 540 C

Degrease
O R

O R

Nitric-hydrofluoric
acid pickle

W i r e b r u s h or
d r a w file

Rinse

R e p e a t pickle, if n e c e s s a r y ,
provided total immersion
time d o e s not exceed
10 min
*Use t o l u e n e r a t h e r t h a n a
chlorinated s o l v e n t t o avoid
possibility of cracking

Fig. 1

Degrease

R o w chart of p r o c e d u r e s for cleaning titanium alloys

Abrasive wet blast

or salt b a t h d e s c a l e

Nitric-hydrofluoric
acid pickle

HZ
Alkaline clean if
alkaline cleaning w a s
n o t u s e d previously

Nitric-hydrofluoric
acid pickle

Rinse

Sodium dichromate
dip; r e p e a t cycle
if n e c e s s a r y

1160 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

ment and sometimes contributing to weld

porosity, pickling should be performed
cautiously. Industrial practice usually can
be to maintain the acid bath at a high oxidation potential of 30 wt% or more nitric
acid, which simultaneously holds the ratio of nitric acid to hydrofluoric acid at 15
to 1 strictly as a factor of safety. For additional information on acid pickling of titanium, see "Technical Note 9: Surface
Treatments" in this Volume. If the nitric
acid content falls below 30 wt% and the
ratio of nitric acid to hydrofluoric acid falls
below 10 to 1, excessive hydrogen pickup
is possible.
Oxide Removal. A lightly oxidized
joint area may also be cleaned by brushing with a stainless steel wire brush or by
draw filing. When weld corrosion resistance is important, however, these cleaning methods should be followed immediately by acid pickling. Steel wool or
abrasives should never be used, because
of the danger of contamination.
grinding is required, the use of silicon carbide burrs is preferred, because
wheels produce residues of rubber or resin
on the surface that contaminate the weld.
Excessive heat should be avoided while
grinding and low rotating speeds should
be used. Soft-backed grinding tools should
be used.
If titanium has been exposed to temperatures above 540 C (1000 F) prior to
welding, a more complex removal treatment such as chemical, salt bath, or mechanical, or combinations of these treatments, is required. The salt baths are
basically sodium hydroxide to which oxidizing agents or hydrogen has been added
to form sodium hydride (see "Technical
Note 9: Surface Treatments" in this Volume).
Two alternative procedures for removing heavy scale are shown in the previous
flowchart for cleaning titanium alloys. In
one, the parts are subjected to liquid abrasive blasting or salt-bath descaling after
degreasing. These treatments are usually
followed by pickling in nitric-hydrofluoric
acid, as the removal of hght scale. When
salt-bath descaling is used, oxide removal
can be hastened by removing the workpieces from the bath, scrubbing them with
brushes, and then re-immersing them. To
prevent hydrogen pickup during salt-bath
descaling, time cycles must be short (preferably no more than 2 min) and bath temperature must be carefully controlled.
In the second method for removing
heavy scale (see Fig. 1) parts are alkaline
cleaned after grease removal (unless alkaline cleaning was used for grease removal)
and then pickled, rinsed, and dipped in a
sodium dichromate solution. Selection of
cleaning method depends largely on the
size and shape of the parts and on the
cleaning methods available in a particu-

lar plant.
Gas Shielding. For successful arc
welding of titanium and titanium alloys,
complete shielding of the weld is necessary, because of the high reactivity of titanium to oxygen and nitrogen at welding
temperatures. Shielding is required for
weldment areas that exceed about 540 C
(1000 F)inair.
In welding titanium and titanium alloys, only argon and helium, and occasionally a mixture of these two gases, are used
for shielding. Because it is more readily
available and less costly, argon is more
widely used. Argon sMelding gas was used
in the examples given in this article.
Because of high purity (99.985% min)
and low moisture content, liquid argon is
often preferred. The argon gas should
have a dew point of - 6 0 C (-75 F) or
lower. The hose used for the shielding gas
should be clean, nonporous, and flexible,
made of Tygon or vinyl plastic. Because
rubber hose absorbs air, it should not be
used. Excessive gas flow rates t h a t cause
turbulence should be avoided; flowmeters
are usually employed for all gas shields.
Pressure (psi) gages may be employed for
trailing and backup shields.
Welding i n Chambers. Excellent
welds can be obtained in titanium and its
alloys in a welding chamber, where welding is done in a protective gas atmosphere,
thus giving adequate shielding. Welding
in a chamber, however, is not always practical. For example, in manual welding the
location of the glove ports and the presence of a chamber wall impose limitations
on visibility, movement, and accessibility.
Welding of titanium was first done in metal chambers that can be evacuated and
then backfilled with argon or helium.
Such chambers are equipped with glove
ports, so that the welder can handle the
torch, separate filler metal (if used), and
the weldment without admitting air to the
chamber. Viewing ports enable the welder
to see the welding operation. Although expensive to operate, especially for large
weldments, metal chambers are frequently used in aerospace appheations.
Generally, shielding gas is not supplied to the welding torch when welding
titanium in a metal chamber, and excellent welds can be made if the chamber atmosphere is maintained properly. In some
appheations, however, where heavy or
long welds are required, gas is supplied to
the torch to improve smelding.
Rigid or collapsible chambers made of
transparent plastic can be used where
production runs are short, the assembly is
large or complicated, and manual welding
is required. Rigid plastic chambers are
flow-purged with argon or helium, in volumes equal to five or ten times the volume
of the chamber, before welding is started.
Collapsible plastic chambers are first col-

lapsed and then flow-purged with argon

or helium; they require less gas for purging than do rigid chambers.
Advantages of plastic chambers
(either rigid or collapsible) are low cost
and good visibility of the work. Because
there is generally a greater probability of
leakage occurring in a plastic chamber
than in a metal chamber, the atmosphere
must be checked frequently to ensure that
it is of proper purity. In addition, torch
shielding is usually employed to make
certain that the weld zone is adequately
protected.
Out-of-Chamber Welding. With
proper tooling, joints in titanium can be
adequately shielded for welding without
using a chamber. Both the weld and the
HAZ must be shielded during welding and
until the temperature of the metal in the
area of the weld is below 540 C (1000 F).
If shielding is inadequate, the welds are
brittle due to oxygen or nitrogen embrittlement.
The welding torch (or electrode holder)
is usually equipped to supply a trailing
shield that provides a diffuse, nonturbulent flow of gas to the solidifying and cooling (see Fig. 2) weld. The length of the
trailing shield must be adjusted to the
speed of welding. Both straight and curvilinear welding can be shielded. In addition, the welding station must be shielded
by curtains to prevent drafts.
Most shields are designed and/or
handcrafted for the particular weld. Trailing shields must be capable of providing
sufficient gas coverage to produce a
sound, bright-silver weld deposit. In addition, heat-resistant tape is used around
the trailing shield edges to contain the
gas-sHelding envelope.

Arc Welding
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is
the most widely used process forjoining titanium and titanium alloys, except in
large thicknesses. Square-groove butt

G a s shield at torch
(or e l e c t r o d e holder)

Trailing
g a s shield

Fig. 2 A r r a n g e m e n t for shielding in automatic welding of titanium alloys in air. T h e baffle s h o w n o n t h e

leading side of t h e torch (or electrode holder) is seld o m u s e d for GTAW, but is u s e d for GMAW.

Welding and Brazing /1161

Table 1 Dimensions of typical joints for welding titanium and titanium alloys
Base-metal
thickness, t, in.

Root
opening

Groove
angle,

Weld-bead
width

0.10-0.25*

Hold-down

RGas tungsten arc torch

Square-groove butt joint

0.010-0.090
0.031-0.125
Single-V-groove butt joint

0
0-0.10*

0.062-0.125

0-0.10*

30-60

0.090-0.125

(a)

90

0.125-0.250

0-0.10*

30-60

0.10-0.25*

0.250-0.500
Single-U-groove butt joint

0-0.20*

30-120

0.10-0.25*

0.250-0.750
Double-U-groove butt joint

0-0.10*

15-30

0.10-0.25*

0.750-1.500

0-0.10*

15-30

0.10-0.25*

Double-V-groove butt joint

aluminum alloys and stainless steel

Fillet w e l d
0.031-0.125

0-0.10*

0-45

0-0.25*

0.125-0.500

0-0.10*

30-45

0.10-0.25*

(a) Root face, 0 . 0 3 0 i n . Source: J.J. Vagi, et al., "Welding Procedures for T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A
TMX 5 3 4 3 2 , 1 9 6 5

joints can be welded without filler metal

in base metal up to 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) thick.
For thicker base metal, the joint should be
grooved and filler metal is required.
Where possible, welding should be done in
the flat position.
Hot-wire GTAW can be used for welding titanium alloys more than 6 mm (V4
in.) thick. The hot-wire process combines
conventional single-wire arc welding with
a unique method of filler-metal additions
and may be used for welding or surfacing.
A 1.6 mm (Vi6 in.) diam filler wire is preheated to the molten state as it enters the
weld pool. The wire is mechanically fed
into the weld pool through a holder from
which argon gas flows to protect the liquid
and solid metal from oxidation. No flux is
used when welding titanium.
Joint Design
Joint designs for titanium welding are
essentially the same as those found in the
inert gas welding of other metals. If arc
welding is done outside a controlled-atmosphere welding chamber, joints must
be (^efully designed so that both the top
and the underside of the weld can be
shielded (see Fig. 3). Dimensions of typical joints (see Table 1) require a tighter
joint fit-up than for welding other metals,
because of the possibility of entrapping air
in the joint. The joint should be clamped to
prevent separation during welding. To obtain a good weld, the joint and the surfaces
ofthe workpieces at least 50 mm (2 in.) beyond the width ofthe gas trailing shield on
each side of the weld groove must be meticulously cleaned.

fiers and inverters are the preferred

power supplies for welding titanium, because the current can be controlled more
closely than with motor-generator sets;
slight variations in welding current may
cause variations in penetration. Direct
current electrode negative is always used
for GTAW of titanium because deeper
weld penetration and a narrower bead can
be obtained t h a n with direct current electrode positive (DCEP). Also, in manual
welding, DCEN is easier to control.
The power supply should include accessories for arc initiation because of the
danger of tungsten contamination of the
weld if the arc is struck by torch starting.
If welding is to be done in air, controls for
extinguishing the arc without pulling the
torch away from the workpiece are
needed, so that shielding-gas flow continues and the hot weld metal is not contaminated by air. For further details on power
supplies and other equipment, see the article "Gas Tungsten Arc Welding" in Volume 6 of the 9th Edition Metals Handbook.
E l e c t r o d e s . The conventional thoriated tungsten types of electrodes (EWTh1 or EWTh-2) are used for GTAW of titanium. Electrode size is governed by the
smallest diameter able to carry the welding current. To improve arc initiation and
control the spread of the arc, the electrode
should be ground to a point. The electrode
may extend one and a half times the size of
the diameter beyond the end of the nozzle.
Shielding. To ensure a diffuse, nonturbulent flow of shielding gas, nozzles of
torches for welding titanium are larger
than those used for welding other metals.
With a V32 in.-diam electrode, a / i 6 in.-ID
nozzle is ordinarily used, and with a Vi6 in.-diam electrode, a / 4 in.-ID nozzle is
used. Phenolic or other plastic nozzles
9

GTAW Equipment
P o w e r S u p p l i e s . Transformer-recti-

Setup for welding titanium and titanium alloys

Fig. 3 Typical s e t u p s for inert g a s shielding for
GTAW. (a) Conventional s e t u p for welding aluminum
alloys a n d stainless steel. G a s shielding is from t h e
torch. U s e of shielding g a s in t h e backing groove is
optional, (b) S e t u p for welding titanium a n d titanium
alloys outside a welding c h a m b e r . G a s shielding is
from t h e torch a n d through p a r t s in hold-down b a r s ,
backing b a r s , a n d from trailing a n d b a c k u p shields.

"^-Normal
shielding gas
Fig. 4 Sectional view of torch n o z z l e e q u i p p e d with
a n o u t e r shroud. C o p p e r s h a v i n g s in t h e outer s h r o u d
provide additional g a s shielding for m a n u a l inert g a s
welding.

should not be used to avoid the danger of

contaminating the weld with carbon.
Because titanium has low thermal
conductivity, the area ahead of the arc
does not get heated above 540 C (1000
F), therefore, leading shields are seldom
required when welding is done by the

1162 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Table 2 Chemical c o m p o s i t i o n s of titanium a n d titanium alloy filler metals AWS A5.16

AWS
classification
ERTi-l(b)
ERTi-2
ERTi-3
ERTi-4
ERTi-0.2Pd
ERTi-3Al-2.5V
ERTi-3Al-2.5V-l(b)
ERTi-5Al-2.5Sn
ERTi-5Al-2.5Sn-l(b)
ERTi-6Al-2Nb-lTa-lMo
ERTi-6Al-4V
ERTi-6Al-4V-l(b)
ERTi-8Al-lMo-lV
ERTi-13V-llCr-3Al

0.03
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05

0.10
0.10
0.10-0.15
0.15-0.25
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.10
0.12
0.12

0.005
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.005
0.008
0.005
0.005
0.008
0.005
0.008
0.008

0.012
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.012
0.030
0.012
0.012
0.020
0.012
0.03
0.03

Al

Composition(a), %
Sn
Cr
V

2.5-3.5
2.0-3.0
2.5-3.5
2.0-3.0
4.7-5.6
4.7-5.6
5.5-6.5
5.5-6.75
3.5-4.5
5.5-6.75
3.5-4.5
7.35-8.35 0.75-1.25
2.5-3.5 12.5-14.5

2.0-3.0
2.0-3.0

10.0-12.0

Fe
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.25

Mo

Nb

Ta

Pd

0.15-0.25

0.5-1.5

0.75-1.25

1.5-2.5

0.5-1.5

Ti
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem
rem

(a) S i n g l e v a l u e s are m a x i m u m , (b) E x t r a - l o w i n t e r s t i t i a l s for w e l d i n g similar b a s e m e t a l s

GTAW process. For welding operations

where a trailing shield is not adaptable,
the nozzle of the torch is fitted with a concentric outer shroud through which a supplementary supply of shielding gas is fed
(see Fig. 4). A shielding gas is diffused
through copper shavings contained in the
outer shroud that cool the gas substantially, helping to protect the metal near
the weld.
Shielding of the underside of a weld is
provided by slotted backing bars, usually
copper, through which a diffuse flow of argon or helium is maintained. Gas channels in the clamping fixtures also provide
diffuse flow of inert gas to the weld area.
These fixtures are placed close to the weld
to avoid the danger of air contamination.
Fixtures. Copper fixtures are usually
employed for GTAW. Other metals are
used, but they should be nonmagnetic; arc
blow tends to occur with magnetic metal
fixtures. Metal fixtures are sometimes
water cooled, but this method introduces
the possibility of moisture from the air
condensing on the fixtures.
Filler Metals. For welding titanium
thicker than about 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) by the
GTAW process, a filler metal must be
used. Fourteen titanium and titanium alloy filler-metal (or electrode) classifications are given in AWS A5.16 (see Table 2).
Five of these are essentially unalloyed titanium and the remainder are titanium
alloy filler metals. Maximums are set on
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
contents.
Filler-metal composition is usually
matched to the grade of titanium being
welded. For improved joint ductility in
welding the higher strength grades of unalloyed titanium, filler metal of yield
strength lower than that of the base metal
is occasionally used. Because of the dilution that occurs during welding the weld
deposit acquires the required ductility.
Unalloyed filler metal is sometimes used

to weld Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6A1-4V for improved joint ductility. The use of unalloyed
filler metals lowers the beta content of the
weldment, thereby reducing the extent of
the transformation to fine alpha or
martensite and improving ductility. Engineering approval, however, is recommended when employing pure filler metal
with an alloy weldment to ensure that the
weld meets strength requirements. Another option is filler metal containing
lower interstitial content (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon) or alloying contents that are lower than the base metal
being used. The use of filler metals that
improve ductility does not preclude embrittlement of the HAZ in susceptible alloys. In addition, low-alloy welds may enhance the possibility of hydrogen
embrittlement.
Welding equipment for automatic
hot-wire GTAW utilizes two separate
power supplies. The power supply for the
hot-wire addition is connected across the
contact tube of the hot wire torch and
workpiece, causing a current to flow
through the wire. The wire feeder adds a
continuous supply of filler wire to the weld
deposit, constantly maintaining the electrical circuit that produces the molten
metal.
Because the hot-wire addition was
melted by its own alternating current
power supply, the amount of hot wire addition can be controlled independently of
the arc wire. The amount of hot wire addition depends on the quantity of metal that
can be usefully deposited while maintaining good weld-bead geometry and uniform
penetration.
GTAW P r o c e d u r e s

Generally, procedures for GTAW of titanium alloys are similar to those used for
austenitic stainless steel.
P r e h e a t i n g is not required for tita-

nium alloys, although it is sometimes

used to prevent distortion. Cracking may
occur in titanium alloy weldments, and it
is most often related to contamination not
prevented by preheating. Maintenance of
a specific interpass temperature is not
necessary. Preheating of 80 to 90 C (180
to 200 F) may be used to eliminate surface moisture. The usual method is a heat
lamp, hot air gun, or infrared heater.
Preparation. The filler metal, as well
as the base metal, should be clean at the
time of welding. If filler metals have a
large surface-to-volume ratio and are
slightly contaminated, the weld may be
severely contarninated. Some procedures
require that the filler wire be cleaned immediately before use. The use of an acetone-soaked, lint-free cloth serves to remove surface contamination caused by
the die lubricant used in the wire drawing
operation, in addition to cleaning the filler
wire. Hckling in nitric/hydrofluoric acid
solution is also used for cleaning.
Tack w e l d i n g is used to pre-position
parts or subassemblies for final welding
operations. Elaborate fixturing often can
be eliminated when tack welds are used to
their full advantage. Various tack welding
procedures can be used, but in any procedure good cleaning practices and adequate sMelding must be provided to prevent contamination of the welds.
Contamination or cracks developed in
tack welds can be transferred to the finish
weld. One procedure is to tack weld in
such a way that the finish weld never
crosses over a previous tack weld. To accomplish this, sufficient filler metal is
used in tack welding to completely fill the
joint at a particular location. The finish
weld beads are blended into the ends of
the tack welds.
Arc length for welding without filler
metal, as with stainless steel and the
nickel-based alloys, should have a maximum size about equal to the electrode di-

Welding and Brazing /1163

Table 3 Welding procedure schedule for GTAW titanium

Tungsten
electrode
diameter,
in.

Material thickness(a),
in.
S q u a r e - g r o o v e a n d fillet w e l d s
0.024
0.063
0.093
0.125
0.188
V - g r o o v e a n d fillet w e l d s
0.25
0.375
0.50

Filler rod
diameter,
in.

Nozzle
ID, in.

Shielding
gas flow,
ft /h

Welding
current(b),
A

Number
of p a s s e s

Travel
speed(c),
in^min

1/16
1/16
3/32
3/32
3/32

1/16
1/16
1/8

3/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8

18
18
25
25
25

20-35
85-140
170-215
190-235
220-280

1
1
1
1
2

6
6
8
8
8

ye
1/8
1/8

1/8
1/8
5/32

5/8
3/4
3/4

30
35
40

275-320
300-350
325-425

2
2
3

8
6
6

N o t e : T u n g s t e n u s e d for t h e electrode: first choice 2% thoriated E T T h 2 , second choice 1% t h o r i a t e d E W T h l . A d e q u a t e g a s s h i e l d i n g i s e s s e n t i a l n o t only for t h e arc, but
for h e a t e d m a t e r i a l also. B a c k i n g g a s i s r e c o m m e n d e d a t all t i m e s . A trailing g a s shield i s also r e c o m m e n d e d . Argon i s preferred. For h i g h e r h e a t i n p u t , on thicker material
u s e a r g o n - h e l i u m m i x t u r e . Without b a c k i n g or chill bar, d e c r e a s e current 20%. (a) Or fillet size, (b) Direct current electrode n e g a t i v e , (c) P e r p a s s

Table 4 Typical operating conditions for PAW of titanium alloys

Backing gas and trailing shield required; keyhole technique used with orifice-to-work distance of 3/16 in.
Gas flow, ft /h
Travel
Current
Arc
(DCEN),
Shielding
Thickness,
speed,
voltage,
Orifice
inVmin
in.
A
V
gas
gas
Gas

J o i n t type

0.125
0.187
0.390
0.500
0.600

Square b u t t
Square b u t t
Square b u t t
Square b u t t
V-grooveCa)

20
13
10
10
7

185
175
225
270
250

21
25
38
36
39

Argon
Argon
75He-25Ar
50He-50Ar
50He-50Ar

8
18
32
27
30

60
60
60
60
60

(a) 30 included ang;le; 3/8 in. root facer

ameter. With longer arc length, there is

danger of turbulence, which may draw air
into the weld pool. In addition, increasing
the arc length produces wider weld beads.
When filler metal is used, the maximum
arc length should be about one and a half
times the electrode diameter, depending
on the thickness of the base metal.
Welding conditions or schedules for
GTAW depend on workpiece thickness (see
Table 3). In welding titanium alloys, the
best heat input to use is that just above the
minimum required to produce the weld. If
heat input is greater, the possibility that the
weld will become contaminated, distorted,
or embrittled increases.
Avoiding porosity in welds is an important consideration in welding titanium alloys. If the joint and filler wire are properly cleaned and the tooling does not chill
the weld too rapidly, porosity can be reduced or eliminated by using a lower
welding speed, which will retard weld solidification and allow entrained gases to
escape.
Effect of Shielding Gases o n Arc
Characteristics. The type of shielding
gas used affects the characteristics of the
arc. At a given welding current, the arc
voltage is much greater with helium than
with the argon. Because the heat energy

liberated in helium is about twice that in

argon, higher welding speeds can be obtained, weld penetration is deeper, and
thicker sections can be welded more rapidly using helium sMelding. However,
when using pure helium for welding, arc
stability and weld-metal control are sacrificed.
Argon is used in the welding of thin
and thick sections where the arc length
can be altered without appreciably changing the heat input. Argon-helium mixtures are also employed; particularly 75%
argon, which improves arc stability, and
25% helium, which increases penetration.
The 75%Ar-25%He mixture is also frequently utilized as the shielding gas at the
torch in automatic operations. Furthermore, helium is used in shielding for outof-position welds.
The greater voltage sensitivity of helium has a decided advantage over argon
where automatic voltage controls are
used. The greater voltage sensitivity permits feeding a signal to a motor which
automatically raises and lowers the electrode to match changes in arc length.
Therefore, it is possible to maintain a constant voltage during the continuous
movement of the torch over the weld seam.

Other Welding Methods

Gas metal arc w e l d i n g (GMAW) is
employed to join titanium and titanium
alloys more than 3 mm (1.8 in.) thick. It is
applied using pulsed current or the spray
mode and is less costly than GTAW, especially when base-metal thickness is
greater t h a n 13 mm (Vi in.).
Metal transfer through the arc in
GMAW can lead to difficulty in meeting
stringent aerospace quality requirements. For example, weld spatter is often
associated with inferior weld quality, and
arc instability, which can occur in GMAW,
is a potential cause of weld contamination
and defect formation. Some users of titanium alloys prefer GTAW over GMAW
(even for joining thick plate), because with
the gas tungsten arc process more uniform and predictable transverse shrinkage is obtained.
Electrode wires for GMAW are available in several grades of unalloyed titanium and in titanium alloys that match
the composition of the base metal. Shielding for out-of-chamber welding is provided by inert gas being fed through the
nozzle of the electrode holder, through the
backing bar or plate, and as a trailing
shield, much as in GTAW. The electrode
holder is basically the same as for GMAW

1164 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

of steel. To avoid contamination and porosity in GMAW, a leading shield is necessary, as well as a trailing shield and a suitable baffle added on the leading edge of
the electrode holder. A leading shield prevents oxidation of spatter before it is
melted in the weld metal.
Plasma arc w e l d i n g (PAW) is also
applicable to the welding of titanium and
titanium alloys. It is faster than GTAW and
can be used on thicker sections, such as
one-pass welding of titanium alloy
plate up to 13 m m (V2 in.) thick, using
square-groove butt joints and the key-hole
technique.
The joining of titanium alloys is one of
the major appheations of PAW. Because titanium has a lower density, keyhole welds
can be made through thicker titanium
square butt joints than for steel. As with
GTAW, PAW requires backing gas and a
trailing gas shield to prevent atmospheric
contamination of the weld and adjacent
base metal (see Table 4). For PAW, a filler
metal may or may not be used for welding
material less than 13 mm ( | in.) thick.
Spot a n d S e a m Welding. Because of
their relatively low thermal and electrical
conductivities, weldable titanium alloys
are considered to spot and seam weld
more readily than aluminum and some
carbon steels. Joint designs (see Fig. 5) are
similar to those used in steel.
The same equipment used to spot and
seam weld stainless steel can be adapted
to welding titanium. A good rule to follow
in arranging welding conditions is to start
with the same set-up used for like thicknesses of stainless steel and adjust the
current time or force as needed. Spot and
seam welding does not require inert gas
shielding because the pressed surfaces exclude the air, and because there is a very
short duration of the weld cycle. Electrode materials generally conform to the
RWMA Class 2 and 3 alloys.
Flash a n d pressure w e l d i n g both
involve the application of heat and pressure. The major difference is the degree of
heating. Flash welding requires actual
melting of the metal at the joint, while the
metal during pressure welding is heated
to a plastic state.
Flash welding of titanium is much the
same as other metals. Current is passed
through a clamped joint, and pressure applied at the interface squeezes out molten
metal during heating. Except for large or
complex shapes, shielding generally is not
required because the molten metal is
squeezed out during the process.
Pressure welding requires careful
preparation so that the joining faces are in
tight alignment. The joint is heated to a
plastic state by flame or induction methods, and the pieces are welded by an external pressure. Shielding normally is not re-

quired, except to prevent contamination

of the inside of hollow parts.
Electron b e a m w e l d i n g (EBW) is
used to weld any metal that can be arc
welded; weld quality in most metals is
equal to or superior to that produced by
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Because this type of welding is performed in
a high vacuum, atmospheric contamination of the weld is prevented. All of the
commercial alloys of titanium t h a t can be
joined by arc welding can also be joined by
EBW. Cost studies show that direct labor
costs for EBW of titanium sections more
than 25 mm (1 in.) thick are less t h a n for
arc welding, provided a suitably large vacuum chamber is available. Filler metal is
not ordinarily used, and the work is not
preheated. Tack welding, contrary to experience, in GTAW, presents no difficulties in EBW. For optimum results, welding is done in a high vacuum, but
medium-vacuum welding is satisfactory
for many applications.
Laser B e a m Welding. Although
electron beam welding is used more frequently t h a n laser beam welding (LBW),
laser beams can be transmitted for appreciable distances through the atmosphere
without serious attenuation or optical
degradation. Thus, the laser offers an easily maneuvered, chemically clean, highintensity, atmospheric welding process
that produces deep-penetration welds (aspect ratio greater than 1 to 1) with a narrow HAZ and subsequent low distortion.

Postweld Evaluation
The low weld ductility of most alphabeta alloys is caused by phase transformation in the weld zone or in the HAZ. Alpha-

beta alloys can be welded autogenously or

with various filler metals. It is common to
weld some of the lower-alloyed materials
with matching filler metals. Where
strength is not critical and more toughness is required, unalloyed alpha titanium filler metals may be used. The use of
filler metals that improve ductility may
not prevent embrittlement of the HAZ in
alpha-beta alloys that are rich in beta stabilizers. In addition, low-alloy welds can
be embrittled by hydride precipitation. It
should be noted, however, that with
proper joint preparation, filler-metal storage, and sMelding, hydride precipitation
can be avoided. The service conditions
must also be considered, particularly at
high temperatures, as hydrogen can migrate from the base alloy to the fighter alloyed filler metal.
Sheet thicknesses 2.5 mm (0.100 in.)
and thinner can be GTAW without filler
metal additions by the fused-root welding
technique. Filler metal may be added to
repair unfused and sunken weld-metal
area. The lack of a joint fine on the root
face of the weld indicates 100% penetration.
B e n d tests allow the evaluation of
weldment ductility and the performance
of gas shielding. For some alloys, ductility
can be improved by special filler metals
and postweld annealing operations.
Visual examination is the only nondestructive means of evaluating shield
performance in mamtaining ductility.
However, surface appearance (see Table
5) is only an approximate indicator and
does not always offer a reliable means of
judging weld contamination.
Stress Relief. Most titanium weldments are stress relieved after welding to

Welding and Brazing /1165

Table 5 Weldment color and conditions

Approximate condition color
Silver

Bright like a n e w dime. U s u a l l y indicates correct shielding a n d

sound, non-contaminated weld.
P a l e yellow to golden. Acceptable w e l d s of l e s s e n e d ductility.
L o w ductility, u n s u i t e d to stressed application.
N o t acceptable.

Straw
Blue/purple
Gray/powdery

Table 6 Titanium braze alloys

Type
10Pd-Ag
95Ag-5Al
9Pd-9Ga-Ag
3003Al
15Cu-15Ni-Ti
20Cu-20Ni-Ti
48Zr-48Ti-4Be
48Zr-48Ti-4Be w i t h 2% N i
76.5Al-16.5Cu-4.0Sn-3.0Si
66.5Al-2.5Cu-5Sn-3.5Si

Form
Prealloyed
Ring
Powder, Wire,
Foil
Powder, Wire,
Foil
Foil
Powder, Foil
Powder, R i n g
Powder
Foil, Wire,
Powder
Foil, Wire,
Powder

Description
D o u g l a s developedno brittle
intermediate
Considered ductile
F u r n a c e braze a t 1600 F (870 C)
ductile
Considered ductile
Brittle w h e n u s e d only as a
braze, useful diffusion bonding m e c h a n i s m
Brittle b u t strong
Brittle b u t strong
D e v e l o p e d for bicycle &
a e r o s p a c e furnace braze a t 1350 F, ductile
D e v e l o p e d for bicycle &
a e r o s p a c e furnace braze a t 1350 F, ductile

Source: C.E. Forney, Jr., a n d J.H. S c h e m e l , Ti-3A1-2.5V S e a m l e s s Tubins E n g i n e e r i n g Guide, 2 n d ed., S a n d v i k

Special M e t a l s Corporation, 1987, 8 5

prevent weld cracking and susceptibility

to stress-corrosion cracking in service.
Stress relief also improves fatigue
strength. An assembly subjected to a substantial amount of welding and severe fixturing restraint may require intermediate stress reheving of the partially
welded structure, which should be done in
an inert atmosphere; otherwise, the unwelded joints may have to be recleaned
before being welded.
With unalloyed titanium and alpha titanium alloys, time and temperature
should be controlled to prevent grain
growth. If stress relief conditions are not
known, tests should be conducted to ensure that stress reheving does not reduce
fracture toughness, creep strength, or another property of importance. For example, stress reheving of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
weldments causes aging and subsequent
embrittlement of the weld and HAZ and,
therefore, is not recommended.
Resolution heat treatment (re-annealing) may be used to relieve stress if the
welded assembly is amenable to such
treatment. All titanium surfaces should
be free of dirt, fingerprints, grease, and
residues before stress reheving. Contaminated surface metal must be removed
from the entire weldment by machining or
descaling and pickling to remove 0.025
and 0.05 mm (0.001 to 0.002 in.) per surface.
Repair w e l d s should follow the established specification requirements for

the original welds and be made prior to final heat treatment. Manual or automatic
GTAW is generally used for repairing butt
and fillet welds. Repairs can also employ a
combination of welding processes such as
GTAW and the initial welding process
(GMAW, PAW, or hot wire welding).
Repair welds always must be carefully
executed, and all traces of liquid-penetrant inspection material must be removed. Generally, inspection is performed
on both faces of the repair weld and several inches beyond the repaired area.

Brazing
Because titanium can become embrittled by the interstitial absorption of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen gases, brazing should be done in a vacuum at a
pressure of 1 0 to 1 0 ^ torr or in dry inertgas atmosphere. Filler-metal selection in
brazing titanium alloys is also critical, because they react with many of the constituents of brazing filler metals to form
undesirable intermetallic compounds.
Silver-base brazing alloys (see Table 6)
are most often used, although some U.S.
Air Force and NAVAIR specifications restrict their use.
Effects of Brazing o n Properties.
Pure titanium and alpha alloys are not
heat treatable, and their material properties are not affected by brazing. In contrast, selection of filler metals and brazing
cycles that are compatible with the heat
- 5

treatment required for alpha-beta and

beta-titanium base metals may present
some difficulty. Ideally, brazing should be
conducted 50 to 80 C (100 to 150 F) below the beta transus; the ductility of alpha-beta base metals may be impaired if
this temperature is exceeded. The beta
transus can be exceeded when beta-titanium metals are brazed; however, if the
brazing temperature is too high, basemetal ductility after heat treatment may
be impaired and considerable interaction
between the filler metal and the base metal may occur. The tensile properties of
heat treatable titanium alloys also maybe
adversely affected by brazing, unless the
assembly can be heat treated after brazing. For example, alpha-beta titanium alloys must be solution treated, quenched,
and aged to develop maximum strength.
It is difficult to select a filler metal that is
suitable for brazing and solution treating
in a single operation. Similarly, it is not always possible to quench a brazed assembly at the desired cooling rate, and certain
configurations, such as honeycomb sandwich structures, cannot be quenched rapidly without distortion. Brazing at the aging temperature is impractical, because
few filler metals melt and flow at these
temperatures.
The possibility of galvanic corrosion
must be considered when filler metals are
selected for brazing titanium-base metals. While titanium is an active metal, its
activity tends to decrease in an oxidizing
environment, because its surface undergoes anodic polarization similar to that of
aluminum. Thus, in many environments,
titanium becomes more chemically inactive than most structural alloys. The corrosion resistance of titanium is generally
not affected by contact with structural
steels, but other metals, such as copper,
corrode rapidly in contact with titanium
under oxidizing conditions. Thus, filler
metals must be chosen carefully to avoid
preferential corrosion of the brazed joint.
Equipment Precautions. When titanium is brazed, precautions must be
taken to ensure that the brazing retort or
chamber is free of contaminants from previous brazing operations. Mechanical
properties of titanium may deteriorate because of gaseous contamination from the
brazing furnace. Also, the choice of materials to be used in fixtures must be carefully considered. Nickel or materials containing high amounts of nickel generally
should be avoided; nickel and titanium
form a low-melting eutectic at about 942
C, or 1728 F (28.4 wt% Ni). If titanium
workpieces come in contact with fixtures
or a retort made of a nickel-base alloy, the
parts may fuse together if the brazing
temperature is in excess of 942 C (1728
F). If a fixture material, such as stainless
steel, which may contain a high nickel

1166 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

content is used, it should be oxide coated.

In most appheations, coated graphite or
carbon steel fixture materials are used.
Filler Metals. Braze filler metals initially used for brazing titanium and its
alloys were silver with additions of lithium, copper, aluminum, or tin. Most of
these brazed filler metals were used in
low-temperature applications (540 to 600
C, or 1000 to 1100 F). Commercial braze
filler metals (see Table 6), including silver-palladium, titanium-nickel,
titanium-nickel-copper, and titanium-zirconium-berylhum, are now available that
can be used in the 870 to 925 C (1600 and

1700 F) range. Higher strengths and improved resistance to crevice-type corrosion are desirable characteristics that
current braze filler metals enjoy. For joining applications requiring a high degree of
corrosion resistance, the 48Ti-48Zr-4Be
and 43Ti-43Zr-12Ni-2Be braze filler metals were developed. A silver-palladiumgallium braze filler metal (Ag-9Pd-9Ga),
which flows at 900 to 910 C (1650 to 1675
F), is another excellent filler metal with
which to fill large gaps.
Methods t o braze titanium honeycomb sandwich assemblies with aluminum braze filler metal have been devel-

oped. Aircraft structures up to 7 m (23 ft)

in length are brazed successfully using
3003 brazing foils. Use of aluminum brazing filler metal (3003) provides satisfactory strength up to about 315 C (600 F).
If temperatures of 540 to 600 C (1000 to
1100 F) are required, high-strength, corrosion-resistant titanium-zirconium-beryllium or titanium-zirconium-nickel-berylhum braze filler metals should be used
(Hurwitz, D., Manufacturing Methods for
Brazed Titanium Hybrid Structures,
AFML-TR-76-119, Contr. F33615-74-C5047, Final Report, June 1976).

Rolling/1167

Rolling
Alpha and Alpha-Beta Alloys
Rolling Temperature. The majority
of specifications for near- and + titanium alloys mandate final hot working in
the + region. This means that the soaking temperature prior to rolling must be
held below the transus temperature for
the alloy being rolled. Typical rolling temperatures for several common alloys are
given in Table 1.
Rolling in the + region produces
microstructures with ductilities and lowcycle fatigue properties substantially
higher than microstructures produced by
rolling (rolling from temperatures above
the transus). For selected applications,
rolling may be used to enhance creep or
fracture toughness properties. However,
these properties are best optimized by
rolling in the + range followed by heat
treatments slightly above or below the
transus temperature.
For + processing, rolling temperatures (metal temperature at the start of
the rolling operation) are typically selected at 30 to 55 C (50 to 100 F) below
the transus. This allows for rolling furnace temperature variations, usually 15
C (25 F), and inaccuracies in the transus determination.
For rolling, the temperature is generally 30 to 55 C (50 to 100 F) above the
transus. When rolling, it is important
that bars finish below the transus temperature. Alpha-beta alloys should never
experience slow cooling from a temperature above the transus. This results in
the formation of phase at the prior
grain boundaries, which degrades both
strength and ductility.
Commercially pure (CP) grades of titanium can be strengthened by warm working and are often rolled at 110 to 165 C
(200 to 300 F) below the transus.
Furnace Control. Gas-fired (controlled to maintain an oxidizing atmosphere),
electric, or induction heating is recommended for processing titanium. Titanium and its alloys will rapidly absorb hydrogen when exposed to reducing
atmospheres. There is no tolerance for
even slight, short-duration overheating
(heating above the transus). Therefore,
furnace surveys, control, and maintenance are essential.

Table 1 Typical rolling temperatures for titanium a n d titanium alloys

Rolling t e m p e r a t u r e s
Plate

Bar

Alloy

Sheet
C

Commercially pure titanium

Grades 1-4
760-815
a n d near- alloys

1400-1500

760-790

1400-1450

705-760

1300-1400

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

1010-1065

1850-1950

980-1040

1800-1900

980-1010

1800-1850

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
- alloys

925-970
1010-1040

1700-1775
1850-1900

955-980
980-1040

1750-1800
1800-1900

925-980
980-1040

1700-1800
1800-1900

Ti-8Mn
Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV
Ti-6A1-4V
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-7Al-4Mo
alloy

...
925-955
925-970
900-955
955-1010

...
1700-1750
1700-1775
1650-1750
1750-1850

705-760
900-925
925-980
870-925
925-955

1300-1400
1650-1700
1700-1800
1600-1700
1700-1750

705-760
900-925
900-925
870-900
925-955

1300-1400
1650-1700
1650-1700
1600-1650
1700-1750

Soaking Time. When titanium alloys

are heated for rolling, the time at temperature should be sufficient to heat the
entire cross section. However, any additional soaking time should be minimized
to prevent excessive oxidation (buildup of
case), hydrogen pick-up, and growth of
primary in the microstructure.
Starting Stock Requirements. It is
important that the starting stock for rolling have a reasonably uniform + structure. Prior reduction of at least 75% in the
+ range is recommended. In particular,
the structure should be as free as possible
of stringers. If the material has been
slow cooled from above the transus during the prior processing, phase will have
precipitated at the prior grain boundaries. This phase will persist as stringers, which can be broken up only by substantial reduction in the + range.
Reroll stock structure is usually enhanced
by recrystallization from annealing or
other proprietary processes prior to commencing the + reduction. Intermediate
recrystallization anneals are helpful in reducing the primary particle size and
breaking up elongated particles.
Reduction Sequences. The major
goal in + rolling of titanium alloys is to
refine the microstructure by producing
fine equiaxed primary particles in a
transformed matrix. The total reduction
required is directly related to the degree of

structure refinement desired. During rolling, the primary particles will elongate
in the direction of rolling. These elongated
particles will break up to some extent by
dynamic recrystallization. Further refinement can be accomplished by intermediate recrystallization anneals or reheats
(heating approximately 55 C, 100 F below the transus temperature).
Reduction sequences and finishing
temperatures are not as critical for titanium alloys as for austenitic-type alloys.
There is no concern about phase precipitation, grain growth, or unrecrystallized
structures, which are common problems
when rolling austenitic-type alloys. Reduction between passes and reduction
from the last reheat are not significant
variables with regard to metallurgical
properties. Edge cracking is one of the primary factors hmiting the amount of reduction. Some aerospace specifications
impose restrictions on the amount of
banding (metal flow pattern) in the microstructure. This feature can be nunimized
by judicious use of reheats and mmimized
reduction after the last reheat.
Surface Tearing. Titanium alloys
have a tendency to surface tear in areas
where there is localized cooling and/or
high strain rates, particularly along the
corners of squares and rectangles. This
problem is more pronounced in the near-
alloys such as Ti-8Al-lMo-lV than in -

1168 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V. Coatings can be

beneficial; however, proper pass design
and sequence are the best corrective actions. Contact with water during rolling
should be eliminated or rmnimized. Maintaming rolling temperature as high as
possible always improves workability and
minimizes surface tearing.
Strain Rate. High strain rate hot
working, such as hammer forging, can induce adiabatic shear bands and overheating in titanium alloys. The strain rates of
most rolling operations are low enough to
avoid this problem. However, precautions
should be taken (control of the rolling
speed) when rolling titanium on a highspeed, continuous mill. Excessive reduction rates can also suppress dynamic recrystallization in a structure of very fine,
highly elongated primary oc.

Ti-6AI-4V Rolling
Various sizes of sheet and plate of Ti6A1-4V are made by rolling. Like Ti alloys,
rolling temperatures are based on the
beta transus of the material. The 75% +
work previously stated is typical for
starting stock and generally a minimum
of 75% is given for final rolling. The temperatures for rolling are generally about
75 to 100 F below the transus.
Plate Rolling. It is not easy to characterize Ti-6A1-4V rolling with a simple flow
diagram. However, a basic flow for Ti-6A14V plate processing is:
.
Ti-6A1-4V ingot (VAR)
.
Roll at 1150 C (2100 F) to intermediate slab 200 to 300 mm (8 to 12 in.)
.
Alpha + beta work, 925 - 950 C (17001750 F), to final slab 125 to 200 m m
(5 to 8 in.)
.
Roll at 925-950 C (1700-1750 F) to
final plate size (with cross roll to balance properties)
Sheet processing is more complex,
since both sheet bar and insert stock for
the packs require intermediate rolling,
conditioning and possibly vacuum degas.
The insert stock is then packed for final
rolling to sheet. Cross rolling is incorporated to balance longitudinal and transverse properties.

Beta Alloys
Beta . The good hot and cold work-

1400

Temperature, F
1600
1800

Type 304 stainless steel

Ti-11.5 Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

600

800
1000
Temperature, C

1200

Fig. 1 Hot reliability of Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn a n d s e v eral o t h e r alloys

ability of Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn makes it

suitable for continuous strip processing.
At 925 C (1700 F), the alloy has flow
stresses equivalent to Ti-6A1-4V and
about 60% that for Ti-13V-llCr-3Al (see
Fig. 1). It can be processed at reasonable
roll loads at temperatures as low as 760 C
(1400 F). The roll energy requirement for
this alloy is comparable to type 304 stainless steel (see Fig. 2). Hot rolling of plate at
815 C (1500 F) appears to produce the
best combination of strength and ductility
for solution treated or solution treated
and aged plate.
Cold rolling of this alloy is somewhat
more difficult than commercially pure titanium, requiring about 10 to 20% additional rolling passes at normal roll loads
to achieve gage. In terms of cold rollability
without edge cracking, however, this alloy
surpasses commercially pure titanium
and many commercial alloys. Cold reductions exceeding 90% without edge cracking are possible.
Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn can be extensively cold rolled as strip. From ingot
form, the following principal operations
are followed to generate strip product:

Forge to nominally 10.2 to 15.2 cm (4

to 6 in.) thick slab and condition as
required.
.
Hot roll slab to nominally 3.0 to 4.6
m m (0.12 to 0.18 in.) thick hot band.

Cold roll flatten, air anneal a n d

blast, pickle, grind, and trim as required.
Cold roll to desired gage. This may
incorporate an intermediate continuous vacuum anneal, depending

0.1
Exit gage, in.
Fig. 2

Energy for hot strip rolling

on final gage. Cold rolling reductions in the 60 to 70% range are possible.
Continuous vacuum anneal for
gages less t h a n 1.8 mm (0.070 in.).
For heavier gages, a batch vacuum
anneal to reduce hydrogen followed
by air solution annealing, grmding,
and pickling is required.

Cut to size, inspect, and ship.

The extensive use of cold rolling results in a closer gage tolerance product
and has significant cost advantages, particularly at fighter gauges (similar processing and advantages would apply to
Beta 21S).
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al normally is fabricated to flat rolled products in the -phase
temperature field. However, the final fabrication of sheet by rolling to finish gages
is often done cold to obtain improved flatness and gage uniformity. Similarly, in the
production ofrodand wire products aimed
at spring manufacture, initial fabrication
at elevated temperatures may be followed
by cold working to improve the finished
surface and the mechanical properties of
the final product.
Beta C. Hot working operations such
as forging or rolling are readily accomplished from furnace temperatures of 815
to 980 C (1500 to 1800 F). Finishing temperatures are often as low as 705 to 760 C
(1300 to 1400 F). Beta C has very good
hot workability and is highly resistant to
cracking.

F r i c t i o n a n d W e a r o f Titanium A l l o y s /1169

Friction and Wear of Titanium

Alloys
F.M. Kustasand M.S. Misra, Martin Marietta Astronautics Group

TITANIUM ALLOYS offer an attractive combination of high specific mechanical properties, such as modulus/density
and strength/density, because of their
relatively low density. Titanium alloys
also have toughness and corrosion resistance, making them useful materials for
precision mechanism gears, turbine engine components, and biomedical prosthesis devices. However, these alloys have
poor fretting fatigue resistance and poor
tribological properties. From theoretical
calculations, metals with low theoretical
tensile and shear strengths exhibit higher
coefficients of friction () than higherstrength materials (Ref 1). Within the
class of hexagonal close-packed (hep)
structures, titanium has relatively low
values for these properties. Consequently,
it is expected that titanium would exhibit
high frictional values, which has been
demonstrated for titanium
shding
against itself in air ( = 60, Ref 1) and vacuum (Fig. 1) (Ref 2).
Lower-tensile-strength materials, including titanium, also exhibit greater material transfer to nonmetallic counter-

faces than higher-strength metals (Ref 1).

The great affinity of titanium for oxygen
results in the formation of an oxide surface layer, which is transferred to and adheres to nonmetallic materials, such as
polymers, resulting in severe adhesive
wear (Ref 2). Addition of a lubricant, such
as polyperfluoroalkylether (PFPE) (Ref 3)
or kerosene oil (Ref 4), reduces the coefficient of friction and wear damage somewhat, compared with unlubricated conditions (Fig. 2) (Ref 3-5), although reaction
of titanium surfaces with these lubricants
(generally under high-temperature conditions) can reduce lubricant performance
(Ref6).
Although titanium alloys offer attractive mechanical and physical properties,
their surface properties are deficient, thus
restricting the use of uncoated titanium
alloys to nontribological applications. To
realize the full benefit of titanium alloys
in friction and wear applications, surface
modification treatments are required to

>

250

S i n g l e crystal (prismatic
, ^ p l a n e parallel t o sliding
interface: deviation, 11 )

0.2

0.1

500

Ti 6AI-4V, d r y
: 6AI-4V, P F P E lubr c a n t
II
i m p l a n t e d Ti-6AI-4\/ , P F P E l u b r i c a n t

10

Load, g

0.3

Polycrystalline

<)
>

0.4

Many surface treatments have been

used to modify the tribological properties
of titanium alloys. These treatments can
be classified as physical vapor deposition
(PVD), mcluding ion implantation (Ref 513), plasma spray (Ref 15,16), and evaporation (Ref 4); thermomechanical conversion treatments, including plasma
nitriding (Ref 17, 18), gaseous nitriding
(Ref 19), liquid nitriding (Ref 20), ionic nitriding (Ref 21), laser nitriding (Ref 22),
ionic carburizing (Ref 21), and laser bonding (Ref 22); plating (Ref 17, 20, 23); and
application of solid lubricants by resin
bonding/burnishing (Ref 20, 23), direct
ion beam deposition to produce diamond-

*ReprintedfromASMria7id6ooife, Vol 18,1992

Surface Modification
Treatments

0.5

effectively
increase
near-surface
strength, thereby reducing the coefficient
of friction and lowering the tendency for
material transfer and adhesive wear.

20

30

40

N u m b e r of c y c l e s
Fig. 1 Coefficient of friction for single-crystal a n d
polycrystalline titanium sliding o n polycrystalline titanium in v a c u u m . P r e s s u r e , 1.33 1 0 P a ( 1 0 torr);
sliding s p e e d , 2 . 2 8 c m / s (0.90 in./s).
S o u r c e : Ref 2
- 7

- 9

Fig. 2 R e d u c e d coefficients of friction for PFPE-lubricated T1-6AI-4V c o m p a r e d with unlubricated Ti-6AI-4V in air environment. Sliding material, W C - C o ; sliding s p e e d , 1 m m / s (0.04 \nJs); load, 0.5 kgf.
S o u r c e : Ref 3 , 5

50

1170/Technical Notes

Table 1 Advantages and limitations of surface modification treatments for titanium greater (that is, two orders of magnitude)
alloys
wear resistance has been shown (Fig. 3)
for nitrogen-implanted Ti-6A1-4V comSurface
pared with untreated material (Ref 7). Nimodification
trogen or carbon implanted into pure titatechnique
Advantages
Limitations
nium produces nearly equivalent results
Physical vapor deposition
for breakthrough load to failure of the ionIon implantation
L o w - t e m p e r a t u r e p r o c e s s ; effectively n e t
l i n e of sight; s h a l l o w s u r f a c e modification
implanted zone (denned as applied load
s h a p e ; c r e a t i o n of u n i q u e n e a r - s u r f a c e
zone; h i g h cost
for failure of the surface after fewer than
alloys; g r a d u a l i n t e r f a c e
50 revolutions of the implanted disk (Fig.
C o a r s e s u r f a c e finish; n e e d for b o n d layer,
Plasma spray
R a p i d deposition r a t e s ; thick coatings;
a b r u p t interfaces; hard-to-control coating
i n h e r e n t porosity c a n t r a p lubricant;
4 (Ref 7). In contrast, nitrogen implantal o w cost
composition; l i n e of s i g h t
tion of higher hardness and higherEvaporation
L a r g e r a n g e of a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s ; tailor- T h i n c o a t i n g s ; l i n e of sight; a b r u p t i n t e r f a c e
strength Ti-6A1-4V is more effective than
a b l e compositions; h i g h - p u r i t y c o a t i n g s ;
(unless ion-beam assisted)
l o w cost
carbon implantation in increasing breakSputtering
L o w - t e m p e r a t u r e p r o c e s s ; p o t e n t i a l for
T h i n c o a t i n g s ; l i n e of sight; a b r u p t i n t e r through load (Fig. 4).
layered coatings; tailored coating
face ( u n l e s s i o n - b e a m a s s i s t e d )
Additional studies (Ref 8, 9) have
composition
Thermocheinical conversion
shown that (1) an optimum heat treatNitriding,
ment of about 400 to 470 C (750 to 880 F)
carburizing,
after carbon implantation results in
boriding
G r a d u a l interface, c o n v e r s i o n of s u b s t r a t e ; P o t e n t i a l for h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t r e greater cycles to breakthrough (an ins t r i c t s selection of t i t a n i u m alloys; h i g h
t h i c k surface m o d i f i c a t i o n z o n e s
crease by a factor of 30 compared with
process t e m p e r a t u r e s c a n d i s t o r t compon e n t s a n d reduce properties; coarse
room-temperature implantation) because
surface finish
of formation of 60 nm diameter TiC partiN o t l i n e of sight; l o w cost
P o t e n t i a l for h y d r o g e n e m b r i t t l e m e n t
Plating
cles and (2) a dual-energy implant (to pror e s t r i c t s s e l e c t i o n of t i t a n i u m alloys;
abrupt interface
duce deeper nitrogen penetration) will
significantly increase the wear life (by at
least one order of magnitude) (Ref 8) ofthe
implanted zone. Carbon implantation in10
creases fretting fatigue life (Fig. 5) by
(2x10")
slowing the formation of debris that
10
causes surface damage and subsequent
jj? 1.0
crack initiation (Ref 10).
T3
CO

Modification of surface composition

enhances
the tribological properties of de0.1
Unimplanted
10
ficient materials. Quantitative analyses
= 0.48
of worn surfaces on nitrogen-implanted
TN6AI-4V + C* Ti + C*
Ti N Ti-6AI-4V + N*
N j , 9 0 keV
0.01
3.5 1 0 i o n s / m
Ti-6A1-4V have shown that oxygen and
Material
= 0.15
carbon are incorporated into the surface
N j , 2 0 0 keV
Fig. 4 Breakthrough load for four titanium s u b s t r a t e layer during either implantation or the
3.84 10 ions/m a ioo
ion combinations. Pin, 5 m m (0.2 in.) ruby ball; velocwear event. These complex-composition
=0.15
ity, 5 6 . 6 m m / s (2.23 in./s).
surface layers help produce lower coeffiS o u r c e : Ref 7
cients of friction (Ref 11,12).
Implantation of Ti-6A1-4V has been
10
nitriding and carburizing treatments. Ta- performed to improve its corrosive wear
ble 1 summarizes the major advantages resistance when in contact with ultrapolyethylene
and limitations of the various surface high-molecular-weight
modification treatments for titanium al- (UHMWPE) (Ref 13). This combination of
materials is used for biomedical prostheloys.
ses, such as artificial hips (Ref 28), where
N u m b e r of turns
an integral stem and ball of Ti-6A1-4V is in
Physical Vapor Deposition
contact with a UHMWPE acetabular cup.
Fig. 3 W e a r v o l u m e l o s s a s a function of c y c l e s for
Physical vapor deposition includes ion Flakes of T i 0 formed during wear of titauntreated a n d nitrogen-implanted T1-6AI-4V, showing
implantation, sputtering, evaporation, nium in contact with UHMWPE may regreater t h a n two o r d e r s of m a g n i t u d e reduction in voland ion plating surface modification sult in adverse tissue response, including
u m e loss for nitrogen-implanted material. Pin, 5 m m
(0.2 in.) ruby ball; load, 2.61 (0.266 kgf); velocity,
inflammation, infection, loosening of the
treatments.
5.65 m m / s (2.2 in./s).
Ion implantation is a low-tempera- prosthetic component, and possible carS o u r c e : Ref 7
ture technique for modifying the near- cinogenic reaction. Implantation of Tisurface region of a material. The modified 6A1-4V with nitrogen to produce a 20%
zone is incorporated within the substrate, surface concentration reduced corrosion
like carbon (DLC) (Ref 24), and sputtering leaving no denned interface. The process current in an oxygen-saturated sodium
(of molybdenum disulfide and titanium is a line-of-sight technique and generally chloride isotonic salt solution by 100 times
nitride, for example) (Ref 18, 25, 26). offers only shallow penetration depths.
compared with unimplanted Ti-6A1-4V.
These treatments differ dramatically
Studies of ion-implanted titanium al- The wear surface of the nitrogen-imwith respect to induced surface temperaloys have concentrated on carbon, nitro- planted Ti-6A1-4V, in contact with
tures, with nearly ambient conditions for
gen, and nitrogen-oxygen implantations UHMWPE pads, exhibited only a few
low-dose-rate ion implantation and ionto produce surfaces enriched in TiC, TiN, black stripes after the testin contrast to
beam deposition, while temperatures up
and 2, and Ti-O-N, respectively. From the wear surface of unimplanted Ti-6A1to 900 C (1650 F) are common for plasma
pin-on-disk friction wear tests, much 4V, which was completely blackened early
4

2 1

2 1

Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys /1171

in the testing. The authors concluded that

the black debris was Ti02 embedded in
the UHMWPE that was transferred to the
Ti-6A1-4V surface (Ref 13). In a related
study, nitrogen or carbon implantation of
Ti-6A1-4V significantly reduced the wear
volumes (by five times) of both the pin (Ti6A1-4V)
and the rotating
disk
(UHMWPE) under a screening environment of Ringer's solution (a lactated 0.9%
NaCI solution with the same concentration of Cl~ ions as in body fluids) (Ref 14).
Recently, high-temperature nitrogen
implantation of Ti-6A1-4V has been evaluated as a means of increasing the penetration depth of nitrogen into a titanium alloy substrate. It has been demonstrated

that the most beneficial tribological properties occur for a 1000 C (1830 F) implantation of 1 0 N+ -N /cm at 60 keV
This treatment produced the deepest
penetration of nitrogen (>750 nm) along
with the formation of TiN and Ti N (Ref
29). Lowest unlubricated coefficient of
friction values (down to about 0.12) were
observed for this specimen, with decreasing with increasing applied load until a critical load of 98 (22 lbf), at which
implanted layer failure occurred (Ref 5).
Under PFPE lubricated conditions, a
threefold reduction in coefficient of friction was observed compared with nonimplanted Ti-6A1-4V for a 600 C (1110 F)
nitrogen implantation treatment of 1 0
18

17

N+-N /cm at 75 keV (Fig. 2) (Ref 5). The

high ion-beam current densities employed during the processing (up to 500
/cm versus <50 /cm for conventional ion implantation) results in shorttime beam exposures of only a few minutes at the elevated temperatures (Ref
29), which would not degrade bulk material properties.
Plasma Spray Coatings. Evaluation of the wear and fatigue performance
of spherical bearing components with candidate coatings onTi-10V-2Fe-3Al showed
that plasma spray coatings of C^Ojj,
AI2O3, and WC were the most wear resistant and exhibited the lowest torques (Table 2) (Ref 16). Test results using lubricants contaminated with road dust
illustrated the superiority of plasma
spray C r 0 on Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al compared
to chromium-plated 15-5 PH steel where
the chromium plating was completely removed during testing. Finally, greasestarved (after initial lubrication) tests
showed superior performance for plasmasprayed A I 2 O 3 and WC coatings, which remained intact after 10,000 cycles without
addition of grease. The porosity of these
coatings served as lubricant reservoirs,
providing grease replenishment during
the test. As a result, Cr203-coated titanium components have been incorporated
into forward trunnion spherical bearings
for aircraft landing gear.
Evaporation. Hard coatings such a s
TiC, TiN, and Ti N deposited on titanium
disks by activated reactive evaporation
(ARE) have been evaluated against different mating rider materials such as 440C
steel, TiC/440C steel, and TiN/440C steel
under dry and lubricated (for example,
kerosene oil) conditions (Ref 4). In general, the following conclusions can be
drawn from the tribological data (Table 3):
+

160

1100

970

140
B a s e l i n e fa i g u e ,
no fretting
s

830

120

100

80
LJ n i m p l a n t e d
implanted,
x10 C /c m

60

l 7

690

550

410

40

275

10'

10

10

10

C y c l e s t o failure

Fig. 5 C y c l e s t o failure v e r s u s m a x i m u m fatigue s t r e s s for carbon-implanted a n d unimplanted Ti-6AI-4V. Normal

s t r e s s , 6 9 0 M P a (100 ksi); baseline fatigue (no fretting) d a t a , 2 0 . 7 M P a (3 ksi).
S o u r c e : Ref 1 0 , 2 7

Table 2 Normal lubrication bearing test results for plasma-spray-coated Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI

Bearings were lubricated every 900 cycles with clean grease per MIL-G-23827.
Bearing
Torque
substrate
B e a r i n g stress
At 100 cycles
At e n d of test
coating
MPa
ksi
m
lbf in.
m
lbf in.
Cycles
Ti/Ni-B
Ti/ion nitride
Ti/Cr 0 (a)
2

Ti/Cr 0 (b)
Ti/Cr
2

Ti/Al 0
Ti/WC
15-5PH/Cr
2

41
41
41

6
6
6

220

1950
1950

220
436
220

1950
3855
1950

103
71
4473

220

41
62
90

6
9
13

259
330
275.5

2295
2925
2438

116.1
116.1
143.3

1027
1027
1268

10
10
10

41
41
62

6
6
9

72.0
165.3
248.3

637
1463
2197

47.0
84.2
138.1

416
745
1222

10
10
10

41
41
62

6
6
9

102
144
225

903
1270
2000

52.5
88.4
110

465
782
975

10
10
10

(a) C h r o m i u m oxide from Source 1. (b) C h r o m i u m oxide from Source 2 . Source: R e f 16

Comments
Ball locked u p i n race; coating flaked off
Ball locked u p i n race; coating flaked off
Coating w o r n off; ball d i a m e t e r 0.3 m m (0.012 in.)
smaller
N o w e a r o n ball; m i n i m a l w e a r on outer race
N o w e a r o n ball; m i n i m a l w e a r on outer race
N o w e a r o n ball; m i n i m a l w e a r on outer race; outer
race s h o w s evidence of h e a t discoloration
N o w e a r o n ball; m i n i m a l w e a r on outer race
Copper pickup o n ball
S o m e surface scoring of chromium plate and copper
pickup o n ball
Copper pickup o n ball
Copper pickup o n ball
Copper pickup o n ball

1172 / Technical Notes

Table 3 Coefficients of friction and rider and disk wear for various wear couple combinations for uncoated and hard-ceramiccoated titanium

All tests run for 500 m (1640 ft) under a load of 0.4 kg (0.9 lb), unless otherwise noted
Rider

Disk

440C steel,
uncoated

Us

Ti, u n c o a t e d
TiC/Ti

R i d e r wear(b)
Dry
Lubricated(d)

0.45
0.275
0.35

0.425
0.275
0.275

High
Medium

Ti, u n c o a t e d
TiC/Ti
TiN + Ti N/Ti

0.65
0.275

0.8
0.175
0.2

0.5
0.175
0.1

Ti, u n c o a t e d
TiC/TiN
TiN + Ti N/Ti

0.5
0.05
0.1

0.275

TiN/440C
steel

friction(a)

0.765
0.175
0.2

TiN + Ti N/Ti
TiC/440C
steel

Coefficients of

0.765
0.025

0.4
0.15
0.125

0.05

D i s k wear(c)
Dry
Lubricate

High

High
High
High

High
Low
Low

High
Low
Low

High
Low

Low

High
Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

High
Low(e)
Low

Medium
Very low

High
Low
Low

High
Low
Low

Very low

(a) , s t a t i c coefficient of friction m e a s u r e d w h e n d i s k b e g a n t o slide (velocity: 1.2-1.5 cm/s, or 0 . 5 - 0 . 6 in./s); , d y n a m i c coefficient of friction m e a s u r e d after about 10
disk r e v o l u t i o n s (velocity: 1 0 - 1 5 c m / s , o r 4-6 in./s); ^, l u b r i c a t e d coefficient of friction m e a s u r e d a f t e r a b o u t 10 d i s k r e v o l u t i o n s (velocity: 10-15 c m / s , o r 4-6 in./s). (b) Wear
t e s t s p e e d w a s 2 2 - 2 5 c m / s (8.5-10 in./s). W e a r v o l u m e s a r e d e n n e d a s : h i g h > 5 x l O ^ m m
3

to 1 0 " m m
4

10 m m
3

(0.6 1 0

- 5

t o 0.6 i n . ) ; v e r y low, < 1 0

4

- 5

( 1 . 5 5 10" i n . ) ; m e d i u m , 2 . 5 4 1 0 ^ to 2 . 5 4 1QT m m
3

(3 1 0 " i n . ) ; m e d i u m , 1 0 " to 5 1 0 " m m (0.6 1 0 " t o 3 I O

3

- 3

i n . ) ; low, 10~
3

m m (0.6 1 0 " i n . ) , (c) W e a r t e s t s p e e d w a s 2 2 - 2 5 c m / s (8.5-10 in./s). W e a r v o l u m e s a r e d e f i n e d a s high, >2.54

3

(1.55 1 0

t o 1.55 1 0 " i n . ) ; l o w , < 2 . 5 4 10 m m

- 4

(1.55 1 0 " i n . ) , (d) L u b r i c a t e d w i t h kerosene

4

oil. (e) T e s t r u n for 1 0 0 m ( 3 2 8 ft)

Untreated
P l a s m a nitrided, 700 C, 20 h, N H
P l a s m a nitrided, 770 C, 20 h, N
P l a s m a nitrided, 850 C, 20 h, N
2

14

=2

Tests stopped
w i t h o u t s e i z u r e o r I 6
w e a r o n pins
_

<"

Fig. 6 W e a r t e s t results for u n t r e a t e d a n d plasma-nitrided "-6-4V.

Source: Ref 18

Coefficients of friction and wear volumes (for both rider and disk) are
high for both bare a n d coated 440C
steel versus bare titanium
Coefficients of friction and titanium
disk wear volumes are much lower
for bare 440C steel versus coated titanium
Coefficients of friction and wear volumes are lowest for h a r d coatings on
both 440C steel riders and titanium
disks

Amaterial combination of TiN/440C rider

versus TiC/Ti disk gave the best perform-

ance, although the reverse coating combination was not as effective (Table 3).

Thermochemical
Conversion Surface
Treatments
Nitriding,
Carburizing,
and
B o n d i n g . Ionic nitriding and carburizing offer the advantage of producing
deeper nitride case depths (up to about 6
um thick) due to thermal diffusion at elevated temperatures (750 to 900 C, or
1380 to 1650 F) (Ref 21). These treatments generally are applied to annealed
Ti-6A1-4V and pure titanium. An adverse

effect of irreversible grain growth was observed to be the most prevalent for a 900
C (1650 F) treatment (Ref 21). Largegrain microstructures generally have
lower mechanical properties than finegrain material.
Hydrogen-containing
compounds,
often used in the nitriding process, provide a source of hydrogen that can diffuse
into the titanium alloy substrate during
the high-temperature nitriding operation. For titanium alloys, the effects of hydrogen contamination on mechanical
properties are highly dependent on the
specific phase of the titanium alloy microstructure. For example, -phase titanium
alloys are prone to titanium hydride formation (Ref 21), which can embrittle the
matrix and thereby reduce mechanical
properties. In contrast, titanium alloys
with a -phase microstructure maintain
hydrogen in a solid solution, which minimizes embrittlement but results in a
lower hardening tendency (Ref 21).
Tribological properties of plasma-nitrided titanium alloys are very impressive. Low coefficients of friction (0.05 to
0.08) and low wear rates have been demonstrated for plasma-nitrided Ti-6A1-4V
compared with untreated material (Fig.6)
(Ref 18). Fatigue performance of the nitrided material is highly dependent on
prior substrate condition. Annealed Ti6A1-4V that was subsequently nitrided
showed a marked reduction (up to 21%) in
endurance life compared with untreated
Ti-6A1-4V; this can be attributed to coarsening of the grains and production of a
continuous matrix (Ref 18). Use of a solution-treated and aged material, however, reduced the fatigue degradation to
only 4% for the nitrided material (Ref 18).

Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys /1173

Table 4 Wear tests using Cr-Mo-coated Ti-6AI-4V pins and uncoated steel V-blocks
Solid
lubricant

1330
(300 lbf)

Average time t o failure a t specific load, min

4450
2220
3330
(500 lbf)
(750 lbf)
(1000 lbf)

PWA474
PWA550
PWA585
PWA586
PWA 3 6 0 3 5
PWA 3 6 0 7 0
Lubeco K - 3 5 0
Lubeco M - 3 9 0
Esnalube382
Ecoalube642

Standard
deviation
42
12
0.4
(a)
29
(a)
25
(a)
0.9
76

54
63
9
3
227
48
0.2
6
74

(a) S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s for t h e s e t e s t s a r e misleading, b e c a u s e e a c h s e t i n c l u d e d a t l e a s t o n e pin t h a t failed to r e a c h 4 4 5 0 ( 1 0 0 0 lbf). Source: R e f 23

Evaluated impact
0

2.5

number/cm

7.5

10

12.5

15

Ti-6, U-4V

Nitrided -6AI-4V

solid-lubricant coatings were applied to

the Cr-Mo-coated/Ti-6Al-4V specimens.
Unlubricated wear tests on the solid-lubricant-coated Cr-Mo-/Ti-6Al-4V specimens were performed by running them
against AISI 1137 steel V-blocks. Test results showed excellent wear resistance for
several of the solid-lubricant surface
treatments (Table 4) (Ref 23). The best
performer was PWA 36035 (Fel-Pro C300:50% solvent, 47% MoS ,3% graphite
and other solids). Solvent compatibility
tests, however, showed this coating to
have poor resistance to jet fuel and oil. CrMo-coated titanium alloy uniballs tested
for 520 h in an engine simulator demonstrated no failures, in contrast to a 30%
failure rate for standard steel uniballs.
Other potential aerospace applications of titanium alloys include drive
mechanism components and launch locks
(mechanisms used to distribute the load
induced by an aerospace vehicle launch
through an alternate load path). Replacement of steel gears with titanium alloy
gears would reduce subsystem weight
and result in reduced launch costs. The effects of various surface treatments on the
wear life and efficiency of annealed Ti6A1-4V gears have been studied by vacuum testing (Ref 17). As shown in Fig. 8,
boronized (5 layer of metallic borides),
Tifran (5 am layer of complex oxides), and
ion-plated aluminum coatings exhibited
the best wear resistance and the lowest
power losses.
The fabrication of solid lubricants
such as diamondlike carbon (Ref 24) and
molybdenum disulfide (Ref 25, 26) has
also been studied. Diamondlike carbon
coating exhibits very high hardness and
solid lubricant behavior because of its
graphite and amorphous carbon contents.
To facilitate good DLC adhesion on Ti-6A14V, an intermediate bond layer of SiC is
required (Ref 24). Unlubricated sh'ding
wear tests in air of DLC/SiC/Ti-6Al-4V
against a WC-Co pin showed a gradual reduction in coefficient of friction (down to
0.15) with increased load (Fig. 9) (Ref 24).
2

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

M a s s of e r o s i v e , g
Fig. 7 Cumulative m a s s l o s s c u r v e s for Ti-6AI-4V a n d laser-nitrided Ti-6AI-4V.
S o u r c e : Ref 2 2

Laser Surface Treatments. Laser surface heating and introduction of hard particles into the surface via reaction with
gas (such as nitrogen or methane) or heating of surface deposits (graphite or boron
nitride) have been used to produce thick
nitride and boride surfaces (Ref 22). Erosion resistance (based on mass loss) of a
laser-nitrided
Ti-6A1-4V
specimen
against SiC particles was greater compared with untreated Ti-6A1-4V (Fig. 7).
The laser-nitrided layer delays the onset
of steady-state erosion that is characteristic for an uncoated Ti-6A1-4V surface.
As shown in Fig. 7, the laser-nitrided
layer is intact for a lower number of impacts, then suffers fracture and becomes
embedded in the substrate as the number
of impacts increases. Eventually, a sufficient number of impacts removes the laser-nitrided layer, exposing the uncoated
Ti-6A1-4V substrate and resulting in
steady-state erosion. In comparison, a
TiN layer on a PVD-coated Ti-6A1-4V
specimen was removed after only a few
impacts.
Boride coatings on titanium alloys
have shown good resistance to high-velocity particle impacts (Ref 22). Very thick

(up to 80 ), dense coatings have been

produced on Ti-6A1-4V by laser bonding.
Erosion rates of these thick coatings are
reduced, because the material removal
mechanism is modified to one of coating
cracking rather than erosion of surface
material.

Solid Lubrication
Solid lubricants are solid-state materials (generally layered lattice compounds) that are applied to a surface by a
burnishing operation (with an organic
bonding agent) or deposited by plating or
sputtering. Applications for solid-lubricant-coated titanium tribomaterials include components such as compressor
blades, uniball bearings, and bearing seal
rings for gas turbine engines (Ref 23) and
gears for spacecraft mechanism actuators
(Ref 17). F o r t h e former application, pulse
plating deposition of Cr-Mo on Ti-6A1-4V
and Ti-8Al-lMo-lV was performed to produce a solid solution surface layer of CrMo-Ti, which exhibited no degradation of
substrate properties, increased creep life
by up to 50%, and oxidation protection to
760 C (1400 F) (Ref 23). Commercial

1174 / Technical Notes

ity and high-load endurance lifetime of

the sputtered MoS coating on Ti-6A1-4V
loaded against steel in a n air environment
(2 mm/s shding speed) (Ref 26). Figure 11
shows the relative endurance lifetimes, as
a function of applied load, for MoS2-coated
Ti-6A1-4V and MoS2-coated nitrogen-implanted Ti-6A1-4V specimens. For MoS coated Ti-6A1-4V, a gradual reduction in
endurance life from more than 300 reciprocating cycles (5 and 6 kgf loads) to 33 cycles (6.5 kgf load) to 15 cycles (7 kgf loads)
to nearly instantaneous failure (7.5 kgf
load) was observed. In contrast, for the
best nitrogen implantation pretreatment
of 2 1 0 N+-N /cm at 75 keV (400 C or
750 F, surface temperature), no M0S2
coating failures were observed for test
loads up to the 122.5 (27.5 lbf) load limit
of the test machine. This significant improvement in load-carrying capacity and
high-load endurance life has been attributed to improved M0S2 adhesion to the
TiN/Ti2N-rich Ti-6A1-4V surface through
an irradiation-disrupted titanium oxide
(Ref26).
2

17

J *

<^

S u r f a c e treatment

(a)

References
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

S u r f a c e treatment
(b)

6.

Fig. 8 P e r f o r m a n c e of surface-treated 71-6AI-4V g e a r s , (a) Effective life, (b) Effective g e a r efficiency.

S o u r c e : Ref 17

Diamondlike carbon coating performed

very well up to an initial stress level of 1.7
GPa (245 ksi) (52% above the yield
strength of the Ti-6A1-4V substrate), at
which DLC delamination was observed
(Fig. 9).
Coating of titanium alloys with sputtered layered lattice solid lubricants, such
as M0S2, reduces their tendency to gall.
Initial studies showed that M0S2 adhesion to Ti-6A1-4V is very poor, as evidenced by the relatively low vacuum en-

durance life for MoS -coated Ti-6A1-4V

loaded against itself (1.7 kgf load, 1.2 m/s
sh ding speed) of only about 60 revolutions
(about 113 m shding distance) (Ref 25).
This is several orders of magnitude lower
t h a n for MoS -coated steel or ceramic
(Si N ) substrates (Fig. 10) (Ref 25).
Additional research has shown that
pretreating the Ti-6A1-4V surface using a
nitrogen implantation process produces a
ceramic TiN/Ti N surface, which significantly increases the load-carrying capac2

7.

8.

9.

Miyoshi and D.H. Buckley, Correlation of Tensile and Shear Strengths

of Metals with Their Friction Properties, ASLE Trans., Vol 27 (No. 1),
1982, 15-23
D.H. Buckley, Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear and Lubrication,
Elsevier Scientific, 1981, 353
Independent Research and Development Brochure, Project D-81R, Martin Marietta Astronautics Group,
1990
T. Jamal, R. Nirnmagadda, and R.F.
Bunshah, Friction and Adhesive
Wear of Titanium Carbide and Titanium Nitride Overlay Coatings, Thin
Solid Films, Vol 73,1980, 245-254
F.M. Kustas, M.S. Misra, R. Wei, and
P.J. Wilbur, High Temperature Nitrogen Implantation of Ti-6A1-4V; Part
II: Tribological Properties, Surf. Coat.
Technol., 1992, accepted for publication
CE. Snyder, Jr. and R.E. Dolle, Jr.,
Development of Polyperfluoroalkylethers as High Temperature Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids, ASME
Trans., Vol 19 (No. 3), 1975, 171-180
W.C. Oliver, R. Hutchings, J.B.
Pethica, E.L. Paradis, and A.J.
Shuskus, Ion Implanted Ti-6A1-4V,
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol 27,
1984, 705-710
R.G. Vardirnan, Wear Improvement
in Ti-6A1-4V by Ion Implantation, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc, Vol 27,
1984, 699-704
R. Martinella, G. Chevallard, and C.
Tostello, Wear Behavior and Structural Characterization of a Nitrogen

F r i c t i o n a n d W e a r of T i t a n i u m A l l o y s /1175

0.4

0.35
c

too

c 0.25
S3

0.2

Load
0.1 kgf
0 . 2 kgf
0 . 5 1 kgf
1.0 kgf
2 . 5 kgf
_

, C o a t i n g d e l a m i n a t i o n ( 2 . 5 kgf)

* &--&- ft , / f -

0.15
0

20

40

60

120

100

80

N u m b e r of c y c l e s
Fig. 9 Coefficients of friction v e r s u s w e a r cycles for2.5 p m DLC/0.02 SiC interiayer coating o n Ti-6AI-4V, showing reduction in with i n c r e a s e d load. Sliding material, WC-Co; sliding s p e e d , 2 m m / s (0.08 in./s).
Source: Ref 2 4

0.16

"

0.12

j
k . V

' Jk

0.1

~ 0.08
.9?
0.06
a>

Si N
5 2 1 0 0 bearing steel
Ti-6AI-4V

0.14

0.04
0.02
0 10

4 4 U J S t i ;ei

100

f {

SS

W h

10

K M

10

10

10

N o . of r e v o l u t i o n s
Fig. 10 E n d u r a n c e lifetimes of M o S on various substrates, showing longest lifetimes for S i N a n d 5 2 1 0 0 bearing
steel. Sliding material, Ti-6AI-4V; sliding s p e e d , 1.2 m / s (3.9ft/s); applied load, 1 7 N/ball (1.7 kgf/ball).
Source: Ref 2 5
2

Implanted Ti-6A1-4V Alloy at Different Temperatures, Mater. Res. Soc.

Symp. Proc, Vol 27,1984, 711-716
10. R.G. Vardiman, D. Creighton, G.
Saliver, A. Effatian, and B.B. Rath,
The Effect of Ion Implantation on
Fretting Fatigue in Ti-6A1-4V, Ion Implantation for Materials Processing,
F.A. Smidt, Ed., Noyes Data Corp.,
1983, 165-177
11. B.D. Barton and T.N. Wittberg, "Ion
Implantation of Two Titanium Alloys," Report MLM-3603, U.S. Dept.
of Energy, Office of Scientific & Technical Information, Aug 1989, 3
12. F. Pons, J.C. Pivin, and G. Fargas, Inhibition of Tribo-Oxidation Preceding
Wear, by Single-Phased TiN Films
Formed by Ion Implantation into
TLAI6V4, J. Mater. Res., Vol 2 (No. 5),
1987, 580-587
x

13. J.M. Williams, G.M. Beardsley, R.A.

Buchanan, and R.K. Bacon, Effects of
N-Implantation on the CorrosiveWear Properties of Surgical Ti-6A1-4V
Alloy, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc,
Vol 27,1984, 735-740
14. P. Sioshansi, R.W. Oliver, and F.D.
Mathews, Wear Improvement of Surgical Titanium Alloys by Ion Implantation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol A3
(No. 6), 1985, 2670-2674
15. C.Chamont, Y. Honnorat, Y. Berthier,
M. Goder, and L. Vicent, 'Wear Problems in Small Displacements Encountered in Titanium Alloys Parts in
Aircraft Turbomachines," presented
at Sixth World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988, 1883-1888
16. R.R. Boyer, >23 Grease Lubricated Spherical Bearings, Proceedings of the Technical Program from
the 1986 International Conference on

Ti Alloys, Vol 1,1986, 42-54

17. R.A. Rowntree, Surface-Treated Titanium Alloy Gears for Space Mechanisms, Proceedings of the Second
European Space Mechanisms Symposium (West Germany), Oct 9-11,1985,
167-171
18. J. Lanagan, Properties of Plasma Nitrided Titanium Alloys, Sixth World
Conference on Titanium (France),
1988, 1957-1962
19. C. Jarbouli, V Pellerin, D. Treheux,
and L. Vicent, Study of the Fatigue
Parameters of Titanium Alloys
Treated for Wear Resistance, Sixth
World Conference on Titanium
(France), 1988, 1859-1864
20. . Thoma, Influence on Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6A1-4V by Coatings, Sixth World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988, 1877-1881
21. . Coll, P. Jacquot, M. Buvron, and
J.P. Souchard, "Ionic Nitriding and
Ionic Carburizing of Pure Titanium
and Its Alloys," presented at ASM International Carburizing Conference,
Sept 1989
22. J.P. Massoud and G. Coquerelle, High
Power Laser Surface Treatments on
Ti-6A1-4V in Order to Improve Its
Erosion Resistance, Sixth World Conference on Titanium (France), 1988,
1847-1852
23. PL. McDaniel, R.E. Fisher, and V.G.
Anderson, "Wear Resistant Coatings
for Titanium," Report N00019-790544, Dept. of the Navy, Naval Air
Systems Command, Oct 1980
24. F.M. Kustas, M.S. Misra, R. Wei, and
P.J. Wilbur, Diamondlike Carbon
Coatings on Ti-6A1-4V, STLE Tribology Trans., 1992, accepted for publication
25. E.W. Roberts and W.B. Price, In
Vacuo, Tribological Properties of
"High-Rate" Sputtered M 0 S 2 Applied
to Metal and Ceramic Substrates,
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc, Vol 140,
1989, 251
26. F.M. Kustas and M.S. Misra, Improved Tribological Performance of
M 0 S 2 on Ti-6A1-4V by Surface Pretreatment, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1991,
submitted for publication
27. G.L. Goss et al., Wear, Vol 24, 1973,
77
28. J.E. Lemons, Biomaterial Surfaces
and Biocompatibility, Ion Implantation and Plasma Assisted Processes,
ASM International, 1988
29. F.M. Kustas, M.S. Misra, R. Wei, and
P.J. Wilbur, High Temperature Nitrogen Implantation of Ti-6A1-4V; Part I:
Microstructure
Characterization,
Surf. Coat. Technol., 1992, accepted
for publication

1176 / T e c h n i c a l N o t e s

Substrate
Ti-6AI-4V
T i 6 A I - 4 V , nitrogen-implanted
at 600 C
T i - 6 A I - 4 V , nitrogen-implanted
at 400 C
* C o a t i n g failure

8.5

11

10

12.25

Fig. 11 E n d u r a n c e lifetimes of M o S - c o a t e d Ti-6AI-4V s p e c i m e n s , showing significantly i n c r e a s e d lifetimes (at high

loads) for MoS2 coating o n nitrogen-implanted ( p r o c e s s e d at 4 0 0 C, or 7 5 0 F) Ti-6AI-4V s u b s t r a t e . Sliding material,
bearing steel; sliding s p e e d , 2 m m / s (0.08 in./s).
S o u r c e : Ref 2 6
2

12.7

ABBREVIATIONS and SYMBOLS

A
AFML

anneal
Air Force Materials Laboratory

GTAW
HE

gas tungsten arc welding

Aged
AH

aged

heat

age hardened

Heat
HCF

Ann

annealed

He

critical field strength

Apps

applications

HIP

hot isostatic pressing

AS Weld

as welded

HR

hot rolled

at.%

atomic percent

heat treated

AQ
BE

as quenched

HT
HW

blended elemental (powder)

implant

Bil

billet

Imp
Inv

BYS

bearing yield strength

IPTS

international practical temperature scale

Cp
Cv

specific heat at constant pressure

Jc

critical current density

specific heat at constant volume

bulk, modulus, strain hardening coefficient,

CD

cold drawn

CMG

high interstitial composition

Kc

plane stress fracture toughness

Conds
Cor

condenser
corrosion

Klc
Kli

plane strain fracture toughness

CR

cold rolled

ks

kiloseconds

hot extruded
high cycle fatigue

hot worked
investment

or Hall Petch grain size constant

stress intensity for crack initiation

CW

cold worked
compressive yield strength

L
LBW

longitudinal

CYS
da/dN
DA

change in crack length per fatigue cycle

LCF

low cycle fatigue

duplex annealed
double cantilever beam

LT
m

long transverse

DCB
DCEN

direct current electrode negative

MA

mill annealed

laser beam welding

strain rate sensitivity factor

Diam

diameter

Mach

machined

Young's modulus, tensile modulus of elasticity

Met

metal

Ec
EBW

compressive modulus of elasticity

MPIF

Metal Powder Industries Federation

Mult

Multiple

El

electron beam welding

electrode, elongation

ELI
Exch

extra low interstitial

exchanger

NHT

not available

Ext

extrusion

nom

nominal

Fbru

ultimate bearing strength

Norm

normalized

Fbry

bearing yield strength

OE

others each

Fey
Ftu

compressive yield strength

ultimate tensile strength

O
OT

others total (for impurity content)

Fty

tensile yield strength

furnace cooled

PA
PAW

prealloyed (powder)

FC
FAC

forced air cooled

PH

precipitation hardened

FCGR
FCP
Fill

fatigue crack growth rate

PHT

precipitation heat treated

fatigue crack propagation

filler

Pip

pipe

Pit

plate

Frg

forging(s)

Powd

powder

G
GMAW

shear modulus

ppm

gas metal arc welding

PREP

parts per million, or 1 0

plasma rotating electrode process

e q

xxi

strain hardening exponent

not heat treated

oxygen equivalent

plasma arc welding

Press
PWHT

pressure

Strp

strip

post w e l d heat treatment

Surg

surgical

QT

q u e n c h e d and t e m p e r e d

temperature

Quen

quenched

triplex annealed

r
RA

strain ratio, anisotropy ratio of values

recrystallization anneal

Res
Rng

resistant
ring

RS^

rapid solidification

RT

r o o m temperature

Sand

sand cast

SCE

saturated calomel electrode

SG
Sh

side g r o o v e d

Shp

7c

Curie temperature

T
TD

critical temperature

transverse direction

7m

melting t e m p e r a t u r e in degrees kelvin

TEM

transmission electron m i c r o s c o p y

Temp

tempered

TMP

t h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l processing

Tub

tube

TYS

tensile yield strength

shape

UBS

ultimate bearing strength

solution heat treated

UTS

ultimate tensile strength

sintered

Ves

vessel

Smls

seamless

Weld

w e l d e d or w e l d i n g in context

SR

stress relieved

Wir

wire

STA

solution treated a n d a g e d

yr

year

Stab

stabilized

SI
STAN

standard interstitial
solution treat and a n n e a l

YS
m

STOA

solution treated and o v e r a g e d

SHT
Sint

sheet

xxii

yield strength
general s y m b o l for martensite
compressibility
P o i s s o n ' s ratio

Alloy Data Sheet Contents

T I T A N I U M DATA S H E E T S
High-Purity Ti
S u m m a r y of Physical Properties

125
125

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

227

C r e e p Properties

233

Fatigue Properties

236

Fracture Properties

237

Phases and Structures

126

Stress Strain C u r v e s

239

Phase D i a g r a m s

129

Plastic D e f o r m a t i o n

242

D a m p i n g Properties

131

Bulk Working

245

Elastic Properties

131

F o r m i n g Properties

247

Electrical Properties

136

Forming Limit Diagrams

252

Magnetic Characteristics

138

Forming Methods

255

Chemical/Corrosion Properties

139

Heat Treatment

259

Thermal Properties

143

Machining

260

Transport Properties

145

Tensile Properties

147

Hardness

149

Creep Properties

150

Fatigue Properties

152

P h a s e s a n d Structures

265

Impact Strength

154

Physical Properties

266

Fracture M e c h a n i s m s

155

C h e m i c a l / C o r r o s i o n Properties

266

Fracture Stress

156

T h e r m a l Properties

269

ALPHA AND NEAR-ALPHA ALLOYS

Ti-3A1-2.5V

263

Plastic Deformation

158

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

Flow Stress

160

Hardness

Cold-Impact Extrusion

162

Microindentation H a r d n e s s

Heat Treatment

163

Typical R o o m - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

272

Strength v s . T e m p e r a t u r e

273

Commercially Pure and M o d i f i e d T i t a n i u m

165

270
.

270
271

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

275

165

Fatigue Properties

277

Unalloyed Ti G r a d e 2, R 5 0 4 0 0

167

Fracture Properties

279

Unalloyed Ti Grade 3, R 5 0 5 5 0

170

Fracture T o u g h n e s s

279

Unalloyed Ti G r a d e 4. R 5 0 7 0 0

171

Seamless Tubing

280

Ti-0.2Pd, R 5 2 4 0 0 (Grade 7), R 5 2 2 5 0 ( G r a d e 11)

173

Forming

283

Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni, R 5 3 4 0 0

175

Heat Treatment

285

Unalloyed Ti G r a d e 1, R 5 0 2 5 0

Phases and Structures ( C P a n d Modified Ti, all

grades)

176

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn

287

Elastic Properties (all A S T M grades)

178

Physical Properties

289

Electrical Resistivity

180

C h e m i c a l / C o r r o s i o n Properties

291

Chemical Reactivity

181

Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g

292

Electrochemical Potentials

185

T h e r m a l Properties

295

General Corrosion

188

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

297

Unalloyed Ti: General Corrosion by M e d i a

200

L o w - T e m p e r a t u r e Tensile Properties

301

Modified Ti: General Corrosion by M e d i a

209

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

303

Crevice Corrosion

211

Fatigue Life

307

Hydrogen D a m a g e

214

Fatigue C r a c k G r o w t h

310

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

217

Fracture Properties

311

Thermal Properties

219

E L I Fracture Toughness

314

Mechanical Properties

224

Forging

315

xiii

Forming
Fabrication
Heat T r e a t m e n t
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo

316
317
318

322
324
328
329
330

Forging
Other Fabrication

334
335

Phases a n d Structures
Physical P r o p e r t i e s
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Thermal Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength
C r e e p Properties
Fatigue P r o p e r t i e s
Fracture P r o p e r t i e s
Typical Stress-Strain Curves

337
338
340
342
346
349
353
357
361
363
365

Flow Softening
Flow Stress
Forging
T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l Effects

366
367
370
371

Forming
Heat T r e a t m e n t

373
374

T1-8AI-IM0-IV

378
380
388
389
392
395
398
400
402

Forging
Forming
H e a t Treatment
Machining a n d Welding

403
403
406
407

T I M E T A L 1100
P h a s e s and Structures
Mechanical Properties
Processing
IMI 230
Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
Processing

IMI 679
Ti-llSn-5Zr-2.25Al-lMo-0.25Si

421
421
422
423
426
427
428

Processing

429

Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Fatigue Properties
Processing and Heat Treatment
IMI 829
Ti-5Al-3.5Sn-3.0Zr-lNb-0.3Si

431
431
432
433
433

435

Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties

435
436

Processing

437

IMI 834
Ti-5.8AI-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7Nb-0.5Mo-0.35Si
Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Fatigue Properties
Processing

439
439
440
440
441
443

Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-lMo-0.25Si

445

Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Processing

445
446
449

ALPHA-BETA ALLOYS
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr
Phases and Structures
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
C r e e p Properties
Fatigue Properties
Fracture Properties
Forging
Heat Treatment

409
411
412
413
414

Phases and Structures

Physical Properties
Tensile Properties
C r e e p Properties
Fatigue Properties
Plastic Deformation

IMI 685
Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5Mo-0.25Si

377

Physical P r o p e r t i e s
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Thermal P r o p e r t i e s
Mechanical Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Fatigue P r o p e r t i e s
Fatigue-Crack G r o w t h
Fracture P r o p e r t i e s
Stress-Strain C u r v e s

Ti-11

419

321

Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength
Fatigue P r o p e r t i e s
Fracture Properties

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.08Si

IMI 417

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo
Phases and Structures
Physical Properties
Chemical/Corrosion Properties
Thermal Properties
Mechanical Properties
High-Temperature Strength

415
415
416
417
xiv

453
454
455
455
457
459
460
462
463
465
466
466
469
470
472
474

Fracture Properties

477

Forging

479

Other Fabrication M e t h o d s

480

Heat T r e a t m e n t

480

Ti-6A1-4V

483

Introduction

483

Phases a n d Structures

488

D a m p i n g Characteristics

491

Elastic P r o p e r t i e s

493

Physical P r o p e r t i e s

497

C o r r o s i o n / C h e m i c a l Properties

500

Hydrogen D a m a g e

504

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

507

Potentials

512

Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

637

P h a s e s and Structures

639

Physical Properties
Chemical/Corrosion Properties

641
641

T h e r m a l Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

643
644
649

L o w - C y c l e Fatigue
H i g h - C y c l e Fatigue

653
653

C o n s t a n t Lifetime D i a g r a m s

656

Fatigue Crack Propagation

658

F r a c t u r e Properties
Plastic Deformation

660
662

Forging
Fabrication
H e a t Treatment

663
664
665

Thermal P r o p e r t i e s

513

Design M e c h a n i c a l Properties

517

Typical S t r e n g t h s

522

Typical R o o m - T e m p e r a t u r e Tensile Properties

524

Physical Properties

668

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

528

Creep Properties

530

Corrosion
T h e r m a l Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
High-Temperature Strength

669
669
670
672

General F a t i g u e Behavior

533

Low-Cycle Fatigue

534

Ti-7Al-4Mo

667

Fatigue L i m i t s and E n d u r a n c e Ratios

537

F a t i g u e and Fracture

674

Surface a n d Texture Effects on Fatigue

539

Fabrication

676

Influence o f M e a n Stress

542

Effect of P r o c e s s i n g

542

TIMETAL 62S

679

Effect of H e a t Treatment on Fatigue

544

Constant-Life Fatigue D i a g r a m s

548

Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties

679
681

U n n o t c h e d F a t i g u e Strength

553

Processing

684

Strain Life

558

Notched F a t i g u e Strength

559

Cast and P / M Fatigue

565

Corrosion Fatigue

569

Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe
Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
F a t i g u e and Fracture P r o p e r t i e s

685
685
686
688

Fatigue C r a c k G r o w t h in Air

572

C r a c k G r o w t h and Corrosion

575

Plastic Deformation

689

Impact Toughness

579

Heat Treatment

690

Fracture T o u g h n e s s

581

Plastic D e f o r m a t i o n

592

Flow Stress

593

Forging

594

Forming

599

Forming Limits

601

Superplastic F o r m i n g

602

Machining

603

Forming Examples:

605

Heat Treatment

606

Beta H e a t T r e a t e d Microstructures

611

A l p h a + B e t a A n n e a l e d Microstructures

614

Ti-4Al-4Mo-4Sn-0.5Si

701

Effects of W o r k i n g

617

Physical Properties

701

Q u e n c h e d a n d A g e d Microstructures

617

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

702

Welding

620

Processing

704

Welding P r o c e s s e s

620

W e l d m e n t Microstructures

627

Weldment Fatigue

629

Casting

633
xv

IMI 367
Ti-6Al-7Nb
IMI 550

6 9

P h y s i c a l Properties

695

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

696

High-Temperature Strength

697

F a t i g u e Properties

698

Processing

699

IMI 551

Corona 5
Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-l.5Cr

705

Physical Properties

705

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

706

Fatigue Properties

784

Fatigue Life
Fatigue C r a c k G r o w t h Rates

708
710

Fracture Properties

785

Stress-Strain C u r v e s

787

Fracture T o u g h n e s s

711

Forging

788

Forming

789

TJ-6-22-22S
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si

713

Physical Properties

714

Tensile Properties

715

High-Temperature Strength

718

Sheet

790

Fasteners/Springs

792

Heat Treatment

793

T i - 3 A l - 8 V - 6 C r - 4 M o - 4 Z r (Beta C)

797

High- a n d L o w - C y c l e F a t i g u e

720

Phases and Structures

F a t i g u e - C r a c k Propagation

722

Physical Properties

799

Fracture Properties

725

C h e m i c a l / C o r r o s i o n Properties

801
802

798

Plastic D e f o r m a t i o n

726

Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g

Forging

728

T h e r m a l Properties

805

Other Fabrication M e t h o d s

729

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

806

Heat T r e a t m e n t

730

Typical Tensile Properties

811

733

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

814

Fatigue Properties

819

Fracture Properties

821

Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV
Ti-5Al-l.5Fe-l.4Cr-l.2Mo
Ti-155A
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe

735
737

Phases a n d Structures

737

Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
Fatigue a n d Fracture P r o p e r t i e s

738
739
741

Plastic D e f o r m a t i o n

743

Net S h a p i n g

745

Treatments

745

Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si

747

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

748

Processing

749

Ti-6.4Al-l.2Fe
R M I L o w - C o s t Alloy
Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo
Ti-8Mn
Physical Properties
Corrosion Properties
Thermal Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
Fatigue
Plastic Deformation

751
753
755
755
757
758
759

Phases a n d Structures
Physical Properties
Chemical/Corrosion Properties

822

Forming

824

Heat Treatment

826

830

Physical Properties

833

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

834

R o o m - T e m p e r a t u r e Tensile Properties

837

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

841

Fatigue ( S m o o t h )

845

High-Cycle Notched Fatigue

849

High-Cycle Fatigue: P/M and Cast

850

Fatigue C r a c k G r o w t h

852

Fracture T o u g h n e s s

854

Stress-Strain C u r v e s

858

F l o w Stress

860

Forging
T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l Processing Effects

862
863

Heat Treatment

864

P h a s e s a n d Structures

761
763

767

829

Phases and Structures

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al

BETA A N D NEAR-BETA A L L O Y S
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn

822

Forging

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al

747

Physical Properties

Stress-Strain C u r v e s

867
868

Physical Properties

869

C h e m i c a l / C o r r o s i o n Properties

870

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

871

T h e r m a l Properties

873

Mechanical Properties

875

Typical Tensile Properties

877

768

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

880

770
772

Creep Properties

883

Fatigue Properties

885

Thermal Properties

774

Fracture Properties

888

M e c h a n i c a l Properties

775

Deformation

889

High-Temperature Strength

780

Forging

890

xvi

Formability
B e n d i n g and Stretching Limits
Spinning, B e a d i n g , and D i m p l i n g
Heat T r e a t m e n t
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn

891
892
894
8

899

Phases and Structures

Physical Properties
Corrosion Properties
Thermal Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
Sheet M e c h a n i c a l Properties
Cast Tensile Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Fatigue Properties
Fracture Properties
Phase Deformation

900
901
901
902
904
905
907
908
910
911
912

Flow Stress
Forging
Forming
Heat Treatment

913
914
915
918

TIMETAL 21S
Physical Properties
Corrosion Properties
Thermal Properties
Tensile Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Crack Resistance
Processing

921
922
922
923
924
926
928
928

Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-lFe
Beta-CEZ
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Fabrication
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Fatigue and Fracture
Processing
Ti-15Mo-5Zr
Physical Properties
Tensile Properties
Fatigue and Fracture
Fabrication
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Fatigue Properties
Fracture Properties
Flow Stress
Forming Properties

931
931
932
933
935
935
936
939
940
940
943
943
944
947
947
949
949
950
953
953
954
955
xvii

H e a t Treatment

956

Ti-11.5V-2Al-2Sn-llZr

957

P h a s e s and Structures
Physical Properties
Tensile Properties
C r e e p Properties
F a t i g u e Properties
Fracture Properties
Working
H e a t Treatment
Welding
Ti-12V-2.5Al-2Sn-2Zr
Physical Properties
Typical Tensile Properties
Fatigue Properties
Fracture Toughness
M e c h a n i c a l Properties of B a r
Heat Treatment
Ti-13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr

958
959
959
961
962
963
964
967
969
971
971
973
975
976
977
979
979

M e c h a n i c a l Properties
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

980
981

Fatigue
Forming
Heat Treatment
Weldments

983
985
989
990

Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl
Physical Properties
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
High-Temperature Strength
Fabrication
Heat Treatment
Ti-16V-2.5Al

993
993
994
996
997
997
999

Elastic Properties
R o o m - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength
High-Temperature Strength

999
1001
1002

Fatigue Strength
Plastic Deformation

14
1006

ADVANCED MATERIALS
Titanium Aluminides

1011

T13A.I ( a 2 o r o t - 2 )

1013

Ti-Al
Ti2Al-Nb ( O Phase)

1014
1016

T13AI A l l o y s
P h a s e s and Structures
Oxidation
M e c h a n i c a l Properties
H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength
Fracture Toughness
References

1019
1019
1021
1021
1023
1026
1027

G a m m a (Ti-AI) A l l o y s

1029

Mechanical Properties

1029

H i g h - T e m p e r a t u r e Strength

1031

Fatigue Strength

1032

Environment Resistance

1033

References

1033

Ti-Ni S h a p e M e m o r y A l l o y s

Corrosion

1039

T h e r m a l Properties

1040

Transition Temperatures

1040

Tensile Properties
Superelasticity (Between M

1042
s

High-Temperature Behavior

1035

a n d Md)

1043
1044

Fatigue Properties

1044

Fracture

1046

Chemistry and D e n s i t y

1036

Processing

1046

Phases and S t r u c t u r e s

1037

References

1047

Physical P r o p e r t i e s

1038

xviii

Technical Note Contents

TECHNICAL NOTES
Technical Note 1: Metallography a n d
Microstructure
A l p h a Structures
B e t a Structures
Interface P h a s e .
Metallography

1051
1051
1055
1057
1057

Technical Note 1 Appendix: E x a m p l e of coiso

Formation
Experimental Procedure
Results and Discussion
Technical Note 2: Corrosion
General
General
General
Crevice

Corrosion
Corrosion in Specific M e d i a
Corrosion Testing
Corrosion

Pitting
Hydrogen Damage
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Other Forms of Corrosion
Technical Note 3 : Casting
Molding Methods
Alloys
Casting Design

1061
1061
1061
1065
1066
1068
1070
1070
1072
1072
1073
1075
1079
1079
1080
1081

Technical Note 4 : F o r g i n g

1083

Metal Temperatures
Forging Equipment
Ancillary Procedures

1084
1085
1086

Tolerances
Precision Forgings

1088
1089

Technical Note 5: F o r m i n g

1093

Preparation of Sheet for F o r m i n g

Tool Materials and Lubricants

1094
1095

B l a n k Preparation
F o r m i n g Temperatures
F o r m i n g Methods

1095
1096
1097

Technical Note 5 A : Superplastic F o r m i n g of

T i t a n i u m Alloys
Strain-Rate Sensitivity

1101
1102
xix

Grain Size
Phase Ratio
Alloy C o m p o s i t i o n
Temperature
F o r m i n g Processes
Superplastic F o r m i n g and Diffusion B o n d i n g
Technical N o t e 6: H e a t Treating
A l l o y Types and R e s p o n s e to Heat Treatment
Stress Relieving
Annealing
Solution Treating a n d A g i n g
C o n t a m i n a t i o n D u r i n g H e a t Treatment
G r o w t h D u r i n g H e a t Treatment
Technical N o t e 7: M a c h i n i n g

1103
1104
1105
1105
1107
1108
1111
1111
1112
1113
1113
1115
1116
1119

Guidelines
Turning and Boring
Milling
Drilling
Tapping
Broaching
Grinding
Sawing
Nontraditional M a c h i n i n g Methods

1119
1121
1123
1129
1130
1132
1133
1134
1135

Technical N o t e 8: P o w d e r Metallurgy

1137

Elemental Powder
Prealloyed Powder
Consolidation
Applications
P / M Property D a t a C e r m e T i Property D a t a
Ti-8V-5Fe-lAl P/M Data
Typical P / M P r o p e r t y D a t a

1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143

Technical N o t e 9 : D e s c a l i n g a n d Special Surface

Treatments
R e m o v a l of Surface O x i d e s
Cleaning
Plating of Titanium
Diffusion T r e a t m e n t s
Other Coatings
T h e r m o m e c h a n i c a l Surface Treatment
Technical N o t e 1 0 : W e l d i n g a n d B r a z i n g
Weldability

1145
1145
1149
1150
1153
1155
1156
1159
1159

Cleaning

1159

A r c Welding

1160

Other Welding M e t h o d s

1163

Postweld Evaluation

1164

Brazing

1165

Rolling

II

B e t a Alloys
F r i c t i o n a n d W e a r of Titanium A l l o y s

1169

Surface Modification T r e a t m e n t s

1169

Physical Vapor Deposition

1170

6 7

A l p h a and A l p h a - B e t a A l l o y s

1167

Ti-6A1-4V Rolling

1168

1168

xx

T h e r m o c h e m i c a l Conversion S u r f a c e Treatments

1172

Solid Lubrication

1173